What are the monuments of landscape art. Parks - historical monuments of landscape gardening art. Gardens of Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque

Alupkinskiy (98676 Alupka, Palace Highway 10)
  Alupka Park (also known as Vorontsov Park) is a park on the territory of Alupka (Big Yalta). The monument of landscape gardening art was founded in the first half of the 19th century under the leadership of the German gardener Karl Kebach. The area of \u200b\u200bthe park is about 40 hectares. On its territory there are about 200 species, varieties and garden forms of exotic trees and shrubs. Composes a single ensemble with the Vorontsov Palace.

Cypress (Yalta, town. Gurzuf)
  Cypress Park - a park on the territory of the Artek International Children's Center. Monument of landscape gardening, created at the beginning of the XX century. The area of \u200b\u200bthe park is 9 hectares. On its territory collected about 180 species and decorative forms of trees and shrubs. As the name suggests, most of all in the park are pyramidal cypresses. A visit to the park is not provided.

Livadia (Yalta, p. Livadia)
  Livadia Park - a landscape park with regular elements. Located on the territory of Livadia (Big Yalta), on the slope of Mount Mogabi. Monument of landscape gardening art. Laid down at the end of the 19th century. The park area is 47.5 hectares. About 400 species and garden forms of trees and shrubs are concentrated on its territory. There are several fountains in the park (including the Livadia fountain, decorated with Arabic script) and an 80-meter pergola, entwined with roses, grapes and wisteria, which ends with an octagonal platform framed by Banks roses. Also on the territory of the park there are gazebos (Tsarskaya, Pink, Turkish).

Massandra (Yalta, p. Massandra Massandra Park)
Massandra Park is a park-monument of landscape gardening art of national importance. Located in the territory of Massandra (Big Yalta). It was founded in the first half of the 19th century. The area of \u200b\u200bthe park is 41.9 hectares. Over 250 species and garden forms of trees and shrubs are concentrated on its territory. Local species grow in the park (Crimean pine, fluffy oak, Pontic needle, Strawberry tree, blunt pistachio, tall juniper), and exotics (giant sequoia, Himalayan cedar, Atlas cedar, large-flowered magnolia, bamboo, lovely fir).

Miskhor (98600 Yalta, Park passage, ½)
  Miskhorsky park - a park in the territory of Mishor (Big Yalta). Monument of landscape gardening art. Laid down at the end of the 18th century. The area of \u200b\u200bthe park is 21.3 hectares. About 100 species and garden forms of exotic trees and shrubs are concentrated on its territory, both local forest species (fluffy oak, Crimean pine, Puffy pistachio) and such exotic species as Arizona cypress, Culter pine, palm trees, bamboo, oleander grow. The park has a color music fountain.

Karasansky (Alushta, cliff Utes)
  Currently, the plantations of Karasan Park occupy 18 hectares. From the south, its steep coast is washed by the Kuchuk-Lambat Bay. On the right, the spurs of Ayu-Dag are densely covered with forest. Plantations of the park include 220 species, varieties and decorative forms of trees and shrubs. The basis is exotics. In addition to plants that are widely found in other parks, there are large-flowered Abelia, winter flowers, cypresses of Haven and Lindley, Japanese aucuba, Japanese medlar, feijoa, osmanthus, oleander, marsh cedar, Culter and Himalayan pine trees and many others.

Forossky (Yalta, town. Foros)
  Foros Park - one of the main treasures of the resort of Foros - was founded in the first half of the XIX century. Here on an area of \u200b\u200b70 hectares grows over 200 species and shapes of trees and shrubs, most of which are exotic species. Giant sequoiadendron, Aleppo, Italian, Primorye, Sabinova pines, Greek firs, Spanish, Nimidian, Caucasian, Atlas cedars, Himalayan cedars grow in this landscape park
  Lebanese, Arizona cypresses, large-fruited, palm trees, magnolias, plane trees and other breeds. Foros Park declared a monument of landscape architecture and is protected by law.

Haraksky (Yalta, p. Gaspra-2)
The Charaks estate was founded in the second half of the 19th century and was located on an area of \u200b\u200b22 hectares in the east of Cape Ai-Todor. It belonged to Grand Duke Georgy Mikhailovich Romanov, grandson of Emperor Nicholas I. In the park, combining landscape and regular layouts, there are more than 200 species and garden forms of trees and shrubs: yew berry columnar, oak, juniper, variegated tuxus, Lenkoran acacia, Lusitanian cypress, Numidian fir, Alexandrian leaf, palm trees, phyllaera, cedar, osmanthus, plane-bearing winter flowers and many roses.

Cliff (city of Alushta, cl. Cliff)
  The huge park of the Cliff resort was founded in 1813-1814 by the Governor General of Taurida M.M. Borozdin. The area of \u200b\u200bthe park is 7.68 ha. The park is laid out in a landscape style, smoothly curving paths laid out taking into account the terrain. From the mansion and the flower calendar next to it, an alley of juniper and cypress trees begins. The millennial yew berry grows in the park. 800-year-old boxwood, oleander, various cypresses and cedars, crimson, bamboo leaf-grate, Chinese wisteria, Babylonian willow and other interesting trees.

