Sailing rig of the ship. Sail (classification, details and names of ship sails) Canvas for making sails

- (Gol. kluwer). Triangular slanting sail on the front of the ship. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. CLIVER goll. kluwer. Triangular sail on the front of the ship. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

An oblique triangular sail, raised between the foremast and the bush. On sailing ships there are up to three jibs, called (in the direction from the mast) the second, or middle, jib, jib and boom jib; on yachts in light winds they put a triangular one... ... Nautical Dictionary

- (from Dutch kluiver) a triangular sail between the bow mast and bowsprit. There are up to 4 jibs on sailing ships. A yacht jib with an increased area is called a balun cleaver... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Male, Marine oblique, triangular sail on the bowsprit. There are up to four of these triangular sails: the first from below, the foresail, then the jib, the forstengistaxel and the bomb jib. Cleaver, related to the jib. Cleaver, halyard, sheet, etc. see tack, halyard,... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

CLIVER, cleaver, husband. (Dutch kluiver) (mor.). Triangular oblique sail at the front of the ship. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Exist., number of synonyms: 1 sail (54) Dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

jib- jib, pl. cleaver, gen. jibs and jibs, jibs... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language

A; pl. jibs and jibs; m. [Gol. kluiver] Mor. An oblique triangular sail at the front of the vessel. Place a * * * jib (from the Dutch kluiver), a triangular sail between the foremast and bowsprit. There are up to 3 jibs on sailing ships. Cleaver with... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Triangular sail on the bow of the ship, old. beak, from Peter I, 1721; see Smirnov 144. From the Netherlands. kluiver or nj. German Klüver; see Meulen 102... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Vasmer

- (Klywer), manufacturer of woolen fabrics, already working under Elizaveta Petrovna, b. 1726 † in St. Petersburg. Aug 10 1792 (Polovtsov) ... Large biographical encyclopedia

Books

• , F. Cleaver. Professor Phil Cleaver is an award-winning designer with a unique perspective on the world and thirty years of creative experience behind him. Cleaver runs the world-renowned design...
• What they won't teach you at design school, F. Cleaver. Professor Phil Cleaver is an award-winning designer with a unique vision of the world and thirty years of creative experience behind him. Cleaver runs the world-renowned design...

Sailing weapons

Sails serve to propel the vessel and consist of a different number of sewn panels of canvas. There are two main types of sails: straight sails and oblique sails, which in turn are divided into:
lateen sails
gaff sails
jib and staysails

SAILING WEAPONS OF A SHIP

1 - boom jib; 2 - jib; 3 - second or middle jib; 4 - fore-topmast-staysail; 5 - fore-bom-bramsel; 6 - upper fore-bramsel; 7 - lower fore-bramsel; 8 - upper fore-topsail; 9 - lower fore-topsail; 10 - foresail; 11 - main-bom-top-staysail; 12 - mainsail staysail; 13 - main-topmast-staysail; 14 - mainsail; 15 - main-bom-bramsail; 16 - upper mainsail; 17 - lower mainsail; 18 - upper mainsail; 19 - lower mainsail; 20 - grotto; 21 - lower cruys-topsail; 22 - cruise-staysail; 23 - cruise-bom-bramsel; 24 - cruise-bramsel; 25 - upper cruys-topsail; 26 - Cruys-Marseille lower; 27 - begin (mizzen); 28 - smuggler. http://flot7.narod.ru

Straight sails are carried on yards, slanting ones on stays (staysails) and on gaffs (trisails). All sails were triangular or quadrangular. The use of one or another type of sail is determined by the ship's course relative to the wind; it is obvious that with a full backstay and jibe, forward sails are practically useless, just as straight sails are useless when close-hauled.
There are also additional sails, which serve to increase the total area of ​​the sails and, accordingly, the speed, and storm sails - in stormy conditions they usually reduce the area of ​​the sails in accordance with the strength of the wind. Storm sails include the fore-topmast-staysail, storm fore-topmast-staysail, lower topsails, reefed mainsail, mainsail-staysail and reefed mizzen.
Types of sailing rigs

