Famous travelers of ancient times. Great travelers: a list, discoveries and interesting facts. Video: Flat Earth All Parts Scientists Travelers Engineers South Pole Pilots No Ancient Map

Conquests were made in the south and their travelers and merchants were familiar with regions and countries from the pillars of the Hercules in the west to the shores of distant China, in the north new Nordic peoples appeared on the arena of history, or, as they called themselves, the Normans - “northern people” . In that era, Norway was a poor but densely populated country. A significant part of its inhabitants was forced to seek happiness in other countries, which could bring them more livelihood than their homeland.

Fa Xian and his travels

Fa Xian went to worship the holy places where, according to tradition, Buddha lived and preached, became interested in unprecedented countries and eventually became a professional explorer traveler who visited many new countries and made a detailed description of his travels.

Ahmed Ibn Fadlan

Ibn Fadlan traveled in 921 with the embassy of the Caliph Muktadir to the country of the Volga Bulgarians and compiled a detailed description of his trip in the form of a memorandum to the caliph. In this note, Ibn Fadlan describes in sufficient detail the life and customs of the Bulgarians, Khazars, Bashkirs and Rus.

Pliny the Elder

Pliny the Elder was born in 23 AD and died in 79, observing the eruption of Vesuvius. Pliny personally visited many provinces of the Roman Empire and in his famous “Natural History” devoted four whole books to geography. Here we meet the well-known in our time evidence of the sphericity of the earth

Strabo

Strabo - the first of the scientists of antiquity made an attempt to create a scientific geography and put it on a par with other sciences of its time.

Strabo was born about 50 BC in Amasia, in Asia Minor. Having studied philosophy in his youth, he joined the Stoic school and was distinguished by his breadth of views, sublime thoughts and enlightenment.

Julius Caesar: contribution to the development of geography

The campaigns of the Romans, especially the campaigns of Julius Caesar, contributed to the expansion of the geographical horizon and the knowledge of the countries of the world. Before the Romans, the whole of Western and Central Europe were unknown, legendary countries that were beyond the cultural influences of that time. The Romans introduced Western Europe to world life and brought the light of knowledge and civilization to the semi-barbarian peoples of Europe.

Nearch and his travels

Expansion of the geographical horizon of the ancient Greeks was greatly facilitated by the campaigns of Alexander the Great (356-323 BC). The conquest by Alexander of the Middle East, Persia and the mountains adjacent to the Caspian Sea acquainted the Greeks with the peoples of Middle Asia, and Alexander's campaign in the Indus Valley revealed the mysterious India to the Greek world. For the development of geographical knowledge, marine expeditions, which Alexander equipped for exploring new countries, were of great importance.

Introduction

1. The great travelers of antiquity

1.1 Travelers of Ancient Greece

1.1 Herodotus

1.3 Eudox

1.4 Alexander the Great

1.5 Strabo

1.2 Travelers of Ancient Rome

1.2.1 Aeneas (mythology)

2.2 Apostle Paul

2.3 Pausanias

2.4 hippal

Conclusion

Introduction

People have traveled at all times. As humanity developed, it opened up new lands, improved means of transportation. There is practically no culture in the history of which travel history would not be interwoven.

Without travel it is impossible to imagine the development of human civilization. Thanks to travel, it became possible to make contact with other nations, to overcome the isolation of their culture. In other words, travel is the main means of diffusion and interpenetration of cultures.

Among scholars studying the cultures of different nations, there are those who believe that the similarity of cultures on different continents is connected with the travels of ancient people. These scholars believe that the history of world culture depends on the "traveling man."

That is why the study of the history of ancient travels is of great importance.

The purpose of this work is to study the most famous travelers of the ancient era.

As part of the goal, the following tasks were set:

.Study study material

.Reveal the topic of research based on the material studied.

1.Great travelers of antiquity

In the most general sense, the word "antique" means "ancient." But there is a narrower and at the same time more widely accepted meaning: when they talk about antiquity, they mean belonging to the ancient Greek or Roman culture (civilization), which have a long history: from the first centuries of I millennium BC. and up to V c. The geographic knowledge of the Greeks and Romans was at a very high level. For modern geography historians, it is extremely important that among all ancient civilizations, the ancient ones offer the most complete set of sources by which one can judge geographical knowledge as a real system, and not just a collection of scattered information.

1.1 Travelers of Ancient Greece

The era of antiquity includes several periods: the period of the archaic (Crete-Mycenaean culture); the period of the beginning of the development of the civilization of Ancient Greece; Hellenistic period (the heyday and decline of the civilization of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome). The word "antiquity" in translation from Latin means "antiquity", "antiquity".

