Lakes formed in the craters of volcanoes are called. The most beautiful crater lakes. Kuril Lake, Russia

Officially, one of the most difficult professions in the world is the work of sulfur miners on the Ijen volcano, located in the east of the Indonesian island of Java. People here work among extremely toxic fumes at a temperature of more than 115 ° C, lifting baskets weighing 90 kg and walking along the crumbling abysses. Workers receive only $ 5 a day for this, which is considered an extremely high-paying job. Not surprisingly, their average life expectancy is only 30 years!

At first glance, it seems that the views of Ijen - photos from at least space or at least an extreme case from a science fiction film - local landscapes are so unusual for our eyes. That's because the volcano is indeed the rarest place on Earth.

Ijen volcano is an ancient extinct volcano, in the crater of which an acid lake of extraordinary azure-blue color was formed with a width of about one kilometer and a depth of 212 meters. It consists of sulfur formations and hydrochloric acid. The lake in Ijena Crater is recognized as the largest volcanic lake in the world. The temperature on its surface is 50-60 ° C, in depth - more than 200 ° C.

The shores of an unusual lake are shimmering with gold, these are pieces of sulfur, behind which hard workers come down here through sulfur fumes, now and then breaking out of the walls of the volcano. They are extremely dangerous to health, cause pain in the eyes and a strong dry cough, prolonged exposure threatens the destruction of the lungs. When visiting a volcano, be sure to wear a mask and carry water and a handkerchief with you to protect yourself from harmful fumes. In 2003, on Ijen, due to non-compliance with these security measures, one of the French tourists lost his life.

Ijen is a unique place on our planet, there are regularly film crews who try to capture this rare miracle of nature.

The volcano is located in the eponymous national park Ijen or Gunung Kawa Ijen. Just a two-hour drive away is the large Ketapang Pier, from where ships to Bali depart. You can also get to Ijen from Yogyakarta, located

Crater Lake Crater Lake April 9th, 2013

Crater Lake National Park is located in southern Oregon and was founded over a century ago, on May 21, one thousand nine hundred and two. Crater Lake is a pretty visited place for tourists - up to three hundred and ninety thousand guests come here every year.

This lake is located in the crater of an old extinct volcano called Mount Mazama. Its maximum depth is five hundred ninety-seven meters, which makes Crater Lake the fifth deepest lake in the country and the seventh among all the lakes on the planet. The length of Kreiter is nine thousand six hundred meters, and the width is eight thousand meters. The average depth of the lake is approximately three hundred and fifty meters. It is noteworthy that no stream or river starts from the lake, just as they do not feed it with their waters. Tourists are attracted not only by the amazing location of the lake in the caldera of the volcano, but also by the poisonous blue tint of the local water.

The edges of the caldera of the volcano are quite high - their height ranges from two thousand one hundred to two thousand four hundred meters above sea level. The caldera began to form almost immediately after the destruction of Mount Mazama volcano, approximately seven thousand seven hundred years ago. The average height of the lake at the moment is one thousand eight hundred eighty-three meters above sea level.

About 7,700 years ago, a severe eruption of the volcano of Mount Mazama occurred. The formed crater of the volcano, squeezed by its own weight into the depths of the cooling lava, was filled for many centuries with melting snow and rains, which caused the crystal clear water and its extraordinary transparency. The lake has no outflow or influx of rivers. According to experts, it took about 720 years for the crater of the volcano to fill with water.

There was no fish in the lake by nature, but environmentalists' attempts to populate it were successful; now salmon, trout and some others live here. For fishing, a license is not needed and there are no restrictions on the number of fish caught, but there is a requirement to use only artificial bait.

The giant crater lake - the lake in the crater of the National Park in Oregon was created about 150 years ago as a result of the eruption of the Mazama volcano. (Photo by Rancois Gohier / Ardea / Caters News)

The lake changed its name three times. The first European American to visit the shores of the lake was John Wesley Hillman, on June 12, 1853. First he named Lake Deep Blue, then he changed his name to Blue Lake, Lake Majesty and, finally, Crater Lake.