According to the equipment with sails, the following types of sailing weapons are distinguished:

Direct weapons

Direct rigging is characterized by the presence of straight sails on the vessel, which are attached by the luff to the yards (horizontal spar trees mounted on masts).
The straight rig is one of the oldest weapons on ships; it is easy to maintain and allows for high speed, but is effective only with a tailwind. Rake weapons
The Chinese rack sail (commonly known in Western Europe as the rig of a junk) is effective when sailing both sharp and full courses to the wind, is easily reefed and is serviced by a small crew.
Due to the fact that the sail is made up of parts, and the rigidity of the structure is provided by bamboo, it can be easily and quickly repaired. This simple and effective weapon has never before been used on workboats in other parts of the world. Recently, designers have begun to realize its advantages, and junk rigs are being installed on some modern yachts.

Latin weapons

The lateen sail owes its origin to Arab shipping, then it appeared on galleys of the Mediterranean Sea, and later in the northern European regions: it was widely used until the 18th century. To do this, it is enough to look at models of Russian ships of that time or paintings by marine artists, then it was replaced by gaff weapons, and then Bermuda.
The rig with this sail is well suited for calm waters and light winds; with it a fairly high speed was achieved. The lateen rig is characterized by a triangular sail, tied to a rue, hanging at an angle of 45 degrees to the mast, and a short mast. There was a reef bow at a slight angle to the rue in the upper part of the sail.
An example of the use of Latin weapons is the galleas.

Gaff weapons

The modern Dutch sloop has changed slightly compared to its predecessor, which was common in the Netherlands in the 17th century. The gaff mainsail, from which the weapon got its name, is a quadrangular sail raised with the help of a movable spar - a gaff (like other parts of the spar it is used to carry oblique sails, the peculiarity of the gaff is the ability to move freely from the beam of one side to the beam of the opposite side), the lower luff of the sail is attached to the boom (the spar, which serves to stretch the lower luff of the slanting sails, can be firmly fixed or movable).

Sprint weapons
Sprint rigging is characterized by the presence of a sprint mainsail, which is attached using a special mast - a sprint mast. Ships armed with a sprint sail sailed off the Dutch and German coasts of the North Sea. Sprint rigging was also typical for inland navigation vessels.
Bermuda weapons
The Bermuda mainsail, from which the weapon takes its name, is a triangular sail hoisted on a high mast. Bermuda weapons replaced gaff weapons in the early years of the 20th century.

Latin sail

These sails, triangular in shape, are tied to the yard (ryu) with the long side; in the center plane of the vessel, towards the stern, they are stretched using a sheet. Lateen sails are classified as oblique sails. They, unlike straight sails, allow the ship to sail steeper to the wind, namely at an angle of up to 20°. Latin sails are named depending on their belonging to a particular mast, namely: lateen foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used on galleys was called in Italian bastardo, the middle one - borda and the smallest marabotto or marabutto. One sail or another was set depending on the strength of the wind. In case of bad weather, a straight storm sail was raised on the “fortuna” yard.
Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with straight sails, the mizzen mast carried a lateen mizzen. Since the middle of the 18th century, mizzens have been used in two forms: traditional triangular (the so-called French-type mizzen) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side on the yard, and the front, vertical one, on the mast (the so-called English-type mizzen). The mizzen of this shape was similar to a gaff sail - a trysail.
The mizzen on large ships was the lateen sail on the rue almost until 1790.

