Red Yar city. Krasny Yar (Astrakhan region). By the end of the XIX century. in the village there were two hundred yards and about one and a half thousand inhabitants. In the village there were three churns, three dyeing establishments, thirteen windmills and one water mill

Geography

the village of Krasny Yar is located on the left bank of the Buzan canal of the Volga delta.

Story

• The fortress Krasny Yar began to be erected in 1650.
• The county town Krasny Yar in 1925 lost its urban status, becoming a village.

Ancient history

Krasny Yar was laid in 1667 on a high cape of the left bank of the Buzan at the confluence of the Akhtuba River, was founded for approximately the same purpose as Cherny Yar. The main role of the Red Yar was that "the inhabitants of the Don Cossacks who robbed from the Volga went to Buzan, and from there went to the Caspian Sea ... looked diligently so that they would not be allowed to go to sea."

A wooden-earthen fortress of the Red Yar was also built according to the Chernoyarsk type. From Chernoyarsk it differed only in that it initially had five towers.

The foundation of the town is directly related to the turbulent events that then captured all the Lower Volga into their circulation. As you know, in the summer of 1667 after the Black Yar, the Razinians unhindered along the Volga on their ships in the direction of Astrakhan. However, Razin did not intend to go to the city, as he was well aware of the weakness of his forces of that time for the assault on a powerful fortress. That's why his plows turned into Buzan. And yet, somewhere at the beginning of the Buzanian canal, the Cossacks had to face the detachment of S. Beklemishev sent across them from Astrakhan. Cossacks, however, utterly defeated the archers and in early June 1667 passed by the Red Yar. This was later reported by the Astrakhan Matvey Kireev from Krasnoyarsk: “July on the second day ... in the first hour, the days passed by the city on the other side, along the Buzan River District in 30 plows, Cossacks, according to estimates in a plow of 30 in the tract of Cheremshansky I’ll be, from a city of versts with three to fishers. ” Cheremshansky Stan is the current village of Cheryomukha, located a few kilometers below Krasnoyarsk. Here the Razinians lingered. The literature sometimes mentions the battle of the Cossacks with the Krasnoyarsk archers. But he was not there, otherwise Kireev would have informed him. It could not take place for the reason that the city in the summer of 1667, in fact, still did not exist. It was only built on the orders of the predecessor Prozorovsky at the post of Astrakhan governor Prince Ivan Khilkov. And somehow a strong garrison in the Red Yar was simply absent. It is known, however, that a new, more than one and a half thousand army under the command of I. Ruzhinsky went after the Razinets, but it was too late to the Red Yar. And therefore, calmly passing, past a semi-finished town, the Razin ships left for the Caspian Sea.

XIX century

Numerous fires and redevelopment of the city, which began in 1843, left nothing from the fortifications. Time did not save even the Vladimir Cathedral, which stood in the center of the town, one of the best buildings of the "Naryshkinsky" baroque in the Lower Volga region. But this land has preserved the monuments of more ancient eras. Krasny Yar is built on one of the major Golden Horde sites. There is an assumption that the Krasnoyarsk fort is the ruins of the first capital of the Golden Horde - the city of Saray. Locals still find samples of the Golden Horde household and architectural ceramics. Some of the finds can be seen in a small museum of local lore. Judging by the stories of old-timers, the builders of the Vladimir Cathedral that did not reach us used the decorative material of the Golden Horde city. When dismantling the cathedral, residents found a lot of colored tiles adorning the cathedral, very similar to the Golden Horde specimens, which are now stored in the local museum.

Krasnoyarsk stanitsa

• The Cossack population of the city was the Krasnoyarsk village of the Astrakhan army.

Architecture

The old town architecture is modest and unpretentious. Several houses have survived from the time of classicism, but almost all of them are so rebuilt that it is almost impossible to guess the initial forms in them. From the late classical era, a two-story building of former public places has been preserved. For those who have visited the Black Yar and Enotaevka, it will be doubly interesting, because, despite the later perestroika distorting its appearance, it clearly resembles the public places of the Black Yar and Enotaevsk. And only a rectangular frame, added at the end of the platband of the upper windows, distinguishes the building from Krasniy Yar from similar buildings in the more northern towns. Having become acquainted now with all three structures, we can confidently say that the Chernoyarsk project was used in all three of them.

The wooden buildings of the Red Yar are also interesting. The wooden house standing next to the Office building has a classically simple composition of the main facade. Pilaster columns, a multi-flap cornice, a three-window mezzanine - everything seems to be related by the building with the well-known type of small wooden manor house that had established itself in Russian cities by the end of the classical period. But in the decoration of the windows, this composition is already very clouded by a touch of false Russian stylization of the second half of the 19th century.

The carving of many residential buildings of the Red Yar is simple and unpretentious. But this unpretentiousness is sometimes compensated by the “work” of the very construction of a building element. And here a very simple platband of a window far removed beyond the plane of the wall, or an ordinary porch of a house, may turn out to be plastically expressive. Such completely uncomplicated inventions, which, perhaps, are not inventions at all, nevertheless convey the originality of the residential buildings of this quiet old town, lost among the countless arms of a huge delta.

Famous natives

• Aristov, Averky Borisovich (1903-1973) - Soviet party and public figure
•   (1904-1976) - Soviet military commander, Colonel General
• Aldamzharov, Gaziz Kamashevich (born 1947) - Kazakhstan politician

Notes

References

•   // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.

