History of Paris. The great history of Paris - the foundation of the city, photo What was the name of Paris during the time of the Gauls

The city's motto is "Fluctuat nec mergitur", which means "floats but does not sink" in Latin. The motto first appeared at the end of the 16th century, although it became official only after the approval of Baron Haussmann, and then the prefect of the Seine, from November 24, 1836.

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Patrons of the city

Saint Genevieve is considered the patroness of the city, who in the 5th century turned away the Hun troops led by Attila from the walls of the city with her prayers. The relics of St. The Genevièves are today in the Parisian church of Saint-Étienne-du-Mont.

Toponymy of the name

The word "Paris" itself comes from the Latin Civitas Parisiorium- the city of Parisia. It was a Lutetia Celtic settlement of the Parisii tribe on the site of the present-day island of Cité.

Some historians, such as Rigord of Saint-Denis, link the founding of Paris to the time of the capture of Troy, the Trojans, who then emigrated, settled on the banks of the Seine, and named the new city after Paris. Word Parisia from ancient Greek it is translated as "daring", "courage". Gilles Corrozet, in La Fleur des Antiquitéz de la plus que noble et triumphante ville et cité de Paris (The Flower of Antiquity from the most noble and triumphant cities and towns of Paris), published in 1532, suggested that the city was named after Isis ( Par Isis listen)) is an Egyptian goddess whose statue is in the temple of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.

prehistoric period

The Île-de-France (a historical region of France and a region in the central part of the Paris Basin) has been inhabited by humans for at least 40,000 years ago. Hewn stone tools found during various earthworks and excavations along the banks of the Seine testify to this time. At that time, the area now occupied by Paris was swampy, partly due to the changed course of the Seine at that time, and covered with forests.

A very impressive archaeological discovery was made during the excavations carried out in the 12th arrondissement of Paris in September 1991, the remains of ancient human settlements. Excavations have revealed traces of human settlements of the Neolithic period (4000 - 3800 BC), arranged on the left bank of the former branch of the Seine. During archaeological excavations exceptionally valuable items were found: three large pirogues (which turned out to be the oldest boats found in Europe), a wooden bow, arrows, pottery, numerous tools made of bone and stone.

Foundation of the city

The city was founded in the III century BC. e. a tribe of Celtic Gauls - Parisii, like the settlement of Lutetia (from the Gaulish "swamp")

Middle Ages

Paris, already a city of the Franks, for some time was only a modest residence, first of the Merovingian, and then of the Carolingian kings. It turned into a true capital in 987, when Hugh Capet founded a new dynasty and gave the city a status that it retained throughout the history of France. From that moment on, the city began to develop at an accelerated pace, and not only in terms of urban development, but also as a cultural center. The reign of Philip II Augustus, who ruled from to years, became, as it were, the starting point of one of the most beautiful periods in the history of Paris: the streets were paved, many buildings were built, the defense of the city was strengthened - in 1190 a city wall was built on the right bank of the Seine , on the western outskirts of Paris, construction began on the Louvre, and in 1215 the University was founded. With the formation of the university, an academic quarter was formed on the left bank, while a trade and crafts quarter was formed on the right.

At that time, medieval Paris was not yet distinguished by its special brilliance. So, Anna Yaroslavna, who married the French king Henry I, daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, arrived from Kyiv, was disappointed with Paris.

The new heyday of the city came during the reign of King Louis IX, nicknamed the Saint, which lasted from to years. At this time, the Sainte-Chapelle was built and work on the construction of Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris advanced significantly.

The development of the city slowed down significantly as a result of the plague (“black death”) in - and the upheavals of the Hundred Years War (-), numerous uprisings.

Under the next ruling dynasty, the Valois dynasty, Paris went through one of the most difficult periods in its history: in 1358, an uprising took place led by the head of the guild of Parisian merchants, Etienne Marcel. Encouraged and restless, as the Parisians were often characterized, for the first time they declared themselves an independent commune under his leadership. Charles V restored order in the country. He also built the Bastille.

Paris began to develop rapidly in the era of Napoleon I. Under him, the construction of a quarter from Rivoli Street to Pyramid Square and the construction of the Arc de Triomphe on Etoile Square began. For the needs of the coronation, Napoleon ordered the demolition of the churches on the Île de la Cité and the transfer of part of the Hôtel-Dieu hospital to another location, in order to thus expand the square in front of Notre Dame Cathedral. A column was erected on the Place Vendôme, cast from 1200 Austrian and Russian cannons captured by Napoleon after the victory at Austerlitz, and crowned with the figure of the emperor in the toga of the Roman Caesars. On the lands taken from the Jesuits, the Père Lachaise cemetery was opened. The construction of embankments along the Seine began. In 1802, the old fortress of Grand Chatelet was demolished, which had long lost its defensive significance and was turned into a courthouse. This made it possible to solve the problem of crossing from one bank of the Seine to the other. On the site of the fortress, Châtelet Square was laid out, in the center of which in 1806-1808 the Fountain of Victories (“Palm Fountain”) was erected in the Empire style. The fountain was dedicated to the military victories of Napoleon in Italy, Egypt and Germany. The most important task set by Napoleon for the city government is to provide the city with water. The construction of the Canal Urk was completed, the construction of the Canal Saint-Martin began (completed in 1822). In addition to the Fountain of Victories, many other fountains are being erected in different squares of the French capital (the Egyptian Fountain on Sevres Street, the Lions Fountain on Château d'Eau Square, the Izhi Fountain on Saint-Dominique Street). On March 1, 1812, water charges were abolished in Paris. Under Napoleon, the numbering of houses was introduced with division into even and odd sides, the number of oil lamps for lighting the streets increased, and on September 18, 1811, the fire battalion of Paris was created.

The reign of Napoleon III and the urban transformations of Prefect Haussmann, who significantly modernized Paris of that time, left an even greater mark. By order of Emperor Napoleon III, the prefect of the department of the Seine, Baron J.-E. Haussmann carried out a radical redevelopment of Paris, cutting through the city with highways and laying boulevards on the site of disorderly slums. Many buildings were built that became the decoration of the capital. Some architectural monuments were rebuilt, restored or moved. At the same time, the construction of a modern water supply and sewerage system began. Haussmann is rightly considered the creator of modern Paris.

Under Haussmann, the Parisian Grand Boulevards were laid, which today form the basis of the city plan, 3 large parks and 20 squares were laid out. But the reign of Prefect Napoleon III was remembered not only for the decoration of the city: straight, wide boulevards laid instead of crooked, narrow streets, but also for the suppression by the army and the police of the revolutionary actions of the inhabitants of Paris. In 1844, the third fortification wall was built around the city, on the site of today's ring road around the city. In the immediate vicinity of the city, fortifications 39 km long with 16 forts were erected, at that time it was the largest defensive structure in the world.