Many tourists to these parts are attracted by the hope of seeing the mascot of Kreiter - the "Lake Old Man", the legend of which has spread throughout the world. In fact, the Lake Old Man has been floating on the lake for about a hundred years, which in fact turned out to be an ordinary log. Amazing is not only the time of logs swimming, but also the way of its wandering along the lake water surface - the log floats in an upright position. Perhaps the life of the log was prolonged by Kreiter’s water, or rather, its rather low temperature, which can preserve the structure of the wood for many years.

Mount Mazama Volcano is part of the Cascade Mountains volcanic arc. Its main rocks are rhyodacite, dacite and andesite. The death of a volcano is considered to be its last eruption, which was so powerful that led to its sinking. In the course of subsequent eruptions, volcanic forms were formed that are close to modern ones, the Merriam Cone, the Witch Island and the rhodacite dome almost in the center of the lake platform. The lake appeared due to precipitation and hot springs, which gradually cooled. At the moment, scientists are inclined to believe that a new Mount Mazam eruption is possible in the future.

Crater Lake became an image on the state's twenty-fifth anniversary coin, issued six years ago.

Acid Lake Volcano April 22nd, 2016

Maly Semyachik Volcano (Mount Srezannaya, Maly Semiachik Volcano, Srezannaya mountain) is part of the Karymsky group of volcanoes and is located 15 km northeast of Karymsky volcano and 20 km west of the Kronotsky Gulf.

In the crater of the volcano you can see a real miracle. After all, somewhere else you will find an amazing acid lake, the waters of which are saturated with sulfuric, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric acids and other compounds! It is because of this “explosive mixture” that the water of the lake in the crater of Maly Semyachik has such a fabulously turquoise color.

Let's learn about the volcano and the lake in more detail ...

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Maly Semyachik volcano is a short volcanic ridge along the top about 3 km long, consisting of three merged cones: the northern ancient cone, which is the highest - 1560 m, the middle cone with a half-buried crater and the south-western one with a crater nest, including the active Troitsky crater.

Once on the site of a modern volcano, there was a volcano with a base diameter of about 20 km. About 17 thousand years ago, as a result of explosive and failed processes, a caldera with a diameter of about 15 km was formed. The remains of the disappeared Sten volcano in the form of an arched ridge are located east of the modern volcano.

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Troitsky Crater, named after the name of the participant of many Kamchatka expeditions, who examined and Maly Semyachik, V.D. Troitsky, is a deep funnel with a diameter of about 700 m, slightly oval in shape, at the bottom of which lies a lake. Sheer walls rising up to 200 m are composed of alternating layers of lavas and tuffs, giving them a striped color. Fumarole deposits - white, yellow and greenish tones complement the coloring.

The most remarkable part of this interesting crater in itself is a light green lake. This color is caused by tiny particles of sulfur floating in the water column, carried out by underwater fumaroles. The temperature of the lake is 30-40 ° C. Its average diameter is about 500 m, depth - up to 140 m. Descent to the lake is possible only from the north side, by live scree, interrupted by a rocky steep cliff of about 20 m. Rope insurance is required. The shores of the lake at the place of descent are littered with large boulders. The taste of water is burning-sour. When volcanologists examined the lake from a rubber boat, they returned with difficulty: the aluminum paddles of the oars were eaten by acids dissolved in water. Mineralization of water is very high, higher than the salt content in sea water. The beautiful salad color of the lake from above, near disappoints, turning simply into muddy.

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The place of modern activity of the volcano is only the Troitsky crater. In 1945-1946, local residents watched "smoke" rising from the volcano. As was established later, there were strong emissions that increased the area of \u200b\u200bthe crater lake by 8-10%.

At the foot of the volcano there are six side cones. The peaks of some of them end with rocks - nekkami, frozen in the channels with lava cores.

