What is inside the pyramid and what looks like. Large pyramid of Heops. Application in metallurgy

How much of our civilization goes "around and about" the Egyptian pyramids, and the number of riddles if decreases, then very slowly. How we even argued with you, and not, then tried to figure out and in general

And right these days in Egypt are a large-scale project to study the pyramids. The international group of scientists managed to make a discovery that the point in the dispute on the construction methods of the Pyramid of Heops.

The history of the study of the Great Pyramid of Giza, or the Pyramid of Heops (Hufu) began in the 19th century, when Napoleon brought here archaeologists, geodesists and other scientists. Studies continue to this day, but this monument of architectural art of ancient Egypt has not yet revealed all its secrets. In particular, it is not exactly known when its construction began: the radiocarbon method gives the range from 2680 BC. e. up to 2850 BC e. Another mystery was methods for transporting the hardest blocks for huge distances.

For different Egyptian pyramids, various construction techniques were used. Earlier in one of the necropolis, the fresco of the XII dynasty was discovered, at which 172 people pull on the Sanya-Volokuchi Alebaster Statue of Gehutichotep II. The sand along the way the employee waterproof water, why the slip is facilitated.

Some pyramids were built by rolling blocks with the help of a lulent mechanism: such devices were found during the excavations of various sanctuations of the new kingdom. In addition, the so-called "Square Wheel Technology" was used in places: the square of the square section rolls along the road created from the cereals.

In 1997, Archaeologist Mark Leger (Mark Lehner) conducted experimental construction of a small pyramid with a width of the base of about nine meters and 6.1 meters high. Blocks Weighing about two tons moved by 12-20 people, subject to the use of wooden polozov, sliding along the wooden flooring.

But all experiments and hypotheses did not answer the question of the delivery of 2,5-ton blocks from limestone and granite to the site, where Hoeop's pyramid was erected. The answer was found only in 2017: the international group of archaeologists under the leadership of Lénera discovered papyrus, in which the supervisor over 40 workers describes this method.

Deciphering the text gave the following knowledge: first the Egyptians took the water from the Nile and laid artificial channels through the garment plateau. Then the builders joined wooden boats with ropes, and with their help they transported the blocks to almost the foot of the pyramid.

But the pyramid of Heops revealed another riddle. Infrared thermography showed the presence of inexplicable emptiness at the base of the Great Pyramid.

Scientists at different times of the day measured the temperature of the stones from which the pyramid was erected. The stones were heated and cooled at different speeds, which indicates the presence of third-party factors. In general, the difference in temperatures in neighboring stones did not exceed 0.1-0.5 ° C, but in some sections this parameter reached 6ºC. The most notable temperature anomaly was found on the eastern side of the Heops pyramid, at the ground level.

It can be assumed that there is an underground course or another empty space. It is also possible that this part of the pyramid is constructed from another material. The east location of emptiness may be associated with the cult of Ra - God of the Sun. Meanwhile, plots with different temperatures were also found at the top of the pyramid - where there can be no speech about the dungeons. Representatives of the Ministry of Antiquities refused to voice any hypotheses until more material was collected.

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Pyramid Pharaoh Khufu (in the Greek version of Heops), or the Great Pyramid - the greatest of the Egyptian pyramids, the oldest of seven wonders of the world of antiquity and the only one that came to our time. Over four thousand years Pyramid was the largest building in the world.

The pyramid of Heops in the far suburbs of Cairo Giza is located. Nearby are two more pyramids of the Pharaohs Hafra and Mencar (Hefrena and Micheryina), according to antique historians, sons and successors of Hufa. These are the three biggest pyramids of Egypt.

Following the ancient authors, most of modern historians consider the pyramids in the funeral structures of the ancient Egyptian monarchs. Some scientists believe that these were astronomical observatory. Direct evidence that pharaohs were buried in the pyramids, no, but other versions of their purpose are less convincing.

When the pyramid of Heops was built

Based on the ancient "royal lists", it was established that Heops of Rules about 2585-2566. BC. The construction of the "sacred height" lasted 20 years and ended after the death of Hofu, about 2560 BC.

Other versions of construction deadlines based on astronomical methods are called dates from 2720 to 2577. BC. The radiocarbon method shows the scatter of 170 years, from 2850 to 2680. BC.

There are exotic opinions expressed by the supporters of the theories of land visiting by aliens, the existence of ancient primitive, or the adepts of occult flows. They define the age of the pyramid of Cheops from 6-7 to tens of thousands of years.

As the pyramid was built

Hope's pyramid to this day the largest stone building of the planet. Its height is 137 m., The length of the base side is 230.38 m., The angle of the face 51 ° 50 ", the total volume of about 2.5 million cubic meters. At the end of the construction, the height was more than 9.5 m., And the base side is 2 m. Longer, However, over the past century, almost all the cladding of the pyramid was dismantled. They made their work and natural factors - the temperature differences and winds from the desert carrying the clouds of sand.

Ancient Greek historians reported that the construction of millions of slaves were used on construction. Modern researchers believe that with the right organization of work and engineering, the Egyptians would have enough of the construction of several tens of thousands of workers. For the provision of materials, temporary workers were involved, the number of which, in Herodotus, reached 100 thousand. Modern scientists quite agree with this, as well as with the reality of the 20-year-old construction period.

Leaded the construction of the pyramid, the head of the royal works Hemion. The tomb of Hemius is next to his creation, the statue of the architect was discovered in it.

