The Great Pyramid. Secrets and mysteries of the Cheops pyramid. History of the Crypts of the Pharaohs

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Many articles and books have been written about the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops, considering it from the perspective of a modern materialistic view, not taking into account that it was built in the period of the previous highly developed civilization, the knowledge of which did not reach us. The Cheops pyramid with its enormous size involuntarily raises the question of the methods of its construction. The hypotheses put forward on this score are far from the truth.

The Cheops Pyramid, built about 4,600 years ago, is located on a stone plateau of the Libyan desert. The stones for its construction were delivered mainly from the quarries of the Makkatim Highlands, which is located east of the Nile River. The construction of the pyramid was carried out under the leadership of the renowned architect Chefren for 20 years. According to ancient sources, peasants took part in its construction only three months a year, in their free time from field work, during the spill of the Nile. But this does not exclude the work of a small number of specialists who prepared the front for thousands of seasonal peasant builders.

The purpose of the construction of the tomb pyramid.

The word "pyramid" in the literal translation from Greek is "fire that is inside." By "fire" here we must understand the presence of an ordered energy flow both inside and outside the pyramid. Similar energy flows can be observed in crystals (quartz, diamond ...), in trees, etc. Above the top of the pyramid (tree ...), a vertical energy flow is formed, which is sometimes called the space channel (pillar). In the morning, at dawn, this energy flow can be seen above the top of the pyramid with the naked eye. The energy flows at the top of the Cheops pyramid are connected with the energy flows of the neighboring pyramids, forming a channel-energy connection between themselves. In nature, a similar energy connection is observed in crystal trees (drusen), etc. At the same time, the formation of an additional domed energy shell, a collective aura, is observed above them. Until now, the pyramid was considered as a material body without taking into account its energy properties, similar to how the physical body of a person is studied in medicine without taking into account its other six subtle bodies.

The pyramid, like the physical body of a person, is only a material skeleton for thin energy systems. The legend says that in the pyramid is the Great Stone, which flew from space to Earth. He has great energy and magical power. Similar stones are found in the Kaaba mosque (Mecca, Saudi Arabia) in the Himalayas, and previously was at the emperor Tatslau in Atlantis, who is buried in Taimyr. These are stones of spiritual centers and centers of civilization.

To create vertical energy pillars of space communications (streams) on Earth, mankind has applied a variety of technical solutions throughout all the millennia. For example, in mountainous regions, mountain peaks were arranged in the form of pyramids, tents, sphinxes and other structures, and under them - tombs. Artificial architectural ground or underground structures (mounds, pyramids, labyrinth drawings ...) were created in flat places.

The pyramid has design characteristics for obtaining the necessary types of energy flows. The larger the pyramid, the more powerful its energy flow. Above the top of Mount Everest (Himalayas) one of the most powerful energy flows on Earth.
  The tombs of Ancient Egypt are found both in the mountains (near Lake Victoria) and in the flat places (near the Nile Delta). Their construction was carried out mainly during the heyday of ancient civilization, which had a high technical level of development (air transport (vimana, chariots), eternal lamps, energy, laser, nuclear, sonic weapons, etc.).

Start of construction.

The Cheops pyramid has a height of about 150 meters with a base length of one side of it at 250 meters. It was built off the west bank of the Nile, near the city of Cairo.
  The famous architect Chefren erected this pyramid not from scratch. Here were very ancient squat pyramids made of monolithic stone, which were called “remnants” by modern specialists. Chefren used one of the ancient pyramids with its energy flows and underground passages (built about 14,000 years ago) for its intended purpose, increasing it in height and re-planning internal passages and rooms. This ancient pyramid had a powerful foundation and special entrances to the dungeons for underground work.

The Cheops pyramid, like the ancient one, is oriented towards spiritual centers (Shambhala in the east, and Tula in the north), since the north pole was located 12,000 years ago in the north-west of Canada near the border with America. The north geographic pole is constantly migrating around the globe.

Using the ancient pyramid as the basis for the new, builders achieved a significant reduction in labor and material costs, reducing the construction period. Nobody remembers more ancient builders, although more than half of the volume of the Cheops pyramid is made up of stones of the ancient pyramid. The original monolithic pyramid (remnant) had its own burial chamber with other dungeons. During the construction of the pyramid, Chefren made a new redevelopment of the dungeons. Therefore, some voids from the ancient pyramid, which did not fit into the new layout, do not find a logical explanation for the researchers.