Park sanatorium "Dyulber" (Yalta, p. Koreiz)
  The park covers an area of \u200b\u200babout six hectares. It is landscaped with elements of Italian regular gardens. In the center of it are two magnificent, sparkling whitewashed palaces built in the Moorish style. The species composition of the park stands is small - there are no more than 50 plant species. The basis of them are local breeds. Especially a lot of fluffy oak. Of the exotics, yucca, laurel cherries, olives, cedars, pines, palm trees, an oleander, as well as an unchanged inhabitant of south-coastal parks - cypress are characteristic. Numerous and diverse plantings of roses, heliotrope, alisum, tuberose, lavender and magnolia.

Mellasky (Yalta, village of Sanatorium)
  Park sanatorium "Melas" is located three kilometers from Foros. It was located at the foot of the steep, but indescribably beautiful in its natural simplicity and majesty cliffs of the yayla. The slopes of its foot are densely covered with a forest of fluffy oak and juniper, among
  which in some places by tiny islands are scattered groves of Sudak pine, which is a representative of the tertiary flora - endemic, found only in southern Crimea.

Lower Oreanda (Yalta, p. Lower Oreanda)
Park Lower Oreanda - located on the territory of the South Coast region of the Republic of Crimea, within the area of \u200b\u200bthe sanatorium "Lower Oreanda". The area surrounding the park is extremely spectacular. The park is particularly expressive when combined with the richness of greenery with a fabulous pile of magnificent form of rocks and the proximity of the sea. The attraction of the park is the Swan Lake area. The lake is located at the foot of a high cliff. Lush Babylonian willows grow on its shores. Next to them grow scattered groups or singly laurel cherry, laurel, photinia, viburnum, Caucasian lapina, plane tree and others. White swans are swimming in the lake. The vegetation of the Lower Oreanda park is rich and has about 130 species of plants, and together with the varieties and forms, this list combines 160 names.

Park of the rest house "Aivazovskoye" (Alushta, town of Partenit)
  Park - a monument of landscape gardening (broken in the 60s on the site of former vineyards). A magnificent man-made park-monument Aivazovskoe with a relic olive grove, the age of which is more than two centuries old, waterfalls, cascading streams, picturesque corners with exotic plants. More than 150 forms of flora grow in the park, 35 of which are rare. The true pearl of the park is the old Olive Grove with 200-year-old trees that previously belonged to the estate of Count Raevsky.

Park sanatorium "Ai-Danil" (Yalta, p. Danilovka, st. Lesovaya, 4)
  Monument Park Garden Art of Ay-Danil Sanatorium is located in the coastal area on the eastern outskirts of Cape Martyan. It was founded in the XX century. on the site of a natural sub-Mediterranean forest. The flora of the park has more than 200 species and cultural forms. In 1998, Ai-Danil Park was declared a monument of garden art of local importance.

"Chukurlar" (Yalta, Kommunarov St., 12)
  Chukurlar Monument Park is a valuable example of park construction on the southern coast of Crimea. It is of scientific interest as a successful example of creating coastal parks on the southern coast of Crimea. The scientific value of the park lies in the fact that 12 species of plants listed in the Red Book grow on its territory. The total number of protected woody plants is 232, herbaceous plants
  - about 2 thousand copies. The territory of the park is the habitat of a rare, protected, decorative species of mushroom - red grate. The composition of park compositions includes 168 species of trees, shrubs and vines, as well as more than 70 decorative garden forms of woody plants.

Alupka Park is an unsurpassed work of art, with exotic vegetation, wonderful grottoes, springs, ponds. What is the story of what sights are in it?

Alupka Park: attractions, description

The palace and park complex is ideally inscribed in the southern coastal landscape, against the backdrop of the overhanging and impregnable Ai-Petri wall. Alupka Park covers an area of \u200b\u200b40 hectares. It was founded at the beginning of the XIX century. The park was created on the principle of an amphitheater in order to complement the surrounding nature. On its territory there are many different types of exotic plants.

The park area is divided into two zones: Upper and Lower Park. The northern part of the Upper Park is represented by large and small chaos, between which there are three beautiful ponds. From the ponds, paths lead to the Vorontsov Palace. On the way to the palace there is a ten-meter rock called the “Moonstone”.

The western part of the park is decorated with the Trilby Fountain. The composition of the upper part of the park consists of Kashtanovaya, Solnechnaya, Contrast and Platan glades.

The lower park is a palace part. There are several terraces and marble fountains. There is also an alley with Chinese roses, quince, forzition. Below, a completely different story begins - the landscape of the park, which descends directly to the sea. High cypresses, plane trees grow on the slopes, and waves break on stone blocks below.

Park history

As early as the 18th century, instead of a park, settlements were located off the coast of the sea. They were located right among the stones, which often served as roofs for houses. Even then, travelers romanticized these places, with mulberry, peach and pomegranate gardens that bordered on the rocky cliffs of the sea shore.

At the end of the XVIII and the beginning of the XIX century, landscape art was popular, and was looking for a place for the foundation of a grand park. The choice, of course, settled on Alupka with many sources and picturesque landscapes.

In 1824, the foundation of the park was laid. The main selected German Karl Kebach. A very complex and lengthy work began, which, under the leadership of Kebach, was carried out by the peasants. The site of the future park was cleared of stones and shrubs, and black soil from the southern part of Ukraine was brought to their place.

Exotic plants were actively brought from overseas regions. Most of the plants brought to the Nikitinsky Botanical Garden immediately went to plant in Alupka Park. Not all trees and shrubs growing in these places uprooted. Many of them were transplanted to other parts of the park. Remained in the park and oak, and dumb pistachio, pomegranate tree. And old and hollow plants were used as a support for climbing plants.

