The position of Great Britain in relation to the sea oceans. UK transportation system. Characteristic EGP France

geographic United Kingdom Rural Resource

Features of the geographic location

The United Kingdom is an irregular form archipelago with a very diverse landscape and nature. The latter is the consequence of the fact that the British Islands were once part of Europe, but were cut off from the mainland after the flooding of lowland lands, which are now the bottom of the North Sea and the strait of La Mans. Northern Ireland, which politically complements the United Kingdom, is located on the second largest island, Ireland, and is the Western expansion of the Scottish Mountains. These mountainous areas are separated by a narrow northern channel. Western shores of the island of the UK Rocky and Clothy, oriental more gentle.

The area of \u200b\u200bGreat Britain is about 240842 square meters. km. Most of the land is sushi, and the rest is rivers and lakes. England Square is 129634 square meters. km, Wales - 20637 square meters. KM., Scotland - 77179 square meters. km. and Northern Ireland - 13438 square meters. km. Thus, England is much larger than other countries of the United Kingdom, and has the most numerous population. These factors explain the domination of England in British history.

The southern tip of the UK island is Cornwall Peninsula - located at 50 S.Sh., and the northernmost part of the Shetland Islands archipelago - by 60 s.sh.

The length of the island of the United Kingdom from north to south is 966 km, and its greatest width is half smaller. Located on the continental shelf, the British archipelago is separated by the shallow northern sea from Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany and the narrow strait of La Mans (the British are called his English channel) and Pa de Calais from France.

Historically, the geographical features of Great Britain influenced the settlement of a person, population migration, armed conquest and political union. They also identified the location and work of industry, transport systems, agriculture, fishing industry, forests, energy resources and communications. Nowadays, they continue to determine the life of the British, and in addition, they are closely related to the concerns of society as the state of the environment and wildlife.

England (population - 48.2 million people) consists mainly of a hilly or smooth lowland, diluted by several mountain zones in the north and southeast. But low hills extend through most of the country, interlacing with lowland lands and plains.

The population is concentrated mainly around large cities: London and in general in the south-east of England, Western Birmingham, Leeds, Bradford and Sheffield, Northwestern Industrial Liverpool and Manchester and Northeastern Newcastle and Sunderland.

Wales (Population - 2.9 million people) is a mountainous country with the mountains and hills that stretch through the entire territory, often tearing in deep valleys created by river river channels. These mountains gradually decrease and go to high hills in the east of England. The highest mountains of Wales are located in the northwest, where the Snowdon Mountain reaches 1085 m. Height.

Milnage lands are limited to narrow coastal belts and river valleys in the south of Wales, where two thirds of the Wales population live. In the past, the Mountain Area of \u200b\u200bWales made it difficult for war, agriculture and settlement of people.

Scotland

Scotland (population - 5.1 million people) can be divided into three main parts. The first part is the northwestern and central mountains together with a large number of islands in the West and Northern coasts. These lands are weakly populated, and make up half of the entire territory of Scotland. The second part is the central lowland lands that make up one fifth of the entire Scottish territory and three-quarters of the entire population of Scotland, most industrial and shopping centers and cultivated land. The third part is the southern hill, which includes a row of hills that stretch to the border with England.

The highest mountain in Scotland - Ben Nevis (1342 m), which is also the highest mountain of Great Britain.

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland (the population - 1.6 million people) is located just 21 km from the Scottish coast, which caused the migration of peoples in the distant past. Since the separation of Ireland in 1921 in the south and west, it borders with the Irish Republic. In the north there is a mountainous bank, in the center, closer to the south, fertile valley, and mountains in the West, northeast and southeast.

British islands lie at the north-west coast of Europe. British islands are surrounded by a variety of small islands. In the south-west of the island of Britain, Silly Islands are located, and north of Wales island of Angles. On the western and northern coasts of Scotland there are numerous small islands that are part of the UK. The most important of them are the Orkney Shetland Islands.

From the west, the United Kingdom is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east - the waters of the North Sea.

From the south, the United Kingdom borders with France - the nearest and most developed neighbor having common water borders with it. The smallest distance to the northern coast of France is the Strait of the DUVR, but the main message between states is carried out through the strait of La Mans, called the British "English Channel", along the bottom of which at the end of the twentieth century was laid a tunnel for high-speed rail. Prior to this, the message between the two countries was carried out by aqueous or air.

Also closest neighbors of the UK are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway are significantly further located.

A variety of geographical features of Great Britain is the result of long geological and climate change. Over time, thanks to the movements of the earth's crust from the bottom of the sea, the mountain ranges rose, which formed the oldest territories of Great Britain. Periods of warm subtropical weather were replaced by new movements of the earth's crust, and huge swampy forests covered all lowland lands. The forests, in turn, were buried under the sand, soil and mud, so that the fossil forests became the coal with modern UK. Later, the climate changed from subtropical to the Arctic. During the ice age, almost the entire island was buried under the ice, with the exception of South England.

