Alhambra Photos. Alhambra Palace in Granada. History of Alhambra in Granada
Writing this post was difficult. And I had to say my brother, "shove the insecious", make a sample of 500 frames and write some minimal text, and not a scientific study on the topic "Alhambra as it is."
So on November 4, from the morning early, i.e. At about 9 o'clock in the morning, we plunged into the ordered taxi and went to the main attraction of Granada - Alhambre, the majestic architectural and park ensemble, which includes the ancient palaces, the fortress and gardens of the Muslim rulers and is considered to be the highest achievement of Mauritan architects in Western Europe.
Alhambra can be reached by four ways:
1) the easiest - order a taxi (we were worth 7.50 European money for two)
2) take advantage of the 30th route of the 30th route departing from the Cathedral (value of 1.80 money for one soul, or rather the body)
3) Ride on your (removed) machine (the cost of gasoline and kilometer of your nerve fibers and cells that are not restored and which you will start to spend confusing in one-sided, narrow streets (and you will warmly confuse).
4) Go on foot - money is not worth it, but from 30 minutes and to infinity you spend it (depending on where to go where to go). It should be noted that choosing this way of delivering yourself to Alhambre, you need to consider that it will be necessary to go to a fairly cool slide and the rise may become tedious, especially in summer. And in the Alhambre itself will have to walk and walk.
Some guidebooks say that for the examination of the Alhambra you need 3 hours. I do not know how you can all have time for 3 hours, probably, only if you jump a rolling gallop. We were there almost 6 hours and not all went around and looked.
And one more important remark. Due to the fact that the bandwidth in Alhambra is 8,800 people a day, all guidebooks recommend ordering entrance tickets in advance. The site for order and phone numbers are located in Google without problems, as well as written in the same guidebooks. We knew it, but not having a clear plan of the trip (they decided how to go, would go, they didn't know what day we would be in Granada, and therefore did not order tickets in advance, having happened that November is not the height of the tourist season and those who want Visit the Red Fortress (and this is how Alhambra is translated from Arabic), there will be not 8800 people, but a little less and we buy tickets on the spot.
True, on the eve of the evening, I read the reviews of the same tourists-Rolling, which could not buy a ticket. Yes, and the taxi driver who drove us to the fortress, asked "and order whether we are about?", I was very surprised to hear a negative answer. So on the way to the fortress I was somewhat exciting, and Lida did not worry and discussed with a taxi driver a geopolitical situation in the Middle East. Their dialogue was very entertaining, because it was based on ten Spanish words, who knew Lida and five English, who knew the taxi driver.
So we got to the office, whose people were very little, bought tickets unhindered and rushed to the palaces of Nasriov. There is also another feature that you need to consider when visiting the Alhambra is a little get a ticket at the checkout and go to the territory of the complex. You still need to pay attention, at the time of entry into the palaces of Nasriov. This time is pricked on the ticket and go to the palaces you can for half an hour from the appointed time. All guidebooks also speak about it.
We arrived at Alhambra around 9:30. The entrance to the palaces was appointed at 10:00, but inattentively looking at the map
they missed the desired turn and went to the other side, and when they were signed up and realized that they realized that we were not going there, I had to turn around and quickly flee to the palace.
I naturally, I photographed something on the run, but without going into details that I remove.
After 15 minutes of a long walk, exactly at 10:00 we stood in the tail of about 150 and meter queues to the Nabid Palaces.
So - "Algámbra (Spanish. Alhambra, from Arab. قصر الحمراء Casre Al-Hamra -" Red Castle ") - Architectural and park ensemble, located on a hilly terrace in the eastern part of Granada in Southern Spain. The main development received in times The Board of the Muslim Dynasty of Nasridov (1230-1492), in which Granada became the capital of the Granada Emirate in the Iberian Peninsula, and Alhambra - their residence (the preserved palaces belong mainly to the XIV century). The composition of the extensive complex concluded in the fortress walls with the towers was also included. Mosque, residential buildings, baths, gardens, warehouses, cemetery. Currently is the Museum of Islamic Architecture. "
While we stood in line looked at Carlos Palace 5th. Built very close to the Nabid Palace. We, just looked at this palace outside, did not go inside. Now there is a Museum of Fine Arts Granada (Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada), the Museum of the Alhambra (Museo de La Alhambra), the Museum of Islamic art, where it is built mostly archaeological finds made in the Alhambre itself. This is the only object where we did not go from all those where it was possible to go. Just by the end of the day there was no longer the strength of any physical nor moral.
Opposite the palace of Carlos Wall Alcasaba - the Alhambra citadel where the first fortifications were built.
And here is our goal at the moment - the Palace of Nasriov. Outside it looks very modest and inconsistent.
And here we have to enter.
Now a slight retreat. Granada was the last stronghold of "Arab resistance". And it was here that in Alhambre it was decided to build the royal residence after the displacement of Arabs from the Pyrnenestany Peninsula. The Moorish complex organically fit into the architectural ensemble of the new Imperial Palace (Palace of Carlos 5th) and thus the masterpiece of Moorish architecture was saved from destruction. The truth survived not all. From the seven palaces, to the present day, they lived only three - Mehuar, Komarene and the Palace of Lviv. But on them, you can judge what luxury and magnificence surrounded myself the last owners of Alhambra in the era of the Moorish Decadence.
And the first palace, where we hit - Mehwar.
Mexuar (Mexuar). The most old part of the complex is markedly rebuilt after Christian conquest. The name comes from the Arabic word Maswar - the place where Shura is going, that is, the Council of Ministers.
And the first room is a Sala Del Mexuar. In the center of the hall, the patterned set of wooden ceiling of Christian times is supported by four columns with Mozaraara's consoles. The ceiling is made in the XVI century, before that, in his center there was a light lamp (the side windows was not). The upper part of the walls is decorated with a gypsum ornament, the lower finished with tiles, which are mixed with panels with images of the coat of arms of Charles V, the genus of Mendoza, Hercules pillars, etc. In the Christian period served as Chapel.
Chapel (Oratorio). A small room adjacent to Meshoir, overlooking Albaisin (one of the oldest Aribean quarters of Granada). Walls are covered with quotes from the Quran and praise Muhammed V.
view of Albiasin
In the eastern part, Michrab is a niche in the wall pointing to Mecca (so that the praying accidentally was not mistaken in which direction to pray).