Gaff sail

Gaff sails are made from sheets of canvas and have folded edges around the perimeter, trimmed with liktros, with corresponding reefs, cringles, bows and bows. The luff of a sail attached to the gaff is called the top, or scythe, the luff attached to the mast or trysail mast is the forward, or standing, stern - the back, or clew; the last one is the lower one.. The upper forward angle is called the upper tack, the rear upper angle is called the knock-benzel angle, the lower forward angle is called the tack angle and the lower rear angle is called the clew angle.
The gaff sail is attached to the mast using wooden or iron hoops - segars. It is attached to the mizzen boom either with the help of strings or in the same way as lateen sails are attached to the yards - with a slack line that goes around the boom or a special conductor stretched along the mizzen boom. The trysail is attached to the gaff in the same way.
Gaff sails have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into gaff sails (trysails), gulf topsails, lugger, or rack, and sprint sails. The trysail has the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which with its lower edge is attached to the mizzen gaff, the lower edge to the mizzen boom and the vertical side to the mast or trysail mast.
Gulf topsail is a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to the mizzen gaff, and its vertical side is attached to the topmast.
Trysails are installed on the mizzen masts of ships with straight sails and on all masts of a gaff schooner. On tenders, the trysail and gulf topsail are currently replaced by one triangular sail, the vertical side of which runs along the mast along a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower side is attached to the boom. In England and Russia it is called Bermuda.
Luger, or rack, sails are a special type of gaff sail: their upper side is attached to a small batten, the halyard of which is attached to 1/3 of the length of the batten, counting from the front leg. They are called tretyaks. The lower front corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear corner - towards the stern.
There is also a quarter. This is the name of a lugger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is 1/4 of the length of the rack, counting from the front leg.
Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear bow angle, which is stretched by a diagonally placed rod - the sprint. The lower end of the sprint rests against the line on the mast, and the upper end rests against the rear butt corner of the sail. Previously, gaff sails were divided into the following: gaff sails with a gaff and boom (brigantine sails); gaff sails without boom; sprit sails, similar to the above, also called livadra - after the name of the sprit; luger sails, identical to the Tretyaks, and billanders, also similar to the Tretyaks. The billander was the main sail of ships used by the English and Dutch as merchant ships. These were two-masted ships with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yard. Oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers, installed on the bow using a shot - a spinnaker boom - and used in a tailwind. This sail is optional.

Jib

These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes directly on forestays or rails specially stretched for them. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century. Modern sailing ships with a long jib can carry the following jibs: on the foresail - a storm fore-topmast staysail or fore-staysail (the latter are hoisted during a storm; in the 13th century in these cases the so-called double sail or “storm sail” was set jib"); on the fore-stay-stay - fore-top-staysail; on the rails there is a middle jib, a jib and a boom jib. Sometimes a sixth jib is also used, which runs along the fore-bang-stay.
With a small jib, sailing ships carried four jibs: a fore-topmast-staysail, a middle jib, a jib and a boom-jib.
Tenders and yachts are equipped with a special jib, the lower edge of which is of considerable length. Such a jib is called a “genoa” (Genoa staysail).
Warships usually carried four jibs: the fore-topmast-staysail, or “small jib”; middle jib, jib, or “second jib”, or “false jib”; bom jib, or “third jib”.
Staysails can be triangular or quadrangular and run on forestays, which is why they get the name staysail (German: Stagsegel, Stag - forestay, Segel - sail).
Staysails located between the foremast and mainmast are divided into the following: mainsail staysail (rarely used), mainsail staysail (also called “coal”, since the galley on ships was mostly located behind the foremast and smoke from the galley pipe was polluting it), the main-top-staysail and the main-bom-top-staysail. An apsel or mizzen staysail was placed between the main and mizzen masts; cruise-staysail; kruys-bram-sailsail and kruys-bom-bram-sailsail.
Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, “second” or “small” mainsail staysail (it was installed on ships with two mainsail staysails and was sometimes called mainsail top staysail, now midshipsail), mainsail staysail, cruise staysail or “cruise jib”; cruise-staysail, cruise-top-staysail and “second” cruise-top-staysail (rarely used).

With sails are called connected panels of canvas that absorb wind pressure and are used to move the vessel. The totality of all sails is called sailing equipment ship. Windage refers to both the total area of ​​all sails and the types of sails that a given sail carries. vessel or boat (latin, straight, storm, etc.). A distinction is made between bow sail, the area of ​​the sails that are located towards the bow from the vertical axis of rotation. ship, and aft - the area of ​​the sails, which are located aft of this axis. These terms are used to study the effect that the corresponding sails have on the yaw and maneuverability of the ship.

