World famous travelers. The most famous expeditions. Kamchatka campaign of Bering and Chirikov

AMUNDSEN Royal

Travel Routes

1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Joa". R. Amundsen was the first to pass the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.

1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram".

On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four companions on dog teams reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott for a month.

1918-1920 - on the ship “Mod” R. Amundsen passed through the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.

1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen made a flight on the airship "Norway" on the route Svalbard - North Pole - Alaska.

1928 - during the search for the expedition that disappeared in the Barents Sea, U. Nobile Amundsen died.

Map Name

The Norwegian traveler is named after the sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the shores of Canada and a hollow in the Arctic Ocean.

The US Antarctic Science Station is named after the pioneers: Amundsen-Scott Pole.

Amundsen R. My life. - M.: Geografgiz, 1959. - 166 p.: Ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Science Fiction).

Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from nor. - M.: Armada, 2002 .-- 384 p.: Ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).

Buman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Transl. from nor. - M.: Mol. Guard, 2005 .-- 520 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

The chapter on Amundsen, Y. Golovanov, called "Travels gave me the happiness of friendship ..." (p. 12-16).

Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tales. - M.: Det. lit., 1989 .-- 542 p.: ill.

Pasecki V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - M .: Nauka, 1997 .-- 201 p. - (Scientific Biogr. Ser.).

Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976 .-- 62 p.: Ill.

Centkevich A., Centkevich Ch. The man whom the sea called: The Story of R. Amundsen: Per. with est. - Tallinn: Eesti Raamat, 1988 .-- 244 pp., Ill.

Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: A Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1967 .-- 191 p.: ill. - (Pioneer - means the first).

BELLINSHAUSEN Faddey Faddeevich

Travel Routes

1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian round-the-world voyage under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship "Hope". All maps subsequently included in the "Atlas to travel around the world captain Kruzenshtern" compiled by him.

1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.

On January 28, 1820, on the sloops Vostok (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and Mirny (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the coast of Antarctica.

Map Name

The sea in the Pacific Ocean, the cape on South Sakhalin, the island in the Tuamotu archipelago, the ice shelf and the hollow in Antarctica are named after F.F. Bellingshausen.

The name of the Russian navigator is the Russian Antarctic Research Station.

Frost V. Antarctica: A History of Discovery / Art. E.Orlov. - M.: White City, 2001 .-- 47 p.: Ill. - (Russian history).

Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2001 .-- 541 p.: Ill. - (Golden book of historical novel).

BERING Vitus Jonassen

danish navigator and researcher in the Russian service

Travel Routes

1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for the land isthmus between Asia and America (about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648, there was no exact information then). The expedition on the ship "St. Gabriel" circled the coast of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the Strait (now the Bering).

1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "St. Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, examined and mapped its shores. On the return trip, during the wintering on one of the islands (now the Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.

Map Name

In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, the islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, the cape on the coast of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska are named after Vitus Bering.

Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M .: Terra-Kn. club, 2001 .-- 286 p. - (Fatherland).

Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian sailors in the 18th century under the guidance of V. Bering / Fig. V. Yudina. - M.: Kid, 1987 .-- 23 p.: Ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Pasecki V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M .: Nauka, 1982. - 174 p.: Ill. - (Scientific Biogr. Ser.).

The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M .: Progress: Pangea, 1992 .-- 188 p.: Ill.

Sopotsko A.A. The story of the voyage of Bering on the boat "St. Gabriel ”in the Arctic Ocean. - M .: Nauka, 1983 .-- 247 p.: Ill.

Chekurov M.V. Mysterious expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, rev., Add. - M .: Nauka, 1991 .-- 152 p.: Ill. - (Man and the environment).

Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1961 .-- 127 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

WAMBERY Arminius (German)

hungarian Orientalist

Travel Routes

1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish in Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.

Vamberi A. Traveling in Central Asia: Trans. with him. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003 .-- 320 p. - (Stories about the countries of the East).

Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Publishing house lit. and lawsuit, 1990. - 91 p.

Tikhonov N.S. Vambury. - Ed. 14th - M.: Thought, 1974. - 45 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Vancouver George

english navigator

Travel Routes

1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver as a young man and midshipman participated in the second and third round-the-world voyages of J. Cook.

1790-1795 - A round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It was found that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Hudson Bay does not exist.

Map Name

In honor of J. Vancouver several hundred geographical objects are named, including the island, bay, city, river, ridge (Canada), lake, cape, mountain, city (USA), bay (New Zealand).

Malakhovsky K.V. In the new Albion. - M .: Nauka, 1990 .-- 123 p .: ill. - (Stories about the countries of the East).

GAMA Vasco Yes

portuguese sailor

Travel Routes

1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened the way for Europeans to India around the African continent.

1502 - the second expedition to India.

1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. During the expedition he died.

Elm E.I. Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M.: Geografizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Camoens L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Per. from portug - M .: EKSMO-Press, 1999 .-- 477 p.: Ill. - (Home-made poetry).

Read the poem "Lusiada."

Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama: A Tale / Transl. with the English Z. Bobryr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. Feat of Magellan: East. a story. - M .: TERRA: UNICUM, 1999 .-- S. 194-412.

Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1947 .-- 322 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Khazanov A.M. The mystery of Vasco da Gama. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000. - 152 p.: Ill.

Hart G. Sea Route to India: A Tale of the Voyages and Feats of the Portuguese Sailors, as well as the Life and Time of Vasco da Gama, Admiral, Viceroy of India and Count Vidigueira: Per. from English - M.: Geografizdat, 1959. - 349 p.: Ill.

GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich

russian navigator

Travel Routes

1807-1811 - V.M.Golovnin leads the world circumnavigation on the sloop "Diana".

1811 - V.M.Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar islands, the Tatar Strait.

1817-1819 - circumnavigation on the Kamchatka sloop, during which a description of part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.

Map Name

Several bays, a strait and a seamount, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on the island of Kunashir, are named after the Russian navigator.

Golovnin V.M. Notes by Captain Golovnin's fleet about his adventures in captivity with the Japanese in 1811, 1812, and 1813, with the inclusion of his comments on the Japanese state and people. - Khabarovsk: Book. Publishing House, 1972. - 525 p.: ill.

Golovnin V.M. A voyage around the world made on the Kamchatka military sloop in 1817, 1818 and 1819 by the captain Golovnin. - M.: Thought, 1965 .-- 384 p.: Ill.

Golovnin V.M. The trip on the sloop “Diana” from Kronshtadt to Kamchatka, made under the command of the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M.: Geografizdat, 1961 .-- 480 p .: ill.

Golovanov Y. Studies on scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 415 pp., ill.

The chapter on Golovnin is entitled “I feel a lot ...” (p. 73-79).

Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmovo: A Tale of G. Uspensky; And before your eyes ...: Experience in the biography of a marine sailor: [About V. M. Golovnin]. - M .: Book, 1989 .-- 332 p .: ill. - (Writers about writers).

Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1968 .-- 206 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Davydov Yu.V. Three admirals: [About D.N. Senyavin, V.M. Golovnin, P.S. Nakhimov]. - M .: Izvestia, 1996 .-- 446 p.: Ill.

Divin V.A. The story of a glorious navigator. - M.: Thought, 1976. - 111 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Lebedenko A.G. The sails of the ships rustle: Roman. - Odessa: Lighthouse, 1989 .-- 229 p.: Ill. - (Marine back).

Firsov I.I. Twice captive: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2002 .-- 469 p.: Ill. - (The Golden Book of the historical novel: Rus. Travelers).

HUMBOLDT Alexander, background

german scientist, geographer, traveler

Travel Routes

1799-1804 - expedition to Central and South America.

1829 - a trip to Russia: the Urals, Altai, the Caspian Sea.

Map Name

Ridges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a number of settlements in the USA are named after Humboldt.