Towards the end of the 19th century, a drawing of the park began to take shape, but that was only the beginning. Plants developed, and their growth required careful monitoring. After his death, the formation of the park continued for another 40 years, by gardeners Bishchenkovich and Galushchenko.

Park style

Alupka Park was planned as a landscape. This means that it should have been significantly different from classical parks with trimmed lawns and shrubs, flower beds and areas of geometric shapes. The main desire was to show the harmonious relations of man and nature, their interaction and coexistence with each other.

The park should not have contrasted with the surrounding area. The paths that have long existed here turned into park paths, and among the native trees, new plants neatly interspersed. Ponds, fountains, lawns grew where landscape and trails allowed. Not nature obeyed the park, but the park obeyed it.

The mountainous area greatly contributed to the design of the park. The rugged relief made it possible to divide the park into several landscape zones, each of which was different from the other. The upper park has a rather steep terrain. In this part of the park has a more natural and natural look. Huge trees, shady paths, ponds, mysterious grottoes, blowing cool.

The lower park begins with a flatter relief. The lower part of the park borders the Vorontsov Palace and is decorated in a classic park style. Here there are flat terraces, with an abundance of flowers and evenly cut bushes - in the best traditions of European parks .. Having left the palace zone, the park guests are again captured by natural greatness. Terraces and alleys grow into trails with springs and waterfalls surrounded by tall pine trees. The relief becomes rocky and steep, and the park's style returns to naturalness again.

Vegetable world

Plants of the Alupka Park were brought from different parts of the world; today, about 200 species of thermophilic plants grow here. Trees were brought from the Mediterranean, North America and East Asia.

To purchase a tree for the park, the conditions for its cultivation were studied, and most importantly, the features of its appearance. Each tree should ideally fit in height, size and type of crown.

In the park grows Japanese sophora, persimmons, palm trees. Indian lilac pleases with small pale pink flowers in August, and in June you can see orange flowers of a coral tree brought from South America. From there they arrived in the park and Chilean araucaria.

The magnificent sequoias, cypresses, and pines of Montezuma brought from North America. Chinari plane trees and cork oaks, laurels, stone oak and strawberries also grow here. In the lower part of the park, large-flowered magnolias and chimanthus grow. The palm alley is dotted with roses of various varieties.

Fountains and ponds

The Fountain of Tears is the most famous in the park located on the terrace, near the library building. This is a small cascading fountain, in the color of shrubs of lilac, laurel, fotini and viburnum. Water flows calmly and evenly from one bowl to another. Near the terraces there are two more marble fountains “Sink” and “Fountain of Cupids”.

Ponds are bright attractions of the park. These are artificially created ponds, quite similar to natural ones. Lumps of stone are scattered around, and swamp cypresses surround it with a wall. Because of their beauty and atmosphere of peace and tranquility, they are often described in poetic lines.

A tree trunk hangs over one pond, almost adjoining the water and reflected in its mirror surface. Swans and ducks live on another lake. And in the middle of the largest pond is a stone, from under which jets of water break through.

"Cats" park

The park of the Vorontsov Palace is inhabited by cats, but not alive. A diabase staircase leads to the main entrance to the palace, on both sides of which there is a place. This place is often called the “Lion Terrace”.

Three pairs of lions are made of white marble. Each pair is different in mood. At the bottom of the stairs are sleeping lions. Having put a paw on a paw, they buried their faces in them, and indulge in dreams.

Near the entrance to the palace there is a pair of awake “kittens”. With one paw they rest on a marble ball. Their claws are released, an open mouth shows fangs, and a look is directed towards the stairs, as if expecting new guests.

Glades of the park

Alupka Park, in its upper part is decorated with picturesque glades. A plane-tree glade is located next to the ponds. In the meadow, not only plane trees grow, but also sequoias 40 meters in height. Here you can see the walking peacocks that were once brought to the park.

Immediately after Platanova begins Solar glade. It contrasts significantly with the previous glade and lake area by the abundance of sunlight. The best view of Ai-Petri in the park opens from here. The sunny meadow is surrounded by pyramidal cypresses, Italian and pine trees of Montezuma.

Contrast glade got its name because of the abrupt change of vegetation after Solnechnaya glade. In the center of the meadow, two species of strawberries grow, which show either olive or coral-colored trunks, depending on the season. It is also located here with a spreading dark green crown. Silver spruce, cypress and oak trees surround the clearing.

Chaos

In the northern and western parts of the Upper Park there are amazing natural formations - Small and Big chaos. They look like piles of stone boulders. Nature created this work with the help of frozen volcanic magma, destroyed by the effects of earthquakes more than 150 years ago.

Karl Kebach led the boundaries of the park to chaos, writing them in the park composition. Ancient legends are embodied here, telling about the creation of the world from chaos.

Small chaos adjoins the palace and is located on the hills with its descents and ascents. Moss-covered stone blocks, grottoes and creepers winding over them awaken romantic and sublime feelings among notorious snobs and skeptics.

You can get to the Great Chaos along the path that leads from one of the lakes. Here, with the hands of gardeners, a stone step and small viewing platforms are laid out. Strawberries and creepers make their way through the stone cracks, and the Apennine pines rise on top. From here you can observe the wonderful landscapes of the sea, the palace and the whole park.