Arose in the middle of the III millennium BC on the island of Crete, the Minoan culture, reached its peak by the XVII - XVI centuries. BC. At this time, the Cretan fleet dominated the Eastern Mediterranean. XIV - XII century BC. were the heyday of Mycenaean culture. From Egyptian sources it is known that the Achaeans raided Egypt, Asia Minor and other countries. The cause of the death of Mycenaean culture was the Dorian tribes who came from the north of the Balkan Peninsula. They laid the foundations of ancient Greek civilization. And the Crito-Mycenaean culture has disappeared. Only her fragments have survived to this day.

From the 12th century BC. we can talk about the birth of civilization of ancient Greece. Moreover, from the XII to VIII centuries. BC, historians call the "dark period" of the development of this era. During this time, all memories of the Crete-Mycenaean culture were erased. Neither Thucydite, nor Herodotus, nor Aristotle even mention it in their writings. And only Homer in the VII century. BC. in his poems vaguely hinted at some mysterious culture of the past. Homer described the history of the Trojan War, which was waged in the XII century. BC. Thanks to the discoveries of Heinrich Schliemann and Arthur Evans, mankind was surprised to find that the siege of Ilion by the Achaean army led by the Mycenaean king Agamemnon is not the fruit of Homer's invention, but a real historical fact.

Greek scientists call Homer, the father of geography, who lived in the 9th-8th centuries. BC.

According to tradition, the first to introduce the Greeks to the poems of Homer was the Spartan king Lycurgus. Their recording and final revision were made in Athens by a special commission appointed by the tyrant Pisistratus (VI century BC). It was also established and their mandatory popular reading during the festivities in honor of the goddess Athena - Panathinais. These works were included in all school curricula of numerous ancient Greek policies: city-states. Plato even expressed this thought: "Homer raised all of Greece." Dante Alighieri called Homer "the king of poets." The artistic culture of all subsequent eras, from antiquity to the present, is full of images of Homer's heroes.

The Iliad is dedicated to the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC), and the Odyssey talks about the return of Tsar Ithaki Odysseus to his homeland after the end of this war.

There is every reason to believe that the Odyssey describes the real journey of sailors in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

There are a lot of similarities in the wanderings of the Argonauts and Odyssey. They describe the well-known, but not yet fully studied ecumenical, the outskirts of which are "inhabited" by all kinds of monsters and wizards. Therefore, only heroes such as Jason, Odysseus can visit there (even visiting Hades, as the Argonaut Orpheus or Odysseus) and return to their homeland. Travels of this rank were perceived by the Greeks as heroic deeds.

In ancient Greece, travels reached the greatest rise in the 5th-4th centuries. BC. The same period is the heyday of philosophy, art, mathematics, astronomy, cosmology and other sciences. Civilization centers were the Asia Minor cities - Miletus, Ephesus and Colophon. But Athens was the center of attraction.

With the aim of understanding the world, sages, natural philosophers and poets went to all corners of the world. Almost all the major ancient Greek philosophers made long journeys. The sage and philosopher Thales of Miletus studied in Egypt for more than twenty years. In order to gain knowledge, the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, the legislator Solon, visited the Nile Valley. The philosopher Plato, having made a long journey, founded a philosophical school upon his return home. Xenophanes of Colophon was an itinerant poet-rhapsodist.

But not only knowledge attracted travelers to these countries. They were attracted by grandiose ancient monuments of architecture. So ancient that Pythagoras compared with them is perceived as our contemporary. When visiting Egyptian monuments, travelers often left short notes on their walls - “graffiti”, which in Italian means “scratched”. Only at the tombs of the pharaohs in Thebes did the Egyptologist J. Bayeux find more than two thousand similar inscriptions dating back to the times of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

1.1.1 Herodotus

One of the first scholarly travelers was Herodotus, who, in the words of Cicero, is the "father of history." Herodotus was born about 484 BC in the Asia Minor city of Halicarnassus. He came from a wealthy and noble family with extensive trade ties. At a young age, due to political turmoil, he left his hometown and lived on the island of Samos. Disappointed in politics, Herodotus became interested in the history of his people and, above all, mythology. Many researchers believe that it was the desire to visit the places where Heracles performed his exploits that inspired Herodotus to travel. Being a native of a wealthy family, Herodotus did not feel the need for money.

