Meteor on the water. "meteors" - magnificent river rockets of the Soviet era. Hydrofoil

Meteor - a series of hydrofoil passenger river boats. These are reliable, economical, high-speed vessels. As of 2017, Russia is the only country in the world that has resumed serial production of hydrofoil vessels, preserving and improving technology for the design and construction of ships.

  Description:

Meteor is a series of hydrofoil passenger river boats developed by Rostislav Alekseev.

The first experimental Meteor was launched in 1959. The serial production of Meteors was launched at the Zelenodolsk Shipyard named after A. M. Gorky. From 1961 to 1991, more than 400 motor ships of this series were built.

The history of the creation of these vessels dates back to the early 1940s, when Alekseev was still interested in the topic as a student, and in 1941 he defended a graduation project on the topic “Hydrofoil Glider”.

In the project Alekseev was used the effect   light submarine wing (Alekseev effect). Alekseev’s underwater wing consists of two main horizontal bearing planes - one in front and one in the back. When converging, the dihedral angle is either small or absent; the weight distribution is approximately equal between the front and rear planes. Submerged hydrofoil rising to surfacegradually loses its lift, and at a depth approximately equal to the length of the wing chord, the lift approaches zero. It is thanks to this effect that a submerged wing is not able to fully surface. At the same time, a relatively small hydroplanning (sliding on the surface water) the wing liner is used to help with the “exit to the wing”, and also does not allow the vessel to return to the displacement mode. These fenders are located in close proximity to the front struts and are mounted so that they touch the surface of the water on the fly, while the load-bearing wings are submerged approximately to a depth equal to the length of their chords.

Due to different flow rates, in accordance with the Bernoulli equation, a vacuum is created on the upper surface of the hydrofoil, and increased pressure on the lower surface - this leads to the formation of a lifting force. As the depth decreases, the pressure on the upper surface of the wing increases, because in the border zone there is a slowdown of fluid particles, as a result of which the lifting force decreases and the ship stabilizes.

  Benefits:

- reliable, economical, high-speed vessels,

–   As of 2017, Russia is the only country in the world that has resumed serial production of hydrofoil vessels, maintaining and improving design and construction technology ships.

  Technical characteristics of the Comet 120M hydrofoil ship of project 23160:

Project 23160 marine hydrofoil passenger vessel of the new generation “Comet 120M” is designed for high-speed passenger transportation during daylight hours in salons equipped with aviation-type seats.

Note: technology description using the example of the Comet 120M hydrofoil vessel of project 23160.

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• “Petrel”, “Sputnik”, “Comet” and “Meteor” - the names of these Soviet ships gave rise to romantic thoughts about flying. Although it was only a river trip. However, it’s difficult to say that a hydrofoil trip is a voyage, but it has something from flying. These ships, which in general were called rockets and could reach speeds of 150 km / h (carrying up to 300 passengers), were the same symbol of the USSR of the 60s - 80s, like real space rockets that plowed the Bolshoi Theater space open spaces.

  The severe economic crisis (if not an industrial catastrophe) of the 90s led to the fact that the number of ships of this class sharply decreased. Now let's recall a brief history of these unusual ships.

  
  The principle of movement of these ships was twofold. At low speed, such a ship goes like an ordinary ship, that is, due to the buoyancy of water (hello Archimedes). But when it develops high speed, then due to the hydrofoils available for these vessels, a lifting force arises, which raises the vessel above the water. That is, a hydrofoil ship is both a ship and, as it were, an airplane at the same time. He only flies "now."

  

  Perhaps the most elegant high-speed hydrofoil was the so-called gas turbine ship "Petrel". It was developed by TsKB SPK R. Alekseeva in the city of Gorky and with a length of 42 meters could reach a design speed of 150 km / h (though there is no evidence that the ship has ever reached such a speed).

  

  The first (and only) experimental vessel, Petrel, was built in 1964.

  

  It was operated in the Volga Shipping Company on the Volga along the route Kuibyshev - Ulyanovsk - Kazan - Gorky.

  

  Two aircraft gas turbine engines on the sides gave this vessel special effect (such engines were used on the IL-18 aircraft).

  

  In such a ship, travel really should have resembled a flight.

  

  The captain’s cabin was distinguished by its special grace, the design of which resembled the design of futuristic American limousines of the 50s (the photo below, however, is not the “Petrel” cabin, but about the same).