In 1590, an explosion occurred here; In 1917, the room was restored.
Next we moved to the courtyard of Mexair (Patio del Mexuar), or the yard of the Golden Room (Patio del Cuarto Dorado). Located between Mehuair and the Komarence Palace. Here we were detained to skip the big crowd of "organized" tourists and not to attack them on the heels, but at the same time admire such beauty.
well, in these arches in the crowd of tourists.
Here is the "Gold Chamber" - the last hall in the Palace of the Sokhar, named so because of the gilding on the original artesonad ceiling. His finest carving, restored during the Catholic kings, in addition to Aararabic, carries and gothic motives.
A bit of a crowd of tourists and the facade of the Komarence Palace, renovated in the 19th century. "Created to commemorate the city of Algeciras Muhamed 5 in 1369, was conceived as a triumphal arch, as evidenced by the inscription and uncharacteristic facade for Islamic architecture with two separate entrances.
Palace Komarez (Palacio de Comares) was the official residence of Emir. Built in the middle of the XIV century. under Yusuf I and his son Mohammeda V. Different versions were expressed about the origin of his name; It is possible that it comes from the Arab "Hamarian" - the so-called colored stained glass windows in the windows of the main hall of his highest tower, also called the Komarence tower.
We enter it and first go on corraders
and soon we fall into the mirietary courtyard.
"Patio de Los Arrayanes). The composition of the composition of the entire palace, almost the most famous place of Alhambra. In the middle of the courtyard there is a marble pond with a size of 34 × 7.1 m, where water from two fountains is supplied to the short sides of the rectangle, for which the courtyard is also called Patio Pond (Patio del Estanque, Patio de La Alberca). On long sides, he was attacked by a tonsured hedge from myrtit, through which the courtyard was called. On the northern and southern parties, open portico, having seven semicircular arches with openwork threads and columns, were made. having a square sequence (Central Arch above all others). On their walls on top of the tiles, laid already under Christians at the end of the XVI century, the Arab inscriptions, praising Emir, are in particular, the poems of Ibn Wheems, Minister Mohammed V. at the ends of porticors There are richly decorated niches, where there were vases with flowers or oil lamps. On the long sides of the courtyard - richly decorated inlets into women's chambers. "
he is on the other side.
walls and Arches
We look into the boat hall (Sala de La Barca). "An extended rectangular hall with an entrance from the northern portication of the Mytt courtyard, connecting it from the Komarez tower. Its name occurs, by different versions, or from a cylindrical arch, resembling an inverted boat or from distorted Arabic Al-Barack - a blessing (this word is often found among the arabesque on the walls). The walls are covered with plaster stucco, pioneage.
And from it we fall into the tower of Komarez and an amazingly beautiful Embassy hall. (Salón de Embajadores), "Height of 18.2 m, the most majestic hall of the Alhambra. The floor there is tiled, in the middle - the coat of arms of the Alamarians (XVI century). In three walls, except input, very thick (2.5 m thick), niche has been done With three arches inside and the window outside. Windows pocked with patterned lattices, go on the second tier. All walls, niches, arches, transitions in abundance are filled with inscriptions, carvings and stucco. Extremely richly decorated with a wooden set ceiling, symbolically depicting seven heavens of Muslim Paradise With the breath of Allah in the middle; the ceiling surrounds the stalactitic frieze. On the upper floor of the tower there was a winter bedroom of Emir, and from there was going to the terrace. "
I am against the background of "thick walls with niches." The backpack on the belly is not just like that, but according to the ultimate recommendation of the caretaker. Apparently, pickpockets are smaller here.
my hand is here for scale. To make it easier to assess the subtlety of plaster stucco.
The next and last palace on our way - the Palace of Lviv (Palacio de Los Leones) is privatelying Emir. "Built in the XIV century. With Mohammed V after it comes to power; there is also a version that Mohammed built it as a palace, fully independent of the Komarese Palace. In the style of this building, the influence of Christian art is, apparently explaining Emir friendship with the Castilian king Pedro. Cruel. "
The Lviv Palace is built on the principle of grouping premises around the open yard.
We entered there, as usual, with a huge crowd
But gradually the people dissipated and the opportunity to consider it all.
So, the lion's courtyard (Patio de Los Leones). The central courtyard of the Palace, around the perimeter surrounded by arched galleries similar to the Gallery of the Mytovo Court, but the advantage of the dual columns, the total number of which is 124. The inputs in the apartments are mostly highlighted by protruding porticoes. The surrounding houses are covered with pointed tiled roofs. In the middle of the courtyard there is a fountain of Lviv (Fuente de Los Leones), depicting twelve stylized lions holding a twelve-footed bowl on the backs. For a long time there was a version that the figures of Lviv were made in the XI century. And they originate from the house of Vizier Shmuel Ha-Nagid, and since he was Judea, they allegedly symbolized twelve knees of Israel. However, during the restoration of the fountain at the beginning of the XXI century. It turned out that the lions and the bowl were made during the construction of the palace, that is, in the second half of the XIV century. The bowl is also decorated with verses Ibn Wheel.
Stalakty Hall (Sala de Los Mocárabes). He served as a lobby to enter the palace. The title is obliged to the ceiling of Mukarnas (Cellular Arch, Muqarnas, Muqarnas (Arab. Muqarnas, Arab. مقرنص), stalactites - a characteristic element of the traditional Arabic and Persian architecture; a variety of folded arch from closed biased folds in the form of rhombic trample-hexagons, pyramidal deepening, similar to wax bee honeycombs or in stalactites), strongly affected by the explosion of the powder cellar in 1590 and replaced; Since 1863, you can see the remnants of the initial ceiling. Occassed along the ceiling with a rich frieze of plaster stucco with inscriptions and maidises of nasriids. It has three arched entrances to the lion's courtyard.
makarna. In the palace of Lviv they are everywhere.