Alupka Park: address

The park is located on Palace Highway 10.

You can get to the park by regular Alupka buses 102, 107, 115.

You can get to the park from the city of Yalta via the Alupka bus station, transferring to regular buses, or by minibus No. 27, which leaves from the upper platform of the Yalta bus station.

Entrance to the park is free, but entrance to the Vorontsov Palace is paid.

Vorontsov Palace is open to visitors from 9.00 to 17.00.

Conclusion

Alupkinskiy park is a real masterpiece of landscape gardening art. Every day he proves to his guests that nature and man-made work can coexist in complete harmony and understanding.

To the monuments of landscape gardening art , Botanical gardens and arboretums include man-made beautiful and scientifically valuable botanical collections. They are usually widely available for organized visits.

In Ukraine, parks-monuments of landscape gardening art are allocated as a special category, since they are natural and anthropogenic reserved territories.

Parks-monuments of landscape gardening art -these are the most significant and valuable examples of park construction, protected for the purpose of their further use for aesthetic, scientific and recreational purposes.

Functions of parks-monuments of landscape gardening art:

conducting excursions and mass recreation of the population;

preservation, maintenance and restoration of park landscape compositions;

planting care, including sanitary felling, reconstruction and maintenance felling with replanting of trees and shrubs;

scientific research may be carried out on the territory of parks-monuments of landscape gardening art.

The structure of the territory of parks-monuments of landscape gardening art:

exposition - visiting this zone is allowed in the manner established by the park administration;

scientific - the zone includes collections, experimental sites, to which only park staff are entitled to visit;

reserved - visiting this zone is prohibited, except in cases related to scientific work;

administrative-economic - a zone where administrative and auxiliary economic objects are located.

If necessary, around the park-monuments of landscape gardening: are created security zones.

In our country, there are more than 80 parks and monuments of landscape gardening with a total area of \u200b\u200b1,402.7 thousand ha, which makes up almost half of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe nature reserve fund and 2.3% of the area of \u200b\u200bUkraine. In Crimea there are 21 of them, which is 0.7% of the reserve fund.

Crimean ensembles, such as Foros Park, Livadia Park, Alupkinsky and Massandrovsky (the first half ΧΙΧ c), Cypress Park on the territory of the Artek camp (beginning ΧΧ c), Karasan Park, to the east, stand out among the parks-monuments of landscape gardening art. Ayu-Dag city (first half of ΧΙΧ c), Utes cliff sanatorium park (mid) c).

So, for example, Livadia Park, founded in the 30-40s ΧΧ in the famous gardener Delinger, is one of the best parks on the South Coast. It is located in areas of rather complicated relief and covers an area of \u200b\u200babout 40 hectares. By the nature of the layouts, the park belongs to the landscape type, which was widespread in Russian park building at the end of ΧVΙΙΙ - beginning of ΧΙΧ centuries. About 400 species of trees and shrubs, representatives of the local subtropical and Mediterranean flora, grow in Livadia Park. However, there are plants from Asian and American countries. The skillful combination of deciduous, evergreen deciduous and coniferous plants in group and single plantings gives the park a special picturesqueness.

The architectural and planning feature of the decision of the Alupka Park and its landscape composition is based on the use of the picturesque natural components of the subtropical landscape of the Southern coast of Crimea. The park was created in 1830-1846. Its breakdown was led by the German gardener Karl Kebach. The park has a wide variety of compositional techniques and a highly artistic grouping of decorative trees, shrubs, stone and water, combined with an amazing lawn.

Due to the favorable climatic location, Crimea is famous for a large number of resorts, boarding houses and rest houses. Often, these projects are located on picturesque natural landscapes with valuable vegetation. Therefore, on the basis of these natural complexes, parks-monuments of landscape gardening art are also being created. Such are, for example, the parks-monuments of landscape gardening art of the Pribrezhny boarding house (Yalta) and the Central Military Sanatorium “Crimea” (Partenit town).

Preserved landscape monuments of the Sevastopol region

On a national scale, Crimea, located in the extreme south, is only a small part of the territory. However, this territory is unique in every respect. The unique natural-geographical, geological, archaeological, historical and other monuments and natural landscapes are concentrated in Crimea.

Namely, due to its uniqueness and uniqueness, most of the landscapes of Sevastopol are reserved. More than 30% of the territory within the administrative boundaries of the city belongs to the nature reserve fund. On its territory there are 1 state reserve (part), 3 state reserves of regional and local significance, 4 nature monuments of local importance, 1 state park-monument of landscape gardening art of local significance, 1 nature reserve and 5 coastal aquatic complexes.

In the south of the Sevastopol region, near metro Sarych, there is a part Yaltamountain forestreserveCreated in 1973 with the aim of preserving the forests of the southern slope of the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains and the Yailin natural complexes below them, it includes mainly the western South Coast (14590 ha). ¾   The territory of the reserve is occupied by forests. On the mountain slopes, mainly pine (57% of the reserve’s forest area) and broad-leaved forests (beech and oak) are represented, in places there is an evergreen sub-Mediterranean undergrowth. Through the reserve passes the ecological trail "Solar" with a length of 7 km.