Maly Semyachik Volcano is a natural monument

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The group of Maly Semyachik volcano also includes volcanoes: Birch (or Double), Coastal North, Coastal South, Step Bastion, Wall (remains of the volcano), as well as side cones of the volcano. The whole group is elongated into a short, 3 km ridge, clearly visible from the village of Zhupanovo from the Pacific Ocean.

A strong catastrophic eruption of the volcano occurred around 1800. Streams and beams were filled up, forests were destroyed, large areas were covered with rubble and sand. The area occupied by the graceful fir grove, the only one in Kamchatka, is covered with sand. Then a weak eruption occurred in 1851-1852. Strong gas emissions were observed in 1945-1946. At this time, a black cloud rose above the crater. In 1952, intense soaring was noticed over the volcano

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Descent to the lake is possible only from the northern side by live screes that are interrupted by a rocky cliff about 20 meters high.

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How to get to the acid lake in Kamchatka?

The transport infrastructure in Kamchatka is very poorly developed. For this reason, travelers have only two options left: how to get to the acid lake in the crater of Maly Semyachik volcano.

Firstly, you can use a helicopter. For Kamchatka, this is the usual way of transportation. Local tour operators often organize sightseeing tours in Kamchatka, during which a helicopter necessarily flies over the acid lake of Small Semyachik.

Secondly, you can go to the acid lake on foot as part of a tourist group. Kamchatka travel agencies offer hiking tours in the mountains of Kamchatka, the route of which can also go through the volcanoes of Maly Semyachik. It is worth noting that the volcano is located 135 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

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The bottom of the lake is pitted with fumaroles, which determine its variable nature. From time to time, the water level changes: in one dimension it was 140 meters, in another - 117. The temperature of the lake is also unstable. It is almost always hot, but the temperature can vary from 20 degrees to almost 60 degrees. And more recently, since 1992, the lake began to freeze in winter. In some years, non-freezing areas remain on its surface, in others - even snow cover. But even when there is snow on the lake, you can smell sulfur from it. The lake is constantly watched by geologists, tourists are actively interested in it.

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Kelimutu Volcano - this mystical place is located on the island of Flores, lost in the ocean, which is rarely visited by tourists due to its remoteness and poorly developed tourist infrastructure. Even in the sky, flying over Flores, you can see a bright turquoise spot that stands out sharply against the background of dark greenery covering the island. This is one of the three crater lakes of Kelimutu, with which the legends and beliefs of local residents are closely intertwined.

Kelimutu lakes are located in a volcano on the island of Flores (height 1639 m.), Which belongs to the Indonesian East Lesser Sunda Islands. The volcano last erupted in 1968, after which it shows no signs of activity. After the eruption, magma depressions formed in the magma, in which water from the precipitation forms three lakes.

What are the famous Kelimutu lakes? Not even because they are colorful, but because the lakes are constantly changing color. For example, a black lake after a few years becomes turquoise, then red, and then green. This variability is explained by the presence in the water of dissolved minerals of various nature. Chemical reactions between them lead to the dynamic colorfulness of Kelimutu. Green color is sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, red is the result of the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with iron, although in recent years the water of the red lake has darkened, and now it has become almost black. As can be seen from the photographs, two lakes are located at a distance of literally several meters, and nevertheless, their depths contain various minerals, respectively, and they themselves are painted in different colors.

Representatives of the local Lio tribe tell the legend of Kelimutu. According to this legend, the souls of the dead are sent to the lakes. The souls of the elderly live in the red lake, the souls of the dead young in the green, and the souls of children in the white. According to another option, sinners and murderers fall into the red lake, young people fall into the green, and old and righteous fall into the turquoise. It is difficult for Europeans to understand the philosophy of the Lio tribe, although they themselves distribute souls without any problems and even claim that the color change means that the spirits living in the lakes are angry.