In the second half of the 19th century, 5 of the 21 World Exhibitions (1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900) are held in Paris, which well reflects the cultural and political influence of the city. For the exhibition of 1889, the engineer G. Eiffel built a tower that caused heated debate, but quickly became a symbol of the city, and for the exhibition of 1900, the Alexander III bridge was opened.

After the entry of France into World War II, it was declared an "open city", and since June 14 it has been occupied by German troops. During the Second World War the city was occupied by the German Wehrmacht , the occupation lasted until the end of August 1944 . Paris was liberated by the forces of the Resistance Movement, who prepared the uprising on August 25, 1944. The city suffered little damage, as the allies managed to thwart the prepared plans for explosions and arson.

The city once again witnessed violence during the student uprisings - Paris was the main center of the 1968 Student Revolution. Mass riots began in Paris in May 1968, which ultimately led not so much to a change of government as to a radical redistribution of society, a change in the mentality of the French.

In the late 1960s - early. 1970s work on the reconstruction of the city is expanding. New buildings with modern architectural forms are changing the traditional face of Paris. There are more and more skyscrapers in the city (architect Serfuss and others), for example, the high-rise business center Main-Montparnasse (1964-73) with 56 floors and a height of 250 m. Most of the factories and residential areas of Greater Paris are located in the suburbs. The largest suburbs are Boulogne-Billancourt, Saint-Denis, Montreuil, Versailles. The first two are famous for their factories, while Versailles is famous for its palaces and parks.

Nowadays

And today Paris retains all its importance, triumphant grandeur and charm, despite the fact that its appearance is changing with such construction projects as Beaubourg and the ambitious construction program "Big Projects" ( Grand Projects), carried out during the presidency of François Mitterrand. In addition to the Grand Arch of Defense and the Opéra Bastille, Mitterrand's projects included the renovation of the Louvre by architect Pei, the La Villette complex on the northeastern outskirts of the city, and in the southeast, the Bibliothèque de France, which was equipped with state-of-the-art computers.

More than 850 thousand people come to Paris every day to work or study, and about 200 thousand Parisians work in the suburbs. The growth of Greater Paris takes place along two axes stretched along the Seine, due to the construction of five new suburbs for 300-500 thousand each. These cities are connected to Paris by high-speed rail and highway lines, but a significant part of their inhabitants work locally. The capital is surrounded by a high-speed automobile ring road - Peripheric Boulevard - connected to radial highways and the entire French highway network, of which it is the core.

see also

Sources

• Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius / Paris / Historical essay

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Notes

1. . France. Heraldica.ru. Retrieved 25 January 2011. .
2. . Ah, Paris(unavailable link - story) . Rturisto.ru. Retrieved 25 January 2011. .
3. Alfred Fierro. Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris. - 859-860 p.
4. Marcel Le Clère. Paris de la Préhistoire à nos jours. - 21 s.
5. (fr.). INA - Video en ligne du journal de FR3 du 8.10.1991. INA (10 août 1991). Retrieved 26 January 2011. .
6. (fr.). INA - Video en ligne du journal de FR3 du 02/27/1992. INA (February 27, 1992). Retrieved 26 January 2011. .
7. . France. Paris(2006). Retrieved 26 January 2011. .
8. (fr.). // Mairie de Paris
9. (2011). Retrieved January 22, 2011. .
10. “Combo I. History of Paris. M.: Ed. "The whole world", 2002. Pp.57-59 "
11. “Combo I. History of Paris. M.: Ed. "The whole world", 2002. Pp. 71"
12. “Combo I. History of Paris. M.: Ed. "The whole world", 2002. Pp. 72-75"

An excerpt characterizing the History of Paris

Infantry regiments, caught unawares in the forest, ran out of the forest, and companies, mingling with other companies, left in disorderly crowds. One soldier, in fright, uttered a terrible and meaningless word in the war: “cut off!”, And the word, along with a feeling of fear, was communicated to the whole mass.
- Bypassed! Cut off! Gone! shouted the voices of the fugitives.
The regimental commander, at the very moment he heard the shooting and shouting from behind, realized that something terrible had happened to his regiment, and the thought that he, an exemplary, who had served for many years, an innocent officer, could be guilty before his superiors in an oversight or indiscipline, so struck him that at that very moment, forgetting both the recalcitrant cavalryman colonel and his general importance, and most importantly - completely forgetting about danger and a sense of self-preservation, he, grabbing the pommel of the saddle and spurring his horse, galloped to the regiment under a hail of bullets that sprinkled, but happily passed him by. He wanted one thing: to find out what was the matter, and to help and correct the mistake at all costs, if it was on his part, and not be guilty of him, having served for twenty-two years, an exemplary officer who was not noticed in anything.
Having happily galloped between the French, he galloped to the field behind the forest, through which ours ran and, disobeying the command, went downhill. That moment of moral hesitation has come, which decides the fate of the battles: these upset crowds of soldiers will listen to the voice of their commander or, looking back at him, will run further. Despite the desperate cry of the regimental commander's voice, which used to be so formidable for a soldier, despite the furious, crimson, dissimilar face of the regimental commander and brandishing his sword, the soldiers kept running, talking, shooting into the air and not listening to commands. The moral hesitation that decides the fate of the battles, obviously, was resolved in favor of fear.
The general coughed from the scream and gunpowder smoke and stopped in despair. Everything seemed lost, but at that moment the French, who were advancing on ours, suddenly, for no apparent reason, ran back, disappeared from the edge of the forest, and Russian arrows appeared in the forest. It was Timokhin's company, which, alone in the forest, kept itself in order and, having sat down in a ditch near the forest, unexpectedly attacked the French. Timokhin, with such a desperate cry, rushed at the French and with such insane and drunken determination, with one skewer, ran into the enemy that the French, not having time to come to their senses, threw down their weapons and ran. Dolokhov, who fled next to Timokhin, killed one Frenchman point-blank and was the first to take the surrendered officer by the collar. The fugitives returned, the battalions gathered, and the French, who had divided the troops of the left flank into two parts, were momentarily pushed back. The reserve units managed to connect, and the fugitives stopped. The regimental commander was standing with Major Ekonomov at the bridge, letting the retreating companies pass by, when a soldier approached him, took him by the stirrup and almost leaned against him. The soldier was wearing a bluish, factory-made overcoat, there was no knapsack and shako, his head was tied, and a French charging bag was put on over his shoulder. He held an officer's sword in his hands. The soldier was pale, his blue eyes brazenly looked into the face of the regimental commander, and his mouth was smiling. Despite the fact that the regimental commander was busy giving orders to Major Ekonomov, he could not help but pay attention to this soldier.
“Your Excellency, here are two trophies,” said Dolokhov, pointing to the French sword and bag. “I have captured an officer. I stopped the company. - Dolokhov was breathing heavily from fatigue; he spoke with stops. “The whole company can testify. Please remember, Your Excellency!
“Good, good,” said the regimental commander, and turned to Major Ekonomov.
But Dolokhov did not leave; he untied the handkerchief, tugged it, and showed the blood clotted in his hair.
- A wound with a bayonet, I remained in the front. Remember, Your Excellency.