Sail classification

Sails are divided depending on their shape and attachment location.
The shapes are divided into rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails.
Depending on the mounting location:
the upper edge of the sails, which are attached to the yard;
sails are one of the sides that are attached to the mast;
sails in which one of the sides is attached to a cable.
In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first are placed across, and the second along the center plane of the vessel. Oblique sails are divided into lateen, gaff, jibs and staysails.

Straight sails

Straight sails They have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal shape and are attached to the yard with their upper side. The lower side, usually slightly curved towards the top, is attached to the underlying yard or deck of the ship using sheets and tacks. Straight sails are easy to attach and set, and easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but it is extremely inconvenient for a ship to maneuver with them, since the smallest (effective) angle between the wind direction and the center plane of the bow of the ship is approximately 67 degrees. Vessels with such sails are the five-masted ship “Royal Clipper”, the four-masted barque “Kruzenshtern”. Depending on the yard to which the sail is attached, there are: foresails, fore-topsails (lower and upper), fore-topsails (lower and upper), main-topsails (lower and upper) and main-boom-topsails; mizzen, cruises (lower and upper), cruis-bramsels (lower and upper) and cruis-bom-bramsels. (Fig. 1)

1 - fore-topmast-staysail; 2 - middle jib; 3 - jib; 4 - boom jib; 5 - foresail; 6 - lower fore-topsail; 7 - upper fore-topsail; 8 - lower fore-bramsel; 9 - upper fore-bramsel; 10 - fore-bom-bramsel; 11 - fore-trumsel; 12 - grotto; 13 - lower mainsail-bracket; 14 - upper mainsail; 15 - lower mainsail-bracket; 16 - upper mainsail; 17 - main-bom-bramsail; 18 - mainsail; 19 - mainsail (small sail, which was used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - lower cruiser; 22 - upper cruiser; 23 - lower cruise-bramsel; 24 - upper cruise-bramsel; 25 - cruise-bom-bramsel; 26 - cruise ship; 27 - counter-mizzen; 28 - fore-under-foil; 29 - fore-mars-foil; 30 - fore-bram-foil; 31 - for-bom-bram-foil;

Straight sails Previously, they were installed on a blind-topmast (bomb-blinda-boven), as well as on a blind and bomb-blinda-yard (a blind under the bowsprit and a bomb-blind under the jig). Their special feature was two or three holes made to drain water that fell on the sail. The foresail, mainsail and mizzen are called lower or storm sails, while the rest - topsails, topsails and top topsails - are called topsails. (Fig. 2)

set of straight sails

I - normal with one topsail: 1 - mainsail, 2 - topsail, 3 - topsail, 4 - top topsail;
II - with lower and upper topsails: 1 - mainsail, 2 - lower topsail, 3 - upper topsail, 4 - lower topsail, 5 - upper topsail, 6 - boom topsail;

lateen sails

lateen sails these are triangular-shaped sails, tied to the yard with the long side; in the center plane of the vessel, towards the stern, they are stretched using a sheet. Lateen sails are classified as oblique sails. They allow the ship to sail at an angle of 20 degrees relative to the ship's heading and wind direction. Latin sails are named depending on their belonging to a particular mast, namely: lateen foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used on galleys was called “bastardo”, the middle one was “borda”, the smallest one was “marabotto”. Each sail was set depending on the strength of the wind. In case of bad weather, a straight storm sail was raised on the “fortuna yard”. Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with straight sails, the mizzen mast carried a lateen mizzen. Already from the middle of the 18th century, mizzen began to be used in two forms: traditional triangular (the so-called French-type mizzen) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side on the yard, and the front, vertical, on the mast (English-type mizzen). The mizzen of this shape was similar to a gaff sail - a trysail. (Fig. 3)

Gaff sails

Gaff sails have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into gaff sails (trisails)), gulf topsails, luger or rack And sprint. Trysail has the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which is attached with its upper edge to the mizzen gaff, the lower edge to the mizzen boom and the vertical side to the mast or trysail mast. Gulf topsail is a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to the mizzen gaff, and with its vertical side - to the topmast. Triseli placed on the mizzen masts of ships with straight sails and on all masts of a gaff schooner. On tenders, the trysail and gulf topsail are currently replaced by one triangular sail, the vertical side of which runs along the mast along a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower side is attached to the boom. In the UK it was called Bermuda.