The official names of the lakes are as follows: in the west of the volcano (far from the others) - Tivu-Ata-Mbupu (lake of the elderly), the other two - Tivu-Nua-Muri-Kooh-Tai (lake of boys and girls) and Tivu-Ata-Polo ( enchanted lake).

Residents of Flores believe that the souls of dead people fall into the lakes. The souls of old people who have lived a worthy life go to the lake, which has a calm and deep dark green color, it is called Lake Starikov. The souls of innocent young people go to a lake of an exciting bright turquoise color, which is called Lake of Youths and Girls. And the souls of the villains go to a dark brown lake called the Lake of Evil Souls. The Lake of Youths and Girls and the Lake of Evil Souls have a common crater wall, which symbolizes the fine line between innocence and evil. Starikov Lake is somewhat aloof and symbolizes the wisdom that comes with age. Locals say that if the living angry the souls of the dead, the lakes will change color. Especially often the Lake of Youths and Girls changes color, they say that over the past twenty-five years the lake has changed its color twelve times.

Of course, scientists have their own explanation for the Kelimutu phenomenon, they argue that the lake is rich in special minerals that change color depending on natural conditions and underground activity. But, the inhabitants of Flores are still inclined to adhere to their point of view and most travelers who get here share the beliefs of the inhabitants. Here, indeed, there is a special mystical atmosphere and a feeling of absolute peace and silence, which makes you lower your voice, slow down and think about the eternal ...

Admire the magnificent views of the Kelimutu lakes best from the top of the Kelimutu volcano (1690 meters above sea level). The path to the top is not difficult and takes about 2 hours. The easiest way to get to the foot of Kelimutu is from the village of Moni, which is located just a few kilometers from the volcano. You can also go to Kelimut with Labuanbaggio or Maumere. Such a trip will take all day and will cost at least $ 100, including transport, driver, guide and entrance fee to Kelimutu National Park.

Crater Lake is a lake formed in the crater of a volcano or caldera. Also, the lake may appear in a meteorite crater or in an artificial depression created by a person (for example, as a result of an explosion). Sometimes the lakes formed in the calderas are called caldera, although more often they do not make such distinctions. Crater lakes, occupying the vents of active volcanoes, are sometimes called volcanic, and the water in them is often acidic, saturated with volcanic gases and cloudy with a strong green tint. In lakes in dormant or extinct volcanoes, fresh water, and the transparency in them can be simply amazing due to the lack of flows and sediments. Crater lakes are formed when moisture within them fills the recess. The water level rises until a balance is reached between the inlet and outlet water ratio. Sources of water loss may include evaporation, underground leakage, and sometimes surface leakage or excess water when the water level in the lake reaches its lowest point. We present to your attention some of the most beautiful crater lakes in the world.

(Only 15 photos)

1. Crater Lake of Mazama Volcano, Oregon, USA. Well-known crater lake in the USA. It is located in the caldera of the Mazama Mountain. This is the deepest crater lake in the United States - its depth is 594 m. It is nourished by rain and snow, there are no sources of inflow or outflow of water on the surface, and therefore it is one of the cleanest lakes in the world. (Ben canales)

2. Lake Quilotoa, Ecuador. Kilotoa is a water-filled caldera of the westernmost volcano of the Ecuadorian Andes. A caldera 3 km wide was formed by the collapse of a dacitic volcano after a catastrophic eruption 800 years ago, resulting in pyroclastic flows and lahars that reached the Pacific Ocean, and a huge amount of ash was released into the air. Since then, the caldera has turned into a lake 250 m deep with greenish water (due to dissolved minerals). There are hot springs on the eastern slope of the volcano, and fumaroles formed at the bottom of the lake. (Annom)