Mountains gradually weathered thanks to ice, water and winds. This process rounded the mountain peaks and moved rocks to the lowlands, where they suggested in new mountains, as a result of which the landscape became smaller and softer. Geological and weather changes have identified today's species of valleys and plains, as well as "caused the location of the main rivers of the United Kingdom, such as Clyde, Fort and Tweed in Scotland, Tyne, Trent, Humber, Severn and Thames in England and Wales, Bann and Logan in Northern Ireland. "

The forces of nature also influenced the coastline, since the sea retired, it was returned again. Parts of the coastal zone went under water, while others were exposed. These processes continue today, especially on the eastern and southern coasts of England. Where the sea retreated, chalk and limestone mountains were formed, as well as sandy beaches around the coast, while the destruction of the soil served as the loss of part of the Earth in some places.

Initially, the United Kingdom was part of the European mainland, but the melting of glaciers after the end of the glacial period led to raising the sea level, and the country was separated from the continent of the Northern Sea in the widest point and the la-mannese itself in the narrow. The distance between the Dover in England and Kale in France is minimal (32 km).

All the coast is betented by bays, bays, delta and peninsula, so most of the UK is at a distance of no more than 120 km from the sea. The sea off the coast is not deeper than 90 meters, because most of the British Islands lies on the continental shelf, which is the raised seabed, connected to the mainland. The warm flow of Gulf Stream heats the sea and the air on the way through the shelf. Therefore, the climate on the islands is much softer than could be, given their northern location. The course also affects coastal waters that are important for the fishing industry.

; 1 ° 46` Oriental longitude and 8 ° 00` Western longitude.

United Kingdom - island state; It consists of the island of Great Britain and the northeastern part of the island of Ireland (they are separated by non-nesting northern strait), as well as smaller islands (the most significant of them - Angles, White, Orkney, Hebrid, Shetland). The United Kingdom includes the internal autonomy of the Maine Island in the Irish Sea and the Norman Islands, located in the La Mans Strait near the shores of France. (so usually referred to as it is washed by the waters and the North Sea. They are separated from Mainland Europe with only narrow straits of Pa de Calais (in the UK - Dudrock Strait) and La Mans (English Channel). The UK with a binding tunnel with a length of 48 km, of which 37 km passes under. The coastline - 12,429 km - is strongly cut, replete with bays and bays - comfortable parking lots for ships. The largest bays are Bristol, Cardigan, Solue-Firth, Firth Of-Clyde, Morea Fort, Fort-Fort, Usha. The United Kingdom has a land border with the Irish Republic; Its length is 360 km.

Most of the UK territory is characterized by crossed terrain. In the north and west prevailing. In the northern part of the island, mountains rise from 840 to 1300 m above sea level (the highest peak - Ben Nevis - 1340 m). The North Scottish Highlands is separated from the South Scottish mid-Scottish lowland width of less than 100 km. Mountain arrays cover almost the entire western part of the island, especially Wales and Cornwall. The middle part of North England is occupied by Pennic Mountains, which separate Lancashire lowland in the west of Yorkshire in the East. South Half of the UK is the plains separated by hills and hills.

The United Kingdom has significant reserves. Among them are oil, natural gas, coal, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, copper, silica. Reserves of offshore oil deposits are estimated at 1430 million tons; Most of them are located in, east and northeast and east of the Shetland and Orkney islands; The largest offshore fields - Fortis and Brent, on the mainland - whitchfarm in County Dorset. Reserves reach 1710 billion m3, the main fields are located in the North Sea at the East Coast of England. Basic (essentially developed) - Yorkshire - Derby - Nottinghamshi Swimming pool in East Middland, Northumberland - Dae Remish Pool in Northeast England.

Soil cover of the UK is quite diverse. Brown forest, podzolic soils prevail. Durable carbonate, alluvial, acidic soils, peatlands.

UK climate is moderate, wet, oceanic. Thanks to the north-Atlantic flow and warm winds, which is as follows from the Atlantic Ocean, in the UK, as a rule, soft winter. But these are explained by cloudy weather, frequent rains and. The average temperature in January 3-7 ° C, in July 11 - 17 ° C, the number of precipitation annually - 550-800 mm in the south-east, 3000 mm in the mountain western and northern regions. Most precipitates falls from October to January, less - in February.

In the UK there is a large number of rivers and lakes. The most - norn (328 km) - originates in the Wales Mountains and flows into the Bristol Bay (West Coast). Lancashire lowland crosses Mercey, which flows into the Liverpool Bay. The main river Eastern Coast - Thames (336 km) - flows through the most populous areas of Southeast England. Mid-Scottish lowland is also rich in rivers. The most extended of them - Clyde (157 km), originating in South Scottish Highlands and flowing into the Bay of Fest-Clyde (West Coast), and the Fort in the Bay of Ferrt-Fort (East Coast). In the north of the country there are many lakes. The biggest one - the suckers in Northern Ireland - 396 km2. The most profound is a Loch Morire on the North Scottish Highlands (310 m).