The Tushin battery was forgotten, and only at the very end of the case, continuing to hear the cannonade in the center, Prince Bagration sent the officer on duty there and then Prince Andrei to order the battery to retreat as soon as possible. The cover stationed near Tushin's guns left, on someone's orders, in the middle of the case; but the battery continued to fire and was not taken by the French only because the enemy could not imagine the audacity of firing four unprotected cannons. On the contrary, according to the energetic action of this battery, he assumed that the main forces of the Russians were concentrated here, in the center, and twice tried to attack this point and both times were driven away by shots of four cannons standing alone on this hill.
Soon after the departure of Prince Bagration, Tushin managed to set fire to the Shengraben.
- Look, they got confused! Burning! Look, that's smoke! Deftly! Important! Smoke that, smoke that! the servant spoke, brightening up.
All guns fired in the direction of the fire without orders. As if urging them on, the soldiers shouted to each shot: “Smart! That's it! Look, you ... Important! The wind-blown fire spread rapidly. The French columns that had come out of the village went back, but, as if in punishment for this failure, the enemy put up ten guns to the right of the village and began to fire at Tushin with them.
Because of the childish joy aroused by the fire, and the excitement of successful shooting at the French, our gunners noticed this battery only when two shots and after them four more hit between the guns and one knocked down two horses, and the other tore off the leg of the box leader. The revival, once established, however, did not weaken, but only changed the mood. The horses were replaced by others from the reserve carriage, the wounded were removed, and four guns turned against the ten-gun battery. The officer, Comrade Tushin, was killed at the beginning of the case, and in the course of an hour, out of forty servants, seventeen left, but the gunners were still cheerful and lively. Twice they noticed that below, close to them, the French showed up, and then they hit them with grapeshot.
The little man, with weak, awkward movements, constantly demanded for himself another pipe from the orderly for this, as he said, and, scattering fire from it, ran forward and looked at the French from under his small hand.
- Crush, guys! - he said, and he himself picked up the guns by the wheels and unscrewed the screws.
In the smoke, deafened by incessant shots that made him shudder every time, Tushin, without letting go of his nose warmer, ran from one gun to another, now aiming, now counting the charges, now ordering the change and harnessing of dead and wounded horses, and shouting to his weak, thin, indecisive voice. His face became more and more animated. Only when people were killed or wounded did he frown and, turning away from the dead, angrily shouted at the people, who, as always, hesitated to pick up the wounded or the body. The soldiers, for the most part handsome fellows (as always in a battery company, two heads taller than their officer and twice as wide as him), all, like children in a difficult situation, looked at their commander, and the expression that was on his face was invariably reflected on their faces.
As a result of this terrible rumble, noise, need for attention and activity, Tushin did not experience the slightest unpleasant feeling of fear, and the thought that they might kill him or hurt him painfully did not occur to him. On the contrary, he became more and more cheerful. It seemed to him that a very long time ago, almost yesterday, there was that moment when he saw the enemy and fired the first shot, and that the patch of field on which he stood was a familiar, kindred place to him for a long time. Despite the fact that he remembered everything, thought everything, did everything that the best officer in his position could do, he was in a state similar to feverish delirium or the state of a drunk person.
Because of the deafening sounds of their guns from all sides, because of the whistle and blows of enemy shells, because of the sight of servants sweating, flushed, hurrying near the guns, because of the blood of people and horses, because of the enemy’s smoke on the other side (after which everyone once a cannonball flew in and hit the ground, a person, a tool or a horse), because of the sight of these objects, his own fantastic world was established in his head, which constituted his pleasure at that moment. The enemy cannons in his imagination were not cannons, but pipes from which an invisible smoker emitted smoke in rare puffs.
“Look, he puffed again,” Tushin said in a whisper to himself, while a cloud of smoke jumped out of the mountain and was blown to the left by the wind, “now wait for the ball - send it back.”
“What do you order, your honor?” asked the fireworker, who stood close beside him and heard him mutter something.
“Nothing, a grenade…” he answered.
“Come on, our Matvevna,” he said to himself. Matvevna imagined in his imagination a large extreme, ancient casting cannon. The French appeared to him near their guns as ants. A handsome man and a drunkard, the first number of the second gun in his world was his uncle; Tushin looked at him more often than others and rejoiced at his every move. The sound of the fading, then again intensifying gunfight under the mountain seemed to him someone's breathing. He listened to the fading and rising of these sounds.
“Look, she breathed again, she breathed,” he said to himself.
He himself imagined himself of enormous stature, a powerful man who threw cannonballs at the French with both hands.
- Well, Matvevna, mother, do not betray! - he said, moving away from the gun, as an alien, unfamiliar voice was heard above his head:
- Captain Tushin! Captain!
Tushin looked around frightened. It was the staff officer who kicked him out of Grunt. He shouted to him in a breathless voice:
- What are you, crazy. You've been ordered to retreat twice, and you...
“Well, why are they me? ...” Tushin thought to himself, looking at the boss with fear.
- I ... nothing ... - he said, putting two fingers to the visor. - I…
But the colonel did not finish everything he wanted. A close-flying cannonball made him dive and bend over on his horse. He paused and was just about to say something else when the core stopped him. He turned his horse and galloped away.
- Retreat! Everyone retreat! he shouted from afar. The soldiers laughed. A minute later the adjutant arrived with the same order.
It was Prince Andrew. The first thing he saw, riding out into the space occupied by Tushin's guns, was an unharnessed horse with a broken leg, which was neighing near the harnessed horses. From her leg, as from a key, blood flowed. Between the limbers lay several dead. One shot after another flew over him as he rode up, and he felt a nervous tremor run down his spine. But the very thought that he was afraid lifted him up again. "I can't be afraid," he thought, and slowly dismounted from his horse between the guns. He gave the order and did not leave the battery. He decided that he would remove the guns from the position with him and withdraw them. Together with Tushin, walking over the bodies and under the terrible fire of the French, he took up cleaning the guns.
“And then the authorities were coming now, so it was more likely to fight,” the fireworker said to Prince Andrei, “not like your honor.”
Prince Andrei did not say anything to Tushin. They were both so busy that they didn't seem to see each other. When, putting on the limbers of the two guns that had survived, they moved downhill (one broken gun and the unicorn were left), Prince Andrei drove up to Tushin.
“Well, goodbye,” said Prince Andrei, holding out his hand to Tushin.
- Goodbye, my dear, - said Tushin, - dear soul! Farewell, my dear, - Tushin said with tears that, for some unknown reason, suddenly came into his eyes.