He traveled all over Greece and Asia Minor, then sailed to the Phoenician city of Tire. Herodotus was most attracted by the East and its rich cultural heritage. Herodotus traveled to Libya, visited Babylon, but he was especially struck by Egypt, where he spent three months. In Egypt, he asked for translations to be written to him, asking the priests about the history of this state. He was interested not only in the life of the pharaohs, but also visited the workshops of embalmers. He measured the length of the perimeter of the base of the pyramids in steps, making specific mathematical calculations. Returning to Greece, Herodotus shared his knowledge with his compatriots. This was his first trip.

Herodotus' second journey passed through Asia Minor, from where he arrived by ship to the Northern Black Sea region, through the Gelespont to the millet colony of Olbia at the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary. There he met with the nomadic tribes of the Scythians, watched their customs, ceremonies, studied their social system.

Herodotus devoted his third journey to the study of the Balkan Peninsula. He traveled around the Peloponnese, the islands of the Aegean (Delos, Faros, Zakif and others), then traveled to southern Italy and the north of the Balkan Peninsula.

Herodotus traveled for 10 years (from 455 to 445 BC), and set forth all his observations in 9 books, each of which was named after one of the muses. In his famous work "History" Herodotus described not only the history of many peoples, but also ethnographic signs, i.e. description of facial features, skin color, type of clothing, everyday life, ceremonies, folk signs, general lifestyle, etc.

In Herodotus' History, his personal observations, real information about distant lands obtained in wanderings, and a retelling of mythological events are bizarrely combined. Herodotus is distrustful of tales of people with goat legs or werewolves from the Neuro tribe, but he quite seriously describes the giant gold-mining ants from the desert of India. Herodotus did not believe the testimony of the Phoenicians, who circled the African continent, that during the voyage the sun was on their right side.

Despite the inaccuracies, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of the work of Herodotus. He collected many ancient ideas about the world, described the geography of many countries, the life of different nations.

Only fragments of his works have survived, but the main thing is that the glory of the first Greek tourist belongs to Herodotus, because, unlike his predecessors, he wandered not for the sake of achieving any other goals, but for the journey itself, i.e. for the sake of pleasure, satisfaction of own curiosity and curiosity.

Herodotus believed that the Etruscans are the most vivid example of a traveler people, or, as the Greeks called them, Tyrrhenes or Thyrsenes - immigrants from the state of Lydia, located in Asia Minor. The name of the legendary Etruscan prince Tirsen is preserved in the name of the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Having returned as a young man to his homeland, in Halicarnassus, the famous traveler took part in the popular movement against the tyrant Ligdamis and contributed to his overthrow. In 444 BC, Herodotus attended the Panathenaic festivities and read excerpts from his travels there, causing general delight. At the end of his life, he retired to Italy, in Turium, where he died about 425 BC, leaving behind the glory of a famous traveler and an even more famous historian.

traveler tourism geography country studies

1.1.2 Pythaeus

In the VII-VI centuries. BC e. Etruscan civilization reached its peak. By this time, she was compared in her influence on the sea with such great naval powers as the Hellenic and Carthage.

In this era, travel was carried out mainly for economic, political and military purposes. One example of a trip for economic purposes was the journey of the Greek merchant Pithaeus. The intensification of the competition between the Greek policies, on the one hand, and Phenicia and Carthage, on the other, for the dominance of trade in the Western Mediterranean basin, which led to local military conflicts, forced Pifey to set off on his own in search of new Western European markets.

The Phoenicians did not allow foreign merchants to cross the Strait of Gibraltar, the movement through which was controlled by special garrisons located in Gadis (Cadiz) and Thingis (Tangier) on both sides of the strait. The Phoenicians were monopolists on goods such as tin, amber, and a number of varieties of expensive furs that they supplied to the Mediterranean countries from the British Isles and countries of Northern Europe.

In 325 g (according to other sources in 320 g) BC Pythaeus sailed in one ship from his hometown of Messaliah (now Marseille), to the Mediterranean Sea. He sailed through Gibraltar and, circling the Iberian Peninsula, went to the Bay of Biscay. Then he sailed along the coast of the country of the Celts and reached the English Channel. There he landed on the island of Albion, which means "White", named because of frequent fogs. On this island, Pithaeus learned from the inhabitants that the land “Thule” lies to the north of them, which means “land” or “limit” in local dialect.