The main material for the construction was the gray limestone, which was cut down in the nearest quarries or brought from the other side of the Nile. The pyramid was lined with light sandstone, because of what she literally shone under sunlight. Granite was used for interior decoration, which was delivered for a thousand kilometers from the area of \u200b\u200bthe current Aswan. Western construction washed gold-plated granite block - Pyramidion.

A total of 2.3 million limestone blocks and 115 thousand facing plates took place for the construction of the pyramid. The total mass of the building, according to modern estimates, almost 6 million tons.

Block sizes differ in each other. The greatest are laid in the base, their height is one and a half meters. The size of the blocks is the less, the higher they are located. The height of the block at the vertex is 55 cm. The length of the facing plates was from 1.5 to 0.75 m.

The work of the builders of the pyramid was exclusively difficult. A lot of time and effort required the extraction of stone, closing blocks and fit under the desired size. In those days, neither iron nor bronze knew in Egypt. The tools of labor was made of relatively soft copper, so they were rapidly rated and were very expensive. The tools made of silica were widely used, dried, hammers. Many of them found during excavations.

Delivery of materials was carried out on the river, and the stone was brought to the construction site on a sled from a tree or rinks. It was hellish work, because the average weight of one block is 2.5 tons, and some of them weighed to 50 tons.

For the rise and installation of monoliths, a wide variety of devices were used, and to drain the most massive elements, from which the lower rows consist, inclined mounds were erected. Images of construction works were found in a number of Egyptian temples and tombs.

Recently, an original theory appeared regarding the construction methods of the Egyptians. Scientists who studied the microstructure of the blocks in order to establish their origin, discovered foreign inclusions. According to experts, these are the remnants of animal and human hair, from which scientists concluded that the limestone in the field of production was crushed and was delivered in a crushed form to the construction site. Directly at the place of laying from limestone mass, there were blocks, which were the similarity of modern concrete structures, and traces of tools on blocks are actually formwork prints.

Be that as it may, construction was completed, and the grandiose sizes of the pyramid quite justify supporters of the theories of Atlantov and aliens who do not believe in the possibility of human genius.

What is inside the pyramid

The entrance to the pyramid was made at an altitude of almost 16 meters in the form of an arch of granite slabs. Later, he was sealed with a granite cork and covered with facing. The current entry of 10 meters below was broken in 831 by order of Califa al-Mamuna, who hoped to find gold here, but did not find anything valuable.

Basic premises - Chamber of Pharaoh, Chamber of Queen, a large gallery and an underground chamber. Pierced al-Mamoma displays the inclined corridor in the 105-meter inclined corridor, ending in the chamber cut down into the thicker cliff below the base of the pyramid. Its dimensions 14x8 m., The height of 3.5 m. Works here for unknown reasons were not completed.

18 meters from the entrance from the downward corridor is separated by a length of 40 m. Ending in a large gallery. The gallery itself is high (8.5 m.) Tunnel 46.6 m long, leading to the chamber of Pharaoh. The corridor in the ward of the queen is branched off from the gallery at its very beginning. In the floor of the gallery breaks the rectangular in the section of a ditch of a depth of 60 cm. And 1 m wide, the appointment is unknown.

The length of the Chamber of Pharaoh is 10.5 m., Width 5.4, height 5.84 m. It is lined with black granite slabs. There is an empty granite sarcophag. The tsaritsa camera is modest - 5.76 x 5.23 x 6.26 m.

From the burial chambers to the surface of the pyramid, channels 20-25 cm wide. The channels of the king's chamber go out in one end to the room, another - to the surface of the pyramid. The Canyans Chamber Channels begin at 13 cm. From the wall and do not reach 12 m. To the surface, both of the end of the channels are closed with stone doors with handles. It is assumed that the channels were made for ventilation of premises during work. Another version associated with the beliefs of the Egyptians, claims that this is the path to the afterlife, which was to pass the souls that have reached.

No less mysterious is another small room, the grotto, to which almost vertical moves from the beginning of a large gallery. The grotto is at the junction of the base of the pyramid and the hill on which it stands. The walls of the grotto are strengthened by a rather roughly treated stone. It is assumed that this is part of some more ancient than the pyramid, structures.

It is necessary to mention one discovery associated with the pyramid. In 1954, the southern face was discovered two lined pit, in which there were Pharaoh's roys made from the Lebanese cedar. One of the Ladi is restored and is now located in a special pavilion next to the pyramid. Length of its 43.5 m., Width is 5.6 m.

The study of the pyramid of Heops continues. Studies using the latest methods used in the exploration of earthly subsoils are shown with a large probability of the existence of unknown cavities inside the pyramid. So it is possible that scientists expect new interesting finds and discoveries.

In the meantime, the Great Pyramid keeps his secrets, proudly tightened in the middle of the desert, like the Millennium Back. After all, according to the ancient Arab proverb, everything is afraid of time in the world, but time is afraid of the pyramids.

The pyramid of Heops in Egypt is one of the oldest and well-preserved architectural monuments. It is among the seven wonders of the world, is the center of attraction of tourists from all over the world. For many millennia, the pyramid of Heops remained the highest construction on the planet.

History and secrets of construction pyramid

The pyramid began to build in the life of Pharaoh Heops (Hufu), to which she had to serve as a tomb. The exact date of the foundation is unknown, although all possible research methods used to establish it. Their results differ. Scientists call 2720 BC. E, 2577 year BC e. and 2708 BC. e. At the same time, in the Egypt itself, the official date of the founding of the pyramid is considered August 23, 2560 BC. E..

Another problem of setting the age of the pyramid of Heops is that there are no mentions in ancient papyrus about it. For the first time in the V century BC. e. The construction describes Herodotus.