Abysenrakhov Hall (Sala de Los AbencyRrajes). "Located in the housing on the south side of the lion's courtyard. It is obliged to the name of the legend, according to which 37 representatives of the notable family of absenters on denunciation of a hostile family were killed here during the festival: allegedly one of the absenters was close to his wife Sultan . Rusty stains in the twelve-particle central fountain are associated with their blood. The most noticeable in this hall is the dome of the star-shaped form, consisting of MUKNN, with windows that give soft light. Walls are decorated with plaster stucco, pioneage - tiles of XVI B.
opposite the similar room - the hall of two sisters (Sala de Las Dos Hermanas). The central room of the chambers of the sultach. It is obliged to its name with two large marble floors of the floor, a divided fountain. The eight-marginal dome with Muqarow is particularly expressed here, which relies on the thrombus, also covered with MUKARN. The walls are covered with the thinnest thread on the knock, where you can see the motto names and the sounds.
Kings Hall (Sala de Los Reyes). Closes the lion's courtyard from the east. Perhaps it was a living room and a lounge. Divided by paired arches for three square sections
The central log on a special position was intended for Sultan and his environment.
A few more shots of a lion courtyard and move on.
We pass through the hall of two sisters and get to Mirador de Daraxa. The indoor balcony of the two-sisters hall, leaving in the courtyard of Lindaraja (Patio de Lindaraja). The first in the enfilade of the Harem premises. The name is from a distorted Arab "I-Ain-Dar Aisha" ("Eyes of Sultanshi"). It has low windows (based on semi-seated), central - double arched, side single. Initially, before the construction of Pacific Varl V, it opened up the view of the Darro River Valley (now the gaze is resting in the deaf wall of the gallery). Gypsum stucco with poems of Ibn Washed, black and white and yellow tiled base, caissional ceiling.
the windows overlook the yard of Lydarakhi
another mehuel
We pass along the gallery built under Carlos 5th. We look at the courtyard of the lattice (Patio de la Reja), or cypress (Patio de Los Cipreses). Created between the wall, the bathhouse and the shakers of Charles V at the same time, when the latter was built; It was called the balcony grill on the southern wall made in 1654-1655 for the passage between the Komarence Palace and the rest of the emperor. In the middle there is a marble fountain, at four corners - centenary cypresses.
The grill, more precisely, the railing is not remarkable - visible in this window
Since the gallery, the roofs are visible
On the other hand, on the ancient fortress wall of Granada
quarters Granada
one of the tower
Go down and get into the yard of Lydarakhi
And here we leave the Palaces of Nasriov
But while we walk in the park next to the portal, look at the palaces outside. As I said, the external walls do not speak about the inner splendor.
As I said we went out to Partial.
The name "Partial" (PARTAL, from the Arab word meaning "portico") is east of the Palace of Nasriov. Occasionally, it is called the "Patio de la Higuera". A significant part of it was previously accounted for Palacio Del Partal, or the Palacio Del Pórtico (Palacio Del Pórtico), built before the Naridian palaces - at the beginning of the XIV century, with Mohammed III. From this palace left very little; The greatest of its buildings is the ladies tower (Torre de Las Damas),
Its portico with five arched entrances goes to a rectangular revenue, like other palaces. The topor is located on the topor of the Darro Valley, as well as from the lower square hall. According to the legend, it was from this tower to their rebel supporters a future emir Boabdils ran.
A little rolling in the gardens of partial
We look at the church of Santa Maria de La Alhambra (Iglesia de Santa María de la Alhambra). Built in 1581-1618. At the site of a large mosque on the plans of Juan de Errera and Juan de Orea Architect Ambroso de Vico, somewhat simplified them. He has the form of the Latin Cross.
We pass by the walls of the Palace of Carlos
We go towards Alcasaba
We pass through the wine gate. According to generally accepted opinion, from 1554, under these gates, there was a free trade of tax trade, hence their name.
Alcasaba (from Arabic word al-Kasba, meaning "Fortress") - Alhambra citadel; It was here that the first fortifications were built. In Alcasaba 9 tower connected by somersault fortress walls.
I will not list the names of all the tower.
"Weapon Square (Plaza de Armas), the space between the walls of Alcasaba. Here are the foundations of houses where the garrison lived and its population, the remains of the water tank and is visible in the underground prison."
Where I do not know the entrance to prison, and nucleists are good!
ADARVE (Adarve), a configured way on the northern wall. And also visible the highest - sentiment tower (Torre de La Vela), the highest tower of the citadel (about 27 m height), square in the plan, four-storey. It was on it that in 1492 the conquerors raised the flag of the Order of Santiago and the royal banners. Later was used as a dwelling (until the middle of the XX century. Members of the War Disabled Corps have lived here, called the bell on holidays). There was a teeth, but in 1522 they destroyed them an earthquake. The bell was installed in 1492 (why it was also called the bell tower, Torre de La Campana), but the current belfry dates back to 1840 (in 1882 it was destroyed by lightning and restored).
We naturally climbed on it (oh's poor my knees) but the views were worth.
Roof Granada
Cathedral
View of Alhambra (historical value does not represent, but picturesque.
Fortress Walls Alhambra (Lida is set for scale).
Under the walls, already in the Christian era, a small park was broken.
On this park we leave Alcasaba, pass by the gardens of Partial
What these two do, for us there is a mystery.
we go past the dwellings of Arabic nobles
On the path lies with this snow-white palace at a nearby hill.
This is henellifa - the former summer residence of Emirov, located east of the Fortress itself and connected to her several roads. The complex includes palaces, gardens and a number of other structures.
At first we went on the "Lower Gardens" broken here in 1931 and not having historical significance, but not less than that beautiful.
Gardens themselves are beautiful, and more of them opens a completely stunning view of the Alhambra.
And aroma colors around.
Palace Hennelife (Palacio del GeneralFe) was built in the XIII century. and rebuilt in 1319
Its facade is made intentionally simple and modest, contrasting with a rich interior in the style of the palaces of Alhambra.
The strongest impression in it produces a courtyard of Aryka (Patio de La Acequia), through which the same channel passed, the traces of which are visible in Alhambre; Here it is framed by two rows of water jets, and flowers, bushes and trees are planted along the shores.
He brings to the observation site (Miradore), which opens a beautiful view of the city.