Pythaeus circled the British Peninsula from the west, and through the North Strait between Britain and Ireland entered the Atlantic Ocean. Pythaeus tried to reach the land of Thule (now the island of Iceland). He sailed the Orkney and Shetland Islands and, reaching the Faroe Islands, went further, to 61 ° north latitude. None of the ancient Greeks and even the Romans went so far north. But the further swimming of Pifey was hindered by impenetrable fogs, which are formed from the ingress of northern ice into the strip of warm Gulf Stream. Pythaeus was forced to turn south to the shores of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

Later, in his notes, Pytheus would call the land of Thule "the last limit", which in Latin sounds like "ultima tule".

But Pifey's journey did not end there. Pythaeus sailed east and arrived at the mouth of the Rhine, where the ostions lived, and then the Germans. From there he sailed to the mouth of Elba and returned to Messaliah.

The travel information of Pifey is contradictory. Some ancient authors believe that Pytheus sailed further east, entered the Baltic Sea and then went down the Dniester to the Black Sea (Pontus of Euxinus) and entered the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles and returned home. However, for many ancient Greek historians, such descriptions cause distrust. But the northern journey of Pifey and his achievements are indisputable.

1.3 Eudox

The interests of the ancient Greeks were very diverse. They turned their eyes to all corners of the world. The ancient Greeks held the primacy of Europeans in sailing to the shores of India. But, in fairness, it must be said that the Greeks used the information that they received from Egyptian travelers.

So, for example, the Greek navigator Eudoxus of Cisicus, on the orders of Pharaoh Ptolemy III, took a voyage to the shores of India, having sailed from Egypt accompanied by an Indian guide. Mariners safely reached the desired goal.

Evdox made the second expedition to India on the instructions of Queen Cleopatra for a load of incense. But on the way back, the winds carried the ship south of Ethiopia, and Eudoxus was forced to move along the coast of Africa.

During his third journey (120 - 115 BC), he sailed around Africa, as the Phoenicians did, but died at the end of the journey.

1.4 Alexander the Great

Considering the travels of the Hellenistic era, one cannot but note the military campaigns of Alexander the Great, which lasted for 10 years. In the ancient world, these campaigns were considered an unheard of, almost legendary feat. The fame of the brilliant military victories of the great Alexander was reflected in the folk traditions of the whole Middle Ages.

In 330 BC the troops of Alexander of Macedon, having defeated the Persian kingdom, reached southern Afghanistan. Then, through modern Kandahar and Ghazni, they poisoned themselves in Kabl. From there, having passed the Havak pass (3,548 m) in the Hindu Kush mountain system, they arrived in Northern Afghanistan. After that, the Macedonian king made his trip to the Syr Darya and reached modern Khujend (until 1991 - the city of Leninabad). Then the army turned south and invaded the Punjab, where, due to the dissatisfaction of the soldiers, heat and illnesses, Alexander was forced to set off on his return trip, during which he was overtaken by death.

Without going into the military details of this campaign, we can safely say that it ended for the Greeks, and then for the Romans, opening the way to India. Thanks to this campaign, the Greeks and Macedonians met with little-known, or even completely unknown before, peoples, their culture, way of life, traditions. Personally, Alexander the Great was interested in studying Asia. Alexander was surrounded not only by warriors, but also by prominent scientists and artists. They in their works described in detail everything they saw, heard and studied during this campaign.

This campaign marked the beginning of museology. After the victory over the Persians, Alexander sent money to his teacher Aristotle. With this money, Aristotle founded a natural science museum. Aristotle asked his royal student to send him samples of unknown plants and skins or stuffed unusual animals, which was performed at the behest of Alexander.

During the voyage of Notarch, not only a map of the coast was compiled, but also a study of natural phenomena, in particular monsoon winds, was conducted, and knowledge on botany and zoology was expanded. Nearch became acquainted with many tribes and peoples, learned their customs and laws.

Thus, the expedition of Alexander the Great can also be considered a “scientific expedition,” since the conqueror surrounded himself with natural scientists, mathematicians, historians, philosophers, botanists, and artists.

1.1.5 Strabo

The geographical representations of Herodotus were expanded by the ancient Greek scientist and traveler Strabo, born in the 1st century. BC. in the southeastern part of the Asia Minor Peninsula. Strabo, coming from a noble and wealthy family, received an excellent education and had the opportunity to travel to various parts of the Roman Empire. He visited Italy, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Rome itself; in his distant wanderings, Strabo reached Armenia and the borders of Ethiopia.

As a result of these travels, he collected extensive historical and geographical material, which was subsequently used in two major works: "Historical Notes" and "Geography", consisting of 17 books. The fates of these two works of Strabo are completely opposite: if the first is almost completely lost, the second has survived almost entirely and brought fame to this scientist, which has a thousand-year history.