KRASNY YAR(Krasnojar, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk, German Krasnoyarsk, Walter, Red Column, Caesar), now with. RED YAR in the Engels district of the Saratov region, a German colony in the left bank of the Volga, at the confluence of the Berezovka river in the Volga (the German name for the river is Pakh, from “Bach” - stream). It was located 410 versts from the city of Samara, 30 versts from Saratov, 180 versts from Novouzensk, along the trade route from Nikolaevsk to Saratov. From 1871 to October 1918 it was a volost village of the Krasnoyarsk volost of the Novouzensk district of the Samara province. After the formation of the Volga Germans Labor Commune, the village of Krasny Yar was the administrative center of the Krasnoyarsk village council of the Marxstadt canton. From 1922, after the formation of the Krasnoyarsk canton, and until 1927, it was the canton center of the Volga Germans Republic (as of January 1, 1922, 32 settlements with a population of 19.8 thousand people, in 1926 - 36 settlements with a population of 22 099 people, of which Germans - 21 902 people, Russians - 63, Ukrainians - 3, other nationalities - 131 people). In 1926, the Krasnoyarsk Village Council included s. Red Yar, high. Mechetka-1 and Mechetka-2. At the end of 1927, during the administrative-territorial reform, the canton was liquidated, and the village of Krasny Yar was transferred to the Markshadt canton. In 1935, the Krasnoyarsk canton was restored.

The colony was created on July 20, 1767 as a crown colony. According to one version, the name was given taking into account the peculiarities of the picturesque hilly and ravine terrain. In the Russian language, tracts on the banks of rivers were called springy, a steep, elevated shore, and the adjective "red" meant beautiful. According to another version, the Russian name Krasny Yar has a German etymology: supposedly the first colonists, surprised by the abundance of meadow grass in the fields, gave the colony the name "Grasjahr" - grassy year (from the German words "Gras" - grass and "Jahr" - year). By decree of February 26, 1768 on the names of the German colonies, the name Krasny Yar was retained behind the settlement. The remaining names were given to the colony in honor of the colonial commissar Caesar - "Caesar" and in honor of the first forshteger - "Walter", but were rarely used.

The first forester Christophe Walter, a 37-year-old farmer, arrived at a colony from Darmstadt (Ridezel) with his wife Anna Maria and two daughters. Until 1804, the forester of the colony was Kraum. The founders of the Red Yar became 353 colonists (112 families), immigrants mainly from Darmstadt, Kurpfalz, Isenburg, Franconia and other German lands. Of 112 families, most were Lutherans. 16 families professed reformism.

Each householder received 25 rubles from the Guardianship Office in Saratov, two horses, one cow, four wheels, shafts, an arc, 11 rope sazhens, two belt bridles and five hemp rope sazhen for reins. Poor livestock conditions and the inability of the colonists to treat them in the early years of the settlement led to a massive death of livestock. In the Red Yar in 1766, half of all livestock allocated to the colonists fell.

Among the first 74 homeowners there were four workshop artisans, a shoemaker, a hosiery weaver, as well as representatives of such rare professions as a calico sweeper and glazier. The remaining first settlers were farmers and, by the nature of their occupations in their former homeland, were fully consistent with the main goal of attracting colonists - their development of an agricultural zone in the desert steppe outskirts of Russia.

According to the revision of 1834, the colonists were endowed with land of 15 acres per capita. For several years the litigation of the colonists with the state peasants of the Pokrovskaya Sloboda, who seized the lands of the colonists, continued. According to the 10th revision of 1857, 1,500 male colonists owned land in the amount of about 5.7 acres per capita. The colonists were engaged mainly in tillage and flour milling. The first mill was built in the colony back in the 1770s. Colonists cultivated wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, specialized in cultivating the most promising at that time wheat variety “White Turk”. To a much lesser extent than the inhabitants of the Red Yar engaged in crafts and crafts. A significant place in the colonial agriculture was occupied by tobacco farming.

According to the Samara Provincial Statistical Committee, in 1910 there were 1,081 yards in the village, there was a volost government, a post office, a forensic institution, and a pharmacy. Health care was at a fairly high level, in Krasniy Yar there was not only a Zemsky reception ward, two doctors and three paramedics worked, but an eye clinic was opened. A brick factory was built in the village, the Shardt steam mill built in 1907, as well as a water mill and 10 windmills worked. By 1910, a library appeared in the village.

During the years of Soviet rule, a cultural center was opened in Krasniy Yar, a printing house was operating, and there was a telephone exchange. In the 1930s Collective farms "Frische Craft" and "Rotfront" were created, a machine and tractor station was organized, and tobacco cultivation was revived. In September 1941, the Germans were deported from the village.

School and teaching children.   In the church school, which appeared in the village from the moment of its foundation, children from 7 to 15 years old studied. Before the construction of the first church in 1815, services and school classes were held in the school-prayer house. By the middle of the nineteenth century, a college was opened in the colony, and in the 1870s, a zemstvo school. By the beginning of the twentieth century, two zemstvo schools worked in the village, where Russian was studied.