As for construction technology, everything is also ambiguous. Some scientists seriously suggest that heopsy tomb was erected by aliens. It is so striking its scale, the accuracy of mathematical calculations and the quality of construction.

Interesting fact! On the construction of one of the seven wonders of the world could take 20-40 years.

For the construction of the Hope's pyramid, a place was chosen with stable and dense soil. Main material - limestonewhose blocks were cut out from the cliff, and then trimmed. The weight of one block was 2.5 tons, and some copies are several tens of tons. Methods for their transportation and lifting still remain a mystery.

Description of the construction

Visually, the pyramid of Heops looks like a stepped mountain. Its foundation covers an area of \u200b\u200b53,000 square meters. m. Previously, the surface was covered with durable, facing plates in the sunHowever, now they are completely absent. Part of the Arabs delivering the city, and part of the Egyptians themselves for the construction of housing themselves took part in 1168.

The initial height of the Heops pyramid was 149 m. For a centuries-old history, she somewhat collapsed and asked, so now the landmark of Egypt is 11 meters below. To understand the scale of construction, it is worth knowing that this is the height of the 50-storey house.

Blocks in the pyramid are layered in layers. The height of each layer varies and fluctuates in the range of 60-150 cm. This may indicate that in the construction process there were periods of excess and lack of labor.

The naked look is noticeable that the faces of the pyramid concave. Now, none of the scientists are ready to answer accurately, whether this is the result of the drawing of the structure or was so conceived initially.

The entrance to the tomb of Heops is located from its northern side at an altitude of almost 16 meters. It is formed by certainly laid stones.

Interesting fact! True entrance to the pyramid of Heops has not been preserved, it is laid by a granite cork. The entrance that tourists and researchers are now enjoyed are a break made by one of the Baghdad Caliphs. In the construction, he wanted to find the Treasures of Pharaoh.

Inner device Pyramid

Inside the pyramid of Heops are located break chambersconnected by descending and ascending corridors. Basic premises of the structure:

• pharaoh's burial chamber;
• incomplete camera number 5;
• "Tsaritsa chamber";
• Big gallery.

From the entrance to the funeral cameras leads a downward corridor, the length of which is 105 m. In the first third he has a fork: one corridor continues to go down and leads to an unfinished chamber number 5, the second leads up to the tips of Pharaoh and his wife.

To get to the funeral chamber of Pharaoh, you need to go through an upward large gallery - a tunnel 2 m wide and a height of 8.74 m. In the lower part of the walls in the gallery there are paired ledges, the purpose of which is unknown. These can be contained lifting, locking or other massive mechanism.

The Pharaoh's burial chamber is spacious enough. Its floor is located at an altitude of 43 m on the base of the structure. It is difficult to install the exact height of the ceilings, since the surface of the floor and walls is strongly deformed. For finishing the camera, carefully polished granite was used. In the room there is a granite sarcophage of Heops, on which there are no inscriptions and decor, there is no lid.

"Tsaritsa Camera" Should not be in the tomb of Pharaoh, as the women of rulers were buried separately. However, the stepped niche indoors gives reason to assume that it was the female burial here. The chamber has a rectangular shape and a double roof based on the walls with a height of about 4.5 m.

Interesting fact! Hope's pyramid inside extremely concise. There not to find wall inscriptions, rich jewelry, decor. It is assumed that if something valuable is in the tomb and stored, it was made long before the first researchers came there.

Interesting facts about the pyramid of Heops

In the history of the existence of the Pyramid of Heops, there are many interesting facts and scientific theories, mysterious rumors and legends. No excursion is not any excursion without familiarizing.

Here is some of them:

• Approximate weight The construction is 6.5 million tons.
• 2.25 million limestone blocks took the construction.
• Inside the pyramid, the temperature does not rise above +20, even if on the street +50 ℃.
• There is a suggestion that the tomb of Heops served as an ancient Egyptian observatory, as its faces correspond to four sides of the world.
• It is believed that the builders of the tomb had excellent knowledge about the length of the circumference of the Earth, the speed of light, the gold section, mathematical values \u200b\u200bthat one otherwise laid into the structure.
• Contrary to popular belief, it is believed that the pyramid was not slaves, but professional masonry.
• Scientists could not prove that the body of Heops had once lay in the sarcophagus of the tomb.
• Inside the pyramid there are narrow mines, walking along which the wind makes certain sounds.
• There is a version that the Egyptians only rebuilt the pyramid created by representatives of the previous civilization.

Note! The scanning of the pyramid and other modern studies give reason to believe that there are several more rooms inside it, which only have to explore.

Visiting sights

The pyramid of Heops visits about 3 million people per year. They inspect not only one of the seven wonders of the world, but also the surrounding buildings. These are three satellite pyramids, the ruins of an ancient temple, as well as a modern museum, where an ancient Egyptian boat is exhibited as the main exhibit.

In the dark, tourists show a light-sound show, when each construction is highlighted by spotlights and tell their history, interesting facts. In a small shop, there is an opportunity to purchase memorable souvenirs.

Age of pyramid

The architect of the Great Pyramid is Chemiow, Vizier and the nephew of Heops. He also wore the title "Managing all the construction plants of Pharaoh." It is assumed that the construction launched twenty years (the time of the Board of Heops) ended at about 2540 to N. e. .