Named so alone standing dry gigantic cypress. Otherwise, he was called the courtyard of the Sultanshi, for here, according to legend, there was secret dates of the Sultan's wife with one of the absenters, who was worthwhile to a whole family of nobles. (Killed in the lviv palace of the same name).
here is another couple of types of cypress
What does this window relates to, I do not remember - it just liked it, very much.
In the 19th century, "upper gardens" broken slightly above the slope
And in 1836 a romantic Mirador Romántico is built in a non-neutic style contrasting with the rest of the buildings.
By climbing there you can see the following pictures.
Like the window, I also liked this tower, but that I will not say. I will say, just that it was the last structure that we looked in Alhambre.
After that, on a shady lady with the trees of cunning shape, we went to the gate and on that our six hours walk along the Alhambre ended.
We went down to the city on the miniwed buse, which I wrote at the beginning of the post, and about what we saw in the second half of the day, I will tell you in the next post (for this, I think the information is enough).
Palace Alhambra - The most beautiful of the fortified palace attacks lined up. Its device stores the features of a classic medieval castle, in which the upper floors occupied the aristocrats, military and noble townspeople, and the lower levels and the walls protected by the courtyards were given to merchants and chelyads. In 1241, Ibn Al-Ahmed laid the beginning of the Nabida dynasty in Granada, named by Mohammed I. Nabida ruled by German until 1492. The Alhambra citadel was built on the orders of Mohammed I.
At the beginning of 1492, the end of the seven-year power of the Mavrov came. Spanish Christian kings expelled from the Granada rulers of the Nasriov dynasty, 250 years considered the city and its surroundings with their possessions. Nabids fled from their palace, incomparable Alhambra. This "red city" should actually be considered as an outstanding architectural ensemble, not as a separate building.
The first part of a huge fortified complex, Alcasaba (Upper city), it was completed either at the end of the XIII, or at the beginning of the XIV century.
Mehwar, or House of Justice, including richly, Quarter Dorado (Golden Room)were the official premises of the Sultan himself. Here he in the presence of officials announced laws and decrees. On the walls of the Golden Room, the inscription was concerned: "Enjoy and do not be afraid to demand justice, you will get it."
The Komarence Palace, in which the residential apartments of Sultan and his officials were located, is a real pearl of Alhambra. Archings of the Embassy of the Hall of the Koran are depicting seven heavens. They are made of cedar with skillful inlays from ivory and pearl. Personal Guard Sultan Mohammed V (1354-1391) She held a lion yard, outstanding a sample of Arabic architecture in Iberia and Islamic style as a whole. Walls are lined with ornament from scarlet, green, gold and blue tiles. The courtyard with 124 marble columns received its name due to the fountain. Its bowl is kept on the back of 12 marble lions.
The luxurious room of the palace is the hall of two sisters (Sala de Las Dos-Ermanas). Her arches in the Moorish style are decorated with stalactites, so the ceiling is divided into more than 4,000 sparkling cells. One wall is covered with poems discharged with gold on the glaze.
Water noise can be heard in any corner of the Alhambra. In the walls of the citadel beats many sources. Sultan Mohammed I decided that in his fortress the water would be in excess. And obedient architects made water in the detail of the inner decoration. Filigree fountain jets are perfectly combined with gloss-covered with icing bricks, marble floors and motley soles.
Alhambra consists of four parts:
- Military fortress Alcasaba (the oldest part)
- The stunning palace of Nasreidov (Last splash of Mauritanian architecture);
- Summer Palace Hennelifa;
- Renaissance Palace Karl V.
A labyrinth of heavenly gardens is running between them, who really seem to the incarnation of Heavenly Bush. Spilled delicate combinations of light, colors, sounds and aromas created by murmur fountains, a mirror stroke of ponds, high alive hedges and abundant fragrant colors.
The color of the walls of a mixture of red clay and stone gave Alhambra its name, which is derived from the Arabic word "Red". Once these walls surrounded a small city with a four-gate, 23 towers, seven palaces, servants, workshops, baths, educational institutions (Madrasa) and mosques. Many of them have long disappeared, but those that remained, continue to endure their magic, as it happened to Karl V: building the imperial palace, the monarch used him only for ceremonies, and he himself preferred to live with his family in a more pleasant Moorish Palace. Because of the enormous popularity of the Alhambra at the height of the season, you can be in a thick crowd from a variety of excursion groups. Therefore, it is better to schedule the second visit, and come once again in the evening, when those elements of the architecture that you could miss are softly highlighted. As for the Palace of Nasriov, then it is necessary to order a tour and wait for a half hour (Try to come after 12.00, when the crowd comes). But in any case, you can absorb sensory atmosphere Alhambra for so long as you want.
Alcazaba
From this fortress, you can start an inspection. Climb on the roof of Torre de la Vela to admire the fantastic panorama of Granada, Sierra-Nevada and endless plains (Vega) west. Alcasaba, built in the IX century, was the first major Moorish construction in Granada, although her two front towers appeared only after 400 years.
Palacios Nasaries (Nasriov Palace)
The French poet Theophile Gauthier called the earthly paradise, built for Yusuf I and Mohammed V in 1300. Two his patio, refined carved stucco ceilings, friezes, capitals and arches, geometric mosaic, fountains and the feeling of endless perspective became the incarnation of the heyday of the Mauritan style in Spain. From a wonderful tile of mehuara (Hall of the Council) Complete in Patio del Quarto Dorado, and then in a stunning salon de los Embachadores (Hall of ambassadors) In the tower Komarez. This construction is crowned with the Dome Code, which has gone, according to more than 8 thousand cedar tiles. Pay attention to the workshop of the stucco walls, beautiful mubarkas (lattice stucco ceiling, arches and domes)And then admire the wonderful view from the windows. In Patio de Los Arrayyanenes (Mytov courtyard) One of the best prospects for the Alhambra, which is emphasized by the Mirto bushes on the sides of the reservoir.
Hence the passage to the Mojarabov Hall, which is preceded by a famous lionic courtyard. This rhythmicly organized, surrounded by a colonnade space is divided into four parts in the traditional Islamic spirit, where the fountain and water channels are dominated - symbols of four streams of life. Swimming pool, whose rim is cited by poetic stamps, charming the beauty of the yard, garden and the game of waters, watchtime 12 stone lions. The author of these and many other inscriptions in Alhambre was Chief Minister Mohammed V Ibn Samrah.