In 1982 was created state landscapecape Ayia Nature Reserve.This reserve is located within the borders of the Sevastopol State Forestry and Hunting Area and covers an area of \u200b\u200b1340 hectares, including 1132 hectares - lands of the state forest fund and 208 hectares - the adjacent waters of the Black Sea 300 meters wide. The reserve includes objects previously assigned to the nature reserve fund: Monument nature of local importance "Pizundskaya pine grove (Stankevich) and high juniper on Cape Aya (1947)," Batiliman tract "(1964)," coastal aquatic complex near Aya cape "(1972), reserve tract", Pine grove Stankevich "(1980). Cape Ayia has about 500 species of plants, of which 28 species are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. The most valuable species are: Stankevich’s pine (Pitsunda or Sudak), high juniper, small-fruited strawberries, pistachio biloba, Pontic needle. And in the groves of fluffy oak, 16 out of 38 species of Crimean orchids were recorded.

Among the representatives of the animal kingdom one can name such rare and endangered species as endemic stone marten, weasel, bats, snakes and the original inhabitants of the mountain forest Crimea - Crimean red deer, roe deer, highland fox, wild boar. In total, 28 species of plants and 14 species of animals are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine.

In the coastal waters there are two species of Black Sea dolphins, the Black Sea shark-katran and two species of crab.

Near Cape Ayia are located laspi rockswhere the thickets of juniper high, strawberry, small-fruited, oak-bushy, Crimean pine grow. Laspi Rocks declared a natural reserve in 1980.

In Crimea, as mentioned earlier, there are a lot of magnificent natural creations that create bizarre formations. For example, the Black River erupts between the mountains of Telegraph and Gasfort in a narrow gorge. This deep gorge was formed as a result of erosion of Upper Jurassic limestone and is called, Chernorechensky canyon.  In 1947, it was declared a natural monument, and already in 1974 - a state reserve of republican significance. Since 1974, declared a state reserve of republican significance .   He is also called a miniature Crimean Daryal .   In places, this canyon-shaped gorge is impassable, because the riverbed is characterized by extensive rifts and cascades, in bulk of stone blocks. The most full-flowing river of Crimea, originating in the Baidar Valley, flows along the canyon bed. And on the sides of its middle part I grow pine and juniper. Surrounding the canyon are wildlife specimens with multiple streams and mini waterfalls.

Near the canyon, on the territory of the Orlinovsky forestry, in 1979 it was organized statenational reserveBaydarsky  where under protection are wild medicinal plants. St. John's wort, thyme, oregano, yarrow and other herbs grow in forest glades there. In addition, plant communities of high juniper were found in the reserve, which differ from the southern coastal samples. Among the animals, deer, wild boars, hares, foxes, pheasants were identified. Despite the uniqueness of this territory, the Baidar Valley is significantly developed. There are 45 km of hiking trails in the reserve.

An interesting natural formation is cape fiolentannounced natural monument  since 1969. For 2 km the coast is composed of igneous volcanic rocks (Jurassic quartzite keratophyres) and Sarmatian clays. Numerous niches, stone chaos, miniature islands, and abrasive arches formed in coastal tracts. Particularly impressive is the pointed cliff of Metro Fiolent itself and the huge grotto of Diana. Underwater rock landscapes of this type are unique. The most powerful sources of submarine unloading in Crimea are located in this area.

Among the representatives of the unique animal world, 3 species of dolphins and a guinea pig can be distinguished. In addition, this habitat is 16 species of birds and 8 species of mammals. The mountain slopes of Cape Fiolent are covered with valuable sub-Mediterranean pines and junipers.

In 1991, the city council decided to establish baidar Valley National Parkan area of \u200b\u200b25.6 thousand hectares, which included the Baydarsky and Cape Ayia reserves and the coastline with adjacent waters from Cape Fiolent to Cape Sarych.

On the slope of the Baydar Valley is located Skelskaya stalactite cave,declared a natural monument of local importance since 1964. Several halls connected by walkways are formed in the cave. Among them, the most beautiful and the largest is the second (length 80 m, the height of the "Gothic" vault 25 m). The walls of the cave are distinguished by numerous calcite sinter formations - curtains and ribs. However, its main attraction is the 7-meter stalagmite. The total length of all galleries of the cave reaches 570 m.

Skelskaya cave remained wild for a long time. Its discovery is attributed to a resident of the village of Skelya in 1904. Already now in the Crimea you can count more than a thousand karst cavities, but not all of them are equipped for tourists. Of those that are arranged closest to Sevastopol, it is this cave. Despite the fact that Skelskaya cave is less visited by sightseers than Marble or Red, it has wonderful conditions: dry, average temperature +12 0 C, distance from the earth’s surface is 45 m and plus 10 m is a set inside the cave and is close to the village.

Botanical monument of nature since 1972 Ushakova beamit is famous for the relic grove of Tupolecifolia pistachios (kev tree) on an area of \u200b\u200b5 hectares. Moreover, preserved instances of up to 300 years or more. Keva tree is not only a valuable and rare plant, but also the native Crimean wild plant. In the conditions of southern Ukraine, it is of great importance for restraining soil erosion, since a powerful root system extends 12-15 m in depth and extends horizontally 30-40 m. In addition, a number of plants listed in the Red Book grow in Ushakova Balk.

It is also interesting that a part of the self-flowing water supply dating back to the 30th years of the ΧΙΧ century has been preserved in Ushakova Balk. At that time, it was an important 17 km long aqueduct that supplied water from the Black River to the dry waters of the Northern Admiralty.