In 1900, an inspector of public schools contacted the probst of the meadow side of the Volga I. Erbes, who, pointing out that in Krasniy Yar there are only one Russian teacher for 600 children, he recommended increasing the allocation for teaching the Russian language and introducing a second post at the school Russian language teachers. According to statistics on the condition of schools in the German colonies, collected by the left bank probation officer I. Erbes, in 1906, out of 7502 residents of the village, about 1000 were children aged 7 to 15, who were required to receive primary education. School attendance by school-age children was not one hundred percent; 85 children could not study due to the poverty of their parents or daily employment in crafts and crafts. In 1906, 120 boys, 23 girls studied in the first zemstvo school of the village and two teachers worked, the second zemstvo school was attended by 191 boys and 112 girls, five teachers worked here. 112 boys, 325 girls studied at the church school and two teachers worked. All three schools were supported by the church community. During the years of Soviet power, both schools were merged and redeveloped into a primary school. In 1923, a vocational school was opened in Krasniy Yar, and in 1924 a peasant youth school was opened. As of 1937 - 143 villagers were illiterate, literacy courses were created for them.

Religion of the inhabitants and the church.   The colonists belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran confession. Since 1767, the community of Krasny Yar was part of the parish of Rosenheim (Podstepnoe). The parish of Rosenheim (Podstepnoye) was founded in 1767. It included the colonies of Rosenheim, Swede (Zvonarevka), Stahl (Zvonarev Kut), Enders (Ust-Karaman), Krasny Yar, Fischer (Telyauze), Schulz (Meadow Gryaznuha), Reinvald (Staritskoe). In 1820, Rheinwald and Schulz became part of the Reingardt (Osinovka) parish, and the Fischer community was annexed to the Southern Yekaterinenstadt parish. Since 1880, the village of Krasny Yar formed an independent parish, the creation of which was approved by decree of November 20, 1880. The parish included one church community Krasny Yar.

In the first years after the creation of the settlement, the colonists of the Red Yar held divine services in a prayer house, which had the status of a branch. The exact date of its construction is not known. It was erected with public funds in the first one or two years after the colonists resettled. The money spent by the colonists was to be paid to the state over the next ten years.

A wooden church was built in Krasniy Yar in 1815. It had the status of a branch and was consecrated as the church of the Holy Trinity. Over time, the old church became small and could not accommodate all the parishioners, who by the middle of the nineteenth century, there were about 5.2 thousand people. The project of the new Krasnoyarsk church was approved by state authorities in 1857. The foundation stone was laid in 1859. By 1861, a new wooden church was built on the site of the old small church, it had benches for 1,500 worshipers. The church was consecrated on July 9, 1861.

The exterior of the building was imitated by the architecture of classicism. The front of the church was given a porch in the form of a portico with a triangular pediment in the center of the main facade, in front of which there were brick gates crowned with three turrets. Four massive columns of the portico were arranged symmetrically and were crowned with rather modest Doric capitals. Behind the columns in the center was the entrance opening and a window above it. The four-stage, narrowed up tower had three semicircular windows and was crowned with a dome with a three-meter cross. Columns crowned with massive triangular pediments were also located on the side facades of the building, and the side entrances to the church were behind the columns. The temple had roomy balconies on the second floor and magnificent interior decoration. Near the church was a wooden pastor with an outbuilding built in 1883.

Pages of the history of the church community and parish.   By 1880, the village of Krasny Yar totaled more than four thousand people. The Lutheran community of the parish needed its own pastor, and therefore the parishioners decided to apply for the creation of a separate parish, the foundation of which was approved in 1880.The first pastor of the parish was Karl Wilhelm Theodor Blum (1841-1906), who served until 1881 in the Frezental parish. In the years 1901-1905. Karl Blum was a probst of the meadow side of the Volga. The last pastor of the parish, Wilhelm Friedrich Feldbach (1884-1970), was ordained in the church of Krasniy Yar on December 26, 1919, and until 1924 he served simultaneously in the parishes of Krasniy Yar and Yagodnaya Polyana. In the years 1924-1928. He was a pastor in the Lutheran community of Baku, and in 1928 he emigrated to Germany.

In 1929, when a campaign began in the country to remove the bells and to melt them “to the tractor column”, the bells from the church in Krasniy Yar were removed and handed over to the Vozrozhdenie plant, which produced the first Soviet Dwarf tractor. In 1931, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic received secret information from the regional Commission for the Review of Religious Issues, according to which the church was not yet closed in the village at that time, there were 2,351 believers in the church community, of which 33 were classified as deprived.

The Commission on Religious Issues under the Central Executive Committee of the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic petitioned for the closure of the church on January 15, 1934. Of the 1,373 eligible members of the community, 1,003 supported closing the church. The committee on religious issues decided to “offer the collective of believers a house of worship from kulak houses”, and use the church for the cultural needs of the village. The Presidium of the CEC decided to close the church on February 9, 1934. A cross was removed from the church, and a club was equipped in its building. After the Great Patriotic War, a cinema operated in the former church, which no longer had a bell tower. The church was destroyed in the late 1980s.