  

  Unfortunately, having worked until the end of the 70s, the unique 42-meter “Petrel” was written off for wear, and remained in a single copy. The immediate cause of the write-off was the accident in 1974, when the Petrel collided with a tugboat, severely damaging one side and a gas turbine engine. After that, it was restored, as they say, “somehow” and after some time its further operation was considered unprofitable.

  Another variety of hydrofoil vessels was the Meteor.

  

  The Meteors were smaller than the Petrel (34 meters in length) and not as fast (no more than 100 km / h). Meteors were produced from 1961 to 1991 and, in addition to the USSR, were also delivered to the countries of the socialist camp.

  

  In total, four hundred ships of this series were built.

  

  Unlike the Burevestnik aviation engines, the Meteors flew with diesel engines, propelling the propellers typical of ships.

  

  Ship control panel:

  

  But the most famous hydrofoil ship is probably the Rocket.

  

  The Rocket was first presented in Moscow in 1957 at the International Student Youth Festival.

  

  The leader of the USSR himself Nikita Khrushchev then expressed himself in the spirit that, they say, stop swimming in the rivers in rusty baths, it's time to travel in style.

  

  However, at that time only the first experimental “Rocket” walked along the Moscow River and after the festival it was sent for trial operation on Volga on the Gorky-Kazan line. The ship covered the distance of 420 km in 7 hours. An ordinary ship went along the same route for 30 hours. As a result, the experience was considered successful and Rocket went into series.

  

  Another famous Soviet ship is the Comet.

  

  The Comet was a marine version of the Meteor. In this photo of 1984 there are two "Comets" in the seaport of Odessa:

  

  The Comet was developed in 1961. Serially produced from 1964 to 1981 at the Feodosia Shipbuilding Plant "More". A total of 86 Komet were built (including 34 for export).

  One of the "Comets" that have survived to this day in a bright design:

  

  By the beginning of the 70s, the "Rocket" and "Meteors" were already considered obsolete ships and they replaced the "Sunrise".

  

  The first ship of the series was built in 1973. A total of 150 Sunrises were built, some of which went for export (China, Canada, Austria, Hungary, the Netherlands, etc.). In the 90s, the production of "Sunrises" was stopped.

  Sunrise in the Netherlands:

  

  Of the other types of hydrofoil ships it is worth recalling the "Sputnik".

  

  It was truly a monster. At the time of the construction of the first Sputnik ship (October 1961), it was the largest passenger hydrofoil ship in the world. Its length was 47 meters, and passenger capacity - 300 people!

  

  The Sputnik was first operated on the Gorky-Tolyatti line, but then, due to its low landing, it was transferred to the lower Volga to the Kuybyshev-Kazan line. But on this line he went only three months. In one of the voyages, the ship collided with a fuel boat, after which it stood for several years in a shipyard. At first they wanted to cut it into scrap metal, but then they decided to install it on the embankment of Togliatti. Sputnik was placed near the river station, where it housed a cafe of the same name, which continues to delight (or scare) the inhabitants of Avtograd (proof).

  

  The marine version of the "Sputnik" was called the "Whirlwind" and was intended for swimming with a wave of up to 8 points.

  

  It is also worth remembering the ship "The Seagull", which was created in a single copy and took on board 70 passengers, but at a speed of up to 100 km / h

  

  One of the rare ones is Typhoon ...

  
  
  

  ... and "Swallow"

  

  A story about Soviet hydrofoil ships would not be complete without a story about a man who devoted his life to creating these ships.

  

  Rostislav Evgenievich Alekseev (1916-1980) - Soviet shipbuilder, creator of hydrofoil ships, ekranoplanes and ekranoletov. Designer yachts, winner of all-Union competitions, master of sports of the USSR.

  He came to the idea of \u200b\u200bhydrofoil ships during work during the war (1942) on the creation of combat boats. His boats did not manage to take part in the war, but in 1951 Alekseev was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree for the development and creation of hydrofoil vessels. It was his team in the 50s who created Rocket, and then, starting in 1961, almost every year a new project: Meteor, Comet, Sputnik, Petrel, Sunrise. In the 60s, Rostislav Evgenievich Alekseev began work on the creation of the so-called "Ekranoplanes" - ships for the airborne forces, which were supposed to soar above water at a height of several meters. In January 1980, when testing a passenger ekranolet, which was supposed to go into operation by the Olympics-80, Alekseev received serious injuries. From these injuries, he died on February 9, 1980. After his death, the idea of \u200b\u200bekranoplanes no longer returned.