Another ancient monument of the Sevastopol region is Maksimova cottage,which is located in Chomutovoy beam. The unique park museum is a landscape reserve - a comprehensive monument of nature, archeology of history, landscape gardening art.

The history of Maxim's dacha begins from the end of ΧΙΧ - beginning of ΧΧ c. (1901 g). Stunningly beautiful manor complex with a landscape park (an area of \u200b\u200babout 30 hectares) was created by architect V.A. Feldman. The estate project was based on the ideas of creating gardens of the ΧVΙΙΙ-ΧΙΧ centuries of romanticism and original theories of decorative gardening. The architectural complex consisted of the owner’s house, a vast park with gazebos, artificial ruins, bridges, ponds. All this was created very skillfully and inventively. This park masterpiece was compared by beauty with the Sofia park in Uman and Vorontsovsky in Alupka. A distinctive feature of the park was a contrasting comparison of the complex rugged topography and the free composition of the green plantation groups with the water surface of decorative ponds in which fish and crayfish were bred. The park was divided into "upper" and "lower", in addition, there was a rose garden. A total of 1,555 plant species were planted, including relics. From the beginning, the estate experienced many events, the consequence of which was the current state of absolute decline. Unfortunately, ways to restore the tract have not yet been outlined.

The National Historical and Archaeological Reserve of Ukraine - Tauric Chersonesos is a monument of world significance and was once founded by immigrants from Heraclea Pontic. It is included in the list of 100 outstanding monuments of history and ancient culture. It is located on the banks of the ancient Chersonesos between the sandy and quarantine bays. Currently, the reserve funds number about 300 thousand items. The museum occupies the building of the former Chersonese monastery. In addition, the territory of the reserve partially preserved the ancient theater with columns, which are located directly on the seashore. Unfortunately, public buildings, temples, statues of gods from the main square of the city have not survived to our days. In its place now stands the Vladimir Cathedral, which was founded in 1861 in honor of the adoption of Christianity by Prince Vladimir. The cathedral contains the remains of a large medieval cruciform church of St. Basil, in which the Grand Duke was baptized. In 2004, a monument to the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called was erected next to the temple.

One of the main attractions of the reserve is a large bell, which is installed between two pylons on the seashore. And a rare sightseer refrains from the temptation to be photographed against his background.

In addition to all of the above, the Tauric Chersonesos includes two branches - the ancient fortresses of Kalamita (Inkerman region) and Chembalo (Balaklava district).

In addition to the Chersonesus Bay, aquacomplexes are considered natural monuments in the coastal strip of the Sevastopol region: metro Lukull, metro Fiolent, metro Sarych, metro Laspi.

In conclusion of the consideration of this issue, it should be noted that to date, the authorities do not pay due attention to the conservation of objects of the nature reserve fund, as required by the Law of Ukraine "On the Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine". It is known that understanding of the present and predicting the future is determined by knowledge of the past.

Thus, the process of degradation of valuable objects and territories tends to continuous growth. This is fraught with the fact that, ultimately, humanity is doomed to ever greater losses of the genetic fund of plants and animals, to the destruction of cultural samples to the destruction of their own habitat.

Historical and cultural monuments that organically include plants, landscape features (hills, water sources and waterfalls, valleys of streams or rivers, rocks, rocks, distant landscape prospects, sometimes wetlands), architectural structures, sculptures, flower beds.

Historical data

Garden art has a long history. Its origin goes back centuries and is a sign of civilization, the cultivation of the natural environment. Garden art belongs to the synthetic arts and is one of the most complex and time-consuming, because it operates with inanimate things and living things - plants.

Like a living creature, the park goes through the stages of birth, formation, flowering and death. The look of the park is significantly affected by the tastes of the owners, environmental conditions, fashion changes, the presence of care or its absence, social disasters. Trees have their own period of existence. If the care of the park has been going on for centuries, dead trees are replaced by analogues.

Garden and park

The concepts of “garden” and “park” are not far from each other and are often substitutes for each other. But they have different functions and quite independent objects of human activity.

• Garden  - mainly an agricultural facility for growing and producing fruits and berries.
• A park - mainly an art object with a special layout, the inclusion of various architectural structures from small architectural forms (arbors, pavilions) to palaces, theaters, stadiums, various sports grounds. The share of historical parks also included a plot of a fruit garden (a fruit garden and a vegetable garden in the castle of Vilandry, in the park of Vaux-le-Viscount, France, in the parks of the suburbs of St. Petersburg. In modern parks, these plants usually leave, and the functions of the fruit garden and park - demarcate.

Transition to the monuments

The gardens quickly became part of the monuments. In ancient Greece, an artificially created garden quickly approached the status of a sacred grove. Even if the garden did not have such a status, each building in it became his business card and had the status of a monument. It happened with the Academy gardens in Athens.

The name comes from the mythical hero of the Academ. He helped the twin brothers Castor and Pollux to rescue Princess Europe from captivity. According to legend, the Academy was buried in this garden. The Academy Garden was chosen by philosophers as their residence. It was here that the philosopher Plato (427-347 BC) walked and led disputes along with students and followers. The school was named Academy. Even the mention of the Academy made it a monument of culture, philosophy, European ancient civilization in general.