A variety of flora of Great Britain is 9% of the territory. Broadbands prevail - oak, beeza. In Scotland many coniferous forests - spruce, larch. Dissolved heather empty. In the south of the country there are evergrees plants. Plants vegetate all year round.

In the UK there are about 30 thousand animal species. Among them are foxes, hares, red squirrels, otters, black rats, mink, reptiles and amphibians. Of the 200 species of birds, the most common sparrows, finches, starlats, crows, kingfisher, robin, tits. In rivers, and coastal sea waters there are numerous types of fish - cod, Piksha, Merlan, herring, salmon, trout.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is located on the British Islands. This is the most extensive archipelago in Europe. It includes two large islands - the United Kingdom and Ireland, separated by the Irish Sea, and another 5 thousand small islands, among which three groups of islands are highlighted in the north: hybrid, orknean and scottish. Territory of the country -244.1 thousand square meters. km, it's two times less than the largest states in Western Europe - France and Spain.

The United Kingdom has a complex administrative and territorial division. It consists of 4 historical and geographic areas: England (45 counts and a special administrative unit - Big London); Wales (8 counts); Northern Ireland (26 districts); Scotland (12 regions); Independent administrative units are the island of Man and the Norman Islands.

To a certain extent, the rapid economic development of Great Britain contributed to a profitable geographical position. This sea power, in the past "Great Sea Power", is located on the continental shelf. The British archipelago is separated by the shallow northern sea from the developed countries of Western and Northern Europe (Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Germany), narrow straits of La Mans (20 km) and Pa de Calais (33 km) from France. The railway tunnel lashed along the bottom of the strait combines the UK and France, he put an end to the country's marine isolation.

Great the role of the country in the international arena. United Kingdom - UN member since 1945, a permanent member of the Security Council, Safety and Cooperation Meetings in Europe (OSCE) since 1949, a member of the European Union since 1973, Western European Union since 1954, the head of the British Commonwealth created in 1931 G. and including 50 states, former British dominion and colonies that preserve close economic and political ties with the UK. The United Kingdom is a member of the NATO military-political organization since 1949 and has rocket-nuclear weapons. Plays a big role in international economic organizations as the Paris Club and the London Club, regulating the currency and financial problems of the West and defining the policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Natural conditions and resources. The natural resource factor has had a great influence on the formation of the territorial structure of the economy.

The United Kingdom has diverse form of relief: mountain relief prevails in the north and west, and the plain - in the east. The country's highest point is the Ben-Nevis mountain (1343 m) is located in the mountainous Scotland. The largest length of the Penninsky ridge, stretched from north to south. An extensive hilly plain is occupied by the southeast and the center of the country, and the most flat lowland - Fenland is surrounding the Usha Bay. In Scotland between the Northern and South Highlands, the Middle-Stone lowland is stretched.

UK climate is temperate, oceanic, very wet with soft winter and non-quiet summer. For the British Isles are characterized by frequent fogs and strong winds. The temperate oceanic climate and the influence of the warm north-atlantic flow create favorable conditions for the development of agriculture (in the south-west plants vegetate all year round). High alumina of soil is an important factor in increasing the yield of crops.

Rivers under the conditions of the British climate are many times. The largest are - Thames, Severn, Trent, Mercey.

The significance of the estuary of rivers far away in land, as well as the overall large cutting of the coastline. This made it possible to create many ports. Rivers as a source of energy are used only in Nagorna Scotland and North Wales.

In general, the country does not have significant mineral reserves, with the exception of fuel and energy. Stone coal reserves are estimated in 190-200 billion tons. General and recoverable reserves make up about 50 billion tons (first place in Western Europe). The main deposits are located on the mid-Scottish lowland.

In the 60s, oil fields were found on the shelf of the North Sea, the explored reserves are estimated at 2.4 billion tons, this is approximately 35% of oil reserves of the entire North Sea shelf (2% of world stocks). Found about 50 deposits, large among them - Brent and Fortis together give 33% of the total production.

In the western part of the North Sea in 1959, large deposits of natural gas found. In 1965, 70 km. To the east of Klintorps, industrial production of gas was launched. The total reserves are estimated at 1.2 trillion. cube m. Currently, 37 of the 60 natural gas deposits are being developed.

The United Kingdom has both other minerals. Iron ores, mostly phosphorous, low quality

The United Kingdom has insignificant reserves of tin in Cornwall, lead-zinc ores in Wales and uranium ores in Scotland.

Kaolin is mined in Cornwall; Stone Salt - in Cheshire and Durham; Potash salts - in Yorkshire.

Population of Great Britain. The main productive force of society is the population. In 2000, the total population of Great Britain amounted to 58.6 million people, the natural population growth - 0.1% per year.