3. Crater lakes of the Albertine Rift in Africa. In a region full of people, there are still few free places - for example, a rift in the Queen Elizabeth Park with crater lakes formed by volcanic eruptions. If in the 1920s and 1960s. environmental agencies would not have taken up this place; now they might not have been here. Albertin Rift is supported by some of the highest mountains in Africa, including Mount Virunga, Mitumba, and Ruvenzori. Here are rift lakes, which include some of the deepest lakes in the world (up to 1470 m). Most of the region lies within national parks, such as Virunga Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ruvenzori Park and Queen Elizabeth Park in Uganda. Lake Victoria is considered part of the rift valley system, although in fact it lies between two branches. All the great lakes of Africa were formed as a result of the formation of a rift and are located within the rift valley. (Joel Sartore)

4. Kelimutu Crater Lake, Flores Island, Indonesia. There are three amazing crater lakes of different colors in the Kelimutu volcano. Tivu Ata Mbutu (Lake of the old people) is usually blue and the most western of all three. The other two are Tivu Nuva Muri Koo Fai (Lake of Young Boys and Maidens) and Tivu Ata Polo (Enchanted or Enchanted Lake) are separated from each other by a crater wall, and the water colors in them are green and red, respectively. Kelimutu is very interesting to geologists, because these three lakes have different colors of water, but are located on the crest of one volcano. (Rosino)

5. Crater Lake of Pinabuto Volcano, Luzon, Philippines. Pinabuto Lake is a crater lake at the top of Pinabuto Volcano, which appeared after its eruption on June 15, 1991. The lake is located near the borders of the Philippine provinces of Pampanya, Tarlac and Zambales. This is the deepest lake in the country - 800 m. It is located about 90 km northwest of the capital Manila. (nucksfan604 on flickr)

6. Crater Lake of Zao Volcano, Honshu, Japan. Mount Zao is a complex volcano on the border between Yamagata Prefecture and Miyagi in Japan. It consists of several stratovolcanoes and is the most active volcano in the northern part of Honshu. The group’s central volcano includes several lava domes and a tufa cone, where there is a crater lake called Ockham. It is also called the "Pond of Five Colors" because it changes color depending on the weather. The lake is located in a crater formed by a volcanic eruption in the 1720s. The diameter of the lake is 360 m, the depth is 60 m. This is one of the most important attractions of the region. (Aaron Jarrad)

7. Crater Lake of Kathmay Volcano, Alaska, USA. Kathmay is a large stratovolcano on the Alaska Peninsula within the Kathmay National Park and Reserve. Its diameter is about 10 km, and the parameters located inside the lake are 4.5 x 3 km. It was formed during the eruption of 1912. The maximum elevation of the edge of the caldera is 2047 m. In 1975, the crater surface was at an altitude of about 1286 m, and the bottom was somewhere at 1040 m. The volcano is located on Kodiak Island. (Captain Budd Christman, NOAA Corps)

8. The top of the volcano in the crater lake of the Taal volcano, Luzon, Philippines. Taal Volcano is a complex volcano on Luzon Island, Philippines. The lake partially fills the Taal caldera, which was formed by powerful prehistoric eruptions somewhere between 140,000 and 5380 years. BC. When viewed from the Tagaytay Range, the Tal volcano and its lake are the most beautiful sights of the Philippines. It is located 50 km south of Manila. The lonely rock sticking out of the lake is a trace of an old volcano, which is now surrounded by a lake 2 km wide. This tip is now the largest island in the lake on the island, which is located in the lake on the island, i.e. the top in the crater lake on the island of Taal in Lake Taal on the island of Luzon. What is incomprehensible? (Junjun Mac1)

9. Deriba Crater Lake, Marra Volcano, Darfur, Sudan. Deriba Crater is the highest point of the Marra volcano at an altitude of 3042 m, in Darfur, in the western part of Sudan. The edge of the caldera became Sudan's new highest point after the independence of South Sudan. Its diameter is 5-8 km along the outer edge of the crater. The inner crater is filled with a lake. Caldera Deriba, 5 km wide, was formed by the eruption of the volcano Marra about 3,500 years ago. The volcano is considered as sleeping, but not extinct, because it still has hot springs and fumaroles. (J Williams)