Luger or rack sails They are a type of gaff: their upper side is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is attached to a third of the length of the rail, counting from the front end. They are called “Tretyaks”. The lower front corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear corner - towards the stern. There is also a quarter. This is the name of a lugger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is at one quarter of the length of the batten, counting from the front leg. Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear bow angle, which is stretched by a diagonally placed rod - the sprint. The lower end of the sprint rests against the line on the mast, and the upper end rests against the rear butt corner of the sail. Previously, gaff sails were divided into gaff sails with a gaff and a boom (brigantine); gaff sails without boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, called “livarda” - after the name of the sprint sail; luger sails, identical to the Tretyaks, and billanders, also similar to the Tretyaks. The billander was the main sail of ships used by the English and Dutch as merchant ships. These were two-masted ships with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yard. Oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers, installed on the bow using a shot - a spinnaker boom - and used in a tailwind. This sail is considered optional. (Fig. 4)

Staysails

These triangular sails run on forestays, which is why they get the name staysail (German: stag - forestay, segel - sail). Staysails, located between the foremast and main masts, are divided into the following: mainsail staysail (used extremely rarely), mainsail staysail (called “coal”, as the smoke from the galley chimney polluted it), mainsail staysail and mainsail -bom-bram-sail. An upsail, or “mizzen staysail”, was placed between the main and mizzen masts; cruise-staysail; kruys-bram-sailsail and kruys-bom-bram-sailsail (Fig. 5). Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: mainsail-sailsail, mainsail-staysail, “second” or “small” mainsail-staysail (midshipsail); mainsail staysail, cruise staysail or “cruise jib”; cruise-staysail, cruise-top-staysail and “second” cruise-top-staysail (rarely used).

Cleaver

These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes directly on forestays or rails specially stretched for them. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century.

Modern sailing ships which have a long jib can carry the following jib: on the foresail - a storm fore-topmast staysail or fore-staysail (raised during a storm; in the 18th century, in these cases, a double sail or “storm jib” was installed); on the fore-stay-stay - fore-top-staysail; on the rails - a middle jib, a jib or a boom jib. Sometimes a sixth jib is also used, which runs along the fore-bang stay. With a small jib, sailing ships carried four jibs: a fore-topmast-staysail, a middle jib and a boom-jib (Fig. 6 b). Tenders and yachts are equipped with a special jib, the lower edge of which is of considerable length. Such jib called "Genoa" (Genoa staysail). Military vessels, as a rule, had four jibs: the fore-topmast-staysail, or “small jib”; middle jib, jib, or "second jib" or "false jib"; bom jib, or "third jib".

Additional sails

Sails that are added to the main square sails of a ship to increase speed in light winds are called auxiliary sails. These include: trapezoidal foils and top-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the topsails and topsails, triangular or quadrangular under-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the foresail and mainsail (Fig. 7 or 8).

Previously, canvas, which was attached to straight sails from the sides and sometimes from the bottom, was also called additional. These are foxes or bonnets. They distinguished: fore- and main-bonets (under-lisels), fore- and main-mars-bonets, fore- and main-bram-bonets. Sometimes bonnets or foxes were placed at both the mizzen and the cruisel. During the 14th-16th centuries, bonnets were attached from below directly to the lower sails, including the lateen mizzen. With the introduction of reefs, they went out of use (Fig. 6).

Storm sails

In stormy conditions, the sail area is usually reduced in accordance with the wind strength. Storm sails include the fore-topmast-staysail, storm fore-topmast-staysail, lower topsails, reefed mainsail, mainsail-staysail and reefed mizzen.

Sail parts

Straight sail details

The sails consist of several parallel panels of canvas, overlapped and sewn together with a double seam. The distance between the seams is 2-3 cm. The edges of the sail are folded and stitched, so they are usually double. A vegetable or flexible steel cable, called a lyctros, is sewn along the edges of the sail. The upper edge of the sail, which is tied to the yard, is called the luff or “head”, the side vertical edges are the side luffs and the lower edge is the luff or “sole” (Fig. 9).