A number of plants, minerals, and even the crater on the moon are named after a German scientist.

The brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt are named after the University of Berlin.

Zabelin I.M. Return to Descendants: A novel-study of the life and work of A. Humboldt. - M.: Thought, 1988 .-- 331 p.: Ill.

Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1959. - 191 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. trans. with him. G. Shevchenko. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1985 .-- 239 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

DEZHNEV Semen Ivanovich

(c. 1605-1673)

russian explorer, navigator

Travel Routes

1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land trips in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Yana River, in Oymyakon and Kolyma.

1648 - a fishing expedition led by S. I. Dezhnev and F. A. Popov circled the Chukchi Peninsula and reached the Anadyr Gulf. Thus was discovered the strait between the two continents, which was subsequently called Bering.

Map Name

Cape at the northeastern tip of Asia is named after Dezhnev, the ridge in Chukotka and the bay in the Bering Strait.

Bahrevsky V.A. Semen Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khaylova. - M.: Kid, 1984. - 24 p.: Ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Bahrevsky V.A. Walking meet the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Book. Publishing House, 1986. - 190 pp., ill. - (Siberia related destinies).

Belov M. Feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Thought, 1973. - 223 p.: Ill.

Demin L.M. Semen Dezhnev - a pioneer: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2002 .-- 444 p.: Ill. - (The Golden Book of the historical novel: Rus. Travelers).

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1990 .-- 334 pp., ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Kedrov V.N. To the ends of the world: East. story. - L .: Lenizdat, 1986. - 285 p.: Ill.

Markov S.N. Tamo-Rus Maclay: A Tale. - M .: Owls. writer, 1975 .-- 208 p.: ill.

Read the story "Dezhnev's Feat."

Nikitin N.I. The explorer Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M .: Rosspan, 1999 .-- 190 p.: Ill.

DRAKE Francis

english navigator and pirate

Travel Routes

1567 - F. Drake took part in the expedition of J. Gaukins to the West Indies.

Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean.

1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second after Magellan circumnavigation of Europeans.

Map Name

The brave navigator named the widest strait on the globe connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; The artist. L. Durasov. - M.: White City, 1996 .-- 62 p.: Ill. - (History of piracy).

Malakhovsky K.V. Around the world run "Golden Doe". - M .: Nauka, 1980 .-- 168 p.: Ill. - (Countries and peoples).

The same story can be found in the collection of K. Malakhovsky's “Five Captains”.

Mason F. van V. Golden Admiral: Roman: Per. from English - M.: Armada, 1998 .-- 474 p.: Ill. - (The Great Pirates in the novels).

Muller V.K. Queen Elizabeth's Pirate: Per. from English - SPb .: LENKO: Gangut, 1993 .-- 254 p.: Ill.

DUMON-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar

french seafarer and oceanographer

Travel Routes

1826-1828 - circumnavigation on the Astrolabe ship, as a result of which part of the coasts of New Zealand and New Guinea were mapped, island groups in the Pacific Ocean were examined. On the island of Vanicoro, Dumont-Durville discovered traces of the deceased expedition of J. Laperouse.

1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.

Map Name

The name of the navigator is the sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica.

The French Antarctic Science Station is named after Dumont-Durville.

Varshavsky A.S. The journey of Dumont-Durville. - M.: Thought, 1977 .-- 59 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

The fifth part of the book is called "Captain Dumont Durville and his belated find" (p. 483-504).

IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad

ibn al-Lavati at-tanji

arab traveler, wandering merchant

Travel Routes

1325-1349 - Ibn Battuta went from Morocco to Hajj (pilgrimage), visited Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then, through Central Asia and Afghanistan, he arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.

1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.

1352-1353 - a trip to Western and Central Sudan.

At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scholar named Juzay, wrote the book "Richla", where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he collected during his travels.

Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M .: Nauka, 1988 .-- 126 p.: Ill.

Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 78 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983.- 230 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

COLUMB Christopher

portuguese and Spanish navigator

Travel Routes

1492-1493 - H. Columbus led a Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. While sailing on the three caravels “Santa Maria”, “Pint” and “Nina” the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti were discovered.

October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, recognized as the official day of discovery by Europeans of America.

During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of South and Central America and the Caribbean.

For the rest of his life, Columbus was sure that he had reached India.

Map Name

The name of Christopher Columbus is a state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the United States.

There is Columbia University in the United States of America.

Travel Christopher Columbus: Diaries, letters, documents / Per. with Spanish and comment. I. Sveta. - M.: Geografizdat, 1961 .-- 515 p.: Ill.

Blasco Ibáñez W. In Search of the Great Khan: Roman: Per. with Spanish - Kaliningrad: Prince. Publishing House, 1987 .-- 558 pp., ill. - (Sea novel).

Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Per. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997 .-- S. 3-144.

Irving V. The story of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Per. from English // Irving V. Sobr. Op .: 5 t.: Vol. 3, 4. - M .: Terra - Prince. club, 2002-2003.

Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Art. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2003 .-- 63 p.: Ill. - (East. Novel).

Kovalevskaya O.T. Admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, without knowing it, discovered the New World, which was later called America / Lit. processing by T. Pesotsky; The artist. N.Koshkin, G.Alexandrova, A. Skorikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997 .-- 18 p.: Ill. - (The greatest travels).

Columbus Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przewalski: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: Ill. - (Life is noticed. People: Biogr. Bk F.Pavlenkova).

Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Travel to Katai: Trans. from English - M .: Patriot, 1992 .-- 407 p.: Ill.

Lange P.V. The Great Wanderer: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Trans. with him. - M .: Thought, 1984. - 224 p.: Ill.

Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M.: Geografizdat, 1956. - 35 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Reifman L. From the Harbor of Hopes - to the Sea of \u200b\u200bTrouble: Life and Times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - St. Petersburg: Lyceum: Soyuzteatr, 1992. - 302 p.: Ill.

Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - SPb .: Publishing House of St. Petersburg. Univ., 1994 .-- 92 p.: ill.

Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Per. from English - M .: Republic, 1992 .-- 286 p.

Light Y.M. Columbus - M.: Mol. Guard, 1973.- 368 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing House of URAO, 1998 .-- 269 p.: Ill.

Chronicles of the Discovery of America: New Spain: Prince. 1: East. documents: Per. with Spanish - M.: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p.: Ill. - (Latin America).

Shishova Z.K. Great voyage: East. novel. - M.: Det. lit., 1972. - 336 p.: ill.

Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Per. with Swede. L. Zhdanova. - M .: Progress, 1986. - 361 p.: Ill.

KRASHENNINNIKOV Stepan Petrovich

russian naturalist, first researcher of Kamchatka

Travel Routes

1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov independently went to Kamchatka, where until June 1741 he conducted research, based on which he subsequently compiled the first “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).

Map Name

An island near Kamchatka, a cape on the island of Karaginsky and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoye are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.

Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 tons. - Reprint. ed. - SPb .: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.

Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M.: Det. lit., 1987 .-- 303 p.: ill.

Mixon I.L. The man who ...: East. story. - L .: Det. lit., 1989 .-- 208 p.: ill.

Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 60 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Eidelman N.Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean ?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M.: Kid, 1984. - 28 p.: Ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich

russian navigator, admiral

Travel Routes

1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the Atlas of the South Sea (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)

Map Name

The name of I.F.Kruzenshtern is the strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korean Strait.

Kruzenshtern I.F. Traveling around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. Prince Publishing House, 1976. - 392 pp., ill. - (Far East. Source. Bk).

Zabolotskikh B.V. To the glory of the Russian flag: The Tale of I.F. Kruzenshtern, who headed the first Russian trip around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotsebue, who made an unparalleled voyage on the Rurik brig in 1815-1818. - M .: Autopan, 1996 .-- 285 s: ill.