Tourists on the eastern edges cannot ignore one of the greatest mysteries of history - the Cheops pyramid. The only surviving miracle of the Ancient World, of the seven existing, generates the interest of scientists, archaeologists, historians, astrologers and simply admirers of secrets. To the questions of the genus: "Where are the pyramids of Cheops?" or “Why is it worth visiting them?”, we will be happy to answer in our article.

What are the dimensions of the Cheops pyramid?

To fully understand the grandeur of this architectural masterpiece, it is enough to imagine its dimensions. Just imagine, this is a huge building weighing about 6.4 million tons, located in Giza, the Republic of Egypt. The height of the Cheops pyramid even after erosion by the wind reaches 138 meters, the size of the base reaches 230 meters, and the length of the side rib is 225 meters. And it is with this pyramid that the greatest mysteries of Egyptian history are connected, over which scientists from all over the world are fighting.

The mystery of the Cheops pyramid - who built it and why?

The most common theory - the pyramid was erected as a tomb for the pharaoh Cheops or Khufu (as the Egyptians themselves call it). Adherents of this theory confirm their guesses with the pyramid model itself. On the basis of 53 thousand square meters there are three tombs, one of which accommodates the Great Gallery.

However, opponents of this version emphasize that the tomb intended for Cheops is not decorated in any way. Which is strange, because, as you know, the Egyptians were committed to pomp and wealth in the design of the tombs of their rulers. And the sarcophagus itself, which was intended for one of the greatest pharaohs in Egyptian history, is not completed. The edges of the stone box that were not cut to the end and the missing cover indicate that the craftsmen did not take the burial issue too seriously. In addition, the remains of Cheops himself were not found during any excavations.

Video - How was the Cheops Pyramid built?

The version with the tomb is being replaced by the version that the pyramid is an astronomical structure. Amazing mathematical calculations and the opportunity through the mines of the corridor type to see the constellations in the night sky provide astronomers with reasons for discussion.

Archaeologists and scientists around the world are trying to unravel the truth of the Khufu Pyramid in Giza. However, based on the facts that have already been obtained, we can confidently say that the author of the project was Hemion, a close relative and, in combination, court architect of Cheops. Under his strict guidance for 20 years, from 2560 BC and until 2540 BC, more than three dozen builders, architects and laborers built a pyramid of huge granite blocks.

Some Egyptians and lovers of the occult sciences perceive the pyramid as a religious object. They see a mystical pattern at the intersections of corridors and catacombs. But this idea is not well founded, as is the version of alien intervention. So, a certain circle of ufologist researchers claims that only with the help of alien creatures could such a colossal work of architectural art be built.

What should a tourist know?

Tourists and admirers of Arab culture are only amused and inspired by the difference in versions and the general uncertainty that revolves around the Cheops pyramid. Every year, hundreds of thousands of visitors come to the foot of a granite structure in order to touch history. And the locals are only happy about this - visitors have all the conditions for educational excursions.

Twice a day, at 8 and 13 hours, a group of up to 150 people arrives at the pyramid. Inside, they enter through a passage located on the north side. But, having finally arrived at the place of a kind of pilgrimage, not all visitors are ready for what the Cheops pyramid is inside. For some foreigners, a long, low, narrowed passage on the sides causes an attack of claustrophobia. And sand, dust and stale air can cause asthma.

But for those who have overcome themselves and withstood the transition into the pyramid, the whole architectural grandeur of Egyptian culture is revealed. Massive walls, the Great Gallery, a general sense of antiquity and authenticity - this is exactly what captivates the guests.

On the south side, at the exit, tourists are offered to get acquainted with the exhibits, which are the fruits of many years of excavation. Here you can also look at the Solar Rook - one of the largest floating vehicles found in the entire history of the archaeological activity of mankind. Here you can buy souvenirs and commemorative figures, t-shirts and so on.

Those who stay until late at night are lucky enough to see a light show. Organizers under the spotlights create a unique, slightly mystical atmosphere, and tell mysterious stories about the pyramid and Egyptian culture.

Another point that visitors of the Cheops pyramid should pay attention to is the issue of photo and video shooting. Inside the building itself, there is a ban on any shooting, as well as on the desire of some people to climb onto the pyramid itself. But, coming out of the tomb and buying a souvenir, you can take countless shots from any angle. In the photo, the Cheops pyramid will sparkle with new colors and amaze with its geometric shapes.