There are three hoods of exceptional beauty around the patio. Most impressive Sala de Las Dos-Ermanas (Hall of two sisters, left at the entrance to the patio) With an octagonal dome ceiling, decorated with wonderful MUCARNAS, resembling stalactites. They are flooded with natural light, flowing through the windows below.
On the opposite side, this room is linked with an aqueous canal with the Abenserrakhs hall. He has a high dome ceiling and stalactite vaults. Third Hall, Sala de Los Reyes (Hall of kings), is behind the accumulation of the arches. The painting of his ceiling was made by Christian artists hired by Mohammed V. North of here, another hall leads to Mirador de Daraha over a beautiful patio with a garden.
From the chief palace, you can go to the Palacio del Gatal, which probably was the first part of the structure. Arched gallery leads to Torre de Las Damas (Ladies tower)which is reflected in the mirror cleanliness of the large pool. Located gods at different levels of the gardens create a bridge leading in henerefe.
Hennelifer
The Hennelifa building erected above the Alhambra level was a summer palace. Its main attraction is an oblongable swimming pool surrounded by fountains in patio de la asecia; In addition, there are terraced gardens, arbors and cypress groves, giving healing coolness even in summer.
In the former royal apartments there is nothing to consider anything other than wonderful species, so visit the viewing platform of Mirador de la Sultan at the very top.
At the end of June, musical and dance performances are arranged in the Gardens of Henellife.
Palace Karl V.
Karl V Palace built on the project of Pedro Machuki, a student of Michelangelo. An extensive round courtyard personifies the world empire (i.e. globe) And completely unlike all other structures Alhambra. Inside are the Museum of Fine Arts and the Alhambra Museum. The latter presents samples of Spanish-Muslim art. Upstairs, in the section of graceful arts, the works of graveyad masters are stored (Diego de Silae, Alonso Kano, Pedro De Mea, Diego and José de Mora).
This is an architectural composition that is an outstanding achievement of Moorish architects in all Western Europe. It is located on a rocky plateau in the southeastern part of Granada and includes beautiful palaces, gardens and ancient fortress. Every year, millions of tourists come to the south of Spain. In order to see the wonder of the Mauritanian architecture.
The name of the Alhambra is translated from Arabic as "Red Castle". Some bind the origin of the title with the dried sun of the clay of which the palaces were made, others believe that the name happened from red torches, which covered the territory in the construction of palaces.
History of Alhambra
The development of the Alhambra began during the conquest of the Pyrenean Peninsula Muslims, which in the 7th century settled in southern Spain. During the reign of the nasride dynasty (1230-1492), Granada received the status of the capital of the Granada Emir - Moorish possessions in Spain.
The Moorish Emirs wished to create a paradise at distant places from home - so among the gardens of Granada arose Alhambra, which became the residence of Emirov-Conquerors. At that time, the complex surrounded by high walls with the towers was included in residential buildings, mosques, gardens, baths, warehouses and a cemetery. Until our times, only palaces built in the XIV century have been preserved.
The inner decoration of the Alhambra complex harmoniously combines picturesque gardens and inner courtyards, decorated with fountains, water bodies and channels with a multitude of gourmet arches, columns and carved windows. All this is decorated with traditional Arab visies, motley ceramic mosaic, vegetable ornaments and carved stone and wood patterns.
The most important role in the composition of the Alhambra is paid to water and light. Surrounded by fragrant vegetation, water flows into a variety of fountains and fun rummates in the canals and cascades.
The water entered into the fountains and canals from the mountain peaks of Sierra Nevada was very valued by the Moors. And in general, streams, fountains and waterfalls are an equally characteristic feature for Arabs than for the Greeks of the column.
Alhambra consists of a complex of courtyards, premises, towers and transitions, each of which had its purpose. Names speak for themselves:
- The "MirTy Dvorik" is decorated with evergreen peaceful trellis.
- "Hall of two sisters" is named so thanks to the two large plates from white marble built into the floor.
- "The courtyard of Lviv" got its name due to the fountain installed on the back of 12 Lviv.
The Chamber of Ambassadors was created for official ceremonies and celebrations. The dome of the room is decorated with a flickering star pattern.
Separately, it is worth noting the numerous Alhambra towers with beautifully decorated halls, pools and stunning views from their vertices.
Against the background of all buildings, the most late building is distinguished dramatically - Carlos V Palace. It was built in the XVI century and is a square building with a circular courtyard with Tuscan columns on the lower floor and an ionic column on the top. Currently, various concerts are held in the palace. Also, in the interior there are Museum of Fine Arts Granada and the Archaeological Museum of Alhambra.
Where is Alhambra
The Alhambra Palace is located at Calle Real De La Alhambra, S / N, 18009 Granada, Spain
Phone: +34 958 02 79 71
Travel is one of the main joys in a person's life. To see the world, they say, you need to visit 25 main places. Excursion tours to Spain are among the most popular travelers. Why? Because there is a lot of amazing on the beauty and historical value of places. This pearl is the castles of Spain. Cordova, Seville, Cardper, Tabernas - these names are worried and hung tourist. But the very first place is occupied by Granada, Alhambra. It is not vainly called the "eighth miracle of the world" - she shakes her magnificence, the scale and fantasy of the creators.
Historical context
The Granada region was populated before our era. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the era of decline begins throughout its territory. Granada is moving from some conquerors to others, losing their scale and beauty. In the VIII century, there is also a fortress, which is used as a defensive structure. At the beginning of the decomposition of the emirate in 1013, the representative of Algerian Berbers seized the territory, which at the site of today's city creates its settlement Midanat Garnat ("Hill pilgrims" in translation from Arabic). Ziridov dynasty rejuvenates the historic center, but the city changes the owners again - in 1090, the Almoravid dynasty comes to power. After its decline, the Almohad dynasty took possession of the territory. So, over the centuries, Muslim culture dominated this land. At the beginning of the XIII century, the dynasty is experiencing numerous military failures, which leads to the fact that in 1238, the territory captures Muhammad Ibn Nasr first, which creates and heads the nasride dynasty. From this point on, the real flourishing, building and planning of the city begins and today are visible in Granada.
