Labor migrants in Russia. Exam for labor migrants. Labor Migrant Law
The popular proverb says: "The fish is looking for, where it is deeper, and a person where is better." At all times, people sought to work in those countries where they could get more for their work. And today, a huge stream, labor migrants from Latin America are poured into the United States, Arabs and residents of Asian countries seek to get to work in the EU countries. Russia did not exception, experiencing a constant inflow of foreign labor from the CIS countries.
Causes of labor migration to Russia
The CIS countries are highly differentiated by the level of living of citizens, which is determined by the state of their economies and instability of political systems. In most of them, in the post-Soviet period, the standard of living was constantly declining, the production was collapsed, and unemployment grew. Against this background, Russia is advantageously allocated by the stability of the economy (even despite the difficulties of the last period), a constant need for labor resources in certain sectors of the national economy and quite high by the CIS standards.
The geographical proximity of the Commonwealth countries to Russia, the presence of a visa-free regime with most of them, the widespread dissemination of the Russian language as the means of interethnic communication, numerous related and business connections, recognition of diplomas about higher and secondary technical education - all this is associated with the aforementioned economic stability of Russia and It contributes to the fact that labor migrants from the CIS countries are rushing in the Russian Federation.
The role of labor migration
Labor migrants in Russia – this is a social and economic phenomenon with many faces. Their role in the development of the CIS countries is rather contradictory. The positive aspects include the fact that, thanks to labor migrants, a new respiratory of Russian trade, construction and transport business, agricultural production, as they satisfy the demand for unskilled labor.
In addition, the labor activity of migrants in Russia generates an influx in their countries of a substantial financial resource through annual translation and export from the Russian Federation to $ 15 billion.
Thus, 49% of Tajikistan GDP are funds translated by Tajiks working abroad, mainly in Russia. According to the World Bank, this is an absolute record among all countries of the world. Following Kyrgyzstan with 32% of GDP, formed from migrant translations, for her Moldova with 25% of GDP and Armenia from 21%.
Thus, labor migrants significantly reduce the deficits of payment balances of their countries.
However, there are negative aspects. Thus, illegal migrants feed the shadow economy with their work, and legal dumping in the labor market of Russia, reducing the level of salary. According to the FMS in recent years, more than 4.3 million immigrants were illegally in Russia.
A very dangerous tendency acquired the formation of ethnic enclaves with their internal laws of life, often contradictory Russian law. To such closed communities, the local population is formed a negative attitude, as a rule, in response to the aggression of foreigners in relation to the Russians. In recent years, this has led to a number of excesses that took place in the natural protests of the population against the growth of immigrant numbers in Russia.
What's new for labor migrants brought 2015
All of the above forced the Russian authorities to take urgent measures. So that labor migrants in a row, the legislation since 2015 has changed quite a lot. Now migration from countries to which visa-free entry is extended is no longer regulated by the quotas for foreign labor. Failures in permission to work for exceeding quotas for this region will no longer be. Instead, economic measures were introduced to regulating the number of foreign workers - they need to be purchased for their own funds (or for the money of employers) patents for the right to carry out work in Russia. In general, the new law on labor migrants dated November 24, 2014, which has changed a number of provisions of the existing law on foreigners in the Russian Federation, aims to create a modern and civilized immigration system.
More than 20 amendments to legislation tightened and immigration control. Thirty days after the arrival date, the migrant is obliged to register in the FMS department, to make a notarized translation of his passport, pass the exam in Russian, the history and basics of the legislation of Russia, to receive the INN, pass the medical examination and buy a medstrash.
The fight against illegal migration has been tightened: the prohibition of violators enter the country increased to 5 or 10 years, and this measure has already touched on 1,35 million citizens of the CIS countries.
Who will affect the new rules of labor migration?
The above rules are obliged to comply with labor migrants from the CIS countries, with the exception of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The first two states are included in the Customs Union, and their citizens can work in the Russian Federation without any special permits, and citizens of Turkmenistan enter the country by visas. New rules also apply to citizens of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
In connection with the latest events in Ukraine in the Russian Federation, about 1 million of its citizens, mainly refugees from the Donbass drove in emergency mass order. More than half a million of them issued RVP and received Wu on the territory of Russia. Registration of labor migrants - refugees from Ukraine - to work is made without patents. Unfortunately, many of them face the registration problem (minimum per year) at the place of residence. Now the FMS has been prepared a number of documents aimed at, on the one hand, the labor rights of migrants from this category were protected, and on the other hand, the Russian labor market did not receive additional load.
Procedure upon receipt of a patent
At the entrance to the Russian Federation, the immigrant must specify the word "work" in the migration map in the migration card. When specifying another purpose, the patent will not be given to him. Upon arrival, the following procedures are performed on the place of work:
- migration registration in the local FMS branch;
- the medical system consisting of 4 doctors: infectiousness (special attention is paid to HIV infection), narcologist, phthisiatra and dermatologist;
- purchase of the medustrial policy (or conclusion of a contract with medical institution);
- getting INN;
- exam for labor migrants in Russian, history and basics of the legislation of the Russian Federation;
- payment of a monthly advance payment;
- registration of patent.
All these events must be fulfilled over the month from the moment of arrival at the place of residence and work, otherwise the patent is not received.
Citizens of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, as well as persons with certificates at Wu in Russia or RVP, are drawn up to work as well as Russians.
