Behind the long stone bridge. Ponte Rotto: the first stone bridge in Rome. Landmark of the capital of Russia

IN late XIX V. Moscow. Big A stone bridge through, located near the Borovitsky Gate and connects the streets and with the street crossing along. On the site of the modern Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge in the 15th century. there was a floating “living” bridge. In 1643... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

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- (in the old days, Vsesvyatsky stone bridge; Vsesvyatsky bridge; New Kamenny bridge; Kamenny bridge) the first permanent stone bridge across the Moscow River in the 17th century, conceived and started in 1643, but finally completed in 1692 1693. Connected Zamoskvorechye ... Wikipedia

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December 11, 2018

Here, on the Palatine Bridge, hundreds of tourists stop every day to once again capture themselves at the huge piece of ancient Roman history standing in the middle of the river. For hundreds of years, it has risen above the choppy waters of the Tiber at the point where the river makes its last turn before leaving the area. historical center Eternal City. These are the still preserved remains of an ancient bridge, today called Ponte Rotto, which was the first stone bridge in Rome.

Ponte Rotto, Tiber

During work to expand the river bed and improve its banks, in 1887 pedestrian bridge across the Tiber was liquidated. Its two arched spans, located closer to the western bank and built in the 16th century, were destroyed, leaving only one in the center of the river. Rising above the water, the ruin still rests on the original pylons built in the 2nd century BC.

Broken Bridge, 2018

Today, the remains of the bridge are covered with many cracks, giving this fragment of ancient Roman history an incomparable romantic look. And the Broken Bridge in Rome, standing in the middle of the river, will always remind its residents of the enormous destructive power of the Tiber.

In ancient times, bridges were not built in Rus', because any river could be crossed on ice in winter, and crossed by boat or ferry in summer. On particularly busy routes, so-called “living” bridges were installed - rafts or big boats lined up and covered with wooden flooring, along which people and carts moved from one bank to the other. With the first frost, the structure was dismantled and pulled ashore, and immediately after the spring ice drift it was restored to its original form. This crossing option, simple and inexpensive, still had a serious drawback: twice a year, communication between the banks was interrupted for several days.

Such a temporary inconvenience could be tolerable in other places, but here it turned into a problem, since the Streltsy settlements located in Zamoskvorechye were cut off from the Kremlin, and in the event of popular unrest, the tsar would find himself in a difficult situation. Mikhail Feodorovich, the first of the Romanovs, was fully aware of this danger, because his childhood passed during the Time of Troubles, so the tsar became concerned with the construction of a modern stone bridge. The architect had to be invited from Europe - their craftsmen did not have the necessary experience. In 1643, chamber master Anze Christler and his uncle Johann arrived from Strasbourg.

The foreigners brought with them a variety of tools and devices necessary for the work, and set to work with truly German thoroughness: they took measurements, prepared drawings and estimates, and even presented the tsar with a wooden model of the future bridge. However, the customer’s representatives also tried to go into all the details - apparently, they did not want to make a mistake, because in those days the Tsar’s people were responsible not only for the development of government money, but also for the final result. The clerks of the Ambassadorial Prikaz forced Anze Koestler to answer in writing the question, “Will that bridge of his be able to withstand ice two arshins thick?”

The German vouched for his bridge: “he will have six sharp stone bulls made, and on those bulls the ice will begin to collapse as it passes, and that collapsed ice will begin to pass under the bridge between the vaults of the pavement, and the vaults will be spacious, there will be forty arshins of free space.” , and sharp slopes will be made between the empty spaces near the pillars; and the ice won’t cause any damage to the bridge.” But the construction of the bridge across the Moscow River, having barely begun, immediately stopped - both the Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich and the German architect Anze Koestler died in 1645. They returned to the project only in 1682, when the country was ruled by Princess Sophia, for whom the archers also meant a lot.

Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, the princess’s favorite and a great admirer of European culture, including architecture, ordered the completion of the bridge according to Christler’s drawings, which was completed within five years by Elder Philaret, before becoming a monk, a famous “master of bridge masonry.” An outlandish structure at that time, apparently, it cost the treasury a lot of money, for it became a saying: “more expensive than the Stone Bridge.” On the left bank of the river, the bridge began from the All Saints Strelnitsa with a driveway gate in the wall adjacent to the Kremlin White City. The two central arches of the bridge, the largest in size, served for the passage of barges with goods.

Other arches contained water-powered flour mills with dams and drainage gates. On the right bank of the river, the bridge led to Bersenevka and the circle, in which Ivan the Terrible’s guardsmen were still drinking. Over the past century, the tsar's tavern did not lose popularity and was known throughout Moscow under the name “Zavernyayka”. However, one should go to this cheerful place with caution and better in the company of friends, because lonely revelers became easy prey for thieves who settled under the last arch on the left side of the bridge - “under the ninth cell,” as they said then. Having stunned and robbed a man, the robbers threw him into the river, and they called this “ends in the water.”

The leader of the gang was the legendary murderer Vanka Cain. At some opportunity, the clerks of the Robust Order recruited him as an informant, but... “they wanted the best, but it turned out as always.” Taking advantage of his connections with the thief, Vanka continued to rob, and his connections with the Robbery Order made him invulnerable. So he, Ivan Osipov, should be considered the first “werewolf in uniform”. In the 18th century, buildings appeared on the bridge - although its width was only eleven fathoms: a tobacco customs house, a beer yard and four stone tents of Prince Menshikov. However, it was not trade, but ice drifts and floods that posed the main threat to the bridge.