In 1492, Emirates fell under the onslasis of the Queen of Spain Isabella in the first, from that moment the new Granada page begins. But the era of Nasriov is forever captured in the beautiful castle of the Alhambre fortress.
Geographical position
Granada is located in southern Spain, enters the administrative district Andalusia. Any excursion tours to Spain necessarily capture a visit to this region as one of the most interesting and unusual. The city is located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, which provide a soft, climate favorable climate. The tropical climate and fertile soils made this edge so tempting for the invaders. The city spread over three hills, which created favorable conditions for defense, is not in vain. It is here that the first Muslim fortresses appear here in the 7th century. The city feeds the water of the Darro River, and the proximity of the Mediterranean Sea gives great opportunities for trading. Such a successful geographical location was the cause of long wars on this territory, everyone wanted to live in this paradise.
Dynasty Nasridov
In 1238, the dynasty of Nasridov in the face of Muhammad I became an island of prosperity of art and culture. Muhammad took the territory of Granada and, realizing that he would not be able to keep it under the onslaught of Christian offensive, concluded an agreement with Ferdinand III. It helped him not only to preserve his land, but even expanding her borders. The descendants of Muhammad ruled the city until 1492. For 250 years, Granada was the center of Enlightenment and Art. Nabids were characterized by high education and passion for sciences and art. Scientists, artists, musicians and poets from all over Europe were invited to their capital. The Alhambra Palace became a monument of this dynasty, the best features of Moorish art and culture appeared in it.
History buildings
Many centuries saw Granada. Alhambra as the palace began to be built in the XIII century. Muhammad I, who ended up in Alhambra his residence, first of all began to strengthen the palace. A sentier tower was built, the ancient walls are strengthened. Then the tower of the reverence appeared. Having secured security, Emir began to engage in landscaping. His undertakings were continued by his successor. With Yusuf I and Mohammed, the fifth appears the largest number of buildings. Alcabasa enhances and expands, palaces are being built, the walls are strengthened, the famous courtyard with lions appear, Komarence Tower, Iron Gate. In 1492, Alhambra is conquered by Catholic troops and becomes a royal residence. Here are built by the Palace of Charles V, the Church of Santa Mary.
Later, happy fate turned away from the Alhambra. Bourbons have not experienced any interest in it and even blew up part of the complex. They say that they wanted to destroy the entire palace, but fortunately did not do it. In 1821, a significant damage to Alhambre was inflicted by an earthquake. In the second third of the XIX century, a colony of romantics is developing here, Bayron, Goethe, Shatubin, worked here. Then the restoration of the palace begins and the attitude towards Alhambre is gradually being developed, as a monument of history, culture and architecture.
Architectural complex
Very unusual architecture for the European city has Granada. Alhambra was built on Muslim custom. Today, the visitor at the first moment the complex impresses the chaotic jet of buildings, gardens and yards. But in reality, the layout of the palace was carefully thought out. Each zone is grouped around the open yard. The entrance doors and the garden were intended to solve small cases, to receive visitors who were closed in the inside. Next, there were parade chambers for receptions with excellent halls and yards. A long pass, which led to the hall was called La Barka, he served as a welcoming speech. The most intimate and most beautiful part is personal chambers. Half of the Emir and the female part stand out here. The center of this part is a luxurious lionic courtyard. There was also a separate zone - a garden that was a real work of art. In the initial intent to today, the complex did not live. Part of the buildings were destroyed, part - built up with later structures. But even in this form, the palace produces an indelible impression of scope and luxury.
Moorish style
Built in the oriental style of Granada. Alhambra was built preferably by the Arabs. The castle is an excellent example of Mauritan style, which was born in Muslim, Arab culture, but organically absorbed the features of Spanish art. The architecture of the Moors has pronounced specifics. First of all, it is associated with attitudes towards buildings. Arabs invalidly lived in deserts, where comfortable life is possible only in oases. Here, they tried to make all their palaces on such oasis, hence such love for the creation of gardens, such a special significance of water in castles and parks. The architecture of the Moors was built on a harmonious combination of pieces such as a square and cube, they were the basis and designs, and decor. Find out the facilities of the Moors is always easy through large ornamentality and the use of calligraphy in the design of structures. Constructive mavr style signs are horseshoecents, vaulted ceilings, often converging in the center in the form of an eight-pointed star. Planning the construction in this style was always centered by the courtyard, around which structures of various purposes. The interiors were distinguished by brightness, using thread, mosaic, carpets, color textiles. In Alhambre, Mauritan style reached a peak of his heyard, the complex has a more elegant and exquisite form than the construction of previous periods.
Palace Naridov
The sample is the most valuable part of the complex - the Palaishes of Nasriov. These include three autonomous monumental complexes: Meshuhar - buildings for audiences and courts, Komarest Palace - the official residence of Emir for receptions, the lion's palace is privately ordered by the ruler's family. The oldest palace part is Meshuhar, part of the structures was rebuilt into Christian times. However, the main hall, decorated with tiles and quotes from the Quran, has retained its appearance. The transition from Mikehara to the Komarez Palace is decorated with golden ssemen. When Yusuf I was built the Komarence Palace with the famous Golden Room. He entered the official residence of the guest through a spectacular mirietary court, decorated with evergreen trellis. Elegant openwork columns with arches are placed around the courtyard. The palace with the Komarence tower connects the long Greeting Hall of La Barca, the walls of which are decorated with plaster stucco and tiles. The high tower of 45 meters accommodates the largest hall of the ambassadors. His luxury wooden ceiling depicts seven heavens of Paradise from the Quran and is surrounded by a spectacular frieze in the form of stalactites. The most luxurious part of the palace, private chambers begins with the famous lion's courtyard. From the courtyard you can get to the stalactitic room, the ceiling of which is decorated with a traditional Arab method - by special folds. Also from the courtyard can be included in the halls of kings, justice, two sisters, biforyeys and absenters. Each of them is a sample of the Mauritan style of the heyday. Here you can see paintings, tiles, stucco.