Zabolotskikh B.V. Peter's fleet: East. Essays To the glory of the Russian flag: A Tale; Kruzenshtern's Second Journey: A Tale. - M.: Classic, 2002 .-- 367 p.: Ill.

Pasecki V.M. Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. - M .: Nauka, 1974. - 176 p .: ill.

Firsov I.I. Russian Columbus: The History of the World Expedition of I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001 .-- 426 p.: Ill. - (Great geographic discoveries).

Chukovsky N.K. Captain Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M .: Drofa, 2002 .-- 165 p .: ill. - (Honor and courage).

Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M.: Detgiz, 1954. - 224 p.: Ill.

Cook James

english navigator

Travel Routes

1768-1771 - Around the world expedition to the frigate "Endeavor" under the command of J. Cook. The island position of New Zealand has been determined, the Great Barrier Reef and the eastern coast of Australia have been discovered.

1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition led by Cook on the ship "Resolution" (to find and map the Southern mainland) was not achieved. As a result of the searches, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, South Georgia were discovered.

1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships of Resolution and Discovery was aimed at finding the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. No passage was found, but the Hawaiian Islands and part of the coast of Alaska were discovered. On the way back, J. Cook was killed on one of the islands by natives.

Map Name

The name of the English navigator named the highest mountain of New Zealand, the bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and South islands of New Zealand.

The first circumnavigation of James Cook: Sailing on the ship "Endeavor" in 1768-1771. / J. Cook. - M.: Geografizdat, 1960 .-- 504 p.: Ill.

James Cook's Second Round-the-World Voyage: Sailing to the South Pole and Around the World in 1772-1775 / J. Cook. - M.: Thought, 1964 .-- 624 p.: Ill. - (Geo. Ser.).

James Cook's Third Circumnavigation of the World: Swimming in the Pacific Ocean from 1776-1780 / J. Cook. - M.: Thought, 1971. - 636 p.: Ill.

Vladimirov V.I. Cook - M .: Spark of revolution, 1933. - 168 p.: Ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Macklin A. Captain Cook: A History of Geography. discoveries of the great navigator: Per. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001 .-- 155 p.: Ill. - (Great geographic discoveries).

Middleton H. Captain Cook: Famous Mariner: Per. from English / Il. A.Marx. - M .: AsKON, 1998 .-- 31 p.: Ill. - (Great names).

Light Y.M. James Cook. - M.: Thought, 1979. - 110 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Chukovsky N.K. Drivers of frigates: A book about the great sailors. - M .: ROSMEN, 2001 .-- 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).

The first part of the book is entitled “Captain James Cook and his three voyages around the world” (p. 7-111).

LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich

russian naval commander and navigator

Travel Routes

1813-1816 - circumnavigation on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back.

1819-1821 - commanding the sloop “Mirny”, MP Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen.

1822-1824 - MP Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Cruiser".

Map Name

The sea in the Atlantic Ocean, ice shelf and underwater trench in East Antarctica, a village on the Black Sea coast are named after MP Lazarev.

The Russian Antarctic Research Station also bears the name of M.P. Lazarev.

Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1966. - 176 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M.: Thought, 1988 .-- 238 p.: Ill.

Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarin: Roman. - M.: Armada, 1998 .-- 417 p.: Ill. - (Russian commanders).

LIVINGSTON David

english explorer of Africa

Travel Routes

Since 1841 - numerous trips to the inland areas of South and Central Africa.

1849-1851 - research of the Ngami Lake area.

1851-1856 - exploration of the Zambezi river. D. Livingstone discovered Victoria Falls and the first of the Europeans to cross the African mainland.

1858-1864 - exploration of the Zambezi river, lakes Chilva and Nyasa.

1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the origins of the Nile.

Map Name

The English traveler named waterfalls on the Congo River and a city on the Zambezi River.

Livingston D. Traveling in South Africa: Per. from English / Il. the author. - M .: EKSMO-Press, 2002 .-- 475 p.: Ill. - (Wind rose: Eras; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).

Livingston D., Livingston C. Journey through the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Per. from English - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001 .-- 460 p .: ill.

Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1938 .-- 376 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Wottte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Per. with him. - M .: Thought, 1984. - 271 p.: Ill.

Columbus Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przewalski: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: Ill. - (Life is noticed. People: Biogr. Bk F.Pavlenkova).

MAGELLAN Fernand

(c. 1480-1521)

portuguese sailor

Travel Routes

1519-1521 - F.Magellan led the first in the history of mankind circumnavigation. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, overcame the strait, later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. On one of them, Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by H.S. Elkano, thanks to whom the only ship (Victoria) and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the coast of Spain.

Map Name

The Strait of Magellan is located between mainland South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Boytsov M.A. The Way of Magellan / Art. S. Boyko. - M.: Kid, 1991 .-- 19 p.: Ill.

Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1940 .-- 304 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Lange P.V. Like the sun: Life of F. Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the globe: Per. with him. - M .: Progress, 1988 .-- 237 p.: Ill.

Pigafetta A. Journey of Magellan: Per. with it .; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first circumnavigator of the world: Per. from English - M .: Thought, 2000 .-- 302 p.: Ill. - (Travel and Travelers).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing House of URAO, 1998 .-- 269 p.: Ill.

Travinsky V.M. Mariner Star: Magellan: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969 .-- 191 p.: ill.

Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Khudozh. A. Ostromentsky. - M.: Interbook, 1997 .-- 18 p.: Ill. - (The greatest travels).

Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Per. with him. - M .: AST, 2001 .-- 317 p.: Ill. - (World classics).

MIKLUKHO-MAKLAY Nikolay Nikolaevich

russian scientist, researcher of Oceania and New Guinea

Travel Routes

1866-1867 - Travel to the Canary Islands and Morocco.

1871-1886 - A study of the indigenous people of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the Northeast coast of New Guinea.

Map Name

The coast of Miklouho-Maclay is located in New Guinea.

Also, the name of Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay is the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

A man from the moon: Diaries, articles, letters of N.N. Miklukho-Maklaya. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1982. - 336 p.: ill. - (Arrow).

Balandin R.K. N.N.Miklukho-Maclay: Prince. for students / Fig. the author. - M .: Education, 1985 .-- 96 p.: Ill. - (People of science).

Golovanov Y. Studies on scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 415 pp., ill.

The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is entitled “I cannot foresee the end of my travels ...” (p. 233-236).

Greenop F.S. About who wandered alone: \u200b\u200bPer. from English - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- 260 p .: ill.

Kolesnikov M.S. Miklukho Maclay. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965 .-- 272 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Markov S.N. Tamo - Rus Maclay: A Tale. - M .: Owls. writer, 1975 .-- 208 p.: ill.

Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay !: Story. - M.: Det. lit., 1987 .-- 48 p.: ill.

Putilov B.N. NN Miklukho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M .: Progress, 1985 .-- 280 p .: ill.

Tynianova L.N. A friend from far away: A Tale. - M.: Det. lit., 1976. - 332 p.: ill.

NANSEN Fridtjof

norwegian polar explorer

Travel Routes

1888 - F. Nansen made the first ever ski transition through Greenland.

1893-1896 - Nansen aboard the Fram ship drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the Novosibirsk Islands to the Svalbard archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen could not be reached at the North Pole.

1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.

Map Name

The Nansen name is the underwater hollow and underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical objects in the Arctic and Antarctic.

Nansen F. Into the Land of the Future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia via the Kara Sea / Authorization. trans. from nor. A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Book. Publishing House, 1982. - 335 pp., ill.

Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book “Through the Caucasus to the Volga”: Per. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. Publishing House, 1981. - 54 pp., ill.

Nansen F. “Fram” in the polar sea: At 2 o’clock: Trans. from nor. - M.: Geografizdat, 1956.