The "Geography" tells about Spain, Italy, Greece, India, Egypt, Central and Eastern Europe, Central, Central and Asia Minor. Strabo not only describes nature and population, but also makes historical excursions, mentioning some facts that are no longer known to any sources.

Geography Strabo considered a part of philosophy, interpreting it from the position of the stoic ideas of Posidonius. He considered Homer to be a completely reliable source of geographical information. Strabo had no idea about mathematical geography, confining himself to a descriptive one, hence his often unjust criticism of his predecessors, in particular Eratosthenes. Descriptions of Strabo are accurate, and some to this day seem to be the main source of our knowledge, for example, descriptions of the Nile Delta and Alexandria. Strabo also paid attention to the history, and in particular, the history of the culture of the countries described. He addressed his composition to a wide circle of readers; in it he also expressed a kind of admiration for the power of Rome. According to Strabo, the Earth was an island washed by the Ocean, which created 4 bays: the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. He was the first to express the idea of \u200b\u200ba gradual disintegration of land. He divided the inhabited world into Europe, Asia and Libya, that is, Africa. The "Geography" of Strabo is the largest geographical composition that has come down to us from antiquity. Along with the work of Claudius Ptolemy, it represents the source of our information about ancient geography. Strabo wrote simply and concisely, without rhetorical decorations. The work of Strabo was little known until the 5th century. AD Then it became a classic work on geography, and Strabo was simply called the Geographer.

Ancient Greek culture has enriched humanity with knowledge about the world around us, elevating travel to the rank of a mass phenomenon, but you can talk about the initial stages of the tourism industry from the era of Ancient Rome.

1.2 Travelers of Ancient Rome

2.1 Aeneas (mythology)

At the heart of the civilization of ancient Rome is travel. The ancestor of Rome is considered one of the main defenders of Troy during the Trojan War - Aeneas. After the defeat, Aeneas was forced, fleeing the family, to flee the city captured by the Achaeans.

Virgil dedicated the poem "Aeneid" to this journey. The path of the small fleet of Aeneas lay through the Aegean, then, rounding the Peloponnese through the Adriatic, the travelers arrived in Epirus, located on the western coast of the Balkans, from where they proceeded to Sicily. Suddenly, a storm flung their ships to the north coast of Africa, and only the intervention of Neptune saved them from imminent death.

In Carthage, Aeneas was struck by the love spell and hospitality of the Dowager Queen Dido. But the supreme god of the Romans, Jupiter sent Mercury (later the patron saint of wanderers) to Aeneas, to remind him of the need to continue the journey.

Aeneas resumes his journey. The Trojans arrive on the Apennine Peninsula, where they initially stop at the city of Kuma, and then, after the prophetess Sibyl arranged a tour of Aeneas to the Kingdom of the Dead, where the ghost of her dead father told him about the future great destiny of Rome, they continue their journey, which ends on the banks of the Tiber. And five centuries later, Rome was laid there.

The Trojans faced many more trials. The local population - the Latins - start a war against them. And only the marriage of Aeneas with the daughter of the king of the Latins, Lavinia, stopped this bloody conflict. But in order to propitiate the local gods, in particular Juno, they undertook to adopt the language and traditions of the Latins.

Emperor Octavian Augustus played a large role in editing and disseminating the myth of Aeneas. This allowed Roman aristocrats to trace their lineage from the Trojans.

The history of the formation and spread of Christianity is directly related to the wandering of both Jesus himself and his apostles.

2.2 Apostle Paul

The most prominent preacher of the new religion was the apostle Paul. He accepted the new faith after he had a vision in a journey in Damascus in which Jesus spoke to him. Paul traveled a lot during his missionary work. He visited Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, Palestine. Paul returned to Jerusalem after three long trips to the eastern part of the Roman Empire, where he was awaited arrest and sent to Rome. This was the last journey of the apostle: in 64 AD e. Paul was executed on the outskirts of Rome for his active missionary work and the development of Christian theology. Christian dogma in the Roman Empire was persecuted until the fourth century. n e.

2.3 Pausanias

The first traveler of our era, whose name is preserved in history, was the Greek writer Pausanias. He lived in Rome and traveled extensively in the Greek and Roman provinces. The description of his travels, compiled in the form of a guidebook ("Description of Hellas"), he published in ten books around 180 AD In particular, Pausanias described Attica (southeastern part of central Greece) and Athens. From Attica he crossed to Corinth and explored the islands of the Aegean. Then he gave a description of Laconia and Sparta, listing the names of all roads and provinces.