However, you should be as vigilant as possible and not give your gadgets to strangers, other tourists, and especially local residents. Otherwise, you risk either never seeing your camera at all, or parting with an impressive amount to get it back.

From a purely practical point of view, this is not strange. As you know, in any tourist center of the world, the local population prefers to make a profit at any cost. Hence the inflated prices, and the tendency to fraud, and a large number of pickpockets. Therefore, you should be as watchful as possible.

Cheops Pyramid: interesting facts

The Cheops Pyramid is a beautiful and amazing creation. She is an object of admiration for scientists, artists, writers, directors and many other people who are not afraid to solve secrets. And before you go to the granite massif, you should familiarize yourself with the stories about it. To do this, there are dozens of movies on the net. Such as, for example, the documentary “The Solution to the Secret of the Cheops Pyramid” directed by Florence Tran. In it, the author tries to consider as widely as possible the idea of \u200b\u200bconstruction, the riddle of the creation and the true purpose of the pyramid of the great pharaoh.

Interestingly, despite the unfinished sarcophagi and the lack of unambiguous information about the architect of the Cheops pyramid, the biggest mystery is the internal mines. According to experts, reaching a width of 13 to 20 centimeters, the mines run along the sides of the main rooms and have a diagonal exit to the surface. What is the specific purpose of these mines is not known until now. Either this is ventilation, or secret passages, or a kind of air gap. Until today, science has no specific information on this subject.

Video - Facts about the Cheops Pyramid

Just as with the pyramid building process. Materials for one of the seven wonders of the world were delivered from a nearby quarry. But it is still not known how large boulders weighing up to 80 tons were delivered to the construction site. Here again a lot of questions arise regarding the level of technological progress of the Egyptians. Or to the question of magic or a higher mind.

What is the Cheops pyramid really? Tomb? Observatory? Occult object? A message from alien civilizations? Perhaps we will never know that. But each of us has a chance to go to Giza and, touching history, put forward his assumption.

The pyramid of the pharaoh Khufu (in the Greek version of Cheops), or the Great Pyramid is the greatest of the Egyptian pyramids, the oldest of the seven wonders of the world of antiquity and the only one that has survived to our time. Over four thousand years, the pyramid was the largest building in the world.

The Cheops Pyramid is located in the distant suburb of Cairo Giza. Nearby are two more pyramids of the pharaohs Hafra and Menkaur (Khefren and Mikerin), according to ancient historians, sons and successors of Khufu. These are the three largest pyramids of Egypt.

Following the ancient authors, most modern historians consider the pyramids to be the funerary structures of ancient Egyptian monarchs. Some scientists believe that these were astronomical observatories. There is no direct evidence that the pharaohs were buried in the pyramids, but other versions of their mission are less convincing.

When was the Pyramid of Cheops built

Based on the ancient "royal lists" established that Cheops ruled around 2585-2566 years. BC. The construction of the "Sacred Heights" lasted 20 years and ended after the death of Khufu, around 2560 BC

Other versions of the construction period, based on astronomical methods, call dates from 2720 to 2577. BC. The radiocarbon method shows a spread of 170 years, from 2850 to 2680. BC.

There are also exotic opinions expressed by supporters of the theories of visiting the Earth by aliens, the existence of ancient civilizations, or adherents of occult currents. They determine the age of the Cheops pyramid from 6-7 to tens of thousands of years.

How the pyramid was built

The Cheops Pyramid is still the largest stone building on the planet. Its height is 137 m., The length of the side of the base is 230.38 m, the angle of inclination of the face is 51 ° 50 ", the total volume is about 2.5 million cubic meters. At the time of completion of construction, the height was 9.5 m more and the side of the base 2 m longer. however, over the past centuries, almost the entire lining of the pyramid has been dismantled, and natural factors — temperature extremes and desert winds carrying clouds of sand — have done their job.

Ancient Greek historians reported that the labor of millions of slaves was used in construction. Modern researchers believe that with the proper organization of work and engineering, the Egyptians would have had tens of thousands of workers to build. Temporary workers were involved in the transportation of materials, the number of which, according to Herodotus, reached 100 thousand. Modern scientists quite agree with this, as well as with the reality of a 20-year construction period.

The construction of the pyramid was supervised by the head of the royal works, Hemiun. The tomb of Hemiun is located next to his creation, a statue of the architect was discovered in it.