The upper corners of the sail are called bow corners, the lower ones - clew corners. (Fig. 10). To strengthen the sail, strips of canvas are sewn in the most stressed areas. If they run parallel to the luff, then they are called bows; if they run obliquely, then they are called bows. The clew and toe corners and the cable rope are additionally sheathed with leather. Reefs are a horizontal row of strings - reef lines, threaded through the sail, which allow, if necessary, to reduce its area. When taking reefs, the canvas between the yard and the corresponding reef bow is rolled up, and the resulting roll is tied with reef bows. This method of taking reefs has survived to this day.

Along the luff of the sail there are grommets, through which small pieces of line are threaded - revenants, which serve to attach the sail to the yard line. (Fig. 11) The sail is placed on the yard and attached with small tips, the so-called outriggers, which are tied to the yard line. The jacket of the laid sail is secured with a triangular piece of canvas tied to the middle of the yard.

Vintage sails

Details vintage sails had the same distinctive features and the same designations as the parts of modern sails. Thus, on a straight sail they distinguished: panels or upper luff, “sides” (side luffs), “legs” (lower luff), clew and foot angles. There were “head”, “side” and “foot” lyktros. To reinforce the sail, boats, stopplates, reef bows with reef gats for reef seasons, etc. were sewn onto it.

Sail parts

I - lower sail or storm sail; II - topsail; III - bramsel;
1 - luff cables; 2 - side luff cables; 3 - reef-roll-hels; 4 - reef seasons; 5 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 6 - revenants; 7 - reef - bows; 8 - reef gates; 9 - krengel boots; 10 - filing; 11 - stopplat; 12 - revenants of the knocking angle; 13 - luff; 14 - side luffs; 15 - luff line; 16 - bowline spruit krengel; (Fig. 12)

full sailing rig of a three-masted ship of the 17th - 18th centuries

rigging straight sails on a ship of the 18th - early 19th centuries(Fig. 14)

The sail was attached directly to the yard with the help of revants that passed through the eyelets of the luff. On the revant, so that it would not jump out of the eyelet, two knots were made. In a similar way, reef seasons were secured in reef ghats. The hoses were applied in opposite directions and then the ends were tied together. (Fig. 15)

Details of lateen sails

lateen sails They are sewn from canvas, and have folded edges trimmed with lyctross. The luff of the sail, which is attached to the yard, is called the oblique, the stern - the back and the last - the bottom (Fig. 16)

Jib parts

1 - panel; 2 - filing; 3 - lyktros; 4 - boots; 5 - luff; 6 - luff; 7 - lower luff; 8 - tack angle; 9 - kick angle; 10 - clew angle; 11 - eyelets for attaching frames; 12 - krengels;

The upper angle of the sail is called the halyard, the lower forward angle is the tack, and the lower aft angle is the clew. Also called staysail and jib parts. (Fig. 17)

lateen sails They are attached to the yardarms using a running end - a slack line, which passes through the eyelets of the sail and around the yardarm with the loops tightened with a special knot. (Fig. 18)

Gaff sail details

Gaff sails also sewn from panels of canvas and have folded edges around the perimeter. They are trimmed with liktros with corresponding reefs, krengels, bows and bows. The luff that is attached to the gaff is called the top or scythe, the luff that is attached to the mast is called the front (standing), back (clew) and last (lower). Gaff sail attached to the mast using wooden or iron hoops - segars. (Fig. 19)

Trisail parts

1 - panel; 2 - boat; 3 - lyktros; 4 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 5 - reef bows; 6 - reef clews; 7 - tack reef wings; 8 - luff; 9 - luff; 10 - luff; 11 - lower luff; 12 - knock-benzel angle; 13 - clew angle; 14 - tack angle; 15 - upper tack angle; 16 - eyelets for slack line;