Versailles Park Changes

More often it was the other way around, even with well-groomed and famous parks. So, the park of Versailles began to change its appearance after thirty years from the start of construction. Some of the trees planted in haste have withered. Excessively strong intervention in the vital activity of plants, vigorous cutting of bushes and trees, depletion of soils did not contribute to their conservation. The reduction of garden plots has begun. The initial park area at Versailles is estimated at 1,700 hectares. In the XX century. The park was limited to 600 hectares. This was a threefold reduction, although the grandiose prospects of the historical park were preserved.

Even greater changes have occurred in its plant composition. Dry trees were cut down. In the XVIII century, several of the original plant species were simply replaced with new ones and often from other geographical areas. So, at the end of the XVIII century. Versailles Park received new sites with plants from North America, which were not here at the time of the royal landscape architect Andre Lenotre, and could not then be. Holly maple, planted in the park, behaved as if in nature. He gave germination 95-97 percent of their own seeds. New maple groves appeared, and other trees were crowded out.

Even more changes have occurred as a result of natural storms. In 1990 and December, two hurricanes raged over France. Destruction seized territory in 70 percent of the country. The French National Forestry Bureau recorded the death of approximately 30 million trees in the country. In the historical sites of the gardens of Versailles, 10,000 trees were uprooted and felled. The restoration of the historical appearance of these sites will stretch for 100-150 years.

Not the best condition was with other parks. The historic Lefortovo Grove in Moscow at the beginning of the 20th century also had extreme damage from the hurricane. For many historical gardens and parks in Russia in the XX century. came to an end due to a lack of care, two decays of the country in and years. But the new era of the introduction of a market economy, in the absence of war, often led to the destruction of parks.

Engravings with historical landscapes of Versailles park

Gardens of Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque

The tradition of creating gardens as places of noble leisure, philosophical conversations, poetry, theater performances was revived during the Renaissance in Italy. Even the small gardens at first received their own layouts, were decorated with fountains, sculptures, benches, lawns. Memorial in honor of the Medici family was acquired by the garden at Villa Poggio a Caiano. The famous architect Giuliano da Sagngallo was invited to create the villa. The construction was in the nature of a transitional period and compromisedly combined the Italian building tradition with elements of ancient Roman architecture (an arcade of the basement, a portico with a triangular pediment). Often the architect acted both as a garden designer and as a gardener.

The Boboli Garden also acquired a memorial character, which had several sections of gardens created in different decades. The Boboli Gardens became a school for Florentine sculptors, where Bertoldo di Giovanni, Michelangelo Buonarroti and others worked.

Gardens of the mannerism era of the 16th century - the famous page of horticulture in Western Europe, which began with the development of garden traditions of the Renaissance and the development of its own type of landscape gardening ensemble, giving them the first magnificent images. Gardens of the mannerism era have extremely influenced the further development of landscape gardening art of the Baroque era of the 17-18 centuries in different parts of not only Europe but also the world (Baroque gardens in Iceland, the Baroque garden in Beijing at the palace of the Chinese emperor, the Baroque garden of the doctor Bidloo in Moscow .d.). In the 20th century, the garden of La Scarzuola (architect Tomaso Buza (-), Umbria) was created in northern Italy using the mannerism of Mannerism, where the traditions of the Italian garden of the pre-Baroque period (Bomarzo Park) are developed.

As monuments to famous personalities, the famous Baroque gardens were considered already in the 17-18 centuries. (Versailles is connected with King Louis XIV, Peterhof - with Tsar Peter I, the garden in Warsaw - with Minister Heinrich Bruhl). In the 19th century the gardens receive the status of historical monuments, often without direct dependence on eminent owners, for the artistic value of some gardens and parks has received independent significance (Het Loo garden, Holland, the Lazenkovsky palace garden, Poland, the baroque garden of the castle of Vaux-le-Viscount, France, the gardens of Nesvizh castle, Belarus). According to the historical plans of the gardens, extracted from the archives, restoration or restoration of the original layout has begun (garden flower garden at the Monplaisir Palace, Peterhof, the garden of the Rundale Palace, Latvia).

Awareness of the artistic value of individual gardens of the past fell on the day of the 19th century, it went as the restoration of the gardens of the past, their restoration in almost pristine form (Het Loo, Vaux le Viscount), so it went on and the destruction of unique garden and park ensembles, among which -

• bidloo doctor’s garden in Moscow
• manor gardens of the 18th century landscape designer. Philip Permyakova
• Italian Park (Podgortsy)
• garden at the Maison-Laffitte Palace, France
• garden of the Ruzhany Palace, Belarus and several others.

Restoration of the gardens of Pompeii

In the 20th century. Now you can play the long-vanished gardens of Pompeii. Garden plants and dead creatures sprinkled with volcanic ash at the villas created cavities. Italian researchers have concluded that it is possible to fill these voids with liquid gypsum. A study of the obtained casts yielded samples of plant roots that were used in the gardens of the deceased city of Pompeii. By the type of roots, plants were recognized. During the conservation and partial restoration of villas and gardens in Pompeii, sections of former gardens were restored by modern plants, if their analogues are found in modern times.

Preservation in historical parks-monuments

Conservation is the first stage of restoration work in parks. Its condition is being maintained, the existing spatially planned composition and its parts are being maintained, the architectural structures that have been repaired and restored, sanitary deforestation and treatment of plant diseases are being maintained, they are maintaining a protective regime and preventing further undesirable changes in the park’s historical appearance.