2.4 hippal

Of great importance for the development of trade was the journey of the merchant Hippal in 14 -37 years. AD He set sail from East Africa and reached the Indus Delta. He established the pattern of monsoon movement in the Indian Ocean, sailed from Cape Fartak to the Indus Delta. Hippal wrote the book, Sailing Around the Eritrean Sea. This essay describes the coast of Africa from Cape Guardafui to the island of Zanzibar. The southern coast of Arabia and most of the western coast of India are also described.

"Description of the journey along the Pontus of Euxinus" (Black Sea) belongs to the pen of the Greek historian Arrian, who lived in the II century. n e. In his work, Arrian tries to characterize the countries and peoples living on the shores of this sea. Truly encyclopedic writings were Polybius's World History and Claudius Ptolemy's Geography.

Travelers in ancient Rome were the apostles and emperors (Trajan, Adrian, Marcus Aurelius), generals and scholars. The military campaigns of the Romans, such as Caesar in Gaul, Claudius in Britain, Scipio in Africa, led to the expansion of reliable geographical knowledge. The Romans build roads, lay fortresses, some of them will eventually become the capitals of European states: Singidunkum (Belgrade); Aquincum (Buda, subsequently merged with left-bank Pest); Vindobona (Vienna).

There is even a philosophy of tourism. Lucius Anney Seneca in "Letters to Lucius" substantiates the idea that for tourism it is necessary "to choose healthy places not only for the body, but also for morals." Because, says Seneca, "and the area, no doubt, is not without the ability to corrupt." As the dens of all vices, he cites such well-known resorts as Kanop and Bayi.

But at the same time, the philosopher argues that "it is not heaven that needs to be changed, but the soul," because "your vices will follow you wherever you come." In support of this thesis, Seneca cites the statement of Socrates: "Is it strange that you do not benefit from wanderings if you carry yourself everywhere?" Traveling in order to get the maximum benefit and pleasure, it is necessary with a pure soul - considered ancient scientists.

Conclusion

Travelers of antiquity made a huge contribution both to the history of tourism, geography and culture, regional studies, ethnography, various sciences and teachings, and to world history as a whole.

Travelers throughout the history of mankind have obtained important information that served as a valuable source of knowledge of various sciences. Based on the collected materials, scientists built various concepts that explain the historical development of a country. They resorted to their help when they tried to prove or disprove any hypotheses and ideas.

Thus, thanks to travelers of antiquity, new lands and peoples were discovered, rich geographical material was accumulated, which facilitated further travels and discoveries.

List of references

1.M.V. Belkin, O. Plahotskaya. Dictionary "Antique Writers". Access mode:

Makarenko S.N., Sahak A.E. The history of tourism. Access mode:

Sokolova M.V. The history of tourism: a textbook for students of higher educational institutions. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2006.

Encyclopedia for children: T. 3 (Geography). - Comp. S.T. Ismailova. - M .: Avanta +, 1994.

In the 6th century BC, the ancient people of the Phoenicians lived on the islands and on the coast of the mainland in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea

Phenicia and its trade colonies are marked in red

The Phoenicians at that time were the best builders, traders and sailors

Phoenician merchant ship

In search of new markets, they went on a long journey

On their lands they fished, made wine, scarlet cloth from shells - purple, as well as beautiful colored glass and then sold it all to other nations

Instead, they took tin from the British, horses from the Scythians, grain from the Greeks

In 600g BC Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II instructed the Phoenicians task - to find out the real dimensions of Libya - the ancient name of Africa

The journey lasted a long 3 years, information about it has survived to this day through a mention in the writings Herodotus   - ancient Greek scholar

Herodotus   - An ancient Greek scholar who left a noticeable mark in many sciences, but especially in history and geography

Herodotus was born in 484 BC in the ancient city Halicarnassus   , in a rich and influential family. In his youth, he was involved in politics, but then he suddenly abandoned everything and began to travel

Another important journey of Herodotus was a journey through ancient Egypt.

During the trip, he rises high on the Nile River, leaves the borders of the country of Egypt and is the first to explore the territory unknown earlier.

In all his travels, he describes in detail not only animal and plant life, but also peoples, their cultures, life, religion ... After himself, he leaves a huge multi-volume work of thousands of pages, which is called "History" and also a map of the ancient world that was called in those days ecumenical

Herodotus Map

Along with the Phoenicians in ancient times there were other peoples who were experts in navigation and trade - the Greeks. The name of one of them has survived to this day, his name was Pythaeus

He was born approximately in 380 in the Greek city - Massalia. Today it is the French city of Marseille

The journey of Pithaeus began in 325 BC. e. On two pentecantors, the expedition left Massilia. Her path was to the Strait of Gibraltar, occupied at that time by the Carthaginians. Gibraltar was completely closed by them from the passage of foreign ships. However, at night, Pythaeus, under cover of darkness, managed to slip past the guards and go into Atlantic Ocean .