Kublitsky G.I. Fridtjof Nansen: His life and extraordinary adventures. - M.: Det. lit., 1981. - 287 p.: ill.

Nansen-Heyer L. A book about his father: Per. from nor. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. - 512 p .: ill.

Pasecki V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- 335 p .: ill. - (Scientific Biogr. Ser.).

Sannes T.B. “Fram”: The Adventures of Polar Expeditions: Per. with him. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1991 .-- 271 p.: Ill. - (Seal. Ships).

Talanov A. Nansen. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1960 .-- 304 p .: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Holt K. Competition: [On the expeditions of R.F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Wandering: [About the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Per. from nor. L. Zhdanova. - M.: Physical education and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: Ill. - (Extraordinary travels).

Please note that this book (in the appendix) contains the essay by the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl “Fridtjof Nansen: A Hot Heart in a Cold World”.

Centkevich A., Centkevich C. What will you become, Fridtjof: [Tales of F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kiev: Dnipro, 1982. - 502 pp., Ill.

Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Per. from English - M .: Progress, 1986. - 206 p.: Ill.

NIKITIN Athanasius

(? - 1472 or 1473)

russian merchant, traveler in Asia

Travel Routes

1466-1472 years. - A. Nikitin's trip to the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at Cafe (Theodosius), Athanasius Nikitin composed a description of his travels and adventures - “Walking over the three seas”.

Nikitin A. Walking across the three seas Athanasius Nikitin. - L .: Nauka, 1986 .-- 212 p.: Ill. - (Lit. Monuments).

Nikitin A. Cruising over three seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2004 .-- 118 p.: Ill.

Varzhapetyan V.V. The story of a merchant, pinto horse and a talking bird / Fig. N. Not remembering. - M.: Det. lit., 1990 .-- 95 p.: ill.

Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Athanasius Nikitin. - M.: Thought, 1972. - 118 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

All nations have one essence: [Sat.]. - M .: Sirin, B.G. - 466 p.: Ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, novels, documents).

The collection includes V. Pribytkov’s novel “The Tver Guest” and the book of Athanasius Nikitin “Walking Over Three Seas”.

Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of a Russian alien: Nikitin: East. novel. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2003 .-- 424 p.: Ill. - (The Golden Book of the historical novel: Rus. Travelers).

Kachaev Yu.G. For distant lands / Fig. M.Romadina. - M.: Kid, 1982.- 24 p.: Ill.

Kunin K.I. For three seas: Travel of the Tver merchant Athanasius Nikitin: East. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2002 .-- 199 p.: Ill. - (Treasured pages).

Murashova K. Athanasius Nikitin: The Tale of the Tver Merchant / Art. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2005 .-- 63 p.: Ill. - (East. Novel).

Semenov L.S. Travel Athanasius Nikitin. - M .: Nauka, 1980 .-- 145 p .: ill. - (History of science and technology).

Soloviev A.P. Boating Over Three Seas: A Novel. - M .: Terra, 1999 .-- 477 p. - (Fatherland).

Tager E.M. The story of Athanasius Nikitin. - L .: Det. lit., 1966. - 104 p.: ill.

PIRI Robert Edwin

american polar traveler

Travel Routes

1892 and 1895 - Two trips through Greenland.

From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.

Finally, R. Peary announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the death of the traveler, when, according to his will, the diaries of the expedition were declassified, it turned out that Piri really could not get to the pole, he stopped at 89˚55΄ N

Map Name

The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Peary Land.

Peary R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M.: Thought, 1981. - 599 p.: Ill.

Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov “Robert Peary and the Conquest of the North Pole” (p. 225-242).

Piri R. North Pole / Per. from English L. Petkevichyute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988 .-- 239 p.: Ill. - (World of Discoveries).

Karpov G.V. Robert Peary. - M.: Geografizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

POLO Marco

(c. 1254-1324)

venetian merchant, traveler

Travel Routes

1271-1295 years. - M.Polo's journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.

The Venetian's recollections of wandering around the East made up the famous “Book of Marco Polo” (1298), which for almost 600 years remained for the West the most important source of information about China and other Asian countries.

Polo M. Book on the diversity of the world / Transl. with old-fashioned. I.P. Minaev; Foreword H.L. Borges. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 1999 .-- 381 p.: Ill. - (Personal account of Borges).

Polo M. Book of Miracles: Excerpt from the Book of Wonders of the World from Nat. b-ki France: Per. with fr. - M.: White City, 2003 .-- 223 p.: Ill.

Davidson E., Davis G. Son of Heaven: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Per. from English M. Kondratiev. - SPb .: Alphabet: Terra - Prince. club, 1997 .-- 397 p. - (New Earth: Fantasy).

Fantasy novel on the theme of the wanderings of a Venetian merchant.

Mink V. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [East. story] / Abbr. trans. with him. L. Lungina. - St. Petersburg: Brasque: The Age, 1993 .-- 303 p.: Ill. - (Version).

Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian merchant: How Marco Polo wandered around the East a quarter of a century ago and wrote a famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe in / Khudozh. I. Oleinikov. - M.: Interbook, 1997 .-- 18 p.: Ill. - (The greatest travels).

Pronin V. Life of the great traveler, Venetian Messer Marco Polo / Khudozh. Yu.Saevich. - M .: Kron-Press, 1993 .-- 159 p.: Ill.

Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: Venetian Wanderer / Art. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2004 .-- 63 p.: Ill. - (East. Novel).

Hart G. Venetian Marco Polo: Trans. from English - M .: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999 .-- 303 p. - (Portraits).

Shklovsky V.B. Earth Scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1969 .-- 223 p.: ill. - (Pioneer - means the first).

Aers J. Marco Polo: Per. with fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998 .-- 348 p.: Ill. - (Mark on history).

PRZHEVALSKY Nikolay Mikhailovich

russian geographer, researcher of Central Asia

Travel Routes

1867-1868 - research expeditions in the Amur Region and the Ussuri Territory.

1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.

N.M. Przhevalsky set out the scientific results of the expeditions in a series of books giving a detailed description of the relief, climate, vegetation, and wildlife of the studied territories.

Map Name

The name of the Russian geographer is a ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan).

The wild horse, first described by a scientist, is called: Przewalski's horse.

Przhevalsky N.M. Traveling in the Ussuri region, 1867-1869 - Vladivostok: Dalnevost. Prince Publishing House, 1990. - 328 p.: ill.

Przhevalsky N.M. Traveling in Asia. - M .: Armada-press, 2001 .-- 343 p.: Ill. - (Green Series: Around the World).

Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Mosk. worker: Smolenskoe Dep., 1989. - 143 pp., ill.

Golovanov Y. Studies on scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 415 pp., ill.

The chapter on Przhevalsky is called “The Exceptional Good - Freedom ...” (p. 272-275).

Grimailo Y.V. Great Ranger: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, rev. and add. - Kiev: Young, 1989 .-- 314 p.: Ill.

Kozlov I.V. Great traveler: Life and work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the first nature researcher in Central Asia. - M.: Thought, 1985 .-- 144 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Columbus Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przewalski: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: Ill. - (Life is noticed. People: Biogr. Bk F.Pavlenkova).

Acceleration L.E. “Ascetics are needed, like the sun ..." // Acceleration of L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992 .-- S. 35-72.

Repin L.B. “And again I come back ...”: Przhevalsky: Pages of life. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983. - 175 pp., ill. - (Pioneer - means the first).

Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1950 .-- 175 pp., ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Yusov B.V. N.M. Przhevalsky: Prince. for students. - M .: Education, 1985 .-- 95 p.: Ill. - (People of science).

PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich

russian navigator

Travel Routes

1735-1736 - V.V. Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. A detachment under his command examined the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Thaddeus (Taimyr).

Map Name

The name of V.V. Pronchishchev is part of the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, a ridge (hill) in the north-west of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea.