The main material for the construction was gray limestone, which was cut down in the nearest quarries or brought from the other side of the Nile. The pyramid was faced with light sandstone, which is why it literally shone in the sunlight. For interior decoration, granite was used, which was delivered over a thousand kilometers from the area of \u200b\u200bpresent Aswan. The building was crowned by a hewn gilded granite block - a pyramidion.

In total, the construction of the pyramid took about 2.3 million blocks of limestone and 115 thousand tiles. The total mass of the building, according to modern estimates, is almost 6 million tons.

The sizes of the blocks vary. The largest are laid in the base, their height is one and a half meters. The sizes of the blocks are the smaller, the higher they are located. The height of the block at the top is 55 cm. The length of the facing plates ranged from 1.5 to 0.75 m.

The work of the builders of the pyramid was extremely difficult. Mining of stone, cutting blocks and fitting to the desired size required a lot of time and effort. In those days in Egypt they knew neither iron nor bronze. The tools were made from relatively soft copper, so they quickly grind off and were very expensive. Flint tools were widely used - saws, drills, hammers. Many of them were found during excavations.

The materials were delivered along the river, and the stone was brought to the construction site on a sled made of wood or skating rinks. It was hellish labor, because the average weight of one block was 2.5 tons, and some of them weighed up to 50 tons.

A variety of devices were used to lift and install monoliths, and inclined embankments were erected to pull up the most massive elements that make up the lower rows. Images of construction work are found in a number of Egyptian temples and tombs.

An original theory has recently appeared regarding the construction methods of the Egyptians. Scientists who studied the microstructure of blocks in order to establish their origin, found foreign inclusions. According to experts, these are the remains of animal hair and human hair, from which scientists concluded that the limestone in the places of extraction was crushed and shredded to the construction site. Directly at the installation site, blocks were made of limestone mass, which were thus similar to modern concrete structures, and the traces of tools on the blocks are actually imprints of the formwork.

Be that as it may, the construction was completed, and the grandiose size of the pyramid fully justifies the supporters of the theories of Atlanteans and aliens who do not believe in the possibility of human genius.

What is inside the pyramid

The entrance to the pyramid was made at an altitude of almost 16 meters in the form of an arch of granite slabs. Later it was sealed with granite cork and covered with lining. The current entrance 10 meters lower was pierced in 831 by order of Caliph Al-Mamun, who hoped to find gold here, but found nothing of value.

The main premises are the chamber of the pharaoh, the chamber of the queen, the Grand Gallery and the underground chamber. The passage made by Al-Mamun leads to a 105-meter inclined corridor, ending in a chamber cut down in the thickness of the rock below the base of the pyramid. Its dimensions are 14x8 m., Height 3.5 m. The work here for unknown reasons was not completed.

At 18 meters from the entrance from the descending corridor, an ascending length of 40 m is separated, ending in the Great Gallery. The Gallery itself is a tall (8.5 m.) Tunnel with a length of 46.6 m., Leading to the chamber of the pharaoh. The corridor to the Queen’s chamber branches off from the Gallery at the very beginning. A rectangular ditch with a section of 60 cm deep and 1 m wide is punched in the Gallery’s floor; its purpose is unknown.

The length of the chamber of the pharaoh is 10.5 m., Width 5.4, height 5.84 m. It is lined with black granite slabs. Here is an empty granite sarcophagus. The Queen’s chamber is more modest - 5.76 x 5.23 x 6.26 m.

From the burial chambers to the surface of the pyramid are channels with a width of 20-25 cm. The canals of the king’s chamber go with one end to the room, the other - to the surface of the pyramid. The channels of the Queen’s chamber begin at 13 cm from the wall and do not reach 12 m to the surface, with both ends of the channels closed by stone doors with handles. It is assumed that the channels were made for ventilation during the work. Another version related to the beliefs of the Egyptians claims that this is the path to the afterlife that the souls of the departed had to go through.

No less mysterious is another small room, the Grotto, to which an almost vertical passage leads from the beginning of the Great Gallery. The grotto is located at the junction of the base of the pyramid and the hill on which it stands. The walls of the Grotto are reinforced with rather roughly machined stone. It is assumed that this is part of some structure, more ancient than the pyramid.

It is necessary to mention one discovery related to the pyramid. In 1954, two pits lined with stone were discovered at the southern edge, in which were the rooks of the pharaoh made of Lebanese cedar. One of the rooks has been restored and is now in a special pavilion next to the pyramid. Its length is 43.5 m., Width 5.6 m.