The dominant and most numerous nation of the UK - the British; They make up 80% of the population (about 46.9 million people). Inhabited by England itself, most of Wales and form compact settlements in some areas in southern Scotland. English is part of the northwestern group of Germanic languages. In the English language, the majority of the Celtic Country of the Country in origin - Scots and Walessets.

From the Celtic peoples of Great Britain, the plaid is the most numerous, the number of which exceeds 5.1 million people (10%). They inhabit predominantly northwestern areas of the island of the United Kingdom and the Scottish, Orkney and Hebrid Islands adjacent to their coast.

The basis of the Scottish language served as one of the northern dialects of the Anglo-Diak language. A lot of words came to the Scottish language from Gael's displaced, in addition, the influence of Scandinavian languages \u200b\u200baffected it.

From XV to XVII century. He was the state language of the Scottish state. With the loss of Scotland of its independence, Scottish is gradually displaced by English.

In recent years, a national movement has acquired a large scale in Scotland. The nationalist ideas of this movement develops the Scottish National Party established in 1928, which is struggling for the democratic solution of the social and national problems of Scotland.

The historical fate and the ethnic development of Walessers (about 2.1 million people, less than 4% of the total population) were different than the Scots.

Wales was early conquered by the British; Its population has undergone greater assimilation than the Scots.

Over the years, there is a fierce struggle in Northern Ireland, attached to the British state in 1922, while the rest of Ireland has achieved independence. The United Kingdom then includes six counties of nine Irish provinces of Olster. The ethnic composition of the population of this area is heterogeneous. About 500 thousand indigenous inhabitants of the island live here (this is the Irish Catholics) and more than 1 million Anglo-Irish and Scotland Irish. Such a composition of the population has developed here in the XVII - XVIII centuries. In the period of reinforced colonization of Ireland, the English government.

Unlike the rest of Ireland, where the lands were distributed to the large English owners - Landlordam, the land of land were allocated in Olster, the land of small and medium tenants, the British and the Scottishs from the southern part of Scotland.

Thus, in Olster, three groups of people who distinguished themselves in religion and culture were historically developed, and be wary, and sometimes hostile, belonged to each other. The eastern regions of Northern Ireland were busy settlers from Scotland - Presbyterians, the central and northern provinces settled the British, belonging to the English Church, in the extreme western and border with Ireland areas, the remains of the indigenous population lived - Irish, Catholics in their own religion.

Over time between English and Scottish settlers, there was a rapprochement on the basis of common interests, and now they are already opposed to the indigenous Irish Catholics in a single front. Power in Northern Ireland focuses in the hands of this Protestant majority, and the Catholics-Irish are discriminated against in various fields. Very often, this in the media is presented as a simple religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants. In fact, the reasons for the struggle in Northern Ireland are a complex node of national, socio-economic and regional contradictions whose roots go into the depths of centuries.

A rather large group of the population (about 500 thousand people) in the UK is the Jews living mainly in London and other major cities.

After the Second World War, due to the large recovery work and development of productivity, the influx of workers from European countries increased in England. Now in the UK there are 1 million immigrants from various European countries, and the total number of foreign citizens in the UK is over 2.5 million people, or less than 5% of the country's total population. In addition, annually comes from 50 to 60 thousand temporary workers from Europe (most of Italy, and now from Eastern Europe). Starting from the 50s, the flow of immigrants from the Commonwealth countries has sharply increased, from the areas of West India, India and Pakistan. The position of this category of citizens is very complex. Most of them are engaged in unqualified work, in service sector, etc.

The increase in the number of immigrants from the former English colonies was the reason for the issues of racial relationships. The government in its special acts is attempted to limit immigration from its former colonies.

The United Kingdom is one of the most densely populated and highly urbanized countries in the world.

On average per 1 square. Km accounted for in 2000, 246.3 people. However, in the territory of the country, the population is distributed very unevenly. The main part of the inhabitants of Great Britain is concentrated in England, which has the most favorable geographical position and favorable natural conditions. Here is the average density of 1 square meters. km more than 356 people. In the belt London - Liverpool lives half the entire population of Great Britain. The most ample areas are located in Scotland with its harsh compared to other parts of the country with natural conditions. The population density is less than 90 people per 1 sq. M. km, and the population is concentrated mainly on the coasts, in the valleys of rivers and lowlands (especially around Glasgow and Edinburgh).

In 2000, 89.4% of the population lived in cities. The growth rates of urban population are 0.4% per year. The so-called English megalopolis, uniting the agglomeration of London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and other cities, and the total city agglomerations are formed. The total area of \u200b\u200bthe metropolis is 50 thousand square meters. km, population - 30-35 million people.

The average life expectancy is high, men - 75 years old, in women - 80.5 years.

The total number of labor resources is about 30 million people. A positive trend in the economy is that the number of people engaged in physical and unknown labor has decreased, and, on the contrary, has increased the number of people employed demanding high qualifications.