Golubev G.N. “To the descendants for the news ...”: Ist.-dokum. a story. - M.: Det. lit., 1986. - 255 p.: ill.

Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune leads: East. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1990 .-- 270 p.: ill.

Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Petr Petrovich

(until 1906 - Semenov)

russian scientist, Asian researcher

Travel Routes

1856-1857 - expedition to the Tien Shan.

1888 - expedition to Turkestan and the Trans-Caspian region.

Map Name

The ridge in Nanshan, the glacier and peak in the Tien Shan, the mountains in Alaska and Svalbard are named after Semenov-Tien-Shansky.

Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Travel to the Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M.: Geografgiz, 1958. - 277 p.: Ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: A Tale. - M .: Sovremennik, 1983 .-- 320 p.: Ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tian-Shansky. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1965 .-- 304 p.: ill. - (Life will be noticed. People).

Antoshko I., Soloviev A. At the origins of Yaksart. - M.: Thought, 1977 .-- 128 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Dyadyuchenko L.B. A pearl in the wall of the barracks: A novel-chronicle. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986.- 218 p.: Ill.

Kozlov I.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M .: Education, 1983. - 96 p.: Ill. - (People of science).

Kozlov I.V., Kozlova A.V. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - M .: Nauka, 1991 .-- 267 p.: Ill. - (Scientific Biogr. Ser.).

Acceleration L.E. Tian-Shansky // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992 .-- S. 9-34.

SCOTT Robert Falcon

english explorer of Antarctica

Travel Routes

1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition on the Discovery ship. As a result of this expedition, the Land of King Edward VII, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.

1910-1912 - R. Scott's expedition to Antarctica on the ship Terra Nova.

January 18, 1912 (33 days later R. Amundsen) Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all travelers died.

Map Name

In honor of Robert Scott, an island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the west coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains on Enderby Land are named.

The US Antarctic Science Station is named after the first conquerors of the South Pole - the Amundsen-Scott Pole.

The New Zealand Science Station on the Ross Sea in Antarctica and the Institute for Polar Research in Cambridge also bear the name of the polar traveler.

The last expedition of R. Scott: Captain R. Scott's personal diaries, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M.: Geografizdat, 1955 .-- 408 p.: Ill.

Golovanov Y. Studies on scientists. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1983 .-- 415 pp., ill.

The chapter on Scott is entitled “Fight to the last cracker ...” (p. 290-293).

Ladlem G. Captain Scott: Per. from English - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989 .-- 287 p.: Ill.

Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: Northern Party of the expedition of R. Scott: Trans. from English - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985 .-- 360 p .: ill.

Holt K. Match; Wandering: Per. from nor. - M.: Physical education and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: Ill. - (Extraordinary travels).

Cherry-Garrard E. The most terrible trip: Per. from English - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991 .-- 551 p.: Ill.

STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton

(real name and surname - John R u lends)

journalist, African researcher

Travel Routes

1871-1872 - G.M. Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald newspaper, participated in the search for the missing D. Livingstone. The expedition was successful: the great explorer of Africa was found near Lake Tanganyika.

1874-1877 - G.M. Stanley twice crosses the African continent. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, looks for the origins of the Nile.

1887-1889 - G.M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.

Map Name

In honor of G.M. Stanley, waterfalls are named in the upper reaches of the Congo River.

Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Trans. from English - M.: Geografizdat, 1958.- 446 p.: Ill.

Karpov G.V. Henry Stanley - M.: Geografgiz, 1958. - 56 p.: Ill. - (Note. Geographers and travelers).

Columbus Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przewalski: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: Ill. - (Life is noticed. People: Biogr. Bk F.Pavlenkova).

KHABAROV Erofei Pavlovich

(c. 1603, according to other sources, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other sources, after 1671)

russian explorer and sailor, researcher of the Amur region

Travel Routes

1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of trips to the Amur region, made a "Drawing of the Amur River."

Map Name

The name of the Russian explorer named the city and the region in the Far East, as well as the Erofei Pavlovich railway station on the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Leontiev G.A. The explorer Erofei Pavlovich Khabarov: Prince. for students. - M .: Education, 1991 .-- 143 p.: Ill.

Romanenko D.I. Erofei Khabarov: Roman. - Khabarovsk: Book. Publishing House, 1990. - 301 p.: ill. - (Far East. Bk).

Safronov F.G. Erofei Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Book. Publishing House, 1983.- 32 p.

SHMIDT Otto Yulievich

russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer

Travel Routes

1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and led the expedition on the ship "George Sedov" to Severnaya Zemlya.

1932 - an expedition led by O. Yu. Schmidt on the Sibiryakov icebreaker managed to pass from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka for the first time in one navigation.

1933-1934 - O.Yu. Schmidt led a northern expedition on the Chelyuskin steamer. Caught in ice captivity, the ship was crushed by ice and sank. Members of the expedition, drifting on the ice for several months, were rescued by pilots.

Map Name

The name of O.Yu. Schmidt is an island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the peninsula of Novaya Zemlya, one of the peaks and the pass in the Pamirs, a plain in Antarctica.

Voskoboinikov V.M. In an ice trip. - M.: Kid, 1989 .-- 39 p.: Ill. - (Legendary heroes).

Voskoboinikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic. Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M.: Mol. Guard, 1975 .-- 192 pp., ill. - (Pioneer - means the first).

Duel I.I. Life Line: Docum. story. - M .: Politizdat, 1977 .-- 128 p .: ill. - (Heroes of the Sov. Motherland).

Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu. Schmidt: Prince. for students. - M.: Education, 1992 .-- 158 p.: Ill. - (People of science).

Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and activity: Sat. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959. - 470 p.: Ill.

Matveeva L.V. Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M .: Nauka, 1993 .-- 202 p.: Ill. - (Scientific Biogr. Ser.).

9 have chosen

If you think that, with the departure of the Age of Great Geographical Discoveries, outstanding travelers have also sunk into oblivion, then you are mistaken! Our contemporaries also made the most amazing journeys. Among them are scientists who went in search of evidence for their theories, researchers of the deep sea, and simply adventurers who ventured to go on a world trip alone or with like-minded people. A lot of documentaries were created about their travels, and thanks to them, we can see the whole world through their eyes, real, lively, full of dangers and adventures.

Jacques-Yves Cousteau

Captain Cousteau is a famous French explorer of the World Ocean, author of books and films, inventor. The oceans revealed a lot of their secrets, showed the beauty of their depths so far inaccessible to people for a huge number of scuba diving enthusiasts. We can say that Captain Cousteau is the father of modern diving, because it was he who created the main apparatus for diving. While researching the underwater world of our planet, Cousteau created the famous Callisto Floating Laboratory and the first Denise diving apparatus. Jacques Yves Cousteau carried millions of people with him, showing them on the screens how beautiful the underwater world is, giving them the opportunity to see what was still inaccessible to man.

Tour Heyerdahl

The name of the most famous 20th century Norwegian in his native language is spelled "Thor", as well as the name of one of the main gods of Norse mythology Thor. He made many trips on improvised boats of the contacts of ancient civilizations with each other. Heyerdahl in practice proved his theory about visiting the islands of Polynesia by the inhabitants of South America, since the scientific world did not perceive his ideas. Together with his team, in 101 days, having sailed 4300 miles, he reached the atoll of Raroa. It was one of his most famous travels, the Kon-Tiki Expedition, on a makeshift raft. The film he shot while traveling won the Oscar in 1951. And in 1969 he went on a new dangerous expedition by boat from papyrus to prove, to prove the possibility of crossing the Atlantic Ocean by African peoples. However, the first tour of Tour Heyerdahl on the Ra boat ended in failure, the boat sank before reaching just 600 miles to the island of Barbados. A year later, the stubborn Norwegian repeated his journey and sailed from Morocco to Barbados in 57 days. By the way, the doctor on this expedition was our compatriot Yuri Senkevich. Heyerdahl later visited the Maldives, Peru and Tenerife.