List of pastors.Pastors of the Rosenheim (Podstepnoe) parish, who served in the community of Krasny Yar. 1767-1785 - Ludwig Helm 1786-1788 - Laurentius Albaum (Laurentius Ahlbaum). 1788-1791 - Klaus Peter Lundberg (Klaus Peter Lundberg). 1792-1815 - Christian Friedrich Jäger 1816-1820 - Franz Hölz 1820-1831 - Johan Heinrich Buck. 1831-1866 - Alexander Karl August Allendorf. 1867-1879 - Friedrich Wilchelm Meyer Pastors of the parish Krasny Yar. 1881-1905 - Karl Blum. 1905-1914 - Johannes Stenzel 1914-1916 - Albert Arthur Schön 1916-1919 - Wilhelm Feldbach

Population. In 1767, 363 foreign colonists lived in Krasniy Yar, in 1773 there were 460, in 1788 - 537, in 1798 - 684, in 1816 - 1036, in 1834 - 1792, in 1850 - 2552, in 1859 - 3131, in 1883 - 4343, in 1889 - 4484 people. In 1878, 156 people emigrated to America. According to the data of the General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897, 4,721 people lived in the Red Yar, of which 4,622 were Germans. As of 1905, there were 7514 people in the village, and in 1910 - 7345 people. In 1909, about 400 people left the village for Siberia and the Steppe Territory. Parish Krasny Yar in 1906 totaled 7671 parishioners. According to the All-Russian population census of 1920, 6569 people lived in the Red Yar, all of them were Germans. In 1921, 296 were born in the village, and 896 people died, only in March 1921, 50 people died in the village. According to the regional statistics department of the Autonomous Region of the Volga Germans, as of January 1, 1922, 4724 people lived in Krasniy Yar, in 1923 - 4008 people. According to the 1926 All-Russian Census, the village consisted of 847 households (of which 834 were German) with a population of 4,546 people (of which 2,177 were men and 2,369 were women), including 4,464 Germans (of which 2,128 were men and 2,336 were women). In 1931, 5145 people lived in the Red Yar, of which 5129 were Germans, in 1939 - 4631 people.

The village today.Now with. Krasny Yar, Engels District, Saratov Region. When visiting the Red Yar, its impressive size is still striking; it is no accident that the village was a canton center. Before the revolution, Krasny Yar was even larger: according to the data of the All-Russian Population Census of 2002, 3118 people lived in the village, which is more than two times less than the number of inhabitants of the village in 1910. In 1974, a new standard modern school was built in the village . As of 2010, in a secondary school with. Krasny Yar trained 326 students and 29 teachers worked.

The former German layout and a lot of old buildings, brick and wooden German houses, both private and public buildings — a pharmacy, a bread shop, a mill — have been preserved in Krasniy Yar. Most of the old German houses were preserved on the street of Y. Gagarin. Opposite the modern building of the House of Culture, like a hundred years ago, is a pharmacy. The former House of Culture, where the Department of the Interior is located today, was built during the existence of the Volga German Republic. At the site of the modern police building was a rural square, where locals gathered on holidays.

Every year in the Red Yar there are fewer objects of German architecture. The building of the Lutheran church in the village has not been preserved. Until 2008, residents of the Red Yar, who were not indifferent to the history of Russian Germans, were proudly demonstrating the visitors of the building of the former eye clinic, which was previously known far beyond the village. The wooden building was not used for a long time, however, a huge two-story building, connected to a brick single-story building by an arch, still reminded of German colonists and attracted lovers of German architecture to the village. In 2009, the building of the hospital was completely destroyed. Today, only a pile of bricks and rubbish has survived from it, next to which is a one-story brick building of the former eye hospital.

The pride of the village is the old building of a four-story German mill, which before the revolution produced flour for several nearby villages. It was built in 1907 and received the name Chardt Mill by the name of its owner. The date of construction of the building is laid out under the roof on the side facade, and the letters with the name of the owner, who were there, were not preserved. Today the mill building is still in use. After the deportation of the German population, compound feed was produced and grain for livestock was ground. By the end of the twentieth century, the building was in a deplorable state. In 1999, a private entrepreneur S. Shuvakin and his partner from Germany bought and repaired the building, restored the stairs, brought in new Italian equipment, and installed a lifting elevator. Today, the mill operates a threshing workshop, a dispersing workshop, a pasta workshop and a bakery. The mill grinds up to 30 tons of grain per day, the company employs 50 people.

Today, the village of Krasny Yar is spread over almost 2500 square kilometers in the Samara region. It includes 10 volosts, and the distance to the railway from the village of Krasny Yar is 13 km.

The history of the village of Krasny Yar began in 1732, when, after the decree of Empress Anna Ivanovna, the construction of the Krasnoyarsk fortress on the right bank of the Sok River began, the remains of which are still located in the center of this village. I must say that this fortress at that time was a very important object of Tsarist Russia, since the extracted sulfur reserves were transported across the Sok River, which is very necessary for the manufacture of ammunition, since Russia then participated in the Northern War against Sweden. In addition, close to this fortress opened good agricultural and livestock prospects for a good existence in peacetime.

In the 19th century, the level of trade increased significantly, due to the increased demand for agricultural products that were mined in the village of Krasny Yar. This attracted even more residents and strengthened the position of the settlement. And in 1861 the first school was opened in Krasniy Yar.
   At the beginning of the 20th century, post and telegraph offices were opened. Gradually, the settlement turned into a large shopping center. Throughout the 20th century, the number of industrial and cultural facilities has increased.