In 2000, the unemployment rate was 6.3% (1812 thousand people).

The share of the population living below the poverty line, according to UN experts, is 10.6%; Living below average income - 50%, 13.1% - have an income - $ 14.4 per day.

Political system. United Kingdom - parliamentary monarchy. There is no constitution in the country in the form of a single basic law. Constitutional importance has legislative acts adopted by Parliament, judicial precedents.

The head of state - Queen Elizabeth II (from 6.02.1952), which belongs to the Hannover Dynasty of English Monarchs, is the 40th British Monarch since the conquest of England Normans (1066). The Queen is considered the supreme carrier of the executive, the head of the judicial system, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the secular head of the Anglican Church, has the formal right to convene parliament at the session, to dissolve the community chamber, authorize the bills adopted by Parliament, ratify international treaties. However, in practice, all major royal prerogatives are carried out by the Cabinet of Ministers and Parliament.

The state legislature is a parliament consisting of two chambers. In the House of Lords, there are about 1,200 hereditary and lifelong peers, lords - judges on appeals and "spiritual lords" (two archbishops and 24 bishops, the English Church) and the highest appellate court. The House of Commons is a selection body, consisting of 649 deputies elected for five years on the majority system of the relative majority direct and secret ballot based on universal election law.

In the absence of the Constitution and on the situation of "parliamentary sovereignty", the parliament is not related to the decisions taken earlier and may cancel the acts of constitutional importance. British courts are deprived of the right to revise or cancel the acts of parliament and are obliged to apply not provisions arising from the international legal obligations of the UK, but the norms of parliamentary status.

As a result of general elections in May 1997, the absolute majority in the House of Communities received the Labor Party (418 seats). Conservatives - 165 seats, liberal Democrats - 46, Unionist Party of Olster - 10, Scottish National Party - 6 and Wales National Party - 4.

The government is formed by the party leader who received most places in the community chamber. In 1997, the Prime Minister was Tony Blair. Laborists changed the conservatives who were in power permanently 18 years.

Political parties. The conservative party was organizationally formed in 1867 (about 1.5 million members). Inside the country, the party conducted a course on broad social and economic reforms, including decentralization and privatization of the economy. In foreign policy plan for conservatives, the general approach to solving international problems is characteristic. The party shares the concept of "nuclear containment", advocates the preservation of "special relations" with the United States, for the modernization of the United Kingdom's nuclear potential, for the continuation of the country's membership in NATO and the EU. According to European integration in the ranks of conservatives, discrepancies are kept, which complicated passing through the parliament of the Maastricht agreements, regarded by a majority in the party's leadership as a decent compromise, taking into account the British national interests.

The Labor Party of Great Britain (LPV) was formed in 1890, unites 6.4 million collective and individual members. As an ideological basis, the principles of "Democratic Socialism" put forward, the concept of a mixed economy is committed to economic policy.

The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) was formed in 1988 by the merger of the Liberal and Social Democratic Parties, which since 1981 performed on the political arena in the Alliance, unites about

60 thousand people. The political platform of the LDP - Centristian, largely compromise (between the two main parties) and blurry. Its main components: the need to preserve the United Kingdom of nuclear weapons and country membership in NATO. In the internal issues of the LDP, the intermediate line also follows, advocates the fight against unemployment, the priority solution of social problems, the termination of further denationalization, but in general, makes a bet on the market economy and the development of competition.

eGP Japan

1. It is profitable, because there are no neighbors

2. Favorable, because is the leader among port states and through it there are many trade routes

3. Not profitable, poor minerals, has polymetal ores and copper ores, agricultural areas are not developed

4. Favorable EGP

5. Activated trade relations with other countries of the world. From the end of the XII century to 1867, the feudal state, existing on the Islands of Japan, was ruled by Sigun. The feudal rulers have introduced a ban on almost all contacts with foreigners, fearing their expansion and the spread of Christianity. Japan's closure prevented the country's colonization. However, the long period of its insulation led to the fact that until the XX century it was, as it were hidden from the eye of Europeans. Cruel insulation greatly affected the economic development of the country. At a time, when all of Europe, all seven steps moved towards scientific and technical progress, Japan was still at the agrarian stage of development. In the 20th century, Japan was a party to three large wars (the Russian-Japanese, 1st and 2nd world) in World War II spoken by an ally of fascist Germany and Italy. In 1945, in accordance with the secret Yaltian agreements of the winning countries, the Soviet Union, all smokers were switched as a military trophy. Since the Second World War, Japan has no peace treaty with Russia and presents the claims of Russia to the islands of Kuril Rud: Kunashir, Shikotan, Habomai. Almost after 50 years of belonging to the USSR and Russia, the socio-economic situation on the islands remains extremely heavy, the island remained not equipped. Based on the principles of justice, it is necessary to recognize that Japan has a moral and legal right to claim at least southern chickens. It is necessary to mainly maintain the emerging trend towards rapprochement, to solve the territorial issue and conclude peace with Japan, putting a point in World War II.