Greek pentecantor   - fifty-armed military merchant ship

A few weeks later he reached Corbilon, the ancient city inhabited by the Celts, he learned from them that they were buying tin in Britain and decided to sail there. Tin in ancient times was very much appreciated, the alloy of tin and copper gives a more durable bronze, almost did not know iron in those days.

corbilon

Pithea was well received in Britain or Albion, another name for these islands. He loaded 1 ship with tin and sent it back, asking local people about amber, he sailed further through the North Sea on the remaining ship

Albus - means white among the ancient Romans and Greeks

The southern coast of Britain is steep, rocky and composed of ordinary chalk, because of the bright white color of Britain, to this day is often called "foggy albion"

Traveling along the North Sea, Pithaeus reached the island of Thule (the western coast of Norway) but was afraid to swim further, as he was frightened by large cold jellyfish and giant sea monsters

What do you think were giant sea monsters?

Winter coast of Norway

Pythaeus turned back, reached the British Isles again and sailed west to the Baltic Sea, where he calmly conducted exchange trade with local tribes, bought a lot amber   and came back. And although at first they did not believe him, but we all know that ...

Amber - Petrified Ancient Resin

The first collectors of information about the Earth were wars and merchants: their profession simply forced them to travel. With the help of brave explorers, the ancient states expanded not only their territory, but also the circle of their knowledge about the world around them.

Exploring the fertile valley of the Lower Nile, the ancient Egyptians in the III-II millennium BC made campaigns in Libya, up the Nile and in the mysterious country of Punt. They dared to sail along the coast of Africa. Around the same time, other ancient Sumerians traveled on sea expeditions around Arabia.

Achaean merchants from the Mediterranean went to the Black Sea and reached Colchis (the territory of modern Georgia). Perhaps their journey became the basis for myths about the Argonauts. The Achaeans crossed the African continent through the quicksand of the Sahara and reached the Niger River.

One of the best navigators of antiquity was the Phoenicians. In the XI century BC, their routes passed not only the Mediterranean, but also the Red Seas. Nimble Phoenician seafarers managed to cross the seething Strait of Gibraltar, enter the Atlantic Ocean, sail more than 1000 kilometers to the north and reach England. Even more incredible are the Phoenician voyages to the south: they circled Africa by sea, establishing trade relations with India.

The ancient Chinese expanded their possessions from the Pacific coast to the Tibetan plateau, explored the lower reaches of the Red River and moved deeper into the Indochina Peninsula. And in 138 BC, the Chinese emperor sent explorers to the west. Zhang Qiang, who headed this embassy, \u200b\u200breturned only thirteen years later, covering about ten thousand kilometers through the mountains and deserts of Central Asia. Then the Great Silk Road, which united the ancient peoples of the Old World, followed his route.

The Phoenician bireme, Chinese junks and Viking fights were famous for their navigational qualities. The Phoenicians were the first to come up with keels and sturdy rib frames, the Chinese equipped their ships with hemp ropes and a rudder, and the noses of long Viking sailboats were decorated with images of dragon heads - hence their name.

The discoverer of America is Christopher Columbus, who reached its shores in 1492. However, five centuries before him, the warlike ancestors of the present Norwegians (Vikings) had already crossed the North Atlantic, visited Greenland and the island of Newfoundland.

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They are always attracted by the horizon, an endless strip extending into the distance. Their loyal friends are the tapes of roads leading to the unknown, mysterious and mysterious. They were the first to push the boundaries, opening new lands and amazing metrics to humanity. These people are the most famous travelers.

Most Important Discoveries Travelers

Three quarters of Columbus’s life passed in swimming. He traveled on Portuguese ships, managed to live in Lisbon and the British Isles. Staying for a short while in a foreign land, he constantly drew geographical maps, made new travel plans.

It still remains a mystery how he managed to draw up a plan for the shortest route from Europe to India. His calculations were based on the discoveries of the 15th century and on the fact that the Earth has the shape of a ball.

Gathering 90 volunteers in 1492-1493, on three ships he went on a journey across the Atlantic Ocean. He became the discoverer of the central part of the Bahamas archipelago, the Greater and Lesser Antilles. He owns the discovery of the north-east coast of Cuba.