Yuri Senkevich

The popular TV presenter of the Travelers Club show, Yuri Senkevich, was on the list of the most famous travelers not only as a doctor of the Tour Heyerdahl expedition. His "track record" of the traveler is respected:

as a research scientist Senkevich trained to participate in space flight, participated in the 12th Antarctic expedition to the Vostok station to study human behavior in extreme conditions, traveled on the papyrus boat Ra, then on Ra-2 and in the Indian Ocean on the Tigris. Millions of Soviet television viewers were able to see the world, as they were joking then with the eyes of Senkevich. By the way, the program "Cinema Travel Club", the program was entered in the Guinness Book of Records.

Nikolay Drozdov

More than 40 years ago, Nikolai Nikolaevich Drozdov became the host of the popular television show "In the world of animals." An avid traveler, a "gallant know-it-all," for hours telling about animals as the most wonderful and beautiful creatures in the world - whether it be an elephant, an insect, or even a poisonous snake. An amazing and wonderful person, the idol of millions of spectators of our country, to listen to stories of which about interesting facts from the life of birds, reptiles, domestic and wild animals, about the beauty of our nature - and incomparable pleasure, because only a person in love with such a story can tell. An interesting fact about Nikolai Nikolayevich himself - his great-great-grandfather was Metropolitan of Moscow Filaret, and his great-great-grandfather on his mother, Ivan Romanovich von Drailing, was the orderly of Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov.

Nikolai Drozdov traveled all over the world, all zoological and national parks, studying the habitats and habits of animals in natural conditions, climbed Mount Elbrus, participated in a long expedition on the research ship Callisto, and in the first Soviet expedition to Everest, went twice to The North Pole, walked along the Northern Sea Route on the Yamal icebreaker, sailed along the shores of Alaska and Canada to the Discovery.

Fedor Konyukhov

A lone traveler who has covered what seemed impossible to conquer, more than once having overcome a path that cannot be walked alone, is the great contemporary Fyodor Konyukhov. The first among travelers who have conquered the North and South poles, seas, oceans and the highest peaks of the world, which is proved by more than 40 expeditions made by them to the most inaccessible places of our planet. Among them are five round-the-world travels, solo sailing across the Atlantic (which he, by the way, crossed more than once) on a rowing boat. Grooms first crossed the Pacific Ocean from continent to continent. But not only travels filled the life of our arrogant compatriot - Fedor Konyukhov became the youngest member of the Union of Artists of the USSR and the author of twelve travel books. There were new plans ahead: flying around the world in a balloon and circumnavigation in 80 days to the Jules Verne Cup, as well as diving into the Mariana Trench. However, having accepted the priesthood in 2010, Fyodor Konyukhov decided not to travel anymore, but ... the Lord’s paths are inscrutable and the famous traveler is again at the helm. This spring, he “broke” the Russian record and stayed in the air on a balloon for 19 hours 10 minutes.

Bear Grylls

The fame came to the young English traveler thanks to the top-rated television show on the Discovery channel, "Survive at All Costs," first aired in October 2006. The TV presenter and the traveler not only “entertains” the audience with beautiful views of the most amazing places on the planet, his goal is to bring life recommendations to the audience that can be useful in unforeseen situations.

The list of his travels is respected: he sailed around the British Isles in thirty days, crossed the North Atlantic by inflatable boat, flew over the Angel Falls in a plane with a steam engine, flew over the Himalayas on a paraglider, led an expedition to one of the farthest of the unconquered peaks in Antarctica and arranged ... a gala dinner in a balloon at an altitude of more than seven thousand meters! Most of Grylls' expeditions are for charitable purposes.

Abby Sunderland

Not only men can boast of friendship with the wind of wanderings - Abby Sunderland, a young traveler who, at the age of 16, traveled alone on a yacht around the world, will give odds to many men. The decisiveness of Abby's parents is surprising, because they not only allowed her to participate in such a dangerous enterprise, but also helped to prepare for it. Alas, the first start on January 23, 2010 was unsuccessful and Abby made a second attempt on February 6. The trip turned out to be more dangerous than expected: between Australia and Africa, 2 thousand miles from the coast, the hull of the yacht was damaged and the engine failed. After this message, the connection was lost, the search for the yacht Abby was unsuccessful and she was declared missing. A month later, Australian rescuers in a severe storm zone discovered a lost yacht and a live, unscathed Abby. Who after this will say that a woman has no place on a ship?

Jason Lewis

And finally, the most original of modern travelers, who spent 13 years on a world trip! Why so long? The simple fact is that Jason refused any kind of technology and any achievements of civilization. The former cleaner, along with his friend Steve Smith, went around the world on a bicycle, boat and roller skates! The expedition started from Greenwich in 1994, in February 1995, travelers reached the US coast and, after 111 days of sailing, decided to cross America separately on roller skates. Lewis had to interrupt the trip after an accident for 9 months. After recovery, Lewis leaves for Hawaii, from where he sailed to Australia by pedal boat, where he had to spend some time to earn money for his further journey ... selling T-shirts. In 2005, he travels to Singapore and then crosses China and India by bicycle. By March 2007, he reached Africa and also cycled across Europe: Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Germany and Belgium. Crossing the English Channel, in October 2007, Jason Lewis returned to London.

If you think that, with the departure of the Age of Great Geographical Discoveries, outstanding travelers have also sunk into oblivion, then you are mistaken! Our contemporaries also made the most amazing journeys. Among them are scientists who went in search of evidence for their theories, researchers of the deep sea, and simply adventurers who ventured to go on a world trip alone or with like-minded people. A lot of documentaries were created about their travels, and thanks to them, we can see the whole world through their eyes, real, lively, full of dangers and adventures.

Jacques-Yves Cousteau

Jacques Yves Cousteau carried millions of people with him, showing them on the screens how beautiful the underwater world is, giving them the opportunity to see what was still inaccessible to man.

Tour Heyerdahl

Together with his team, in 101 days, having sailed 4300 miles, he reached the atoll of Raroa. It was one of his most famous travels, the Kon-Tiki Expedition, on a makeshift raft. The film he shot while traveling won the Oscar in 1951.

And in 1969 he went on a new dangerous expedition by boat from papyrus to prove, to prove the possibility of crossing the Atlantic Ocean by African peoples. However, the first tour of Tour Heyerdahl on the Ra boat ended in failure, the boat sank before reaching just 600 miles to the island of Barbados.

A year later, the stubborn Norwegian repeated his journey and sailed from Morocco to Barbados in 57 days. By the way, the doctor on this expedition was our compatriot Yuri Senkevich. Heyerdahl later visited the Maldives, Peru and Tenerife.

Yuri Senkevich

as a research scientist Senkevich trained to participate in space flight,
participated in the 12th Antarctic expedition to the Vostok station with the goal of studying human behavior in extreme conditions,
traveled on the papyrus boat Ra, then on Ra-2 and in the Indian Ocean on the Tigris.

Millions of Soviet television viewers were able to see the world, as they were joking then with the eyes of Senkevich. By the way, the program "Cinema Travel Club" was recorded in the Guinness Book of Records.

Nikolay Drozdov

An interesting fact about Nikolai Nikolayevich himself - his great-great-grandfather was Metropolitan of Moscow Filaret, and his great-great-grandfather on his mother, Ivan Romanovich von Drailing, was the orderly of Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov.

Nikolai Drozdov traveled all over the world, all zoological and national parks, studying the habitats and habits of animals in natural conditions, climbed Mount Elbrus, participated in a long expedition on the research ship Callisto, and in the first Soviet expedition to Everest, went twice to The North Pole, walked along the Northern Sea Route on the Yamal icebreaker, sailed along the shores of Alaska and Canada to the Discovery.