  And now I offer some more photos of these insanely beautiful hydrofoils:

  Built in 1979, the Comet-44 is currently in operation in Turkey:

  
  
  

  Olympia Project

  

  Katran Project

  

  Two-story monster "Cyclone"

  

  Ship cemetery near Perm.

  
  
  

  Meteor bar in the city of Kanev (Ukraine)

  

  Red Meteor in China

  

  But even today, these ships of the projects of the 60s look quite futuristic.

  

  "Meteor"project 342E   - A series of hydrofoil passenger river boats developed by Rostislav Alekseev.

  History

  M / V "Meteor"

  Produced from 1961 to 1991 at the Zelenodolsk shipyard them. A. M. Gorky. In total, more than 400 motor ships of this series were built. In the Nizhny Novgorod design bureau for hydrofoil ships named after Rostislav Alekseev, a modification of Meteor 2000 with imported engines and air conditioners was developed, which was also supplied to China. By 2007, the Meteor production line at the plant was dismantled, the motor ships of the new A45-1 project were laid.

  Description

  

  Motor ship Project 342E Meteor - a duralumin, diesel, single-deck, twin-shaft hydrofoil motor ship, designed for high-speed transportation of passengers during daylight hours along navigable rivers, freshwater reservoirs and lakes in temperate climates. The remote control and control system provides control of the ship directly from the wheelhouse.

  Passengers are accommodated in three lounges equipped with soft seats: bow, middle and aft - for 26, 44 and 44 seats, respectively. Passengers are transferred from the middle to the aft saloon on a roofed deck (visible as a “hump” in the photographs); from the deck, doors lead to the toilet, engine room and utility room. In the middle lounge there is a buffet.

  The wing device consists of the bow and stern bearing wings and two flaps mounted on the side and bottom racks of the nose wing.

  

  The main engines on the boat are two M-400 (12CHNS18 / 20) diesel engines of right and left rotation, twelve-cylinder, four-cycle, turbocharged, water-cooled, reversible clutch, with a rated power of 1000 hp. each at 1700 rpm. converted from aircraft M-40. Propulsors - two fixed-pitch five-blade propellers ø 710 mm. To service the power plant and ship needs, a combined diesel-generator-compressor-pump unit has been installed. The unit consists of a 12 hp diesel engine. at 1500 rpm with starter and manual start, 5.6 kW generator, compressor and self-priming vortex pump. The mechanical installation of the ship is controlled from posts in the wheelhouse and in the engine room.

  Power sources

  The main source of electricity in the running mode are two running DC generators with a power of 1 kW each at a normal voltage of 27.5 V, installed on the main engines. There is an automatic machine for parallel operation of the generator and the batteries. An auxiliary DC generator with a power of 5.6 kW and a rated voltage of 28 V is installed in the parking lot to power consumers.

  

  Meteor-236 on the Lena

  • The first captain of the SEC "Meteor" was the famous pilot Hero of the Soviet Union Mikhail Devyatayev, who during the years of World War II was able to escape from captivity, having stolen an enemy bomber.
  • In the center of the Sormovsky district of Nizhny Novgorod, on the Petrel Square, a Meteora model was installed. Currently, the model has been transferred to the square in front of the Polytechnic College near Sormovsky Park.
  • Near the Kazan River College, a Meteor model was installed.

  

  

  

  

  

  Motor ship Meteor-86

  VIP class ship!
    In 2011, the interior of the vessel was completely updated, the decoration and layout of the room were changed (the fore and middle compartments were combined). Equipped with leather seats with folding wooden tables, there is a wardrobe and separate tables for negotiations.
    Passenger capacity \u003d 86 people
    There is a bar on the ship, you can also organize meals on board by transporting snacks using special trolleys (as in an airplane). In addition, a well-equipped closet is available.
    The windows are tinted, there is a built-in air conditioning system.
    The ship’s hold was also given due attention: new rivets, straightened flora, fresh paintwork. Sheathing received the necessary care.
  The ship is equipped with the latest radio navigation equipment in class O2.0. For conducting special communications with escort of VIP flights, a separate cabin is equipped.
    In addition, the diesel power plant was updated: the company carried out major repairs of two M419 engines (2,200 hp in total). Additionally, a Westerbeke 220 V generator is installed.