6. The extensive influence increased the production area

eGP Great Britain

1. Favorable

2. Favorable, there is an output to the Antlantic and Pacific Ocean

3. Equal, average number of minerals

4. Faunorable

6.Egg positively affects the production sphere

In the country, the leading role belongs to sea transport (86% of cargo turnover), it provides international and domestic communications. Car transport accounted for 75% of domestic transport (main highway London-Manchester-Glasgow), and on the rail-capacity-200%.

With the opening of the railway tunnel, the role of this transport in international transportation increased. High-speed trains overcome the distance between London and Paris for 3 hours.

River paths are used for recreational purposes, and the role of pipeline transport increases.

Since the country island, the role of air transport is great. In the country, 150 passenger airports that provide communication with 120 countries of the world. Transportation is carried out by the transnational company British Airview. The largest airports are located in London (Heathrow and Heathrow).

Since the United Kingdom is an island state, all its external transportation and trade are related to sea and air transport.

About 90% of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 25% for coastal.

The sea fleet of Great Britain is 9.6 million reg. Br.t. All regions of the country, except for Western Midland, are in one way or another are directly related to the marine ports that serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Gul and Harge. London and Liverpool ports skip about half of all goods (in charge).

In the past, more passengers arrived in the UK than the air.

However, since the early 60s of the 20th century, the number of air passengers began to grow rapidly and now it is several times higher than the number of people who come to the country.

eGP Britain. The position of Great Britain in relation to neighboring countries.

In total there are about 150 airports in the country through which it is connected by permanent airlines by more than 100 countries of the world.

Almost all transportation is carried out by British Erueiz. The five largest airports of the country are located in the area of \u200b\u200bLondon Heathrow and Gatwick, as well as Manchester, Luton and Glasgow - provide 75% of all the transport of passengers and airlors.

The continent of the United Kingdom is connected by two railway ferries (Duzr - Dunkirk and Harjan - Ostende), a canal under La Mansha and numerous marine car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France.

To attract passengers on the ferries duty-free trade.

In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. It is more than 3 times the railway and coaster is inferior. In connection with the development of vehicles, more than 12 thousand km of railway tracks were shot. Now the length of the railway tracks is about 17 thousand km. At the same time, the network of roads (371 thousand km) is expanding and their reconstruction occurs.

At the same time, the focus is paid to the shortest ways to link the main conurb of the country.

Wikipedia UK Transport System
Site search:

Characteristic of the United Kingdom

(England) 1 position in relation to neighboring countries 2 providing against the main land and sea transport routes 3 rules relative to the main fuel of raw materials, industrial and agricultural areas 4 positions in relation to the main areas of sales of products 5 Change EGP in temporary 6 total Conclusion The effect of EGP on the development and deployment of the country's economy

(England) 1 position in relation to neighboring countries 2 position in relation
to the main land and sea transport paths 3 position
attitude to the main fuel raw materials bases, industrial and
agricultural districts 4 position in relation to the main
Product Sales Areas 5 Change EGP in time 6 General conclusion
EGP influence on the development and placement of the country's farm

• 1) The United Kingdom borders only with Ireland.
  2) Island State is an important point of cargo transportation from Europe to America and Africa.

  Ground transport has significantly in domestic transport.
  3) Near Great Britain is one of the major fuel bases of Europe - the North Sea. The United Kingdom through a narrow strait of La Mans is adjacent to the largest harmonic countries of Europe - France and the Netherlands with Belgium.
  4) Europe, America, Asia and Africa serve as markets for the United Kingdom
  5) EGP has not changed significantly since the 80s of the 20th century (EU formation).
  6) Thanks to the successful geogro position (access to the Atlantic, next to Europe, direct communication with the United States) The United Kingdom is actively developing its economy and international trade.

  The largest economic centers of the United Kingdom are located on the coast, in large ports.

The easiest way to move in the center of London is the subway. You can purchase tickets for one or two trips, but if you often use the subway, then travel cards will be very convenient.

It can be a card for one day, for a week, or for a month, and they make it possible to use the metro, bus and train in the areas you chose an unlimited number of times.

Travel cards for one day can be purchased at the metro ticket office. They are valid for travel in the subway and buses at any time. They are not valid for travel in airport buses or for special excursions.

Direct cards for the week are valid for travel in the subway and buses at any time, but are not valid for travel in airport buses or for special excursions.

The cost varies from the number of selected zones.

How to get to the city center from Heathrow Airport

TAXI. Taxi Parking is located next to the access from the airport.

BUS. Airport buses (A1 to Victoria station and A2 to the station "Uston") travel the fare - about 6 pounds to the Central London. Tickets can be purchased in the airport building or bus.

Buses depart every 20 minutes.
METRO. The Picadilly line comes from Heathrow to the center of London and connects the branched underground metro network.