Fedor Konyukhov

But not only travels filled the life of our famous compatriot - Fyodor Konyukhov became the youngest member of the Union of Artists of the USSR and the author of twelve travel books. There were new plans ahead: flying around the world in a balloon and circumnavigation in 80 days to the Jules Verne Cup, as well as diving into the Mariana Trench. However, having accepted the priesthood in 2010, Fyodor Konyukhov decided not to travel anymore, but ... the Lord’s paths are inscrutable and the famous traveler is again at the helm. This spring, he “broke” the Russian record and stayed in the air on a balloon for 19 hours 10 minutes.

Bear Grylls

The list of his travels is respected: he sailed around the British Isles in thirty days, crossed the North Atlantic by inflatable boat, flew over the Angel Falls in a plane with a steam engine, flew over the Himalayas on a paraglider, led an expedition to one of the farthest of the unconquered peaks in Antarctica and arranged ... a gala dinner in a balloon at an altitude of more than seven thousand meters! Most of Grylls' expeditions are for charitable purposes.

Abby Sunderland

The trip turned out to be more dangerous than expected: between Australia and Africa, 2 thousand miles from the coast, the hull of the yacht was damaged and the engine failed. After this message, the connection was lost, the search for the yacht Abby was unsuccessful and she was declared missing. A month later, Australian rescuers in a severe storm zone discovered a lost yacht and a live, unscathed Abby. Who after this will say that a woman has no place on a ship?

Jason Lewis

The expedition started from Greenwich in 1994, in February 1995, travelers reached the US coast and, after 111 days of sailing, decided to cross America separately on roller skates. Lewis had to interrupt the trip after an accident for 9 months. After recovery, Lewis leaves for Hawaii, from where he sailed to Australia by pedal boat, where he had to spend some time to earn money for his further journey ... selling T-shirts.

In 2005, he travels to Singapore and then crosses China and India by bicycle. By March 2007, he reached Africa and also cycled across Europe: Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Germany and Belgium. Crossing the English Channel, in October 2007, Jason Lewis returned to London.

One of the important stages in the history of the development of mankind is the era of discoverers. Cards with the seas and seas printed on them are being specified, ships are being improved, and leaders send their sailors to seize new lands.

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Feature of the era

The term "great geographical discoveries" conditionally combined historical events, starting from the middle of the 15th century and ending with the middle of the 17th. Europeans were actively exploring new lands.

There were preconditions for the emergence of this era: the search for new trade routes and the development of navigation. Until the 15th century, the British already knew North America with Iceland. The history includes many famous travelers, among whom was Athanasius Nikitin, Rubric and others.

Important!  The great era of geographical discoveries was begun by the prince of Portugal, Henry the Navigator, this event took place at the beginning of the 15th century.

First achievements

The geographical science of that time was in serious decline. Single sailors tried to share their discoveries with the public, but this did not produce results, and there was more fiction in their stories than the truth. Data on what and who discovered at sea or on the coastal strip was lost and forgotten, no one has updated the maps for a long time. Skippers were simply afraid to go to sea, because not all possessed navigation skills.

Henry built a citadel near Cape Sagres, created a navigation school and sent expeditions, collecting information about the winds in the sea, distant peoples and shores. The period of great geographical discoveries began with his activity.

Among the discoveries of Portuguese travelers are:

1. Madeira Island
2. West coast of Africa
3. Cape Verde,
4. Cape of Good Hope,
5. Azores,
6. Congo River.

Why did you need to find new lands

The list of reasons for the onset of the era of navigation includes:

• active development of crafts and trade;
• the growth of European cities during the period of 15-16 centuries;
• the depletion of well-known precious metal mines;
• development of maritime navigation and the emergence of a compass;
• interruption of economic ties of Southern Europe with China and India after.

Important points

Significant periods that went down in history, the times when famous travelers made their trips and expeditions:

The era of great geographical discoveries began in 1492, when they discovered America;

• 1500 - a study of the mouth of the Amazon;
• 1513 - Vasco de Balboa opens the Pacific Ocean;
• 1519-1553 - the conquest of South America;
• 1576-1629 - Russian campaigns in Siberia;
• 1603-1638 - study of Canada;
• 1642-1643 - visit to Tasmania and New Zealand;
• 1648 - study of Kamchatka.

Conquest of South America

Spanish and Portuguese Mariners

At the same time as the Portuguese, sea voyages begin to be undertaken by well-known travelers of Spain. possessing good knowledge in the field of geography and navigation, he invited the rulers of the country to reach India in another way, following to the west through the Atlantic Ocean. The one who later discovered many new lands was given three caravels on which brave sailors left the port on August 3, 1492.

By the beginning of October, they arrived at the first island, which became known as San Salvador, and later they discovered Haiti and Cuba. It was a fruitful journey of Columbus, which resulted in the mapping of the Caribbean Islands. Then there were two more that pointed the way to Central and South America.

Christopher Columbus - a mysterious person

First, he visited the island of Cuba, and only then discovered America. Columbus was surprised to meet a civilized people on the island, who had a rich culture, was engaged in the cultivation of cotton, tobacco and potatoes. Cities were decorated with large statues and large buildings.

Interesting! Everyone knows the name of Christopher Columbus. However, very little is known about his life and travels.

The birth of this legendary navigator is still debated. Several cities claim to be considered the birthplace of Columbus, but they can’t find out for sure. He participated in cruises on ships in the Mediterranean Sea, and later from his native Portugal went on large expeditions.

Ferdinand Magellan

Magellan was also from Portugal. Born in 1480. Early left without parents, tried to survive on his own, working as a messenger. From childhood, he was attracted to the sea, attracted by a thirst for travel and discovery.

At 25, Ferdinand set sail for the first time. He quickly learned the maritime profession, staying off the coast of India, and soon became a captain. He wanted to return to his homeland, talking about beneficial cooperation with the East, but achieved the result only with the advent of Charles the First.

Important!The era of great geographical discoveries began in the middle of the 15th century. Magellan warned her advance, having traveled around the world.

In 1493, Magellan led an expedition west of Spain. He has a goal: to prove that the islands located there belong to his country. No one thought that the journey would be around the world, and the navigator would discover a lot of new things on his way. The one who opened the way to the "South Sea" did not return home, but died in the Philippines. His team arrived at home only in 1522.

Russian discoverers

Representatives of Russia and their discoveries stood in the orderly ranks of renowned European sailors. A great contribution to the improvement of the world map was made by several outstanding personalities who are worth knowing about.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen

Bellingshausen was the first to venture to lead an expedition to the uncharted shores of Antarctica, and around the world. This event happened in 1812. The mariner set out to prove or disprove the presence of the sixth continent, which was discussed only. The expedition crossed the Indian Ocean, Pacific, Atlantic. Its participants made a great contribution to the development of geography. The expedition under the command of Captain 2nd Rank Bellingshausen lasted 751 days.

Interesting!  Earlier attempts were made to get to Antarctica, but they all failed, only Russian famous travelers were more fortunate and stubborn.

The explorer Bellingshausen went down in history as the discoverer of many species of animals and more than 20 large islands. The captain was one of the few who managed to find his way, walk along it and not destroy the barriers.

Nikolay Przhevalsky

Among Russian travelers was the one who discovered most of Central Asia. Nikolai Przhevalsky always dreamed of visiting uncharted Asia. He was attracted by this continent. The navigator led each of the four expeditions that explored Central Asia. Curiosity led to the discovery and study of mountain systems such as Kun-Lun and the ridges of Northern Tibet. The sources of the Yangtze and Yellow River, as well as the Lob Nora and Kuhu Nora, were explored. Nicholas was the second researcher after Marco Polo, who reached Lob Nora.