10. Crater Lake, Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand. Ruapehu Volcano is an active stratovolcano in the southern part of the Taupo volcanic zone in New Zealand. It is located 23 km northeast of Ohakune and 40 km northwest of the southern shore of Lake Taupo, within the Tongariro National Park. On its slopes are the main ski slopes and glaciers of the North Island. Ruapehu is one of the most active volcanoes in the world and the largest active volcano in New Zealand. This is the highest point of the North Island, which includes three peaks: Tahurangi (2797 m), Te Heuheu (2755 m) and Paretetaitonga (2751 m). A deep active crater is located between the peaks and is filled with a lake. (Adrian Macneil)

11. Crater Lake Yak Loom, Ratanakiri, Cambodia. Yak Lome is a lake and a popular attraction in Ratanakiri province in northeast Cambodia. A beautiful lake, located about 5 km from the provincial capital of Banlung, occupies a 4000-year-old volcanic crater. Due to the incredible depth of the lake (48 m), its waters are very clean and clear. The lake has an almost perfect round shape (0.72 km in diameter). The lake is surrounded by dense forests, where many exotic birds live. (Ethan Crowley, of Ethan Crowley Productions)

12. Crater Lake Kerid, Iceland. Kerid is a volcanic lake in southern Iceland, on a popular tourist route known as the Golden Circle. It is one of several crater lakes in the region known as the Western Volcanic Zone, which includes the Reykjanes Peninsula and the Laungjökull Glacier. Caldera is composed of red volcanic rock. Its depth is about 55 m, its width is 170 m, and its diameter is 270 m. It is about 3000 years old, it is twice younger than the surrounding volcanic formations. While most of the crater has a steep slope with little vegetation, one wall descends more smoothly and moss grows on it. You can easily go down it. The lake itself is relatively shallow (7-14 m), but thanks to the minerals in the soil it has an amazing shade. (Progresschrome)

13. Crater Lake Likankabur, Chile. Licancabur is a symmetrical stratovolcano in the southern part of the country, on the border of Chile and Bolivia. The lower three quarters of the northern slope belong to Bolivia (from 5400 m from the base to 4360 m), and the largest part belongs to Chile. The peak and crater are located on the territory of Chile, its width is about 400 m, and the parameters located inside the lake are 70-90 m. For most of the year, Lake Likankabur is covered with ice. This is one of the highest lakes in the world, and despite the air temperature, which can reach -30 ° C, there is a planktonic fauna. (Albert Backer)

14. Geothermal crater lake Viti, Askya, Iceland. Askya is a stratovolcano in a remote part of the central highlands of Iceland. The name Askya refers to a complex of several calderas within the Dingyufjodl Mountains, rising to 1510 m. In Icelandic, Askya means “box”, or “caldera”. This region can be reached only for a few months a year. It is located in the field of rain shadow, every year only 450 mm of rain falls here. This area was used during the Apollo test to train astronauts to fly to the moon. Oskyuvatn - a large lake that fills most of the small caldera, which appeared as a result of the eruption of 1875. Its surface lies about 50 m below the main bottom of the crater and occupies about 12 km². When the lake formed, it was warm, but today it is covered with ice for most of the year. This is the second deepest lake in Iceland (220 m). Viti is a small crater on the northeastern shore of the lake with a diameter of about 150 m. It contains a geothermal lake with mineral-rich water. (Boaworm)

15. Divine Lake, Pektusan Volcano, China, North Korea. Divine Lake is a crater lake on the border of China and the DPRK. It lies within the caldera on the Pektusan volcano. It is partly located in the province of Yangando, North Korea, and partly in the province of Jilin, China. Caldera, where the lake is located, was formed as a result of a major eruption in 969. The surface of the lake is at an elevation of 2189 m. The lake covers an area of \u200b\u200b9.82 km². The average depth of the lake is 213 m, the maximum is 384 m. From mid-October to mid-June it is usually covered with ice. (Bdpmax)