But if you have a lot of baggage, the trip can be difficult. Trains are sent every 5 minutes, the trip takes 55 minutes.
HIGH-SPEED TRAIN.In the center of London, on the railway station Paddington, every 20 minutes. Speed \u200b\u200btrains walk, travel time 20 min.
TAXI "Black Cabs" is a characteristic feature of London streets, they are safe and their movement is streamlined.

Taxis can be stopped on the street when yellow light burns, meaning that a taxi is free. In many places, including the main train stations, there are taxi parking. Swiss and receptionist in hotels will order a taxi for you. Be careful not to accept offers drivers of cars that do not have special taxis signs.

Many of them do not have a legitimate work permit, a trip to such machines is unsafe, since they are not insured, and drivers often do not have the necessary experience.

Urban transport

London is one of the cities in the world where the transport has become a legend.

The first subway and famous two-storey buses make up the business card of the English capital. Of course, the faithful traditions of Londoners try to maintain their appearance with the smallest changes. True, London city transport has long been no longer exhausted by the subway and the red double-decker Double Decker buses.

Despite all English conservatism, new types of transport regularly appear in the British capital. The steam metro has long become electrified, the division of cars into classes, and the buses in London are not only two-story buses. Now the main transport load is still subway and buses. However, the history of London transport (the steam metro launched from the Omnibuses and flew in 1863) is so great and interesting is that the Urban Museum of Urban Transport has been created in the British capital.

Underground, Tube has twelve lines. All of them were created at different times and different owners and therefore still quite different from each other. Some trains go mostly under the ground, others on the surface.

Over time, many areas of railways passed from the subway to long-distance trains and vice versa. At first glance, the metro scheme, intertwined with the network of ordinary trains, leads to despair, especially after a slim system of the Moscow metro. However, it is quite easy to understand it. The lines are often branched to individual branches in one or another area of \u200b\u200bthe city, so you should always pay attention to the train destination.

In addition, trains of different kicks can walk along the same paths. On the main lines of the train go quite often, with an interval of no more than five minutes, it is half an hour on the outlook lines.

The position of the country in relation to neighboring countries. Economic and geographical location of countries

The Tariff System of the London Metro seems difficult, but in reality it is not a big problem.
All large London is divided into six zones, which are concentric circles diverge from the center.

Any ticket must be valid in all zones by which the trip is going. Therefore, choosing the route of the trip, you need to ensure that the lackerel does not fall into the zone in which your ticket does not affect. In general, the London Metro usually allows you to get to the goal with several ways. Among them, you can choose the one that affects a smaller number of zones. Let's say if you need to drive from the second zone to the third to the opposite end of the city, you can easily drive around the first central zone and, thus, to shorten the cost of the trip.

The very expensive is the first zone, which includes the city center and the largest number of tourist attractions.
Unified Smart_ Carta (Oyster Card) - another way to pay for travel in the London metro, buses and trams. It is also valid on some rail routes and on the DLR lines (the railway of the facilitated type of Docks).

Oyster Card is a more economical payment system that allows multiple travel to the magnetic card, or use the "Pay As You Go" mode.

You can replenish the balance of the magnetic card at the London metro stations, at some railway stations, in specialized items selling these cards, by phone or on the website www.tfl.gov.uk.
Most recently, the tram is restored in London. About two-storey buses are known to everyone, but few people know that two-story trams went on London fifty years ago.

Now the London tram has three routes in the southern part of the city. Double cars in length of thirty meters serve the Kroydon area (CroydoN). Tram tickets are sold separately in automata at stops. If you need after traveling to the tram, transfer the bus or vice versa, you can buy a "tram-bus" ticket at the same price. Bus tickets in Tram do not work.
Another new (a little more than ten years) view of London transport - Docklands Light Railway (DLR).

He is obliged to collapse of London docks, deprived of orders after the modernization of sea freight traffic. Large container ships began to unload in deep-water coast ports, leaving a huge London area in the launch.

The program of returning to the life of the Dock region envisaged the emergence of high-speed transport, which was launched in the late eighties. The DLR train is a few trailers without a driver who can accommodate about 250 people. Currently, four lines are functioning.

They provide the connection of the former dock area with metro stations and railways, as well as the city center. The DLR tariff system is the same as in the subway, the metro tickets are valid for DLR and vice versa.
Tickets for transport can be bought in automata located at the metro stations and at the bus stops. In addition, bus tickets can be bought from the driver.

All children's tickets stop their operation at 22:00.
In general, London transport operates from four to five am to an hour. It is better not to ride during the "peak hours": 07: 30-09: 30 and 16: 30-18: 30. Night buses have an N index in front of their number, for example, N-23.

All of them pass through Trafalgar Square. On Sunday, transport starts to walk after seven in the morning and stops for midnight. Motion intervals on Sunday are approximately twice as much. For Christmas, many lines do not function at all.
Another part of the London transport system is river vessels, running between a plurality of marins on Thames.