Today, Krasniy Yar is one of the most important administrative centers of the Samara Region, on the territory of which the remains of the Krasnoyarsk Fortress are located - a monument of federal significance of the Russian Federation.

Vyushkov Nikita.

This work reflects the main milestones in the history of the emergence and development of this locality. S Krasny Yar is an old settlement that arose more than 200 years ago.

The given work fully reflects the dynamics of development from the moment the village arose to the present day.

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Flourish, my native land!

We live with you one fate!

My village, I love you!

Thank you for everything!

Krasny Yar is a village in the south of the Astrakhan region. The administrative center and the largest settlement of the Krasnoyarsk region. Located on the left bank of the Buzan canal of the Volga delta.

Krasny Yar was laid in 1667 on a high cape of the left bank of the Buzan at the confluence of the Akhtuba River, was founded for approximately the same purpose as Cherny Yar. The main role of the Red Yar was that "the inhabitants of the Don Cossacks who robbed from the Volga went to Buzan, and from there went to the Caspian Sea ... looked diligently so that they would not be allowed to go to sea." The foundation of the town is directly related to the turbulent events that then captured all the Lower Volga into their circulation.

Information about the Red Yar XVII - early XVIII century. remained a little, because, staying away from the main Volga route, it did not attract the attention of travelers. Some information about him is given only by I. Kirilov and S.-G. Gmelin. They report that the city was located on an island that was washed from the southern and western sides by one of the main Volga Buzan channels, connecting here with Akhtuba and through the narrow curved Ogorodny stream - with the Malaya Algar channel. The island rose quite high above the water and was called the Lighthouse Hill. S.-G. Gmelin reports that he was "how long, so wide, and both diameters have two versts." Information about the occurrence of a settlement on the Mayachnoy hillock dates back to the middle of the 17th century. I. Savvinsky reports that the first inhabitants appeared there "in the third summer of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich"; in 1667, a wooden fortress was built on the island, in which 500 people settled.

Numerous fires and redevelopment of the city, which began in 1843, left nothing from the fortifications.

Krasny Yar is built on one of the major Golden Horde sites. There is an assumption that the Krasnoyarsk fort is the ruins of the first capital of the Golden Horde - the city of Saray. Locals still find samples of the Golden Horde household and architectural ceramics. Some of the finds can be seen in a small museum of local lore. Judging by the stories of old-timers, the builders of the Vladimir Cathedral that did not reach us used the decorative material of the Golden Horde city. When dismantling the cathedral, residents found a lot of colored tiles adorning the cathedral, very similar to the Golden Horde specimens, which are now stored in the local museum.

Our Motherland is beautiful

Where we live

Our Red Yar is a wonder

And this is a verse about him

My native village

You have come a long way

Fields and rivers expanse

Doesn't want to rest

All nations became friends

Live in the work of the century

Go, years go by

And the Red Yar - always!

The nature of the Red Yar is unique, it causes delight and admiration, its inhabitants are hardworking, hospitable and responsive, and their national traditions have centuries-old roots. The population of the village is 10.9 thousand inhabitants (2002). There are more than 60 institutions and enterprises, 4389 households, 401 entrepreneurs in Krasniy Yar. There are educational institutions, a central district hospital, 6 libraries, an educational institution for children “Skazka” kindergarten, and others. The main sectors of the economy are small and medium-sized enterprises, housing and communal services, construction, private household plots and KFKs. There are conditions for the development of pond fish farming. The territory of the settlement is a promising housing development zone for apartment buildings and cottage-type houses. The image of the village is decorated with parks, squares, which are a favorite vacation spot for Krasnoyarsk residents. The consumer market in the village is represented by a wide range of services and goods offered. On the territory of the settlement, 401 entrepreneurs are registered, more than 100 stores function.

We were lucky: we live in a unique place, in good climatic conditions. Our village has an interesting history dating back to the 16th century. You can be proud of this, we have something to protect, protect, and increase. Guests who come to our village from different parts of Russia envy us. We take great care of the cultural traditions and customs of all peoples living compactly in the territory of our municipality. We love our small homeland!

It goes back centuries

My darling village ...

It is beautiful at sunrise

When it was just dawn

Unique at sunset

In the purple reflections of dawn;

It will never lose

Magnificence and beauty ...

Astrakhan region.

In ancient times, trade routes of the Persians and Arabs took place on the territory of modern Astrakhan region. In the VIII-X centuries, the territories were part of the Khazar Khaganate. There are suggestions that in the territory of modern Astrakhan region the capital of the Khazar Kaganate Itil was located, destroyed by Prince Svyatoslav in 965. Later, the Polovtsy settled here, who were replaced by the Mongol-Tatars in the first half of the 13th century.

In 1558, the Astrakhan Khanate was annexed to the Russian state. Astrakhan Territory is a southeastern military outpost of the Russian state. In particular, in 1569, the Turks unsuccessfully besieged the Astrakhan fortress. In 1597, the construction of the Transfiguration of the Savior Monastery, begun in 1578, was completed in Astrakhan.

In the XVII century in the Astrakhan region there was a development of trade, fisheries and salt industries. In the middle of the century, an uprising of Stepan Razin took place in the territory of the Astrakhan Territory.