Patent costs
A patent for labor migrants this year will cost him recipients in 1568 rubles. per month, while the regional allowances for this amount are allowed. So, for Moscow, monthly advance payment is equal to 4000 rubles. In 2015.
This also needs to add the cost of services. The complete migration center, located in Sakharovo village, is 60 km from the Moscow Ring Road in Moscow. The medical examination is 3300 rubles here, the exam for labor migrants will cost 4900 rubles. You can pass a medical examination in Moscow (for this, 40 medical institutions are accredited), and also to buy a medustrial policy in the insurance company, but all this can be done directly in Sakharovo for 14,000 rubles, including the first payment for a patent.
How to pass the exam migrant workers?
Testing of labor migrants is made on PC. Before it starts, the examined fill from the hands of the form profile questionnaires with personal data. The test of the Russian language, the foundations of the history and laws of the Russian Federation includes several sections.
First, the examination must call the examiner items depicted in the pictures on the monitor screen. In the next test, it is necessary to finish the phrase, for example, "Today it's cold" today, one of the following fragments: "Do not forget your passport", "dress warmly", "Buy, please products."
Then answer questions about who today is Russian President, as the capital of Russia is called, which document certifies the personality, etc.
The exam is considered to be alleged if not less than 50 points out of 100 possible tests for all three parts of the test: language, stories, right. If it is not possible to rent the first time, then you can rented an unlimited number of times over a monthly period of primary stay in the Russian Federation. It also happens that the applicant for work in Russia has to take the exam three times.
According to evidence of employees of specialized centers of such examinations, Russian language for labor migrants is often a problem, although in the process of communicating with employers, they are quite connected. There are cases when this test is relocated several times.
Chinese can not learn Russian?
Labor migrants in Russia, which arrived for a period of up to the year, will soon not be required to give the aforementioned exam. According to Boris Titova, which is authorized under the President of the Russian Federation to protect the rights of entrepreneurs, the TASS correspondent to them during the Russian-Chinese Forum "Great Possibilities of Small and Medium Business", in the Far East there are many objects of the Watch Brigades of Chinese workers who come to the calendar quarter. It is unrealistic to require them from the knowledge of the Russian language and the history of Russia. Now the FMS is engaged in developing proposals for making appropriate changes to migration legislation.
What happens in the labor market
Since the beginning of the year, this market is very far away. Due to the decline in the ruble, tightening immigration control and the introduction of patents for labor activity at the beginning of the current year, the number of aliens entering Russia was less than 70% in relation to the past year. Russian regions are exempt from labor migrants. The construction and tourist season began, the sowing was held - and in all these spheres lacked workers. Since the beginning of December last year, logistics and cleaning companies, traditionally hiring migrants, feel the lack of personnel.
Among the reasons are the difficulties with the cost of the costs of documents necessary to obtain patents, and without it, employers do not hire employees. In addition, certain difficulties in migrants from Central Asia causes and passing exams.
FMS of Russia recently (in May) published data on the number of foreigners in the Russian Federation. Today in the country there are over 2.1 million citizens of Uzbekistan, almost 1 million Tajiks, 0.6 million citizens of Kazakhstan, half a million citizens of Kyrgyzstan. All residents of Central Asia were at the beginning of May in the Russian Federation more than 4.2 million people. At the same time, 2.5 million Ukrainian citizens are located in Russia.
In total, according to the director of the FMS, which was said to them at a meeting with the President of the Russian Federation on May 6, 2015, in Russia there is up to 12.5 million foreigners, and the FMS fixes a slight decline in their number.
And this is not due to the reduction of entry, but by increasing the departure, i.e., the measures taken by the authorities of economic regulation of immigration processes work. 
Will migrants leave home?
About a million foreigners left Russia at the end of 2014, and a number of experts consider it the beginning of a persistent tendency to reduce their numbers in our country. In their opinion, until mid-2016 there will be an even greater outflow, since less than half of those who receive a patent in the current year will extend it to next year. Only having RVP or Wu will remain.
However, according to other analysts of the labor market, the outflow of foreigners was seasonal, and closer to the summer their number will be restored. In fact, migrants have nowhere else to go to work, except for Russia. According to these estimates, the market can only feel an episodic lack of labor, and the overall reduction in the number of labor migrants will not exceed 10-15%. To make sure this is enough to look at long queues from buying patents in Sakharovo near Moscow.
Some experts express the opinion that the Russians will replace migrants at the liberated workplaces, as already observed in Central Russia. However, the cost of the workforce as a whole increases and the cost of the product produced will increase. As not to remember the experience of the American business, who has undergone its main production (except for defense) in the 80s of the last century to China and the country of South Kazakhstan. The purpose of this policy was just a decrease in production costs due to lower wages.
Although today almost three times the number of legal migrants decreased, their total number is preserved. Experts suggest that Russians may take part of the released jobs. Now, due to the decline in the economy, the need for labor in Russia has decreased compared with previous years. And in manufacturing companies, Russians are increasingly liberated. The results of January-February of this year clearly confirmed this trend. But workers are still not enough. Part of the vacancies occupy citizens of Ukraine, more and more actively interested in the possibilities of the Russian labor market, especially since the exams for them do not represent any particular difficulties.
At the same time, the spheres of housing and communal services and services, which in previous years stimulated the labor activity of migrants, will experience a shortage of workers. So, the experiment, the goal of attracting Russians to the places of janitor, failed. At its beginning, there were 4 thousand such vacancies around the country, and now they are already 8 thousand.