They belong to several companies, and contain a total of twenty routes. The rate of tariffs on the Thames has its own.

United Kingdom (full name - the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is an island state in Western Europe (Fig. 1.1), the form of the Board is a constitutional monarchy. The capital is the city of London.

Fig. 1.1

The state in North-Western Europe, on the British Islands (United Kingdom island and the northeastern part of Ireland Island, Man Island and the Norman Islands), is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and its seas. Area 241 thousand km 2.

In the north and west of Great Britain, mountain relief prevails - North Scottish Highlands (up to 1344 m), Penninsky and Cambrian Mountains; In the south and south-east - hilly plains. The climate is moderately oceanic, wet. In January, the average air temperature ranges from 3 to 7 ° C, in July - about 11--17 ° C; precipitation up to 3000 mm per year in the West and 600--750 mm in the south-east. The main rivers: Thames, Severn, Trent, Mursa, Clyde. Forests (mainly beech, oak, birch) occupy about 9% of the UK territory.

The United Kingdom consists of four administrative and political parts (historical provinces): England (its composition includes 39 counties, 6 metro grades and large London), Wales (in its composition of 9 counties, 3 cities, and 10 county cities), Scotland ( Consists of 32 regions) and Northern Ireland (including 26 districts). Economic and social geography of neighboring countries: ed. M.P.ratanova. - M: Drof. 2004. - 576 p.

The population of Great Britain in the last century is represented by the following census results:

• - 1900 - 35,405,900 people.
• - 1949 - 50.3 million people.
• - 1959 - 51.9 million people.
• - 1976 - 55.9 million people.
• - 1998 - 59.1 million people.
• - 2004 - 59,834,900 people. Symagin Yu. A. Territorial organization of the population: Tutorial. - M.: Dashkov and K. - 2005. - 236 p.

The dynamics of population number can be submitted on the chart (Fig. 1.2).

Fig. 1.2.

The ethnic composition of the UK population is as follows:

• - British - 81.5%.
• - Scots - 12.4%.
• - Irish - 2.4%.
• - Walessets (or Welsh) - 1.9%.
• - Olsters - 1.8%. Shepnylov A.A. Economy of Western European countries. - K.: Higher School. - 2003. - 262 p.

The remaining ethnic groups constitute a very low percentage in the UK. In addition, these ethnic groups are relatively constant and their share in the population of the UK is also always approximately the same. The remaining ethnic groups are inconsistent and difficult to account.

For more visual perception, we will submit to the diagram data of the ethnic composition of the United Kingdom (Fig. 1.3).

Political structure. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy led by the queen.

The legislature is a two-bearet parliament consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The government is headed by Prime Minister.

Fig. 1.3

The distinctive characteristic of the British Constitution is the absence of any unified document, which could be called the main law of the country, moreover, there is no accurate list of documents that would relate to the Constitution. Sinitsyn O.I. Modern economy. Public training course. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2005. - 608C.

Economy. The United Kingdom is a highly developed industrial country, a large supplier of finished industrial products to the global market and large capital exporter (mainly in developed countries). GNP per capita is $ 16070 per year. Oil and natural gas production (mainly on the Northern Sea shelf), coal. Machine-building is most developed (focused on the release of non-standard products, as well as various types and types of machines), including electrical and electronic, transport (including large airraft, car and shipbuilding), machine-tooling, agricultural, industrial equipment production, lifting and transportation technicians and others, chemical and petrochemical (United Kingdom occupies one of the leading places in the world for the production and export of synthetic fibers and dyes, plastics, detergents, fertilizers, etc.), pharmaceutical, refinery, black (high-quality steel) and color ( Tin, aluminum) Metallurgy. The oldest industry in the English industry - textile - has lost its former importance. Large dude (traditional manufacture of whiskey, beer; processing of imported agricultural raw materials) industry; Manufacture of shoes, knitwear; Known English porcelain. In agriculture, dairy and dairy cattle breeding and bacon pig breeding prevail; Meat and wool sheep. Grow predominantly barley, wheat, sugar beet, oats, potatoes. Vegetable growing and fruit growing (large greenhouse-greenhouse), flower growing (daffodils, tulips).

Monetary unit - pound sterling \u003d 100 pence. Runova T.G Economic geography with the foundations of regional libeles: a textbook (3rd ed., Course.). - M.: MGIU. - 2007. - 184 p.

United Kingdom Armed Forces. United Kingdom Armed Forces (British Armed Forces) Commander-in-Chief of British Armed Forces is the British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The UK is managed by the Defense Council of the Ministry of Defense. The main task of the British Armed Forces is the defense of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, the promotion of the interests of the United Kingdom and the support of international peacekeeping efforts. Also, the UK is active and permanent participants of NATO operations and coalition forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. Kuskov A.S. Economic geography in matters and answers: Tutorial. - M.: League. - 2004. - 224 p.