Famous courtyards
Islamic housing was built around the courtyards, which were the main center of life, so they were arranged with the maximum convenience. The mandatory element of the design is a fountain that provided the coolness and created a pacifying mood. The main courtyard in the Alhambra is considered the MirTY Dvor - the center of public life of the Palace with a large reservoir in the middle, surrounded by the Mytov Bordyur, the lion's courtyard is the heart of the personal life of Emir, the center of which is a fountain with 12 figures of Lviv, over the perimeter of the courtyard are elegant columns with carvings. Another yard on the personal half of Emir - Albertka ("Pond"). It is surrounded by white with colonnades and a rectangular pond, which is covered with greens, in which the buildings are reflected. All yards are filled with columns and arcades that create a desired shadow and give the space majesty. The luxury of the trim of the courtyards is striking: it's tiles, elegant carving of columns, ornaments and calligraphic inscriptions. In the Hennelif Palace there is a water yard, in the center of which is located rectangular water, surrounded by walls and arcades.
Towers and gates
Alhambra always existed not only as a palace, but also as a defensive structure. Therefore, its walls are decorated with a multitude of towers performing sentrocial functions. In total, more than 15 such structures have been preserved in the castle. The Armory Tower is one of the most ancient in the fortress, she was erected at the time of the construction of Alcabasa. Her brutal appearance still gives the impression of power and reliability. The tower of the captive XIII century served as a place of imprisonment of the beloved wife of Emir. The peak tower was built in a complex with an inquired gate and defended the Hereleniques gardens.
The gate during the times of the Arabs was of great importance, they should not only be strong, but also to express a certain idea, perform aesthetic function. The oldest of the preserved are wine, decorated with beautiful fitted arches and carvings. The iron gates were built in the XIII century and were a reliable protection of bastion. Painted guarded entrance to the Garden of Henerelife.
Gardens Alhambra
Alhambra is famous for its gardens no less than buildings. Emirs sought to create around them. Therefore, nature in the palaces was spent sometimes more attention than buildings. Water and plants play a crucial expressive function in the architecture of palaces. The murmur, the aroma of flowers and the rustling of leaves create an atmosphere of absolute rest and harmony. Already at the entrance to the palace, the visitor fell into the gardens of the main entrance, each corner of which is carefully planned, fountains and reservoirs are thought out here. And everywhere there are a lot of colors: bushes, flowerbeds, vases - the visitor is immersed in this flowering aura and configures on the spirit of the facilities. Every palace is surrounded by external gardens and has internal, in which the entrance has been limited. In the inner planted the most rare plants, the most beautiful flowers. Previously, external and internal gardens were limited to the walls, today the buses trimmed in the form of serfs are planned between them.
Palace Charles Fifth
After the capture of Alhambra, the royal palace for Karl Fifth and his wife is being built in it today. Today, excursions in Spain must include a visit to this structure. Against the background of elegant and luxurious buildings in the Moorish style, the palace looks like a foreign body. It is made in the Italian style of mannerism, its plastered walls and classic square proportions elsewhere would be beautiful, but it looks inappropriate. The building has an inner courtyard paved by stone, it is surrounded by two-storey arcades from the columns with Ionian capitals. Today there are placed the Museum of Fine Arts and the Alhambra Museum.
Hennelifer
In the XIII century, Alhambra castle received another excellent residence - summer, called henellife. The palace consists of the main building, minor buildings and a beautiful garden. The main house is built in a deliberately simple style, which contrasts sharply with the Palaces of Nasriov. Here the nature comes to the fore. The main yard of Henellifa - the yard of the irrigation canal, along which trees are planted and rows of water jets are made. In the palace, an excellent observation deck was made, with which Granada is visible as a palm. In the XIX century, the top gardens with a spectacular water staircase and a romantic Mirador in a neootic style are broken in the palace. The lower gardens are the construction of the 20th century, there is no former refinement, but beautifully trimmed bushes and a variety of flowers make the place very pleasant for walking in the summer heat.
Patal
A separate zone of the Alhambra is a partial. At the beginning of the XIV century, the Palace of Smokhnik or Partial ("Portica") was built here. However, most of the buildings are not preserved. Today on this territory you can see the Tower of Ladies or, in a different way, the Tower of Prince. It is built into the outer wall and consists of a portication with five arched inputs. In the center there is a traditional rectangular reservoir decorated with plants. From the top platform, the tower opens a beautiful view of the Alhambra. At the end of the 19th century, the German entrepreneur bought the southern part of the territory under a private building, he gave the land to the Spanish king, instead by hitting the right to take into Germany a luxurious ceiling of cedar and thread poplar, which today is demonstrated at the Berlin Museum. To the territory of Partial, the gardens are adjacent, in which the foundations of the venel housing are preserved.
Practical information
In order to get to the Alhambra, you need to take care of the tickets in advance. The bandwidth of the object is small, so they diverge quickly. You can buy excursions in Spain and in Granada via the Internet, but the ticket must be printed at the office of the palace. To do this, you will need a card on which it was paid. There are separate tickets for visiting gardens and all buildings, except the Palace of Nasriov. There are complete - to pass all objects. For the Palace of Nasridov, the exact time of visits will be indicated on the ticket, the visit lasts only 30 minutes, it is impossible to continuously.
Behind the wine gates (Puerta Del Wine) opens the Plaza de Los Alhibes area, where everything is imbued with the sensual charm of the Alhambra. Behind this area is the entrance to the complex of Palaces of the Nazari dynasty - the heart of Alhambra. According to the famous specialist in the Arab culture of Garcia Gomez, "Alhambra is not just the most beautiful, it is best preserved and the most ancient of the ancient Arab palaces that have come down to us all over the world." Nazari Palaces represent three independent monumental complexes: Mexoire, intended for the authorities of the Justice, the Komarest Palace is the official residence of the King, and the Palace of Lviv, where there were private rest of Lord.
El Mexoir
Mexoir was a premises where Granada's kings provided an audience with their subjects. Here, according to the protocol, official legal acts were held. Mexoir was partially destroyed, in connection with which he is not similar to the original palace, since, in addition to redevelopment, which took place during the Board of Yusuf I (1333-1354), later, after the conquest of Granada by Catholic kings, the Christian Church was built here.