Literature

• Vergunov A.P. Gorokhov V.A. "Russian Gardens and Parks", M, "Science", 1988
• Grimal P. Les Gardins Romains. Paris 1984
• Grimal P. L "art des Gardins. Paris 1964
• jashemski W.E. The Gardins of Pompei, Herculanum and the vsllad destroyed by Vesuvius, 2 vol New York, 1979
• Sergeenko M.E. "Gardening in Ancient Italy", Scientific notes of Leningrad State University, No. 142, 1956

Table of contents

Botanical Garden
  medicinal plants of the Moscow Sechenov Academy

Central Administrative District, 4th Krasnogvardeisky
  per., 20

scientific
  research
  the activity

Milyutinsky Garden on Pokrovsky Boulevard
  (garden of the boundary office)

Central Administrative District, Pokrovsky
  blvd., 10

park
  territory

Morozovsky Garden

Central Administrative District, B. Trekhsvyatitelsky per., 1

landscaped
  territory
  district
  values

Nursery garden
  Filatov Hospital

Central Administrative District, Sadovo-
  Kudrinskaya St.,
15

landscaped
  territory
  district
  values

(Clause in the wording entered into force.

Park Patriarch
  ponds "

Central Administrative District, Small
  Bronnaya St.,
  ow 30-42

landscaped
  territory
  urban
  values

Patrikeev Manor

CAO, Right-bank st., 6a

landscaped
  territory
  hospitals

Central Park
  clinical hospital
  named after N.A. Semashko

NEAD, Buda
  st., 2

landscaped
  territory
  hospitals

Park on Rustaveli St.

NEAD, Rustaveli
  st., 5-7

park
  territory

Park "Lianozovo"

NEAD, Cherepovets St., 13

park
  territory

The farmstead "Leonovo"

NEAD, Leonova
  st., Dokukina
  st., 17-22

park
  territory

(paragraph as amended, entered into force on October 6, 2009 by the resolution of the Government of Moscow of September 22, 2009 N 1024-ПП

Syringaria Garden on
  Shchelkovo highway

HLW, Schelkovo
  highway, 12

park
  territory

Children's Hospital Park
  St. Vladimir

HLW, Rubtsovo
  Palace Street
3

landscaped
  territory
  hospitals

(clause as amended, effective March 16, 2010

Bakhrushinskaya park
  hospitals

HLW, Stromynka
  st., 7

landscaped
  territory
  hospitals

Park ex
  Metropolitan
  cottages in the village of Cherkizovo

VAO, B. Cherkizovskaya St., 93

park
  territory

Biryulevsky
  arboretum

South Administrative District, Lipetsk
  st., 3

park
  territory,
  scientific
  research
  the activity

The farmstead "Zagorje"

South Administrative District, Berry
  per., 17

park
  territory

The estate "Bogorodskoye"
  ("Voronino")

South-Western Administrative District, Leninsky
  prospekt, 121

landscaped
  territory
  district
  values

The farmstead "Small Golubino"

South-Western Administrative Okrug, Odoevsky
  pr., 38 km of Moscow Ring Road

landscaped
  territory
  urban
  values

Chinese Garden
  embassies

CJSC, Friendship St., 6

landscaped
  territory
  of district significance

Manor Bode-
  Kolychevs in the village
  Spasskoye-Lukino

CJSC, Peredelkino
  7th Lazenki St.,
42

Residence
  Patriarch
  Moscow
  and all Russia

Appendix 2. The boundaries of the territories of objects of landscape gardening, taken under state protection as objects of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monuments) of regional significance, located on the territory of the city of Moscow

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Children's Park named after Pryamikov (GPKiO "Tagansky")

The boundary of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Children's Park "Maryina Roshcha"

The boundary of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants of the Moscow Medical Academy named after IM Sechenov

The boundary of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Milyutinsky Garden on Pokrovsky Boulevard (garden of the Mezhevoy Chancellery)

The boundary of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Morozovsky Garden

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance "Garden of the Children's Filatov Hospital"

(The scheme as amended by the Decree of the Government of Moscow of September 17, 2014 No. 538-PP.

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Square Patriarchal Ponds

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Patrikeev Manor

The boundary of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Park of the Central Clinical Hospital named after N.A.Semashko

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Park on Rustaveli St.

The boundary of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Park "Lianozovo"

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Manor "Leonovo" (has lost force)

____________________________________________________________________
  Expired October 6, 2009
decree of the Government of Moscow
  dated September 22, 2009 N 1024-ПП ..
____________________________________________________________________

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Garden-syrenary on Shchelkovo highway

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Park of the Children's Hospital of St. Vladimir

The boundary of the territory of the object of cultural heritage of regional significance (works of landscape art) "Park of the Children's Hospital of St. Vladimir" (ul.Rubtsovsko-Dvortsovaya, 1/3)

approved boundary

cancelable border

(As amended, entered into force on March 16, 2010 by the resolution of the Government of Moscow of March 2, 2010 N 175-ПП

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Park Bakhrushinsky hospital

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Park ex. Metropolitan's dacha in the village of Cherkizovo

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Biryulevsky arboretum

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Manor "Zagorye"

The boundary of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Manor "Bogorodskoye" ("Voronino")

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Manor "Small Golubino"

The border of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Square at the Chinese Embassy

The boundary of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (historical and cultural monument) of regional significance Bode-Kolychevs Estate in the village of Spasskoye-Lukino

  Edition of the document taking into account
  changes and additions prepared
  JSC "Codex"