The wind died down, black clouds hung low over the battlefield, merging on the horizon with gunpowder smoke. It was getting dark, and the more clearly the glow of fires was indicated in two places. The cannonade became weaker, but the rattle of guns behind and to the right was heard even more often and closer. As soon as Tushin with his guns, going around and running over the wounded, got out of the fire and went down into the ravine, he was met by his superiors and adjutants, including the staff officer and Zherkov, who was sent twice and never reached Tushin's battery. All of them, interrupting one another, gave and transmitted orders, how and where to go, and made reproaches and remarks to him. Tushin did not order anything and silently, afraid to speak, because at every word he was ready, without knowing why, to cry, he rode behind on his artillery nag. Although the wounded were ordered to be abandoned, many of them dragged along behind the troops and asked for guns. The very dashing infantry officer who, before the battle, jumped out of Tushin's hut, was, with a bullet in his stomach, laid on Matvevna's carriage. Under the mountain, a pale hussar cadet, supporting the other with one hand, approached Tushin and asked him to sit down.
"Captain, for God's sake, I'm shell-shocked in the arm," he said timidly. “For God's sake, I can't go. For God's sake!
It was clear that this cadet had asked more than once to sit down somewhere and had been refused everywhere. He asked in a hesitant and pathetic voice.
- Order to plant, for God's sake.
“Plant, plant,” said Tushin. “Put down your overcoat, uncle,” he turned to his beloved soldier. Where is the wounded officer?
- They put it down, it's over, - someone answered.
- Plant it. Sit down, honey, sit down. Put on your overcoat, Antonov.
Juncker was Rostov. He held the other with one hand, was pale, and his lower jaw was trembling with feverish trembling. They put him on Matvevna, on the very gun from which the dead officer was laid down. There was blood on the lined overcoat, in which Rostov's trousers and hands were soiled.
- What, are you injured, my dear? - said Tushin, approaching the gun on which Rostov was sitting.
- No, shell-shocked.
- Why is there blood on the bed? Tushin asked.
“This officer, your honor, bled,” answered the artillery soldier, wiping the blood with the sleeve of his overcoat and as if apologizing for the impurity in which the gun was located.
Forcibly, with the help of the infantry, they took the guns up the mountain, and having reached the village of Guntersdorf, they stopped. It was already so dark that at ten paces it was impossible to distinguish the uniforms of the soldiers, and the skirmish began to subside. Suddenly, close to the right side, shouts and firing were heard again. From the shots already shone in the dark. This was the last attack of the French, which was answered by the soldiers who settled in the houses of the village. Again everything rushed out of the village, but Tushin's guns could not move, and the gunners, Tushin and the cadet, looked at each other silently, waiting for their fate. The firefight began to subside, and animated soldiers poured out of a side street.
- Tsel, Petrov? one asked.
- Asked, brother, the heat. Now they won’t turn up, said another.
- Nothing to see. How they fried it in theirs! not to be seen; darkness, brethren. Is there a drink?
The French were repulsed for the last time. And again, in complete darkness, Tushin's guns, as if surrounded by a frame of roaring infantry, moved somewhere forward.
In the darkness, it was as if an invisible, gloomy river was flowing, all in one direction, humming with whispers, voices and the sounds of hooves and wheels. In the general rumble, because of all the other sounds, the groans and voices of the wounded in the darkness of the night were clearest of all. Their groans seemed to fill all this darkness that surrounded the troops. Their groans and the darkness of that night were one and the same. After a while, there was a commotion in the moving crowd. Someone rode with a retinue on a white horse and said something while driving. What did you say? Where to now? Stay, what? Thanks, right? - Greedy questions were heard from all sides, and the whole moving mass began to press on itself (it is clear that the front ones stopped), and a rumor spread that it was ordered to stop. Everyone stopped as they walked, in the middle of a muddy road.
The lights lit up and the voice became louder. Captain Tushin, having given orders to the company, sent one of the soldiers to look for a dressing station or a doctor for the cadet, and sat down by the fire laid out on the road by the soldiers. Rostov also dragged himself to the fire. Feverish shivering from pain, cold and dampness shook his whole body. Sleep irresistibly drove him, but he could not sleep because of the excruciating pain in his aching and out of position arm. He either closed his eyes, or glanced at the fire, which seemed to him ardently red, then at the stooping, weak figure of Tushin, who was sitting beside him in Turkish style. Tushin's large, kind and intelligent eyes fixed him with sympathy and compassion. He saw that Tushin wanted with all his heart and could not help him in any way.

Paris stands on both banks of the navigable Seine River, which has numerous islands connected to its banks by dozens of bridges.

Paris is the greenest capital in Europe with over 400 parks and gardens. To understand their names, you should know that squares mean small squares, medium-sized parks in Paris are called gardens, and only the largest are awarded the name of the park. At the same time, do not forget about the two forests (Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes), located on both sides of Paris. With the help of amazing trees, shrubs and flowers brought from all over the world, the best gardeners of France and Europe created real living works of art with lakes, fountains, grottoes and waterfalls.

One of the most beautiful parks in Paris is the Champs-Elysées, the Champs-Elysées, the Jardin des plantes de Paris, which is part of the National Museum of Natural History, and the English Monceau Park, atypical for Paris. (Parc Monceau) in the Louvre area, etc.

Entertainment

Every year, millions of tourists visit Paris, who are attracted not only by the magnificent architectural monuments and amazing museums of the city, but also by a rich cultural program. Paris has something for everyone, from quiet ferry rides on the waters of the Seine (from €13) to dancing the night away at the best nightclubs in the city.

For guests who want to improve their cultural level, more than 70 galleries and museums are open, the most famous of them are the Musee d'Orsay, the Orangerie Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, the Picasso Museum, the Grevin Wax Museum, the Les Invalides museum complex, the Wine Museum and even the Museum Erotica.

Most Parisian museums are open on weekends and are closed on Monday or Tuesday, as well as some public holidays. Many of them remain open until late in the evening. Tours often need to be booked in advance. Entrance on the first Sunday of each month to most museums is free.

The city offers numerous parks offering an interesting pastime - Futuroscope, Asterix, the La Villette scientific and educational park, the Bois de Boulogne, the Parc Floral with exquisite artificial landscapes and thousands of flowers, the France in Miniature park. Tauri zoo and CineAqua water park are perfect for family holidays.

For a romantic acquaintance with Paris, you can choose a boat trip along the Seine to the accompaniment of sensual French music. If you are not afraid of heights, then go for a ride on an airship - a great opportunity to admire Paris from a bird's eye view.

You will join the theatrical art of France at the Grand Opera, the world-famous opera and ballet theater, the Comedie-Française theater, the Montparnasse theater and others; information about theater performances is often placed in hotel lobbies.

Paris annually hosts such world-famous festivals as the Night of Museums, the Quartier d’été (“Summer Quarter”) theater and music festival, the Music Festival (Fête de la musique), Chinese New Year, etc.