In the Hall of Mexoire, the base panels decorated with tiles with the motto of the Nasriov dynasty: "There is no winner except Allah." In the depths of the hall there is a belveder-oratorius, with balconies of which offers a beautiful view of Albaisin. It is richly decorated with Arabic tag with sayings from the Quran and laudatory words in honor of Mohammad V (1354-1391). It was this lord that gave an indication of the construction of the neighboring premises - the Golden Room (Cuarto Dorado) connecting Mexaire with the Komarence Palace. The three-time portico of the golden room comes into the Patio Del Mexuar courtyard, which is characterized by a rich decorative decoration of the so-called facade of Komares.
Palace Komarez.
The Palace of Komares was the front residence in Alhambre, and he served him by the composite center now on the whole world of the MirTY Dvorik. This name was accepted only in the XVII century, and it happened from a rectangular reservoir that occupies most of the courtyard and is based on the long sides of the trimmed by myrtov trees. Reflecting in his bridge of the golden-pink Komarence tower (the height of its 45 meters), towering on the northern side of the courtyard, and the blue sky, the water was expanding the courtyard space and creates a feeling of space.
In the Comares Tower, the entire space occupies a magnificent square throne room (or the hall of the ambassadors), in which the throne of Granada rulers rummaged directly against the entrance. This hall, erected in the XIV century, is the most extensive in Alhambra: its dimensions are 11.3x11.3x18.2 meters. At the floor level, there are 9 large arched windows, three of which are divided into the center of marble columns.
The wall thickness of the ambassador will reach 3 meters, so each of the windows forms an independent, richly decorated room - like loggia. Window-loggias give the parade hall of the Alhambra poetic intimacy, of which the Granadian rulers observed paintings of the peaceful life and the wonderful nature of Granada.
By creating ambassadors, skillful Moorish architects showed all their talent to manipulate the light, directing it through the intricate carving of windows, which used to be closed with colored glasses. The light falls on the sparkling walls, lighting the entire hall with a penetrating shimmering radiance. The soft light goes not only from the lower windows, but also from 20 upper backed with lattices. Above shadows are thickened, but even they cannot hide the inspired creation of Arab masters - the famous set of cedar tree ceiling. It is bounded by a stalactitic frieze and consists of 3 tiping planes that upward upwards, in the center of the ending with a small stalactitic dome.
The hall of the ambassadors is not only the most extensive, but also the most historical hall of Alhambra. True, not all scientists are fully confident that it was in it that there were some valid events. For example, legends claim that in this hall Queen Isabella received Christopher Columbus and here Sultan Boabdil passed Granada Catholic kings of Spain.
In contrast with an open and illuminated space of the myrth courtyard, the shaded arched passage in the Comares Tower leads to itself the mysterious, cool half-one. The entrance to the tower is preceded by a length stretched, a narrow "La Bark Hall" - the boat hall. Some researchers explain this name similarity to the painting of the ceiling of the hall with a kille of the ship. However, the Spanish writer Carlos Pascual displays the etymology of the word "Barka" from the Arab "Barack" - "blessing, grace", and it seems the most believable.
A lion courtyard is closely adjacent to the Komarest Palace, which is a type of palace garden building. This was the private life of grades-skate caliphs, which gave him a chamber, intimate character.
The building of the Garden Palace applies to the second half of the XIV century. In the center of a small open courtyard there is a fountain, surrounded by twelve lion figures, which later happened and the name of the entire courtyard occurred. Lions, logged from some special semi-precious marble, placed as the rays of the stars.
The number of lions is no coincidence. According to Legend, 12 Lviv was supported by the Tron of King Solomon, and the Sultan Mohammed Al-Ghani told his Vizier Ibn-Polellah, a Jew by origin. He also advised Sultan to decorate the fountain of the figures of Lviv, who were brought from the Old Palace in Albuyin from the Old Palace. Substitution researchers and this story refer to legends, since the lions of the fountain appeared allegedly only in the XVI century - after the fall of Granada. But no matter how they argue historians and art historians, in one they agree: the silence itself lives in the lion's courtyard, violated only by the murmur of water jets, to the patterns of which the ornament patterns are added.
Water, in abundance that came from the mountain slopes of Sierra Nevada, filled the streams, gardens and fountains Alhambra and was the elements that Maurus valued most. For Arabs fountains, streams and waterfalls are an equally characteristic part of architecture than columns for Greeks. It is no coincidence that the fountain in the lion's courtyard preserved the inscription: "Look at the water and look at the reservoir, and you can not solve whether the water is calm or a marble."
On the western side of the lion's courtyard is the "Hall of Stalakta", which was called so because of the ceiling lace decoration. Unfortunately, this ceiling died at the end of the XVI century during a fire, and in 1614 it was replaced by an ellipsed coating.
On the north side of the lion's courtyard, there is an extensive "Hall of two sisters", in which they first languished, and then two christian sisters died, separated from their beloved. This square hall belongs to the very most perfect in Alhambra: it is distinguished by a magnificent ornamental decoration, creating the Arab masters skillfully beat the cold brilliance of tiles, warmth and nobility of the tree and the plasticity of the matte knock. The stucco decorations of this hall won over time and reached their perfection here: no tile is similar to another in these carved cells. The presence of beauty in the "Hall of two sisters" feels so much as if she settled here only yesterday ...
Opposite this hall is located "Hall Abensherhav", where visitors are included with the involuntary trepidation. In 1482, as the legend says, bloody murders have occurred here. To release his son to the throne, his father called another 36 applicants for the throne in Alhambra. They were met in this room already waiting for the executioner and cut the throat. They say that even now, after almost 6 centuries, in the hall you can see the bloody spots.
When the last ruler of Granada, Boyabdil (Mohammed XI), passed the city of Royal Cheset Ferdinand and Isabelle, he fled to the mountains with his family. It is said that he stopped at one of the places, which is now known as El Suspir-del Moro (Mauro's Late). Hence he could see the whole Alhambra.
When he glanced his famous red castle with a farewell look, the mother told him: "Milk, like a woman, that I could not protect, like a man!".
Today, about three million tourists visit the Alhambra annually. They, like Boabdil, can overlook the entire panorama of Granada from the hill, on which the Arabic Castle - Pearl of Granada. If you ever get here to visit here, then you may understand why so bitterly the last Moorish ruler.