The study of the Cheops pyramid continues. Investigations using the latest methods used in the exploration of the earth's interior show with a high degree of probability the existence of unknown caverns inside the pyramid. So it is quite possible that new interesting discoveries and discoveries await scientists.

In the meantime, the Great Pyramid keeps its secrets, proudly rising in the middle of the desert, like millennia ago. Indeed, according to an ancient Arab proverb, everything in the world is afraid of time, but time is afraid of the pyramids.

Pyramid age

The architect of the Great Pyramid is Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops. He also held the title "Manager of all construction projects of the Pharaoh." It is assumed that the construction, which lasted twenty years (during the reign of Cheops), ended around 2540 BC. e. .

Existing methods for dating the time of the beginning of the construction of the pyramid are divided into historical, astronomical and radiocarbon. In Egypt, it was officially established (2009) and the date of commencement of construction of the Cheops pyramid is celebrated - August 23, 2560 BC. e. This date was obtained using the astronomical method of Kate Spence (University of Cambridge). However, this method and the dates obtained with its help were criticized by many Egyptologists. Dates according to other dating methods: 2720 BC e. (Stephen Hack, University of Nebraska), 2577 BC e. (Juan Antonio Belmonte, University of Astrophysics at Canaris) and 2708 BC e. (Pollux, Bauman University). The radiocarbon method gives a range from 2680 BC. e. until 2850 BC e. Therefore, the established "birthday" of the pyramid does not have any serious evidence, since Egyptologists cannot agree on in which year the construction began.

The first mention of the pyramid

The mystery is the complete lack of mention of the pyramid in Egyptian papyrus. The first descriptions are found in the Greek historian Herodotus (V century BC) and in ancient Arab legends [ ]. Herodotus reported (at least 2 millennia after the appearance of the Great Pyramid) that it was erected under the pharaoh-despot named Cheops (Greek Koufou), which ruled for 50 years, that 100 thousand people were employed in the construction. for twenty years, and that the pyramid is in honor of Cheops, but not his grave. The real grave is a burial near the pyramid. Herodotus gave erroneous information about the size of the pyramid, and also mentioned the middle pyramid of the Giza plateau, that it was erected by the daughter of Cheops, who sold herself, and that every building stone corresponded to the man to whom she was given. According to Herodotus, if you "raise a stone, a long winding path to the grave opens," without specifying which particular pyramid we are talking about; however, the pyramids of the Giza plateau did not have “winding” paths to the tomb at the time of their visit by Herodotus; on the contrary, the descending passage of BP of Cheops is distinguished by careful straightforwardness. And there were no other premises in the PS at that time.

Appearance

The surviving fragments of the cladding of the pyramid and the remains of the pavement surrounding the building

The pyramid is called "Ahet-Khufu" - "Horizon of Khufu" (or more precisely, "Relating to the horizon - (this) Khufu"). Consists of blocks of limestone and granite. It was built on a natural limestone hill. After the pyramid has lost several layers of cladding, this hill is partially visible on the eastern, northern and southern sides of the pyramid. Despite the fact that the Cheops pyramid is the highest and most voluminous of all Egyptian pyramids, still Pharaoh Snofru built pyramids in Meidum and Dakhshut (Broken Pyramid and Pink Pyramid), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons.

Initially, the pyramid was lined with harder than the main blocks, white limestone. The top of the pyramid was crowned with a gilded stone - the pyramidion (other Egypt. - "Benben"). The lining shone in the sun in a peach color, as if "a shining miracle to which the sun god Ra himself seemed to give all his rays." In 1168, the Arabs plundered and burned Cairo. The inhabitants of Cairo removed the lining from the pyramid in order to build new houses.