In 1705-06, local residents rebelled against the policies of Peter I. In 1722, a shipyard was built near the mouth of the Kutum River, called the Astrakhan Admiralty. In 1730-1740, processing of silk and cotton began in the Astrakhan province.

By a decree of November 15, 1802, the Astrakhan province was divided into Astrakhan and the Caucasus. However, the separation of the Astrakhan province from the Caucasus ended only on January 6, 1832, when the corresponding decree was signed.

In Soviet times, the territory of the modern Astrakhan region was included in the Astrakhan province, the Lower Volga region, the Lower Volga region, the Stalingrad region and the Stalingrad region until December 27, 1943, when the Astrakhan region was created by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (part of it included areas of the abolished Kalmyk ASSR and Astrakhan district of the Stalingrad region)

The beginning of the 18th century was marked for Astrakhan, as well as for the whole of Russia, by the bold reforms of the Tsar-reformer Peter I. Given the increased trade and political role of Astrakhan, associating with it broad military plans to strengthen the southern borders of Russia, Peter I signed a decree on November 22, 1717 the formation of an independent Astrakhan province: "... the Astrakhan province should be special, and to Astrakhan the cities of Simbirsk, Samara, Syzran, Kashkar, Saratov, Petrovsky, Dmitrovskaya, Tsaritsyn, Cherny Yar, Krasny Yar, Guryev, Terek to paint ...". The highest position was assigned to the governor as "the first guardian of the inviolable rights of the supreme power."

In 1719, the first governor Artemy Petrovich Volynsky, appointed by the tsar, arrived in Astrakhan. In the instruction received from Peter I, Volynsky was instructed to build fortresses, boutiques and barns by the sea, "hastily do the courts, direct, sea ...". He was entrusted with the construction of the naval port, the Admiralty, the creation of the Caspian flotilla. The king was preparing for the Persian campaign, and for this purpose in June 1722, he visited the sultry Astrakhan.

The task set by Peter, "so that no other power, whose was on the Caspian Sea, was established", was completed: the Caspian flotilla, created in 1722, brilliantly manifested itself in the Persian campaign.

The annexation of the northwestern provinces of Persia - Gilan, Mazandaran, Astrabad gave a new impetus not only to Astrakhan trade, but also to the economic development of the region as a whole. In the 1840s, the number of small producers grew in Astrakhan, silk and cloth manufactories were operating, and the flow of Astrakhan goods to the domestic market increased significantly. Beautification of roads has begun. The main route connecting Astrakhan with the capital, the Moscow highway, developed. On it in the 40s of the 18th century the Enotaevskaya fortress appeared. At the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Astrakhan turned out to be the official center of the vast territory of Caucasian governorate, where the Astrakhan province entered under the name of the region. This powerful administrative unit was led by governor generals who led the Caspian flotilla and military units. Representing Russia's strategic interests in the Caspian, Astrakhan was built and strengthened: there were hundreds of military ships, thousands of sailors and ship workers. In 1792, Governor-General I.V. Gudovich ordered the transfer of all the "loopholes" and dyeing out of town, in order to clean and improve the center.

The XIX century - the era of wars, scientific and technological achievements and the economic prosperity of Russia - became for Astrakhan a century of new economic, political and cultural development. In the second half of the 19th century, Astrakhan played an important role in the transportation of oil and oil products. In 1879, the "Nobel Brothers Oil Production Partnership" was formed.

Natural resources of the region - salt, fish - brought considerable income to the Russian merchants. The Astrakhan province provided over 1/3 of all fish products and 1/3 of salt supplied to the country's markets. The healing mud of Lake Tinak attracted the attention of the provincial authorities, which contributed to the creation of a well-known hospital.

On the territory of the Astrakhan region, various holidays are held. So, the day of the archaeologist in the Astrakhan region passes near the village of Selitrennoe. However, the archaeologist’s day 2011 was celebrated in two places at once: at the village of Selitrenny and in Saray-Batu - the scenery for the film “Horde”. On the site near the village of Selitrenny, a colorful festive program was held, with the participation of singers, folk and modern dance ensembles, as well as demonstrative battles of the As-Tarkhan historical reconstruction club.

In addition, for guests of the event in 2011 there were attractions, souvenir shops and a cafe of national cuisine. The scenery area of \u200b\u200bthe ancient city of Golden Horde Saray-Batu had an equally memorable program: camel rides and a hang glider, an oriental bazaar and a tasting of national dishes in the cafe “Visiting Khan” were held here.

Those who wish could also visit an excursion to the excavation site “Selitrennoe Mound”. The end of the evening of the archaeologist's day 2011 was a bright firework and incendiary dances.

Another important event, which is already international in nature, is the summit of the heads of three states - Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia - here in Astrakhan. Of course, high-ranking officials from different countries came here repeatedly, including the Presidents of Russia and Turkmenistan, but it was this meeting that showed that the Astrakhan region is indeed becoming a center of attraction of interests not only in the Caspian, but also in the entire southeast and central Asian direction. The summit is important for us also because its topic was not a discussion of the problems of the Caspian littoral states, but the settlement of the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. So, today Astrakhan is already seriously considered as a possible venue for the Caspian Five Summit. All this clearly demonstrates that the image of the region has changed dramatically, and the Astrakhan region has already reached a completely different level.