If you are traveling with children, then in Paris you willy-nilly have to visit at least 1 of its grand theme parks. Disneyland is Europe's largest theme park. Here you can visit more than 50 attractions that are interesting for both children and adults (the cost of an entrance ticket is 61 € for adults, 55 € for children from 3 to 12 years old, plus the cost of a ticket for the RER metro is 7.3 € per person). Other popular amusement parks: Robinson's Island (L'île de Robinson) costs 2.5 € for adults and 15 € for children; Sealife aquarium (16 and 13 € respectively); Zoo Thoiry (27.5 € for adults, 21 € for children); Aquaboulevard de Paris water park (22 € on weekdays, 28 € for adults on weekends, 15 € for children from 3 to 11 years old), etc.

Almost all year round, various sports competitions (football, tennis, athletics, etc.) are held in the stadiums of Paris. Paris hosts the final stage of the famous Tour de France, the Roland Garros tennis tournament, the Paris Marathon and much more.

Paris is famous for its nightlife. Chanson sounds in cafes, restaurants and variety shows, excellent theme parties are held in nightclubs and discos (Golden 80, Duplex, VIP Room), cabarets (Moulin Rouge, Lido, Crazy Horse) are crowded with fans of erotic performances.

Nova magazine provides information on music and club events, and music concert tickets are available from FNAC specialty stores.

History of Paris

In the III century BC. e. On the site of Paris, the tribes of the Parisians founded the settlement of Lutetia. Two centuries after its inception, the trading city fell under the onslaught of the legionnaires of Julius Caesar and became a Roman policy called Parisia (“city of the Parisians”). At the end of the 5th century A.D. e. Parisia was captured by the Frankish king Clovis I and declared it his residence and capital of the Frankish state.

Over its centuries-old history, Paris has experienced invasions of foreigners more than once, lost its capital status, and only in the 16th century, under King Francis I, Paris forever became the capital of France.

shopping

Paris is the recognized capital of style with amazing opportunities for both luxury and affordable shopping. Haute couture connoisseurs are attracted by boutiques on Place Vendôme, Rue du Faubourg and Avenue Montaigne, where they will immerse themselves in the world of brands Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Dior and others.

More affordable goods await you at Galeries and Printemps department stores, Les Quatre Temps, Forum Des Halles and Bercy Village shopping centers, where many world-famous brands are concentrated.

Bargain lovers should definitely visit La Vallee Village Outlet Shopping, where nearly one hundred stores carry collections from worldwide brands, offered at fabulous discounts of up to 75%. You can get here by metro on the RER A line to the Val d "Europe station.

The tax free system will allow you to return up to 12% of the purchase price, but only for goods purchased in the amount of 175 € in one day. To return the money, you need to have a foreign passport with you and issue the necessary documents in the store.

Be sure to take a fascinating walk through the flea markets of Paris, the most famous of which are Marche aux puces de St-Ouen and Marche aux puces de Montreuil. Even if you are indifferent to antiquity and antiques, it is still entertaining to walk through the colorful shopping malls and feel their unique atmosphere. Here you can find a lot of modern goods at affordable prices.

Paris is a paradise for perfume gourmets, with hundreds of small shops and huge Sephora and Marionnaud chain stores. Small boutiques Shiseido and Edition de Parfums Frederic Malle will offer true connoisseurs of exclusive fragrances selected masterpieces of French perfumery. On Rue Faubourg Saint-Honoré, at the Lancombe Institute, you can buy the famous perfumes of this company.

Souvenirs are sold in numerous shops near all the sights and museums of the city. If you're looking for something special, check out Rivoli Street, where you'll find great porcelain and earthenware. The famous French delicacies, cognac and chocolate will be an excellent gift.

Most shops are open from 9:00 to 19:00 from Monday to Saturday. Opening hours of large supermarkets may be 2-3 hours longer. Sunday is a public holiday in the city. During sales, most shops are open on Sundays.

It should be remembered that many stores are closed from mid-July to the end of August due to vacations of employees.

Of all the variety of food supermarkets in Paris, you should pay attention to ED and Leader Price stores, which are distinguished by the most affordable prices. Outside the city you will find many cheap hypermarkets: Carrefour, Auchan, Euromarcher, Super U and Intermarche.

Cafes and restaurants in Paris

A meal in an average Parisian restaurant will lighten your wallet by 30-40€. If you do not plan to spend this amount on food, then you should provide for a more budgetary meal. As in any tourist city, lunch in the center and near the sights will cost you much more.

The most economical food option is to buy takeaway lunch at a kiosk or supermarket. Very inexpensive Asian establishments, there are many near the Luxembourg Gardens, near the Grand-Opera or on rue de Richelieu - here you can enjoy an unlimited buffet of food.

Self-service cafes are very popular in Paris, they are in any large department store.

But it would be strange, being in Paris, to eat only in Asian or Americanized establishments. Affordable and good food is offered by the French cafes of the Chez Clement chain, where you can taste oysters, snails, the famous onion soup, and other typical dishes of the local cuisine.

Fine examples of French gastronomy can be found in establishments near the Gare de l'Est and Gare du Nord and in the vicinity of Place de la Republique.

In any cafe or restaurant, you can choose the "Menu of the Day" - a complex inexpensive lunch.

The average bill (excluding drinks) will be about 30 € per person. If the bill does not say "service compris", you must leave a tip of 5-10% of the amount on the check.

For just a light snack, it is better to go to the cafe with the inscription Brasserie, which serve coffee, tea, salads and other light snacks. The word menu often refers to set meals, the cost of which is only 10–15 €. It is usually written on the boards at the entrance to the cafe.

In order not to make a mistake in choosing a restaurant, you can look into the special gastronomic guide Paris Gourmand, which provides detailed information about each institution in the capital.

Many Parisian restaurants operate on a set schedule, i.e. open for lunch from 12:00 to 15:00, and then only closer to dinner (by 19:00).

Restaurants and cafes with outdoor terraces, bars, tea houses, pubs and other establishments in Paris invite gourmets from all over the world to plunge into a real gastronomic feast.

Transport

The Paris metro is the most accessible and fastest public transport. From any place in Paris to the nearest station no more than half a kilometer. For children under 4 years old, travel is free, up to 10 years old - a 50% discount. You can get a metro card for free at ticket kiosks. The ticket price for 1 trip is 1.7 €, for 10 trips - 12.7 €. You can purchase a weekly pass (Navigo) that requires a photo. The fare depends on the zone (from 18.7 to 34.4). Zones 1 and 2 are within the ring road, 3–5 are more remote suburbs.

Suburban communication is provided by RER electric trains, they also run around the city, but not in all areas and make several times fewer stops. RER trains (within the city) are subject to the same tickets as the metro. If you are going out of town (airports, Disneyland, La Defense station, etc.), you need to buy a new ticket.

Tickets are sold in special machines at the stations, at the box office, as well as in some tobacco shops.