Existing methods of dating the start of construction of the pyramid are divided into historical, astronomical and radiocarbon. In Egypt, officially established (2009) and the date began to start the construction of the Hoeop Pyramid - August 23, 2560 BC. e. Such a date was obtained using the Astronomical method of Kate Spence (University of Cambridge). However, this method and the dates obtained with it were criticized by many egyptologists. Dates according to other dating methods: 2720 BC e. (Stephen Hak, University of Nebraska), 2577 BC. e. (Juan Antonio Belmont, University of Astrophysics in Canary) and 2708 BC. e. (Pollux, University of Bauman). The radiocarbon method gives the range from 2680 BC. e. up to 2850 BC e. Therefore, there are no serious confirmations to the "birthday" of the pyramid, as Egyptologists cannot fall into what year construction began.

The first mentions of the pyramid

The mystery remains a complete lack of mentioning the pyramid in Egyptian papyrus. The first descriptions are found at the Greek historian Herodotus (V century BC) and in the ancient Arab legends [ ]. Herodotus reported (at a minimum, after 2 millennia after the advent of the Great Pyramid), that she was erected with pharaoh-despot named Heops (Greek. Koufou.), Raissed 50 years that 100 thousand people were employed on construction. For twenty years, and that the pyramid is in honor of Heops, but not his grave. True grave is burial near the pyramid. Herodotus brought erroneous information about the sizes of the pyramid, and also mentioned the medium pyramid of Plateau Giza, that she was erected by Heops's daughter, which sold himself, and that each building stone corresponded to the man to whom she was given. According to Herodoto, if "raising a stone, a long winding path to the grave opened," without specification, what kind of pyramid is talking about; However, the pyramids of the Plateau Giza "winding" ways to the tomb at the time of visits to their Herodotus did not have; On the contrary, the descending passage of HEOPS bp is distinguished by careful straightness. And other premises in BP at that time was not known.

Appearance

Preserved fragments of the facing of the pyramid and residues of the bridge surrounding the construction

The pyramid is called "Ahet-Huf" - Horizon Hofu (or more accurately "referring to the sky - (this) huof"). Consists of limestone and granite blocks. It was built on a natural limestone hill. After the pyramid lost several layers of cladding, this hill is partially visible on the eastern, northern and southern sides of the pyramid. Despite the fact that the peyramid of Cheops is the highest and most common of all Egyptian pyramids, still Pharaoh Snofer built the pyramids in Maidum and in Dakhshut (broken pyramid and pink pyramid), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons.

Initially, the pyramid was lined with more solid than the main blocks, white limestone. The top of the pyramid was crowned gilded stone - Pyramidion (Dr. Egypt. - Benben). Facing shining in the sun with peach color, as if "the shining miracle myself seemed to gave all his rays." In 1168, Arabs looted and burned Cairo. Residents of Cairo removed the cladding with the pyramid in order to build new homes.

Statistical data

Hope's pyramid in the XIX century

Necropolis map near Heops Pyramid

• Height (today): ≈ 136.5 m
• The angle of inclination of the side face (now): 51 ° 50 "
• Length of the side edge (initially): 230.33 m (by calculations) or about 440 royal elbows
• Length of the side edge (now): about 225 m
• Length of the base of the base of the pyramid: South - 230.454 m; North - 230.253 m; West - 230,357 m; East - 230,394 m
• The base area (initially): ≈ 53 000 m 2 (5.3 hectares)
• Side surface of the pyramid (initially): ≈ 85,500 m 2
• Perimeter base: 922 m
• The total volume of the pyramid without deducting cavities inside the pyramid (initially): ≈ 2.58 million m 3
• The total volume of the pyramids minus all known cavities (initially): 2.50 million m 3
• Middle volume of stone blocks: 1.147 m 3
• The middle mass of stone blocks: 2.5 t
• The most difficult stone block: about 35 tons - located above the entrance to the King Camera.
• The number of the averaged volume blocks does not exceed 1.65 million (2.50 million m³ - 0.6 million m³ of rock base inside the pyramid \u003d 1.9 million m 3 / 1.147 m 3 \u003d 1.65 million blocks of the specified volume physically can fit in the pyramid , without taking into account the volume of the solution in inter-block seams); The attribution to the 20-year construction period * 300 business days per year * 10 working hours per day * 60 minutes in an hour leads to the speed of laying (and delivery to the construction site) - near the block in two minutes.
• According to calculations, the total weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons (1.65 million blocks x 2.5 tons)
• The base of the pyramid is resting on the natural rocky elevation height in the center of about 12-14 m and occupies, according to the latest data, at least 23% of the original volume of the pyramid
• The number of layers (tiers) of stone blocks - 210 (at the time of construction). Now the layers are 203.

Bending party

Bending sides of the pyramid of Heops

When the sun moves around the pyramid, you can notice the irregularities of the walls - the concaveness of the central part of the walls. Perhaps the cause of this is erosion or damage as a result of the fall of the stone cladding. It is also possible that it was specially done during construction. According to Vito Marajolo (Vito Maragiooglio) and Cherep Rinaldi (Celeste Rinaldi), the Pyramid of Micheryina no longer has such concavation of the parties. I.E.S. Edwards explains this feature by the fact that the central part of each side over time simply went inside from a large mass of stone blocks. [ ]

As in the XVIII century, when this phenomenon was opened, today there is still a satisfactory explanation of this feature of architecture.

Observation of the bentness of the parties at the end of the XIX century, Description Egypt

Tilt angle

To accurately determine the initial parameters of the pyramid is not possible, since its edges and surfaces are currently mostly dismantled and destroyed. This makes it difficult to calculate the exact angle of inclination. In addition, its symmetry itself is not ideal, so with different dimensions there are deviations in numbers.