Canvas for making sails

Sail sewn from linen, hemp or cotton fabrics. The latter have only transverse threads of cotton, and longitudinal (base) threads of hemp. There are five varieties of such fabrics: “katun” (for sails of shebeks and small ships), double “katun” for topsails and ship awnings, regular “katun” for boats, simple “katun” for shebeks and “katun” with small white and blue squares for tents and curtains. Sometimes “melistukh” canvas was used. It was made in Beaufort and Ogers in the departments of Mayeny and Loiret. There were two types of fabric: a thin and lighter one was used for topsails, staysails and jibs, and a coarser and stronger one was used for topsails, lower staysails, etc. Canvas always had a light gray color. Special sailing threads are used to sew sails.

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English (auto-detected) » Russian

Sails are divided depending on their shape and attachment location. Thus, according to shape, rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails are distinguished, and depending on the attachment location - sails, the upper edge of which is attached to the yard, sails, one of the sides

which are attached to the mast, and sails, in which one of the sides is attached to a cable.

In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first are placed across, and the second along the center plane of the vessel. Oblique sails, in turn, are divided into lateen, gaff, jibs and staysails.

Straight sails. They have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal - shape and are attached to the yard with their upper side. The lower side, usually slightly curved upward, is attached to the underlying yard or deck of the ship using sheets and tacks.

Straight sails are easy to attach, set and spread, and are easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but it is inconvenient for a ship to maneuver with them. Indeed, the smallest angle between the wind direction and the centreline at the bow of the ship is approximately 67°.

Depending on the yard to which the sail is attached, there are: foresail, fore-topsail (lower and upper), fore-topsail (lower and upper) and fore-bom-topsail; mainsail, main topsail (lower and upper), main top topsail (lower and top) And main top topsail; mizzen, cruysels (lower and upper), cruys-bramsels (lower and upper) and cruys-bom-bramsels (Fig. 308, a).

Straight sails used to be installed on a blind-topmast (bomb-blinda-boven), as well as on blind and bomb-blinda-yards (blind under the bowsprit and bomb-blind under the jib). It is interesting to note that the blind and bomb blind each had two or three holes to drain water that fell on the sail.

The foresail, mainsail and mizzen are called lower, or storm, sails, while the rest - topsails, topsails and top topsails - are called upper (Fig. 308, b). The Romans placed a topsail above the mainsail, and sometimes it was made triangular and tied to a small raft or to the mast. In the latter case, it could be either whole or of two halves.

Rice. 308. Straight sails: a - set of straight sails 1 regular with one topsail.

I grotto; 2 topsail; 3 - bramsel; 4 - upper bramssel.

II - with lower and upper topsails.

1 - grotto; 2 - lower topsail; 3 top topsail; 4 lower bramsel; 5 upper bramsel; 6 - boom-bramsel;

b - a set of sails of a ship of the 19th-20th centuries.

1 - fore-otengi-sailsail; 2nd middle jib; 3 «clnver; 4 - boom jib: 5 foresails; b - lower fore-topsail; 7 - upper fore-topsail; 8 - lower fore-bramsel! 9 - upper fore-bramsel; 10 - fore-bom-bramsel; 11 - fore-trumsel; 12 - grotto; "3 - lower main topsail; 14 - upper main topsail; 15 - lower main top topsail; 18 - upper main top topsail; 17 - main top topsail; 18 - main top topsail; 19 - main top topsail (a small Sail sometimes used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - cruising cruysel; 22 - upper cruising cruising; 23 lower cruising-bramsel; 24 - upper cruising-bramsel; 25 - cruising-bom-bramsel; 26 - cruise-trumsel; 27 - counter-mizzen; 28 - for-under-lisel; 29 = for-marsa-lnssl; 30 for-brzm-lnsel; 31 for-boi-bram-lisel.

Latin sails. These sails, triangular in shape, are tied to the yard (ryu) with the long side; in the center plane of the vessel, towards the stern, they are stretched using a sheet. Latin sails, as already mentioned, are oblique sails. They, unlike straight sails, allow the ship to sail steeper to the wind, namely at an angle of up to 20°.