The second expedition, which lasted from 1493 to 1496, already numbered 17 vessels and 2.5 thousand people. He discovered the islands of Dominica, the Lesser Antilles, the island of Puerto Rico. After 40 days of sailing, arriving in Castile, he notified the government of the opening of a new route to Asia.

After 3 years, collecting 6 ships, he led an expedition across the Atlantic. In Haiti, because of an envious denunciation of his successes, Columbus was arrested and shackled. He received liberation, but he kept the shackles all his life, as a symbol of betrayal.

He was the discoverer of America. Until the end of his life, he mistakenly believed that it was connected to Asia by a thin isthmus. He believed that the sea route to India was open to them, even though history later showed the fallacy of his errors.

Vasco da Gama. He was lucky to live in the era of the great geographical discoveries. Perhaps that is why he dreamed of traveling and dreamed of becoming the discoverer of uncharted lands.

He was a nobleman. The clan was not the most noble, but had ancient roots. Becoming a young man, carried away by mathematics, navigation and astronomy. From childhood, he hated secular society, playing the piano and French, which noble nobles tried to “show off”.

Decisiveness and organizational abilities made Vasco da Gama close to Emperor Charles VIII, who, having planned to create an expedition to open the sea route to India, appointed him as his chief.

At his disposal were 4 new, specially built for the travel of the ship. Vasco da Gama was equipped with the latest navigation instruments and provided naval artillery.

A year later, the expedition reached the coast of India, stopping in the first city of Calicut (Kozhikode). Despite the cold meeting of the natives and even military clashes, the goal was achieved. Vasco da Gama became the discoverer of the sea route to India.

They discovered the mountainous and desert regions of Asia, made bold expeditions to the Far North, they "wrote" history, glorifying Russian land.

Great Russian travelers

The famous natural scientist Ernst Haeckel became interested in the 19-year-old guy, inviting him to his expedition to study the marine fauna.

In 1869, having returned to St. Petersburg, he enlisted the support of the Russian Geographical Society and set off to study New Guinea. It took a year to prepare the expedition. He sailed to the shore of the Coral Sea, and stepping to the ground did not even realize that the descendants of this place would be called by his name.

After living more than a year in New Guinea, he not only discovered new lands, but also taught the natives to grow corn, pumpkin, beans and fruit trees. He studied the life of the natives in Java, Louisiana, and the Solomon Islands. He spent 3 years in Australia.

He died at 42. Doctors diagnosed him with severe deterioration of the body.

Athanasius Nikitin is the first Russian traveler to visit India and Persia. Returning back, he visited Somalia, Turkey and Muscat. His notes “Walking Over Three Seas” became valuable historical and literary aids. He simply and truthfully outlined medieval India in his notes.

A native of a peasant family proved that even a poor person can make a trip to India. The main thing is to set a goal.

The world has not revealed to man all its secrets. There are still people who dream to open the curtain of unknown worlds.

Famous modern travelers

And let the era of great discoveries be long behind. It doesn’t matter that the Earth has been photographed from space thousands of times. Let travelers and discoverers discover all the places of the globe. He, as a child, believes that there is still much that is unknown in the world.

On his account 40 expeditions and ascents. He crossed the seas and oceans, was at the North and South poles, made 4 round-the-world voyages, crossed the Atlantic 15 times. Of these, once on a rowing boat. He traveled most of his travels alone.

Everyone knows his name. His programs had a millionth viewer audience. He is the great man who gave this world the unusual beauty of nature, hidden from sight in the bottomless depths. Fedor Konyukhov visited different places on our planet, including the hottest place in Russia, which is located in Kalmykia. .

The most famous traveler in the world

He chose the underwater world, giving all its secrets and beauty to people. His first scuba gear was a gas mask and a motorcycle camera. The first attempt to go under water in this device almost cost him his life. But he invented, playing with life, to find a way to get into the underwater kingdom.

Even during the war, he continued his experiments and studies of the underwater world. He decided to devote the first film to sunken ships. And the Germans who occupied France allowed him to engage in research and shoot.

He dreamed of a ship that would be equipped with modern technology for filming and observation. He was helped by a complete stranger who gave Cousteau a small military minesweeper. After repairs, he turned into the famous ship Kallipso.

The ship's crew were researchers: journalist, navigator, geologist, volcanologist. His assistant and companion was his wife. Later, all his expeditions were attended by 2 of his sons.

Cousteau recognized as the best specialist in underwater research. He received an offer to head the famous Oceanographic Museum in Monaco. He not only studied the underwater world, but also engaged in activities to protect the marine and oceanic habitat.
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