Geometric study of ventilation tunnels

The study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not give an unequivocal answer to the question of the initial proportions of this structure. It is assumed that the Egyptians had an idea of \u200b\u200bthe "gold section" and the number of pi, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid: So, the ratio of height to the base is 14/22 (height \u003d 280 of the elbows, and the base \u003d 440 elbow, 280/440 \u003d 14 / 22). For the first time in world history, these quantities were used in the construction of a pyramid in Maidum. However, for the pyramids of late epochs, these proportions have no longer applied anywhere, as, for example, some have altitude ratios to the base, like 6/5 (pink pyramid), 4/3 (Hefren pyramid) or 7/5 (pyramid pyramid).

Some of theories consider the Pyramid of the Astronomical Observatory. It is alleged that the corridors of the pyramids accurately indicate the "Polar Star" of that time - Tuban, the Sirius ventilation corridors - at the Sirius star, and from the Northern side - on the star Alnik.

Internal structure

Heopsy pyramid transverse section:

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side. The input form stone plates laid in the form of the arch, but this is a structure that was inside the pyramid - the true entrance is not preserved. The true entrance to the pyramid is most likely closed by a stone stopper. A description of such a traffic jam can be found at Strabo, it can also be a look at it, based on the preserved plate, which closed the upper entrance to the broken pyramid of the Snofer, Heops's father. Today, tourists fall inside the pyramid through a 17-meter break, which in 820 Baghdad Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun is 10 meters below. He hoped to find the impenetrable Treasures of Pharaoh, but found a layer of dust thick in half an elbow there.

Inside the pyramid of Heops there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.

Burial "Yama"

Underground chamber cards

A downward corridor of 105 m long, running under the tilt of 26 ° 26'46, leads to a horizontal corridor with a length of 8.9 m, leading to the camera 5 . Located below the ground level in the rock limestone base, it remained unfinished. The size of the chamber is 14 × 8.1 m, it is elongated from the east to the west. Height reaches 3.5 m, the ceiling has a large crack. The southern wall of the chamber has a well depth of about 3 m, from which a narrow LAZ (0.7 × 0.7 m in section) is stretched in the southern direction to 16 m (0.7 m in cross section), ending with a dead end. John Perring Engineers and Howard Wiz (Richard William Howard VYSE) At the beginning of the XIX century, the floor was cleared in the chamber in the chamber and pulled a well depth 11.6 m, in which they hoped to detect the hidden burial room. They were based on Herodota's testimonies that claimed that the body of Heops is located on the island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber. Their excavations did not lead to anything. Late studies have shown that the camera was thrown in progress, and the funeral cameras were decided to arrange in the center of the pyramid itself.

Ascending Corridor and Chamber of the Queen

From the first third of the descending passage (after 18 m from the main entrance) Up under the same angle of 26.5 ° goes south of the upstream ( 6 ) about 40 m long, ending at the bottom of the big gallery ( 9 ).

At its beginning, the ascending pass contains 3 large cubic granite "traffic jams", which are outside, from a downward passage, were disguised as a limestone unit that fell during the works of al-Mamuna. Thus, the first 3,000 years from the construction of the pyramid, (including, in the era of its active visits in antiquity) it was believed that there are no other premises in a large pyramid, except for the downstream passage and an underground chamber. Al-Mamuan could not break through these traffic jams and he just won in a softer limestone bypassing to the right of them. This passage is used so far. For traffic jams, there are two main theories, one of them is based on the fact that the upstream has corks installed at the beginning of construction and, thus, this passage was sealed with them from the very beginning. The second claims that the current narrowing of the walls is caused by an earthquake, and the plugs were before that within a large gallery and were used to seal the passage only after Pharaoh's funerals.

An important mystery of this section of the ascending pass is that in the place where traffic jams are now located, in a full-sized, albeit a shortened model of the pyramid moves - the so-called test corridors north of the big pyramid - there is no bog, and at once three corridors, the third of which is the vertical tunnel. Since the plugs still could not move from the spot, the question is whether there are vertical Lases over them, it remains open.

In the middle of the upstream passage, the wall design has a feature: in three places the so-called "frame stones" are installed - that is, the square through the entire length is pierced three monoliths. The appointment of these stones is unknown. There are several small niches in the area of \u200b\u200bthe frame stones.

In the second burial chamber, a horizontal corridor with a length of 35 m and a height of 1.75 m in southern direction, the walls of this horizontal corridor are composed of very large limestone blocks, which are applied fake "seams", imitating masonry from smaller blocks . Behind the western wall of the passage there are cavities filled with sand. The second chamber is traditionally referred to as the "Queen chamber", although the Faux of Pharaohov was buried in separate small pyramids. The "Tsaritsa chamber", lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; Its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

Drawing of the Chamber of the Queen ( 7 )

Niche in the wall of the Chamber of the Queen

Corridor at the entrance to the tsaritsa hall (1910)

Entrance to the chamber of the queen (1910)

Niche in the Tsaritsa chamber (1910)

Ventilation channel in the Tsaritsa chamber (1910)

Corridor in the ascendant tunnel ( 12 )

Granite tube (1910)

Corridor in the ascending tunnel (left - closing blocks)

Grotto, Big Gallery and Chamber of Pharaoh

Another branch from the lower part of the big gallery is a narrow almost vertical mine with a height of about 60 m, leading to the bottom of the downward pass. There is a suggestion that it was intended to evacuate workers or priests, completing the "sealing" of the main passage to the "king chamber". In approximately in the middle, it is small, most likely, the natural expansion is the "Grotto" (Grotto) of the wrong form, in which several people could fit. Grotto ( 12 ) Located on the "junction" of the stone masonry of the pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, a hill on limestone plateau lying at the base of a large pyramid. The walls of the grotto are partially fortified by the ancient stone masonry, and since its separate stones are too large, there is a suggestion that the grotto existed on the Giza Plateau as an independent structure is still long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation mines itself was built by the location of the grotto. However, taking into account the fact that Mine was drowned in the already laid masonry, and did not laid out, as he says its wrong round section, the question arises of how builders managed to accurately go to the grotto.