The name of the ancient Russian village was given by a steep yar, a bank over the Belaya River. Photo by Sergey Sinenko

Today we will travel a bit in the vicinity of Ufa, we will explore the village of Krasny Yar. It, along with the village of Bogorodsky, which entered the city limits (known as the Inors district), is one of the first Russian settlements that arose near the Ufa fortress. And the name of the village is ancient, it has nothing to do with Soviet symbols ("Red Plowman", Red Hammer, etc.), but is explained by its location - on a steep, high bank covered with red-brown clay.

Like many villages and towns, Krasny Yar is located on the site of an ancient settlement. During the excavations of 1956, an ancient site of people was discovered here dating back to the 1st – 2nd millennium BC.

Among the objects of historical interest are the Trinity Church of the 19th century, the museum of the 25th Chapaev Division and the obelisk to the soldiers. Near the village is an abandoned airfield.

The villagers traditionally call themselves "Krasnoyarsk" - it sounds a little strange. Recently, they celebrated 390 years since the founding of the village. The tsar’s letter of 1635 indicates that in 1618 the place where the Krasny Yar now stands was an Orthodox settlement with its own church, therefore, it was quite large.

Today the village is the administrative center of the Krasnoyarsk rural settlement. It is located 10 km from the federal highway M 7 in Belaya bend on the opposite left bank of the city.

The road to Krasniy Yar.Photo by Sergey Sinenko

During the Pugachev uprising, when Ufa was under siege, and the city was surrounded by detachments of the ataman Zarubin, nicknamed Chika, there was one of the rebel centers. From November 30, 1773 to March 25, 1774, there were detachments led by the peasant of the Red Yar P. Vyazov, the Bakalin Cossack A. Eremkin, the fugitive sergeant F. Ryabov, and the Kazan merchant P. Alekseev. Here is a company ...

Detachments protesting from Krasnoyarsk participated in two attacks on Ufa on December 23, 1773 and January 25, 1774. During the second assault, several equestrian soldiers broke into the outskirts of the city, but were recaptured.

After the victory of Lieutenant Colonel Michelson over Zarubin’s detachments near the village of Chesnokovka, the team of captain G.P. Kardashevsky was sent to Krasny Yar. The soldiers entered the village on March 26, but they didn’t find the Pugachevs - having thrown three guns, they fled to the Blagoveshchensk plant the day before (today the city of Blagoveshchensk is 40 km from Ufa).

By the end of the XIX century. in the village there were two hundred yards and about one and a half thousand inhabitants. There were three churns, three dyeing establishments, thirteen windmills and one water mill in the village.

Since 1880, a zemstvo school operated in Krasniy Yar. The names of the indigenous Krasnoyarsk eloquently testify to the crafts that their ancestors - the Sukharevs, Zhernovkovs, Stupins, Zasypkins, Skornyakovs, Smolnikovs, Elms, Ponomarevs, Strelnikovs, Solodovnikovs, Shangins (all these names are common today).

Krasnaya Yar had its own pier, but there were few roads to the village - in addition to the waterway from the village, there was one single country road to the Ufa-Birsk-Siberian highway. Villagers traded in grain, flour, bast, linden dies, and animal products. Apparently, successfully, because the village was growing - the census of 1902 showed that the village already has 262 yards and 2222 residents.

By that time, four main streets stood out in the village - Sukonnaya, where the richest houses stood, Bolshaya (now Chapaeva Street), Officers (Sovetskaya St.) and Lyubilovka (Frunze St.). Among the inhabitants of the village stood out two teachers, two police officers, a priest, a deacon and a psalm-reader.

Stream on the outskirts of the village of Krasny Yar. Photo by Sergey Sinenko

In 1880, the Krasnoyarsk parish trusteeship was organized from a number at a rural gathering. Respectable villagers - Pavel Stupin, Martyriy Sukharev, Dimitriy Dulyasov, Gabriel Berdinsky and priest Avksenty Belsky became members of the guardianship. The chairman of the trusteeship was chosen by Peter Sukharev. The main concern of the guardianship was raising funds for the construction of a new brick church.

In 1893, Bishop of Ufa Dionisy Khitrov, who traveled a lot in the parishes of the diocese, wrote in his diary: “There are two churches in Krasniy Yar, one wooden one-throne church, in the name of the Holy Trinity. The other church is stone, with an external structure coming to an end, the bell tower is just not finished, however, bricks and other materials for the construction of the bell tower are quite prepared, for the interior decoration it will still require a lot of money, and there is nowhere to take it from. We will try in the coming summer to finish it somehow, if the Lord does not leave His help. The fact that the wooden church is becoming very dilapidated leads to an early end. ” From his funds, Bishop Dionysius allocated one hundred rubles.

The church in the name of the Holy Life-Giving Trinity was built on donations for twelve years, was consecrated in 1896.

It is known that the temple had a rich library brought to Krasny Yar from the village of Bogorodskoye (now Inors). It consisted, apart from liturgical books, of collected works of Russian foreign classics and a selection of natural science literature. There was a parish school at the church. Soon after the construction of the stone church, the wooden one was transported to one of the nearest villages on the banks of the Belaya River (which one could not be established). The river, on which the temple stood, eroded over time, and with it the old temple itself disappeared.