Statistical data

Cheops Pyramid in the 19th Century

Map of the necropolis near the pyramid of Cheops

• Height (today): ≈ 136.5 m
• Side Angle (Now): 51 ° 50 "
• Side rib length (original): 230.33 m (estimated) or about 440 royal elbows
• Side rib length (now): about 225 m
• The length of the sides of the base of the pyramid: south - 230.454 m; North - 230,253 m; west - 230.357 m; East - 230.394 m
• Base area (initial): ≈ 53,000 m 2 (5.3 ha)
• The area of \u200b\u200bthe side surface of the pyramid (originally): ≈ 85 500 m 2
• Base perimeter: 922 m
• The total volume of the pyramid without deducting the cavities inside the pyramid (initially): ≈ 2.58 million m 3
• The total volume of the pyramid minus all known cavities (initially): 2.50 million m 3
• The average volume of stone blocks: 1,147 m 3
• The average mass of stone blocks: 2.5 tons
• The heaviest stone block: about 35 tons - located above the entrance to the "King’s Chamber".
• The number of blocks of the average volume does not exceed 1.65 million (2.50 million m³ - 0.6 million m³ of rock base inside the pyramid \u003d 1.9 million m 3 / 1.147 m 3 \u003d 1.65 million blocks of the indicated volume can physically fit in the pyramid , excluding the volume of the solution in the interblock seams); assignment to the 20-year construction period * 300 working days per year * 10 working hours per day * 60 minutes per hour leads to the laying speed (and delivery to the construction site) - about a block in two minutes.
• According to estimates, the total weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons (1.65 million blocks x 2.5 tons)
• The base of the pyramid rests on a natural rocky elevation in the center of about 12-14 m high and, according to the latest data, occupies at least 23% of the initial volume of the pyramid
• The number of layers (tiers) of stone blocks is 210 (at the time of construction). Now there are 203 layers.

Concavity of the sides

The concavity of the sides of the Cheops pyramid

When the sun moves around the pyramid, you can notice the roughness of the walls - the concavity of the central part of the walls. Perhaps the cause of this is erosion or damage due to the fall of the stone lining. It is also possible that this was specially done during construction. As Vito Maragioglio and Celeste Rinaldi note, the Pyramid of Mecerina no longer has such concavity of sides. I.E.S. Edwards explains this feature by the fact that over time, the central part of each side simply pressed inward from the large mass of stone blocks. [ ]

As in the XVIII century, when this phenomenon was discovered, today there is still no satisfactory explanation for this feature of architecture.

Observation of concavity of the sides at the end of the XIX century., Description of Egypt

Tilt angle

It is not possible to accurately determine the initial parameters of the pyramid, since its edges and surfaces are now largely dismantled and destroyed. This makes it difficult to calculate the exact angle of inclination. In addition, its symmetry per se is not ideal, so deviations in numbers are observed with different measurements.

Geometric study of ventilation tunnels

A study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not give an unambiguous answer to the question of the initial proportions of this structure. It is assumed that the Egyptians had an idea of \u200b\u200bthe Golden Section and the number of pi, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid: thus, the ratio of height to base is 14/22 (height \u003d 280 cubits, and base \u003d 440 cubits, 280/440 \u003d 14 / 22). For the first time in world history, these values \u200b\u200bwere used in the construction of the pyramid in Meidum. However, for the pyramids of later eras, these proportions were not used anywhere else, for example, some have ratios of height to the base, such as 6/5 (Pink Pyramid), 4/3 (Chefren's Pyramid) or 7/5 (Broken Pyramid).

Some of the theories consider the pyramid to be an astronomical observatory. It is alleged that the corridors of the pyramid point exactly towards the "polar star" of that time - Tuban, the ventilation corridors of the south side - to the star Sirius, and from the north side - to the star Alnitak.

Internal structure

Cross section of the Cheops pyramid:

The entrance to the pyramid is located at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side. The entrance is formed by stone slabs laid in the form of an arch, but this is the structure that was inside the pyramid - the true entrance has not been preserved. The true entrance to the pyramid was most likely blocked by a stone cork. A description of such a cork can be found at Strabo, and its appearance can also be imagined based on the surviving slab that covered the upper entrance to the Snofra Broken Pyramid, father of Cheops. Today, tourists enter the pyramid through a 17-meter gap, which was made in 820 by the Baghdad caliph Abdullah al-Mamun 10 meters lower. He hoped to find the countless treasures of the pharaoh there, but found there only a layer of dust half a cubit thick.

Inside the pyramid of Cheops there are three burial chambers located one above the other.