Buses are convenient for traveling short distances in Paris, but a trip outside the city is twice as expensive as the metro.

The best option for paying for travel is a ticket for all types of public transport - Carte Orange. The cost of it depends on the chosen routes and the distance of travel.

There is a one-day pass - Mobilis Pass.

If your goal is to visit museums, then you should purchase the Musees Monuments pass, its price for 1 day is 18 €, for 3 days - 36 €, for five - 54 €. With this ticket, you can skip the line and enter most museums for free. Travel cards are sold at kiosks, in special machines, at the box office at the stations.

There are 3 types of tariffs in Parisian taxis: A (0.96 € per 1 km) - from 10:00 to 17:00, except weekends and holidays; B (1.21 € per 1 km) - from 17:00 to 10:00, as well as on weekends and holidays; From (1.47 € per 1 km) - Sunday from midnight to 7:00. The minimum landing cost is 3.4 €. If you order a taxi from the hotel, then the meter turns on at the time of the order, so by the time you get into the car, there will already be about 10–20 € on the meter.

The best way to get around the center of Paris is on foot or by metro, as constant traffic can make traveling by taxi or rental car quite exhausting.

Connection

There are over 400 free internet hotspots in Paris, you can find them by the Paris Wi-Fi sign. You can call by phone using a machine, cards for which are sold at tobacco kiosks or at the post office, some machines - point-phone - accept only coins. When calling from Paris to Russia, you need to dial 00-7 (RF code) - city code and subscriber number, from a mobile phone to a mobile phone - +7 - operator code - subscriber number.

Hotels

In the hotels of Paris you can find accommodation conditions for any income - from budget boarding houses and hostels to luxury apartments. Hostels are traditionally considered the cheapest, a place in which will cost about 20–45 €. One room is usually occupied by 4-6 people. But if you are traveling with a group of 2-4 people, then it is more profitable to rent a furnished apartment, which will cost 55-110 € per night. It is also the best choice for families because it is possible to cook for yourself. The cost of a double room in a 1-2-star hotel will be from 50 to 180 €. By the way, even hotels with so many stars in Paris have clean comfortable rooms and good service. The cost of rooms in more "star" hotels starts from 200 € and can reach 850 €.

The closer the hotel is to the city center, the more expensive it is. You will find the most budget hotels in the V, VI and IX districts. When choosing a place to live in the suburbs of Paris, you should find out in advance whether it is convenient to get to the center and whether transport costs will exceed the difference in the cost of living.

As you can see, contrary to popular belief, you can stay in Paris for a very reasonable price.

Safety

Admiring the magnificent architectural monuments of Paris, strolling along the promenade or just looking at the shop windows, do not forget that Paris is not the most peaceful city in the world. The influx of migrants from Africa and Asia has led to the fact that, unfortunately, the crime situation in the city has become far from ideal. Dozens of pickpockets operate in crowded places, in unfavorable areas, which primarily include the 19th and 20th districts, you can become a victim of robbery, and not only at night. The most calm districts are considered from the 1st to the 8th and 16th.

Where possible, ATMs protected by a door should be chosen.

If you get sick, you need to contact your insurance company in Russia. An employee of the company will call you back after a while and tell you which hospital and which doctor you should go to. If you seek medical help yourself, then it is likely that you will have to pay the bill for treatment yourself.

Real estate

The acquisition of residential real estate in Paris is a profitable and promising investment, as the inexhaustible tourist flow allows you to receive a stable income from renting out real estate. The main factor affecting the cost of Parisian real estate is its remoteness from the center and the main attractions of the city, so apartment prices range from 4,000 to 150,000 € per 1 m². Modern apartments in new buildings in the suburbs of Paris, built with modern trends and technologies in mind, will cost 400,000–600,000 €, i.e. 6,000–8,000 € per 1 m2. If you still decide to buy an apartment in one of the historic buildings in the center of Paris, you should pay attention to the state of communications, as sometimes the cost of their restoration reaches 50% of the original cost of the apartment.

As for commercial real estate, on average, 1 m2 of an office space, a shop or a hotel will cost 6,000–20,000 €, and a production one will cost 50–70% less.

In the 2nd district, due to the large number of pigeons that cause some damage to architectural monuments, there is a ban on feeding these birds. Violation of this rule will result in a fine.

You can get a considerable fine (68 €) since December 2012 in Paris for throwing a cigarette butt on the ground or into the water, as it is considered to be toxic garbage. About 10,000 urns with special "extinguishers" have been installed in the city for cigarette butts.

Smoking in Paris is prohibited in all public places, restaurants, hotels, transport, etc. You can smoke only on the terraces of cafes, bars and restaurants, as well as in specially designated areas with a corresponding sign.

Being drunk in public places is prohibited. The permissible blood alcohol limit for a driver is 0.5 g per 1 liter of blood (this is approximately 2 glasses of wine or 3 glasses of champagne). Young people between the ages of 16 and 18 can drink drinks with an alcohol level below 15%.

To navigate the Paris metro, you should not use maps in Russian, as you can easily get confused in the names of the stops. In addition, the main attractions are also signed on French maps.

How to get there

There are several flights a day from Moscow to Paris, the travel time is 3.5 hours.

Fast train number 013, departing from the Belorussky railway station in Moscow, will take you to Paris in two days, but the trip on it will cost more than the flight.

If traveling by bus is not tiring for you, then for only 75€ it will take you to Paris. Some low-cost airlines offer the same prices, so it is wise to compare prices before purchasing a ticket.

The history of Paris, like the history of all of France, is extremely interesting and full of dramatic plots and great victories. During its more than four centuries of history, the city was repeatedly invaded by various conquerors, but only became stronger and more majestic, turning into one of the most significant centers of European civilization.

The beginning of the story

Ancient Paris dates back to the 3rd century BC. BC, when in Gaul, on the site of the modern Celtic tribe of the Parisians, they founded a city called Lutetia (from Latin “marshland”). Situated at the crossroads of important trade routes from the British Isles to the Mediterranean, Lutetia quickly developed, representing a desirable prey for the growing Roman Empire. In 52 BC. after exhausting battles, the attacking army of Julius Caesar captured the city, destroyed and burned by the inhabitants. By this time, the city was first mentioned in Julius Caesar's Notes on the Gallic War. The official date of the founding of Paris is July 8, 52 BC. and in 1952 he celebrated 2000 years.

The Romans quickly restored the conquered but destroyed Lutetia, populating the Cité and the left bank of the Seine. The construction of temples, villas, thermae, bridges and an aqueduct began, roads were laid from paving stones. The ruins of public baths and the arena of gladiators can still be seen today in. Beginning of the 4th century was marked for the city by the wide spread of Christianity. Lutetia, which was called Parisium (the city of the Parisians), finally changed its name and became known as Paris.

https://youtu.be/G0pWemkl8yE

Invasions of the Franks and Normans

In 508, King Clovis of the Franks conquered Gaul, making Paris the capital of the Merovingian kingdom. In the middle of the VI century. the first Christian church in Paris is being built, on the site of which, 100 years later, the Cathedral of Notre Dame was erected.