Latin sails are named depending on their belonging to a particular mast, namely: lateen foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used on galleys was called bastardo in Italian, the middle one was borda and the smallest was marabotto.

or marabutto. One sail or another was set depending on the strength of the wind. In case of bad weather, a straight - storm - sail was raised on the "fortuna" yard.

Until the end of the 15th century. on ships with straight sails, the mizzen mast carried a lateen mizzen. Since the middle of the 15th century. mizzen are used in two forms: traditional triangular (the so-called French type mizzen) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side on the yard, and the front, vertical side, on the mast (English type mizzen). The mizzen of this form was similar to a gaff sail - trysel (rns. 309).

Gaff sails. They have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into gaff sails (trysails), gulf topsails, lugger, or rack, and sprint sails.

The trysail has the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which with its upper edge is attached to the mizzen gaff, the lower edge to the mizzen boom and the vertical side to the mast or trysail mast.

Gulf topsail is a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to the mizzen gaff, and its vertical side is attached to the topmast. Trysails are installed on the mizzen masts of ships with straight sails and on all masts of a gaff schooner. On tenders, the trysail and gulf topsail are currently replaced by one triangular sail, a vert, the main side of which runs along the mast along a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower one is attached to the main body. In England and the Soviet Union it is called Bermuda.

Luger, or raked, sails are a special type of gaff sail: their upper side is attached to a small batten, the halyard of which is fixed to Vg of the length of the batten, counting from the front leg. They are called “Tretyaks”. The lower front corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear corner - towards the stern.

There is also a quarter. This is the name of a lugger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is 4 times the length of the rack, counting from the front leg.

Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp back corner, which is stretched by a diagonally placed sprint rod. The lower end of the sprint rests against the line on the mast, and the upper end rests against the rear butt corner of the sail.

Previously, gaff sails were divided into the following: gaff sails with a gaff and boom (brigantine sails); gaff sails without boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, also called livarda - after the name of the sprint sail; luger sails, identical to the Tretyaks, and billanders, also similar to the Tretyaks. The billander was the main sail of ships used by the English and Dutch as merchant ships. These were two-masted ships with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yard.

Oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers, installed on the bow using a spinnaker boom - and used in a tailwind (Fig. 310). This sail is optional.

Cleaver. These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes directly on forestays or rails specially stretched for them. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century.

Modern sailing ships with a long jib can carry the following jibs: on the foresail - a storm fore-topmast staysail or fore-sail (the latter are hoisted during a storm; in the 13th century in these cases the so-called double sail or “storm sail” was set jib"); on the fore-stay-stay - fore-top-staysail; on the rails there is a middle jib, a jib and a boom jib. Sometimes a sixth jib is also used, which runs along the fore-bang stay.

With a small jib, sailing ships carried four jibs: a fore-topmast-sail, a middle jib, a jib and a boom-jib (see Fig. 314, b). Tenders and yachts are equipped with a special jib, the lower edge of which is of considerable length. Such a jib is called a “genoa” (Genoa staysail).

Warships usually carried four jibs: the fore-topmast-staysail, or "small jib"; middle jib, jib, or

“second jib”, or “false jib”; bom jib, or "third jib".

Staysails. These triangular sails run on forestays, which is why they get the name staysail (in German: Stagsegel, Stag - stay, Segel - sail).

Staysails located between the foremast and mainmast are divided into the following: mainsail staysail (rarely used), mainstaysail staysail (also called “coal”, since the galley on ships was mostly located behind the foremast and smoke from the galley pipe polluted it), the main-top staysail and the main-bom-top staysail. Between the main and mizzen masts, an apsel or “mizzen staysail” was placed; cruise-staysail; kruys-bram-sailsail and kruys-bom-bram-sailsail (Fig. 311).

Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: mainsail staysail, mainsail staysail, “second” or “small” mainsail staysail (it was installed on ships with two mainsail staysails and was sometimes called “mainsail top staysail” ", now midshipsail); mainsail staysail, cruise staysail or “cruise jib”; cruise-staysail, cruise-top-staysail and “second” cruise-top-staysail (rarely used).