The big gallery continues the upstream. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in a section, with a bit narrowing up (t. N. "False arch") walls, a high inclined tunnel with a length of 46.6 m. In the middle of a large gallery almost along the entire length goes correctly in the section Square deepening The size of 1 meter width and a depth of 60 cm, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of deepening unclear destinations. The deepening ends t. N. The "big step" is a high horizontal protrusion, a platform of 1 × 2 meters at the end of a large gallery, immediately before Laz in the "hallway" - the pre-booth. The playground has a pair of similar recesses of the ramp, recesses at the corners at the wall (28th and last pair of BG decks). Through the "entrance hall", LAZ leads the funeral "king's lined in the black granite", where the empty granite sarcophagus is placed. Sarcophagus lid is missing. The ventilation mines have mouths in the King Camera on the South and Northern Walls at an altitude of about a meter from the floor level. The mouth of South Ventshacht is badly damaged, the northern appears intact. Paul, ceiling, the walls of the camera do not have any decorations or holes or elements of attaching anything related to the construction of the pyramid. The ceiling plates all bunt along the southern wall and do not fall inside the room only due to the clamping weight of the overlying blocks.

Over the "King Camera" there are five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which there are monolithic granite slabs with a thickness of about 2 m, and above is the boulder overlap of limestone. It is believed that their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) to protect the "king chamber" from the pressure. In these voids, graffiti were found left, probably workers.

Grott interior (1910)

Drawing of Grott (1910)

Drawing of the compound of grotto with a large gallery (1910)

Entrance to Tunnel (1910)

View of a large gallery from the entrance to the room

Big gallery

Big Gallery (1910)

Drawing of the chamber of Pharaoh

Chamber of Pharaoh

Pharaoh Camera (1910)

Interior of the lobby in front of the king chamber (1910)

Channel "Ventilation" at the southern wall of the room of the king (1910)

Ventilation channels

From the King Camera and the Tsaritsa Cameras in the North and South directions (first horizontally, then obliquely up) the so-called "ventilation" channels width 20-25 cm. At the same time, the channels of the King Camera, known since the XVII century, Through, they are open and below and from above (on the edges of the pyramid), while the lower ends of the channels of the "Queen chamber" separates about 13 cm from the wall surface, they were found when climbing in 1872. The top ends of the Mine "Camera Tsaritsa" do not reach the surface of about 12 meters, and closed by stone "gantenbreak" doors, each with two copper handles. Copper handles were sealed with gypsum seals (not survived, but traces remained). In the South Ventshachte "The door" was found in 1993 using a tele-controlled robot "Lock II"; The bending of the northern mine did not allow then Detect in it the same "door" by this robot. In 2002, with the help of a new modification of the robot in the southern "door", a hole was drilled, but there was a small cavity with a length of 18 centimeters and another stone "door". What is next is still unknown. This robot confirmed the presence of a similar "door" at the end of the northern canal, but it did not drill it. In 2010, the new robot was able to push the drilled hole in the southern "door" a snake-shaped camera and found that the copper "handles" from the side of the "doors" are decorated in the form of neat loops, and on the floor of the "ventilation" mines are applied with separate ocher icons on the floor. Currently, the most common version is that the purpose of the "ventilation" channels was religious and is associated with the submission of the Egyptians about the Soul Travel. And the "door" at the end of the channel is nothing but the door to the afterlife. That is why it does not enter the surface of the pyramid. At the same time, the mine of the upper burial chamber has throughout outlets outside and inside the room; It is not clear whether it is connected with some change in the ritual; Since the outer few meters of facing the pyramids were destroyed, it was unclear whether the "Gantenbreak doors" in the upper mines. (Could be in the place where the mine is not preserved). In the south upper mine there is so-called. "Hope's niches" are strange expansions and grooves, which, possibly, contained "door". In the northern upper, no "niche" is not at all.

Hope's Pyramid Construction History

The beginning of the construction of the pyramid is approximately 2560 before our era. The architect was Heemion, the nephew of Pharaoh Heops, who ruled by all the construction sites of the ancient kingdom at that time. For the construction of the pyramid of Heops, not less than 20 years old, at the same time, according to different estimates, more than one hundred thousand people were involved. The project demanded titanic efforts: workers mined blocks for construction in another place, in the rocks, delivered them along the river and raised the tilt plane to the top of the pyramid on wooden sled. More than 2.5 million granite and limestone blocks needed more than 2.5 million granite and limestone blocks, and at the very top, a gold-plated stone was installed, which attached the color of the sun's sun rays. But in the 2nd century, when Arabs destroyed Cairo, local residents disassembled all the facing of the pyramid to build their homes.

For almost three millennia, Heops pyramid occupied the first place on the ground in height, giving the palm of the championship only in 1300 to the Cathedral of the Lincoln Cathedral. Now the height of the pyramid is 138 m, it decreased compared to the initial 8 m, and the base area is more than 5 hectares.

Hope's Pyramid is worshiped by local residents as a shrine, and annually on August 23, the Egyptians celebrate the day of its construction. Why Augustus chose, no one knows, because there are no historical facts confirming it.