The Merovingian dynasty was replaced by the Carolingians, under which the center of the empire shifted to the east, and Paris gradually became empty and destroyed. During this period, the Vikings repeatedly attacked Paris, and each time the inhabitants had to seek protection on the island, where the fortress walls were built. The Vikings (Normans) sowed fear and destruction everywhere, ruining cities and monasteries. And in 845 the fortifications of the city did not withstand the siege of the Vikings, and on the day of Easter the Normans captured Paris.

city ​​paris cinema . Old metropolitan bustling Paris city entered world history by the fact that the famous film screenings were held in it by the Lumiere brothers back in 1895.
In the 19th century Paris city was the center of world art, as many impressionist artists lived and painted their works in it.
Paris city catacombs . One of the most famous sights in Europe Paris city are its catacombs. The total length of all the ancient famous catacombs Paris city is about 300 km. However, only a small, small part of these gloomy tunnels is open to modern visitors to the catacombs and tourists. Total in the catacombs Paris city rests approximately 6 million people.
It is worth clarifying that the latest burials of the Parisian catacombs belong to the bloody era of the French Revolution (end of the 18th century), and the earliest burials belong to the Merovingian era (end of the 5th century - middle of the 8th century), their age exceeds 1200 years. Catacombs Paris city were built in former, developed limestone quarries.
Its current structured appearance is vast catacombs Paris city acquired 210 years ago, namely in 1809. Then the corridors were equipped, which are full of even endless rows of bones, as well as the frightening skulls of dead people.
In 2018, the French capital - Paris city, as well as the metropolitan elite region of Ile-de-France, was visited by a record number of guests - approximately 50 million tourists, 2 million more than in 2017.
History of Paris film . A remarkable fact is that history of paris not only doctors of sciences, historians are interested, but also numerous tourists and even schoolchildren.
In recent years, about the centuries-old, saturated with various kinds of events - history of paris quite a lot of documentaries were filmed, both in Russian and in other common languages.
In July 2019, it became known that by 2024 it is planned to ban entry to the center Paris city tourist buses with a diesel engine.
It is worth mentioning that in ancient Paris city several dozen double-decker buses with tourist groups pass by every day. At the same time, these tourist buses stop near the most important and famous monuments and sights. Paris city. These stops are made for the embarkation and disembarkation of numerous passengers.
Recently in the city of Paris restrictions were imposed on the entry into the city center of diesel cars that were produced before 2000. This restriction is valid from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. on weekdays.
city ​​paris heat . It is worth mentioning that summer 2019 in the famous the city of Paris turned out to be very hot. So, at the end of July 2019, the air temperature in the world-famous the city of Paris exceeded 42 degrees. Thus, the temperature record was broken, which lasted 72 years, since 1947.
Further, this article talks about history of paris from ancient times until 2019.
History of Paris. Fire at Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral . On the evening of Monday April 15, 2019, a major fire broke out in the world-famous Parisian landmark - Notre Dame Cathedral.
The cause of the fire in the famous Notre Dame Cathedral is the fire that occurred on the scaffolding that was near the roof of the cathedral.
Fire at Notre Dame Cathedral began in the attic, namely at the base of the spire, which was designed by the famous architect Viollet-le-Duc.
It is worth noting that the main part of the old wooden structure that caught fire was a frame, which was built in the period from the 12th century to the 13th century from approximately 1300 oaks. It is worth noting that there were lead sheets on top, which melted in the flames of fire. In just one hour, the flames engulfed the ancient roof of the cathedral, as well as the unique central spire made of wood. This circumstance led to the collapse of the spire on the vault of the masonry ceiling of this medieval cathedral. Then the roof collapsed Cathedral of Notre Dame. The left tower of the cathedral was seriously damaged by fire.
On Tuesday morning, April 16, 2019, this historic fire in Paris was completely extinguished. In total, approximately 399 firefighters took part in extinguishing this fire.
According to some reports, the restoration of the historical landmark - the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris after this fire will take at least 10 years. It is not for nothing that this fire was called a cultural catastrophe.
As it becomes clear, the fire in Notre Dame Cathedral is one of the most significant fires not only in the centuries-old history of paris but throughout France.
Fire in Paris. At the beginning of February 2019 in the elite 16th district cities of paris, in a residential building there was a large-scale fire. This 8-storey building burned through. It is worth noting that the extinguishing of the Paris fire lasted for more than 5 hours.
In liquidation fire in paris More than 30 fire brigades and 250 firefighters participated. The number of victims of a fire in Paris reaches 10 people, including a child. The number of victims fire in paris exceeds 30 people. Some of the victims are in a rather serious condition. Thus this fire in paris became the largest in terms of the number of victims since 2005.
Version of the fire in Paris - arson . It is noteworthy that as the main version of the reason fire in paris French prosecutors are considering arson. So, a woman who lives in this house on fire was detained. It is worth noting that she was detained at the moment when she set fire to a trash can, as well as a car that was parked in the yard.
The suspected woman was drunk; she explained her act to law enforcement agencies by a major quarrel with a neighbor.
History of Paris population . An interesting fact is that in the ancient European strategically important the city of Paris lived approximately 6 thousand - 10 thousand people. In the historical period from the 5th century to the 6th century, the population Paris city increased to about 15 thousand - 20 thousand people.
After about 600 years, namely in the period from the XII century to the XIII century, the population of the French capital - Paris city already reached 50 thousand - 99 thousand people.
The maximum population for the entire centuries history of paris was recorded almost 100 years ago, more precisely in 1921. Then the population of Paris reached a figure of approximately 2.9 million people.
Currently directly in the world's most famous romantic the city of Paris about 2.2 million people live, many of whom are foreigners.
16th arrondissement of Paris spread out on the right bank of the Seine River in the southwestern part of the city of Paris. This Parisian district covers an area of ​​approximately 791 hectares. It's interesting that 16th arrondissement of Paris It is famous for the fact that embassies of more than 90 countries are located here.
Among these numerous embassies there is also the Russian embassy in the city of Paris. It is located on the old Boulevard Lannes 40-50 (named in 1864).
The nearest metro stations to the Russian Embassy in the city of Paris are: Art. metro Rue de la Pompe (opened in 1922), Porte Dauphine (opened back in 1900). From Art. metro “Rue de la Pompe” to the Russian Embassy in Paris is only 10-11 minutes. walk or you can take the bus number 63 just two stops.
It should be noted that the Russian Embassy in the city of Paris works from 9 am to 5 pm (Mon-Fri). While the Russian consulate receives numerous visitors in the time interval from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m.
In the elite 16th arrondissement of the capital of France - the city of Paris there is a prestigious, elite lyceum.
Who founded Paris ? How is the city-metropolis considered by historians Paris was founded a rather small Celtic tribe of the Parisians, who lived in this picturesque area hundreds of years before the arrival of the Romans.
Old name of Paris . It is believed that the old name of Paris is Lutetia. Around the middle of the 3rd century BC. e. on the site of the modern from the small Celtic settlement of Lutetia of the tribe of the Parisians, a city was formed - today's capital of the state.
So, first name of paris was assigned to the city in the middle of the 3rd century BC. e.
The ancient French capital, famous throughout the civilized world Paris city received its modern name from the name of this tribe of the Parisians.
How old is Paris? Date of foundation of Paris . Official founding date of paris historians are considered to be July 8, 52 BC. n. e. Thus, the city of Paris is 2066 years old.
However, the first written mention of the Celtic city of Lutetia is found only in 53 BC. e. in the book of the commander Julius Caesar about the war with the country of Gaul.