The description of the village, made in 1895, is preserved. Krasny Yar is located “on an elevated plain on the left bank of the Belaya River with the Nameless Key, on which there is a mill; in the fields there are several swamps and one lake. He put it on in two sections, put it on the outskirts of the northern edge.

Changes in the land: part of the arable land has gone pasture and all the haymaking has been plowed ... Fields in a flat place are located near the village. In one field there is a pit with an area of \u200b\u200bup to three-plus acres. The soil is black soil. There are ten winnowers in the village. The forest in the southwest has been put on, in eight plots. ”

By the beginning of the 20th century, in the village, in addition to the church library, there was a reading library at the Zemstvo school. In the village there were three grocers and one wine shop, as well as a large store of household goods.

A strong fire that broke out in the summer of 1906 destroyed almost the entire village. Residents restored it quickly enough and even built a new school building - the new school year, 1907, began already in the new one-story building. According to the 1917 census, there were 280 yards in Krasniy Yar, in which 1750 people lived.

The Belaya River in the Krasniy Yar region. Photo by Sergey Sinenko

During the Civil War, the village became one of the key centers for the so-called Ufa operation, which was carried out by the Southern Group of the Eastern Front of the Red Army.

Kolchak gave Ufa special significance to Ufa. The western army of General Khanzhin was strengthened by the 1st Volga Corps of General Kappel and reorganized into three well-armed groups - the Ufa, Ural and Volga. He was given the task to move beyond the Belaya River and, using this water barrier, stop the advance of the Red Army, and then achieve a turning point in his favor.

The counterattack of the Red Army in 1919 included the liberation of the Ufa region from Kolchak’s troops. The plan of the Ufa operation was developed by M.V. Frunze, and the operation itself lasted from May 25 to June 19.

To encircle the enemy, it was decided to strike south and north of Ufa. On the southern flank were the red forces of the Red Army, on the left flank was the 25th Infantry Division under the command of Chapaev.

The right flank was chosen as the main direction, but an attempt by the strike group of the right flank to force the Belaya River on June 4–7 failed. At the same time, on the left flank, units of the 25th Chapaev’s division managed to force the river on the night of June 7 and seized a bridgehead on the opposite bank on the peninsula opposite the village of Krasny Yar. In this situation, on June 8, MV Frunze transferred the reserve 31st division to the left flank, and on June 9, the Chapaevites, after fierce fighting, occupied Ufa.

Trinity Church of the village of Krasny Yar, Ufa region. The building has an agricultural warehouse. Photo of the 1980s.

After the revolution, the Trinity Church was used as a granary, then it was abandoned and partially destroyed. The buildings of the second half of the 19th century are preserved in the center of the village in their original form. Architecturally, they represent a specific village street. One of the buildings is occupied by the museum named after the 25th Chapaev Infantry Division. The museum building is a witness to the events of the Civil War, it was built in 1880. It housed the field headquarters and the infirmary of the 25th division from June 2 to 7, 1919. The house museum was opened in Krasniy Yar in 1940. The museum has the opportunity with exhibitions “Household Items” and “History of the Village of Red Yar”, but also to conduct an excursion on a specific topic - about V. I. Chapaev, M. V. Frunze. Recently, an excursion about the leader of the White movement, A. V. Kolchak, has been added to the usual revolutionary local history topics.

Based on the events of the military operation of 1919 in 1968, the documentary "Thunderstorm over White" was shot. Reconstruction of the Ufa military operation is carried out annually in the village and its environs.

Near the Chapaev Museum, two one-story wooden houses built in the 19th century, which are large peasant huts, have been preserved.

Nearby is the Trinity Church, laid out of red brick (Sovetskaya St., 80). They began to rebuild the temple recently. Yuri Alekseevich Sukharev took up this business, whose ancestors lived on this earth for several centuries. His great-grandfather participated in the construction of the church. Local residents returned to the temple image. The altar was decorated with a new large icon of the Trinity, painted by Alexander Yakovlevich Prilukov.

Trinity Church, the temple is active. Photo by Sergey Sinenko

Currently, the temple is almost completely restored. In 2010, five bells were installed on the bell tower of the Holy Trinity Church on Trinity Day. This year another big bell weighing 164 kg was added to them. It was delivered by the head of the church Yuri Sukharev from the city of Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk Region - a place where the traditions of casting bells are preserved.

The prevailing population of the village is Russian, which is why it was natural to open here in 2003 the Russian historical and cultural center Krasny Yar (Sovetskaya St., 82). A corner of the Russian culture “Russian Gornitsa” was created in the village’s house of culture, where objects of ancient everyday life and handmade Russian towels, embroidery, and national costumes are presented. The historical and cultural center holds traditional Russian festivals “Shrovetide”, “Easter”, “Ivan Kupala Day”, the stylized “Russian Wedding”, and the festival of Russian songs.

2017-10-21T13: 13: 04 + 05: 00 Sergey SinenkoSergey Sinenko Bloghistory, local history, village, churchThe village of Krasny Yar The name of the ancient Russian village was given by a steep yar, a bank over the Belaya River. Photo by Sergey Sinenko Today we will travel a bit in the vicinity of Ufa, we will explore the village of Krasny Yar. It, along with the village of Bogorodsky, which entered the city limits (known as the Inors district), is one of the first Russian settlements that arose near the Ufa ...Sergey Sinenko Sergey Sinenko [email protected]   Author In the middle of Russia