Przhevalsky, like other / travelers of the era of great geographical discoveries, considered himself a happy person, because fate gave him the opportunity to explore the mysterious countries of the Asian world. In his honor are named many species of animals described by him during his travels.

The first Russian circumnavigation

Ivan Kruzenshtern and his colleague Yuri Lisyansky firmly inscribed their names in the history of great discoveries in geography. They led the first expedition around the globe, which lasted more than three years - from 1803 to 1806. During this period, seafarers on two ships crossed the Atlantic, sailed through Cape Horn, after which they arrived in Kamchatka through the waters of the Pacific Ocean. There, researchers studied the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island. Their coast was specified, as well as data on all the waters visited by the expedition were entered on the map. Kruzenshtern compiled an atlas for the Pacific Ocean.

The expedition under the command of the admiral was the first to cross the equator. This event was celebrated in accordance with tradition.

Study of mainland Eurasia

Eurasia is a huge continent, but the only person who would have discovered it is problematic to name.

Surprise causes one moment. If everything is clear with America and Antarctica, the glorified names of the great seafarers are reliably inscribed in the history of their existence, then the laurels, the person who discovered Europe, did not get it, because it simply does not exist.

If we discard the search for one navigator, we can list many names that contributed to the study of the world around us and took part in expeditions to the mainland and its coastal zone. Europeans are accustomed to consider themselves only explorers of Eurasia, but Asian explorers and their discoveries are no less in scale.

Historians know which of the Russian writers has traveled around the world, except for the famous sailors. It was Ivan Goncharov, who participated in the expedition on a military sailing ship. His impressions of the trip resulted in a large collection of diaries with descriptions of distant lands.

The Importance of Cartography

People could hardly navigate the sea without good navigation. Previously, their main reference point was the starry sky at night and the sun - during the day. Many maps during the period of great geographical discoveries were dependent on the sky. From the 17th century, a map was preserved on which the scientist plotted all the famous coastal zones and continents, but Siberia and North America remained unknown, because no one knew how far they were and how far the continents themselves spread.

The most saturated according to the information were the atlases of Gerard baths of Köhlen.Captains and famous travelers crossing the Atlantic were grateful for mapping details about Iceland, Holland and Labrador.

Unusual information

Interesting facts about travelers are preserved in history:

1. James Cook was the first person who managed to visit all six continents.
2. Mariners and their discoveries changed the face of many lands, so James Cook brought sheep to the islands of Tahiti and New Zealand.
3. Before his revolutionary activities, Che Guevara was a motorcycle enthusiast, he made a tour of 4 thousand kilometers, traveling around South America.
4. Charles Darwin traveled on a ship, where he wrote his greatest work on evolution. But they did not want to take the man on board, and it was in the shape of a nose. The captain thought that such a person would not be able to cope with a long load. Darwin had to be out of the team and buy his outfit on his own.

The era of great geographical discoveries 15 17 centuries

Great discoverers

Conclusion

Thanks to the heroism and determination of sailors, people received valuable information about the world. This served as an impetus to many changes, contributed to the development of trade, the industrial sphere, and the strengthening of relations with other peoples. The most important thing - it was practically proved that it has a rounded shape.

These people sailed to the horizon, crossed the oceans, unknown lakes and uncharted valleys in search of new countries, wealth and adventure. Among the most famous travelers in world history who explored our planet, discovering new lands, Roald Amundsen, Christopher Columbus and 7 other outstanding personalities.

A Norwegian researcher who undertook several expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic and together with his team on December 14, 1911, after an exhausting race with a rival, Robert Falcon Scott, became the first person to reach the geographic South Pole. Earlier, Roal first crossed the Northwest Passage (1903-1906).

Born July 16, 1872 in the Norwegian city of Borg, and died June 18, 1928 at the age of 55 near the Bear Island in the Arctic.

An English polar traveler, a naval officer, who, along with his escort, reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, about a month after rival Amundsen. Robert's first expedition, during which he explored Victoria Land and the Ross Ice Shelf, took place in 1901-1904.

Born June 6, 1868 in Devonport (Plymouth, England). Passed away March 29, 1912 (43 years old) in a base camp in the Antarctic.

3. . The famous British navigator and discoverer, who first drew a map of Newfoundland and became the first European to discover the east coast of Australia and Hawaii. For three trips, James explored the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic coast to the Bering Strait.

Born November 7, 1728 in Marton (Middlesbrough, England). 02/14/1779 was killed at the age of 50 by the original inhabitants of Hawaii in Kileikkua (Big Island, United States).

4.   . Portuguese sailor, who, on the instructions of the Spanish king in 1519, went on a voyage around the world, following to the west. So Fernand discovered the Strait, named after him, Magellan, located at the upper tip of South America. He was not destined to tell about the discovery in his homeland. In 1522, only a few team members returned to Portugal.

Born in 1480 in Sabroz (Vila Real). On April 27, 1521, at the age of 41, he died at the hands of natives on Mactan Island in the Philippines.

5. .   One of the most famous Portuguese sailors and discoverers, who found in 1498 a sea route to India on behalf of Heinrich the Navigator. On the flagship São Gabriel, accompanied by two more ships (São Rafael und Bérrio), Vasco circled the Cape of Good Hope and returned in 1499 to his home in Lisbon. The sailors filled the holds to the top with bags of spices.

Vasco was born in Sinesh (Setubal) in 1469, and died in Kochi (India) on December 24, 1524 at the age of 55.

6. .   Florentine sailor, navigator, merchant and cartographer. For the first time, he suggested that part of the world, found by Christopher Columbus and later called "America", is a previously unknown continent. The name, which was associated with the name "Amerigo", was proposed by the cartographer from Freiburg im Breisgau, Martin Waldzemueller.

The Florentine was born on March 9, 1451 in Florence (Florence Republic, now Italy). Passed away 60 years old in Seville (Spain) 02/22/1512

7.   . The most famous sea traveler from Genoa, who, on behalf of Spain, crossed the Atlantic Ocean four times in search of an easier sea route to India, eventually opening the continent of America to Europeans (1492), which began the era of colonization. During the first expedition, in which the ships Pinta, Niña and Santa Maria participated, Christopher accidentally discovered the island of San Salvador in the Caribbean after 36 days.

He was born in 1451 in Genoa (Genoese Republic, now the province of Italy). He died on May 20, 1506 in Valladolid (Spain), when he was 55 years old.

8. . A Venetian merchant who documented his travels and often confirmed what he saw with evidence. Thanks to him, Europeans learned about Central Asia and China. According to Marco, he lived for 24 years at the court of the Chinese emperor Kubla Khan, but historians doubt it. The name Polo inspired the discoverers of the next generations.

Born in 1254 in Venice (Venetian Republic, now Italy) and died there 70 years old on January 8, 1324.

The Scandinavian navigator, who reached the North American continent 5 centuries before Columbus. In the XI century, he swam to him on his ship and became the first European to set foot on this land. Leif dubbed the found territory Vinlandom. Scandinavian established trade relations between Greenland, Norway and Scotland.

Ericsson had a hot temper. Born in Iceland in 970, he died on the island of Greenland at the age of 50 in 1020.

  (nicknamed Ginger). Norwegian-Icelandic navigator and discoverer. For the murder in 982, he was expelled from Iceland for 3 years and, making a sea voyage, stumbled upon the west coast of Greenland, where he founded the first Viking settlement in 985. Eirik called the discovered territory "green land."

Although the Norman nickname in Russian translates to “red”, historians believe that in reality it means “bloody”. Thorvaldson was born in 950 g in Jeren (Norway). He died in 1003 at the age of 53 in Brattalid (Greenland).

The listed people made important discoveries, influencing the course of history. They explored the Arctic and Antarctica, "gave" Europeans North America, Greenland and other lands. Travelers paved new sea and land routes, facilitating trade between countries.