Funeral "pit"

Underground camera maps

A downward corridor 105 m long, running at an angle of 26 ° 26’46, leads to a horizontal corridor 8.9 m long leading to the chamber 5 . Located below ground level in a rocky limestone base, it remained unfinished. The dimensions of the chamber are 14 × 8.1 m; it is stretched from east to west. Height reaches 3.5 m, the ceiling has a large crack. Near the southern wall of the chamber there is a well with a depth of about 3 m, from which a narrow hole (0.7 × 0.7 m in cross section) stretches southward for 16 m, ending in a dead end. Engineers John Perring (John Shae Perring) and Howard Wise (Richard William Howard Vyse) at the beginning of the XIX century, cleared the chamber floor and dug a well with a depth of 11.6 m, in which they hoped to find a hidden burial room. They were based on the testimonies of Herodotus, who claimed that the body of Cheops is on an island surrounded by a canal in a hidden underground chamber. Their excavations did not lead to anything. Later studies showed that the chamber was abandoned incomplete, and it was decided to arrange burial chambers in the center of the pyramid itself.

The Ascending Corridor and Queen's Chambers

From the first third of the descending passage (18 m from the main entrance) upward at the same angle of 26.5 ° goes upward passage ( 6 ) about 40 m long, ending at the bottom of the Great Gallery ( 9 ).

At its beginning, the ascending passage contains 3 large cubic granite “plugs” that were masked from the descending passage from the outside by a block of limestone that fell during the work of al-Mamun. Thus, the first 3000 years from the construction of the pyramid, (including during the period of its active visits in Antiquity), it was believed that there were no other rooms in the Great Pyramid except for the downward passage and the underground chamber. Al-Mamun failed to break through these plugs and he simply hollowed out a bypass in the softer limestone to the right of them. This passage is still in use. Concerning traffic jams, there are two main theories, one of which is based on the fact that the ascending passage has traffic jams installed at the beginning of construction and, thus, this passage was sealed by them from the very beginning. The second claims that the current narrowing of the walls was caused by an earthquake, and the corks were previously within the Great Gallery and were used to seal the passage only after the burial of the pharaoh.

An important mystery of this section of the ascending passage is that in the place where the traffic jams are located now, in the full-sized, albeit shortened model of the pyramid moves - the so-called test corridors north of the Great Pyramid - there is a junction of not two, but three corridors at once, the third of which is a vertical tunnel. Since no one has been able to move the traffic jams so far, the question of whether there is a vertical hole above them remains open.

In the middle of the ascending passage, the wall structure has a peculiarity: the so-called "frame stones" are installed in three places - that is, the passage passage square through the entire length pierces through three monoliths. The purpose of these stones is unknown. In the area of \u200b\u200bframe stones, the walls of the aisle have several small niches.

A horizontal corridor with a length of 35 m and a height of 1.75 m leads southward into the second burial chamber from the bottom of the Great Gallery. The walls of this horizontal corridor are composed of very large blocks of limestone, on which fake “seams” are imitated, imitating masonry from smaller blocks . Behind the western wall of the passage there are cavities filled with sand. The second chamber is traditionally called the “Queen's Chamber”, although according to the rituals of the wives of the pharaohs, they were buried in separate small pyramids. The Queen’s Chamber, lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the cell.

The drawing of the Queen's Chamber ( 7 )



Niche in the wall of the Queen’s Chamber



The corridor at the entrance to the Queen's Hall (1910)



Entrance to the Queen's Chamber (1910)



Niche in the Queen's Chamber (1910)



The ventilation duct in the Queen's chamber (1910)



Corridor to the rising tunnel ( 12 )



Granite Cork (1910)



Corridor to the upward tunnel (on the left - closing blocks)

Grotto, Grand Gallery and the Chambers of the Pharaoh

Another branch from the bottom of the Grand Gallery is a narrow, almost vertical shaft, about 60 m high, leading to the bottom of the downward passage. There is an assumption that it was designed to evacuate workers or priests who completed the “sealing” of the main passage to the “King's Chamber”. Approximately in the middle of it is a small, most likely, natural extension - the Grotto of an irregular shape, in which several people could fit by force. Grotto ( 12 ) is located at the “junction” of the masonry of the pyramid and a small hill about 9 meters high on a limestone plateau lying at the base of the Great Pyramid. The walls of the Grotto are partially reinforced with ancient masonry, and since its individual stones are too large, there is an assumption that the Grotto existed on the Giza plateau as an independent structure long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation mine itself was built taking into account the location of the Grotto. However, taking into account the fact that the mine was hollowed in the already laid masonry, and not laid out, as evidenced by its incorrect round section, the question arises of how the builders managed to get to the Grotto exactly.