Heops pyramid device

Inside the hoeing pyramid, the three burial chambers are of the greatest interest, which are one above the other in the strict vertical. The lowest left unfinished, the second belongs to the wife of Pharaoh, and the third is heeops himself.

To travel by corridors, tracks with steps were laid for the convenience of tourists, railing was made and covered.

Heopse pyramid transverse section

1. Main input
2. The entrance that Al-Mamun has done
3. Crossroads, "Cork" and Al-Mamuna Tunnel Made "Bypass"
4. Downward corridor
5. Unfinished underground chamber
6. Ascending corridor

7. "Tsaritsa Camera" with outgoing "air ducts"
8. Horizontal tunnel

10. Chamber of Pharaoh with "air ducts"
11. Precamer
12. Grotto

Entrance to the pyramid

The entrance to the pyramid of Heops is an arc formed from stone slabs, and is located on the north side, at an altitude of 15 m 63 cm. Previously, it was laid by a granite cork, but it was not preserved to this day. In 820, Khalif Abdullah al-Mamoun decided to find treasure in the pyramid and did a seventeenthimeter break below the historical entrance by 10 meters. The Baghdad ruler did not find anything, but in our days, tourists enter the pyramid through this tunnel.

When al-Mamoon pierced his passage, the limestone's lumping closed the entrance to another corridor - ascending, and three granite tubes remained behind the limestone. Since on the point of connecting two corridors, downward and ascending, a vertical tunnel was discovered, it was put forward to the assumption that the plugs from the granite were downwards, so as to seal the tomb after the funeral of the Egyptian king.

Burial "Yama"

A downward corridor, the length of which is 105 meters, descends under the ground under the tilt of 26 ° 26'46 and rests on another corridor with a length of 8.9 m, leading to chamber 5 and located horizontally. Here is an unfinished chamber of 14 × 8.1 m in size, in shape stretched from the east to the west. For a long time it was believed that there are no other premises in the pyramid, except for this corridor and the camera, but it turned out otherwise. The height of the chamber reaches 3.5 m. The southern wall of the chamber has a well depth of about 3 m, from which narrow LAZ (0.7 × 0.7 m in section) is stretched in the southern direction at 16 m (0.7 × 0.7 m in cross section), ending with a dead end.

John Perring Engineers and Howard Wize (Richard William Howard VYSE) At the beginning of the XIX century, the floor was dismantled in the chamber and pulled a well depth 11.6 m, in which they hoped to detect a hidden burial room. They were based on the testimony of Herodotus, who claimed that the body of Heops is located on the island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber. Their excavations did not lead to anything. Late studies have shown that the camera was broken in progress, and the funeral cameras were decided to arrange in the center of the pyramid itself.

Ascending Corridor and Chamber of the Queen

From the first third of the descending passage (after 18 m from the main entrance) Up under the same angle of 26.5 ° goes to the south of the rising pass (6) with a length of about 40 m, ending at the bottom of a large gallery (9).

At its beginning, the ascending pass contains 3 large cubic granite "traffic jams", which are outside, from a downward passage, were disguised as a limestone unit that fell during the works of al-Mamuna. It turned out that almost 3 thousand years of scientists were confident that in a large pyramid there are no other premises, except for the downstream passage and an underground chamber. Al-Mamuan could not break through these traffic jams, and he simply won in a softer limestone bypassing to the right of them.

In the middle of the upstream passage, the wall design has a feature: in three places the so-called "frame stones" are installed - that is, the square through the entire length is pierced three monoliths. The appointment of these stones is unknown.

In the second burial chamber, a horizontal corridor with a length of 35 m and 1.75 m with a height of 1.75 m is found in the southern direction. It is traditionally referred to as the chamber of the queen, although according to the rigging of Pharaohov, was buried in separate small pyramids. The "Tsaritsa chamber", lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; Its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

Grotto, Big Gallery and Chamber of Pharaoh

Another branch from the lower part of the big gallery is a narrow almost vertical mine with a height of about 60 m, leading to the bottom of the downward pass. There is a suggestion that it was intended to evacuate workers or priests, completing the "sealing" of the main passage to the "king chamber". In approximately in the middle, it is small, most likely, the natural expansion is the "grotto" of the wrong shape, in which several people could fit from the strength. The grotto (12) is located on the "junction" of the stone masonry of the pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, a hill on limestone plateau, lying at the base of a large pyramid. The walls of the grotto are partially fortified by the ancient stone masonry, and since its separate stones are too large, there is a suggestion that the grotto existed on the Giza Plateau as an independent structure is still long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation mines itself was built by the location of the grotto. However, taking into account the fact that Mine was drowned in the already laid masonry, and did not laid out, as he says its wrong round section, the question arises of how builders managed to accurately go to the grotto.

The big gallery continues the upstream. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in a section, with a bit narrowing up ("false arch") walls, a high inclined tunnel with a length of 46.6 m. In the middle of a large gallery almost along the entire length, it is correct in the section a square deepening width 1 meter and a depth of 60 cm, and on both side speakers there are 27 pairs of deepening unknown destinations. The deepening ends with a "big step" - a high horizontal protrusion, a platform of 1x2 meters, at the end of a large gallery, immediately before Laz in the "hallway" - the pre-unit. The playground has a pair of similar deepening ramps, recesses at the corners at the wall. Through the "entrance hall", LAZ leads a funeral "king's lined in the black granite", where empty granite sarcophagus is located.