During the reign of Empress Anna Ivanovna, it was ordered to remove the mills and clean the bullocks so that there was free passage of water between them, but still the spring flood of 1783 caused too much damage to the structure. Two years later, the Drainage Canal was dug, which made it possible to overhaul the supports of the Stone Bridge, and at the same time it was cleared of all benches and fenced with stone railings. However, the width of the roadway and the width of the arches remained unchanged, and the bridge resisted the spring water pressure worse and worse, so it had to be repaired after floods even in the 19th century.

The new bridge, inaugurated in 1859, was designed and built by engineer-Colonel Tannenberg at the behest of Emperor Alexander II. The design consisted of three large cast-iron arches on two stone bulls with powerful ice cutters. These sharp protrusions on the western side of the bridge piers entered Moscow folklore in a story about a certain high-ranking official who asked what they were for, and having received an answer to his question, he became alarmed: “What will happen if the ice comes from the other side? "The bridge we walk on today was built in 1938. It has only one span of one hundred and five meters above the water.

If you go through it to the end, then from the landing of the stairs it will open wonderful view, familiar to the older generation from the pictures on Soviet three-ruble bills (there were such green pieces of paper in those days when a bottle of vodka cost three rubles and sixty-two kopecks). This is one of the few places - not counting the roofs, of course - from where all five Kremlin stars are not only clearly visible, but even fit into the frame of an ordinary camera. Therefore, photographs are often taken here, and sometimes films are made. For example, “The meeting place cannot be changed” - remember when the soldier admires the ruby ​​stars, and Gleb Zheglov shoots him a cigarette: ““Kamel” ... captured.”

After the death of the master, construction stopped, as the plan was considered too bold and expensive. The work was completed by monk Philaret in 1687 on the initiative of Princess Sophia and Vasily Golitsyn. It was built according to Christler's plan, who left a wooden model of the bridge. Moreover, they spent so much on the work that they said about the value and high cost of something: “More expensive than the Stone Bridge!”

The Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge was then located in a different place - it began at the foot of the House on the embankment and led to Lenivka. It was 3-4 times wider than Moscow streets, and therefore it was filled with numerous buildings.

In Peter’s times, on the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge there was a chamber of the Predtechensky Monastery and 4 stone tents of Prince Menshikov, a tobacco customs house and a beer yard. At the end of the bridge there was a tavern called “Zavernyayka”. The Six Gate Tower housed the Tavern Office and a prison for those convicted of secretly making wine. Below them were galleries where Muscovites went for walks and to drink wine and beer. There was a beer glacier under the bridge. At the diversion bulls there were water-powered flour mills with dams and diversion gates. The millers lived right there, in the Six Gate Tower. Thieves also gathered under the Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge. One of the spans on the left bank, the “ninth cell,” was especially notorious. As evening approached, Muscovites tried not to walk past it.

In 1731, by decree of Anna Ioannovna, the Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge was cleared.

And in the mid-1850s, they decided to demolish the dilapidated bridge. This turned out to be quite a difficult task: the masonry was so strong that it had to be blown up.

In 1858, on the site of the dismantled bridge, a new, first metal three-span bridge in Moscow was built according to Tannenberg’s design. It stood for 80 years, but it also had to be dismantled: after the construction of the Moscow Canal, the river level increased by 3 meters.

In 1938, a little downstream of the river was built modern bridge according to the project by V.A. Shchuko, V.G. Gelfreich, M.A. Minkus. The span of the main arch was 105 meters.

This bridge has gone down in history: on the back of the title page of the Russian passport there is a panorama

The Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge over the Moscow River is actually metal. This incident is easily explained: in one of its versions, the bridge was actually made of stone, but by the middle of the 19th century, it was decided to demolish the dilapidated structure and install a metal structure in its place.

In Moscow, the Bolshoy Kamenny Bridge hangs over the river near the Borovitsky Gate of the Kremlin. On one side of the bridge you can go to Mokhovaya and Znamenka streets, on the other – to Bolshaya Polyanka.

The first bridge on this site existed back in the 14th-15th centuries, but it was only a temporary structure - the so-called floating bridge, a movable and therefore dangerous structure made of log decks lying on rafts. The bridge was removed for the winter, and it could also be dismantled if the capital was attacked by an enemy.

The first capital bridge made of stone was erected in the 17th century, and its construction lasted almost forty years. The initiator of the construction was Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, who in 1643 invited a Strasbourg master named Christler. The Tsar personally supervised the development of the project, but two years later Mikhail Romanov died of illness, and Yagon Christler himself died, so work on the construction of the stone bridge was suspended.

In the 80s of the 17th century, Princess Sophia, daughter of Alexei Mikhailovich, decided to resume construction, with the participation of Prince Vasily Golitsyn. Christler's plans were taken as a basis. As a result, the bridge was 170 meters long and more than twenty meters wide. The width of the bridge was such that it made it possible to place various shopping and drinking establishments on it. All this did the bridge a disservice: both the bridge and its surroundings soon began to be considered places where one could easily become a victim of reckless people.

Subsequent reconstructions of the bridge were carried out in the middle of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. In 1859 it was replaced with a metal one, and in 1938 it was rebuilt by a team of architects and engineers. The width of the updated bridge has almost doubled, and the length over the river is 105 meters.

In the 19th century, the Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge was mentioned in the same breath as such sights as the Tsar Cannon and the Tsar Bell. Today from it you can admire views of Moskvoretsk embankments, the Kremlin and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.