Autumn in Paris

In 52 BC. e. when the ancient Romans tried to approach the city of Lutetia, the Parisian tribe set fire to their city and destroyed the bridges. After that, the Romans left the island of Cite to the Parisians, and they themselves built a new city on the left bank of the Seine River.
In this city, the Romans created their typical infrastructure, they built an amphitheater, baths, as well as a forum. For the Roman Empire, this city was not of great importance.
After about 550 years, namely in 508, with the arrival of the Frankish tribe here, the rule of the Romans ended.
History of Paris in the XII - XII centuries. Under the French king Philip II Augustus in 1190, the defense of the medieval Paris city: on the right bank of the river Seine was built. And after about 20 years, in 1210, the city wall was erected on the left bank of the river.
Louvre France landmark . In the same period, on the then western outskirts of the ancient Paris city began to build the fortress of the Louvre.
Today, the Louvre is one of the famous and main attractions of the country of France. In view of the fact that in the city of Paris, as in all of France, there are many world-famous architectural historical sights, the service Guide in France is in great demand. Tourists who bought tours to France, for the most complete and informative acquaintance with the sights of this European country, it will be interesting to listen to the well-prepared stories of the guide, since the guide - the guide is a specialist in conducting excursions to historical places - tourist sites.
The city of Paris is the center of European education . It is worth noting that since the 11th century Paris city becomes one of the main centers of Yeysk education, mainly religious.
In the XIII century, as a result of significant disagreements among university teachers, a number of "independent" colleges were opened on the left bank of the Seine River (today's), which later became the progenitors of the famous Sorbonne University.
Thus, history of paris as a center is approximately 1000 years old
History of Paris in the 14th century . In the next, XIV century, the world famous Paris city surrounded by another wall on the right bank of the Seine River, on the site of the current Grand Boulevards. Approximately in the middle of the XIV century, namely in 1345, the construction of the world famous Notre Dame Cathedral was completed.
It is noteworthy that history of paris in the XIV century is characterized by large-scale construction.
During the reign of the French king Louis XIV, his residence moved from the city of Paris to.
Despite this circumstance, Paris city still continued to be the political center of a fairly large Western European country, France, due to its ever-growing population, as well as its leading role in the economy of the state.
History of Paris in the 19th century . In the 19th century, namely in 1844 around Paris city construction of the third fortification is underway, located on the site of today's ring road.
In addition, in the immediate picturesque surroundings Paris city other fortifications were erected, the length of which reached about 40 km, in which there were 16 military forts.
It is noteworthy that at that time this defensive system was the largest defensive structure in the world.
Hence history of paris mid-nineteenth century was marked by fortifications and military forts.
From all of the above, we can make a logical conclusion that the centuries-old history of paris is very exciting and full of numerous interesting events.
As you could see after reading this informative article, with its rather deep “roots” history of paris goes back to such a distant era - antiquity, and has a total of more than 2300 years.
It is noteworthy that approximately 152 years ago, namely back in 1867, in the capital of France the city of Paris the International Exhibition of Perfumery was held, where the word "cosmetics" was used for the first time.
Shortly thereafter, the "cosmetic industry" began to actively develop around the planet. Today, French cosmetics are recognized as the best in the world, especially the escada especially brand. Famous French perfumes can be bought in any country.
city ​​paris photos

France. Paris

Pont Alexandre III in Paris

Paris. Evening on the bridge

France. Spring in the city of Paris

The famous city of Paris. Island of the City

Initially, the island of Cité was inhabited by Celtic fishermen called parisii. In 52 BC, the Romans take possession of the island of Cite and fortify it. On the left bank of the Seine, south of the island, they erect an amphitheater, a forum, and form the structure of the city in relation to the two main roads passing through the bridges over the river. So Paris was born, at that time it was called Lutetia.

Merovingian era

Saint Genevieve becomes the patron saint of Paris, having protected it from the invasion of Attila in 451 AD. In 486, the first Christian king Clovis I conquered the city and made it his capital. In the 9th century, Paris suffered greatly from the raids of the Normans - the Vikings. Under the reign of Hugo Capet, in 987, Paris finally becomes the capital of the kingdom.

Rise of Paris in the Middle Ages

Since the 11th century, the city has been ruled by "water merchants". River transport raises commerce to a new level and allows you to expand the boundaries of Paris. King Philip Augustus gives a new architectural look to the city, paved bridges, fountains and covered Parisian markets appear. Many of the most famous buildings in Paris, among them the fortress of the Louvre, appear in the landscape of the city during this period. In the XIV century, Notre Dame de Paris was built, Paris has 70,000 inhabitants. Paris is famous for its educational institutions and its first university, the Sorbonne.

From Renaissance to Revolution

King Francis I transforms the Louvre, the magnificent City Hall of Paris, the Church of Saint-Eustache is being built. During the religious wars, Paris becomes the scene of the bloody events of St. Bartholomew's Night. new buildings, such as the Luxembourg Palace and the Palais Royal. The fortress wall was erected around Paris, today its location corresponds to the famous Grand Boulevards. Under Louis XIV, the decoration of Paris, which already had almost 500,000 inhabitants at that time, continued.

From the Revolution to the present day

After the storming of the Bastille and the abolition of the monarchy, Paris becomes the seat of centralized French government.

In the XIX century, during the reign of Napoleon III, the capital of France was fundamentally transformed by Baron Haussmann and received its modern elegant architectural appearance. Paris still shines in the 1930s, but then a difficult period of deportation and occupation follows.

Through the barricades in May 1968, Paris rediscovers the spirit of the Paris Commune and freedom.

Of course, today Paris has become the capital of art, intellectual thought, spiritual values, fashion and beauty that inspire the whole world.

The historical places of Paris and its beautiful monuments, which have become centuries-old witnesses to the history of the city, keep its secrets and legends to this day.

Understand the history of the city, feel Paris, you can thanks to me, your private guide in Paris, Oksana Romanova.