Over the King Camera is discovered in the XIX century. Five discharge cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which there are monolithic plates with a thickness of about 2 m, and above - a double overlap. Their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) to protect from the pressure of the King Camera. In these voids, graffiti were found left, probably workers.

From cameras to the north and south leads the network of ventilation channels. Channels from the Chamber of Queen do not reach the surface of the pyramid by 12 meters, and the channels from the Chamber of Pharaoh come to the surface. No other pyramid of such branches found. Scientists did not come to a unanimous opinion if they were built for ventilation or are related to the ideas of the Egyptians about the afterlife. At the top ends of the channels there are doors, most likely symbolizing the entrance to another world. In addition, the channels point to stars: Sirius, Tuban, Alnika, which makes it possible to assume that the pyramid of Heops had an astronomical purpose.

Surroundings of Heops Pyramid

The eastern face of the pyramid of Heops is 3 small pyramids of his wives and family members. They are located from north to south, according to the size: the base of the base of each construction is 0.5 meters less than the previous one. They are well preserved inside, the time partially destroyed only the external cladding. Nearby you can see the foundation of the clock temple of the huof, inside which the drawings depicting the ritual executed by Pharaoh were found, he wore name to combine both lands.

Pharaoh boats

Hope's pyramid - the central figure of the complex of buildings, the location of which had a ritual value. The procession with the late pharaoh was transferred by the Nile on the West Bank on numerous delicates. In the lower church, to which the rooks were swimming, the first part of the funeral ceremony began. Next, the procession was headed to the upper temple, where the chapel and the altar were located. To the west of the upper temple, the pyramid itself was located.

On each side of the pyramid in the rocks, the rooks were lit on the roots on which Pharaoh should have traveling around the afterlime world.

In 1954, the archaeologist Zaku Nur discovered the first boat, called the solar rook. It was made from the Lebanese cedar, consisted of 1224 parts, while not having traces of fastening and connections. Its dimensions: Length is 43 m and width 5.5 m. The restoration of the rook was spent 16 years.

On the south side of the pyramid of Heops, the museum of this boat is open.

The second boat was found in a mine located east of the place of finding the first rook. A camera was lowered to the mine, which showed traces of insects on a boat, so it was decided not to raise it and seal the mine. Such a decision was accepted by a scientist Eshimuro from Vasneda University.

In total, seven holes were discovered with real ancient Egyptian boats disassembled into parts.

Video: 5 unscrewd secrets Pyramids of Egypt

How to get

If you want to see the great pyramid of Heops, you need to arrive in Cairo. But there are practically no direct flights from Russia and will have to make a transplant in Europe. Without transplant, you can fly to Sharm el-Sheikh, and from there to overcome 500 kilometers to Cairo. You can reach the destination on a comfortable bus, the time on the way is approximately 6 hours, and you can continue the path by plane, they fly to Cairo every half hour. In Egypt, it is very loyal to Russian tourists, a visa can be obtained directly at the airport after landing. It will cost $ 25 and is issued for a month.

Where to stay

If your goal is the treasures of antiquity and you came to the pyramids, then choose the hotel you can both in Giza and in the center of Cairo. Comfortable hotels with all the benefits of civilization are represented in the amount of almost two hundred. In addition, Cairo has many attractions, it is a city of contrasts: modern skyscrapers and ancient minarets, noisy motley bazaars and nightclubs, neon nights and quiet palm gardens.

Memo to tourists

Do not forget that Egypt is a Muslim state. Men should simply not notice Egyptians, because even an innocent touch can be regarded as a harassment. Women must follow the rules in clothing. Modesty and modestly modesty, minimum of bare parts of the body.

For organized excursions to pyramids, tickets can be purchased at any hotel.

The pyramid zone is open to visit in the summer from 8 hours to 17, in winter - it works for half an hour less, the cost of the input ticket is about 8 euros.

Museums are paid separately: to inspect the solar boats for 5 euros.

For entry into the pyramid of Heops, you will take 13 euros, the inspection of the pyramid of Hefren will cost cheaper - 2.6 euros. Here is a very low passage and be prepared for the fact that 100 meters you will have to go in a semi-bent position.

Other pyramids, such as wives and mothers Hefren, can be inspecting for free by presenting an entrance ticket to the zone.

The best time for their inspection is morning, immediately after opening. It is strictly forbidden to climb the pyramids, chop out a piece of memory and write "here was ...". Penalty for this you can pay such that it will exceed the cost of your trip.

If you want to capture yourself to the background of the pyramid or just surroundings, prepare 1 euro for the right of shooting, inside the pyramids is prohibited. If you are offered to take a picture, do not agree and do not give the camera to anyone in your hands, otherwise you will have to redeem it back.

Tickets for visiting the pyramids are limited: 150 pieces are sold at 8 am and as much as at 13 o'clock. Two ticket office work: one at the main entrance, the second is at the Sphinx.

Each of the pyramids is closed for restoration work once a year, so all you are unlikely to see.

If there is no desire to walk around the Giza zone, you can rent a camel. Its cost will depend on your ability to bargain. But keep in mind that all prices will not be played at once, and when you roll, it turns out that you have to pay and for getting off the camel.

Delicate advice: the toilet is located in the Sunny Boat Museum.

On the territory of the area of \u200b\u200bthe pyramids are cafeteria, where you can have a good dinner.

Daily in the evenings there is a light-sound show with a duration of one hour. It passes in different languages: Arabic, English, Japanese, Spanish, French. On Sundays, the show is held in Russian. It is recommended to divide visiting the pyramids and visiting the show for two days, otherwise you will not be able to accommodate so many impressions.