  In contact with

  Traveling in our country every day you discover something new. And today, on a cruise in Petrozavodsk, I found just such a curiosity. These are the hydrofoil ships Comet and Meteor. Since I was not prepared for a meeting with such vessels, the Meteor practically did not get into the frame, because I thought they were the same. From Petrozavodsk Meteors and Comet operate flights on Lake Onega to Kizhi, Velikaya Guba and Shala. The fare, for example, to Kizhi is 1375 rubles one way. Pleasure is not cheap.

  1. "Comet" - a series of marine (first in this class) hydrofoil passenger ships. The motor ship was developed in 1961 at the Central Design Bureau for hydrofoil ships to them. R. E. Alekseeva. Serially produced in 1964-1981 at the Feodosia shipbuilding plant "More" (a total of 86 "Comets" were built, including 34 for export) and in 1962-1992 at the Poti shipyard (project 342 ME, 39 ships).

  

  2. Displacement 41.2 t (empty), 58.3 t (full), length 35.1 m, width 11.0 m, height 7.8 m (when flying on wings), draft 3.6 m (when parked) , 1.7 m (with wings).

  

  3. The ship has 2 diesel engines M-401A, 1 auxiliary diesel generator-compressor-pump. Power 2200 hp, propeller 2 screws, speed 60 km / h (maximum), 55-57 km / h or 30 knots (operational).

  

  4. Crew 5 people, passenger capacity up to 120 people (depending on version). Passengers are accommodated in three lounges equipped with soft chairs: bow, middle and stern. The passenger cabin is reminiscent of an airplane cabin, because even the seats are aircraft type.

  

  5. In the mooring and when sailing at low speed, the hydrofoil vessel is kept on the water due to the strength of Archimedes, as well as an ordinary displacement vessel. At high speed, due to the lifting force created by these wings, the ship rises above the water. In this case, the area of \u200b\u200bcontact with water is significantly reduced, and therefore the hydrodynamic and frontal resistance of water, which allows to develop a higher speed.

  

  6. Meteor, project 342E river passenger hydrofoil, developed by Rostislav Alekseev. Produced from 1961 to 1991 at the Zelenodolsk shipyard them. A. M. Gorky. In total, more than 400 motor ships of this series were built.

  

  7. And this photo is a bonus. Here is such a sunset today on Lake Onega.

  

  My next post will be about the city of Petrozavodsk. As they say, Stay tuned.

  Motor ship Project 342E Meteor - a duralumin, diesel, single-deck, twin-shaft hydrofoil motor ship, designed for high-speed transportation of passengers during daylight hours along navigable rivers, freshwater reservoirs and lakes in temperate climates. The remote control and control system provides control of the ship directly from the wheelhouse.

  Passengers are accommodated in three lounges equipped with soft seats: bow, middle and aft - for 26, 44 and 44 seats, respectively. Passengers are transferred from the middle to the aft saloon on a roofed deck (visible as a “hump” in the photographs); from the deck, doors lead to the toilet, engine room and utility room. In the middle lounge there is a buffet.

  The wing device consists of the bow and stern bearing wings and two flaps mounted on the side and bottom racks of the nose wing.

  As the main engines on the ship, two M-400 (12CHNS18 / 20) diesel engines of right and left rotation, twelve-cylinder, four-cycle, turbocharged, water-cooled, reversible couplings, with a rated power of 1000 hp can be installed. each at 1700 rpm. converted from aircraft M-40. Propulsors - two fixed-pitch five-blade propellers ø 710 mm. To service the power plant and ship needs, a combined diesel-generator-compressor-pump unit has been installed. The unit consists of a 12 hp diesel engine. at 1500 rpm with starter and manual start, 5.6 kW generator, compressor and self-priming vortex pump. The mechanical installation of the ship is controlled from posts in the wheelhouse and in the engine room.

  Power sources

  The main source of electricity in the running mode are two running DC generators with a power of 1 kW each at a normal voltage of 27.5 V, installed on the main engines. There is an automatic machine for parallel operation of the generator and the batteries. An auxiliary DC generator with a power of 5.6 kW and a rated voltage of 28 V is installed in the parking lot to power consumers.