The large gallery continues the ascending passage. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in cross section, with slightly tapering upwards (the so-called “false arch”) walls, a high inclined tunnel with a length of 46.6 m. In the middle of the Great Gallery, there is a square recess, regular in cross section, over the entire length with a width of 1 meter and a depth of 60 cm, and on both side ledges there are 27 pairs of dimples of unclear purpose. Deepening ends with the so-called. The “Big Step” - a high horizontal ledge, a 1 × 2 meter platform at the end of the Big Gallery, directly in front of the hole in the “hallway” - the Fore chamber. The platform has a pair of recesses similar to the recesses, recesses at the corners of the wall (the 28th and last pair of BG recesses). Through the “entrance”, the hole leads to the burial “Tsar’s Chamber”, lined with black granite, where an empty granite sarcophagus is placed. The lid of the sarcophagus is missing. The ventilation shafts have mouths in the “King’s Chamber” on the southern and northern walls at a height of about a meter above the floor. The mouth of the southern wentshacht is badly damaged, the northern one appears intact. The floor, ceiling, walls of the chamber do not have any decorations or holes or fasteners for anything related to the time of the construction of the pyramid. Ceiling slabs all burst along the south wall and do not fall into the room only due to the pressure of the overlying blocks.

Above the Tsar’s Chamber, there are five discharge cavities discovered in the 19th century with a total height of 17 m, between which there are monolithic granite slabs about 2 m thick, and above them there is a gable slab of limestone. It is believed that their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) in order to protect the Tsar’s Chamber from pressure. Graffiti was discovered in these voids, probably left by the workers.

Grotto Interior (1910)



Grotto Drawing (1910)





Drawing of the connection of the Grotto with the Grand Gallery (1910)



Entrance to the tunnel (1910)



View of the Large Gallery from the entrance to the room



Large gallery



Grand Gallery (1910)



Pharaoh's Camera Drawing



Pharaoh's chamber



Pharaoh's Chamber (1910)



The interior of the lobby in front of the king’s chamber (1910)



Channel "ventilation" at the south wall of the king's room (1910)

Ventilation ducts

The so-called “ventilation” channels 20-25 cm wide depart from the “King’s Chamber” and “Queen’s Chamber” in the northern and southern directions (first horizontally, then obliquely upward). Moreover, the “King’s Chambers” channels, known since the 17th century, through, they are open both bottom and top (on the sides of the pyramid), while the lower ends of the channels of the Queen’s Chamber are about 13 cm from the surface of the wall, they were discovered when tapping in 1872. The upper ends of the Queen's Chambers mines do not reach the surface of about 12 meters, and are covered with stone Gantenbrink Doors, each with two copper handles. Copper pens were sealed with plaster seals (not preserved, but traces left). In the southern Wentschacht, the “door” was discovered in 1993 with the help of the Upuaout II remote-controlled robot; the bend of the northern mine did not allow then  detect in it the same “door” with this robot. In 2002, with the help of a new modification of the robot, a hole was drilled in the south “door”, but a small cavity 18 cm long and another stone “door” were found behind it. What is next is still unknown. This robot confirmed the presence of a similar “door” at the end of the northern channel, but they did not drill it. In 2010, a new robot was able to insert a serpentine camera into the drilled hole in the southern “door” and found that the copper “handles” on the other side of the “door” were designed in the form of neat loops, and individual icons were painted with red ocher on the floor of the “ventilation” shaft. Currently, the most common version is that the purpose of the "ventilation" channels was religious in nature and is associated with the Egyptians' ideas about the afterlife journey of the soul. And the “door” at the end of the canal is nothing but a door to the afterlife. That is why it does not go to the surface of the pyramid. At the same time, the shafts of the upper burial chamber have through exits to the outside and inside of the room; it is unclear whether this is due to any change in the ritual; since the outer few meters of the pyramid's facing have been destroyed, it is unclear whether the Gantenbrink Doors were in the upper shafts. (could be in the place where the mine was not preserved). In the southern upper mine there is a so-called "Niches of Cheops" - strange extensions and grooves, which, perhaps, contained the "door". In the upper north there are no "niches" at all.

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Books

• Pyramid of Secrets, Alan Alford. For more than one hundred years, the Cheops Pyramid has been the subject of endless debate on three main issues: who built it, how and why. The book of the famous English writer Alan Elford ...
• The black hand and the pyramid of Cheops, Ganapolsky M. .. My dear boys and girls !. This book is about the Black Hand .. This Black Hand always scares children - in a word, it’s better not to meet her. But my children, Katya and Sasha, met with her about that too ...