2 Columbus journey. The second day of Columbus - briefly. For a long time

Chapter 9. The Second American Expedition on July 5, 1875 was appointed the highest view of the ships of the Baltic Fleet. Warships of Sweden, England and the United States were invited to participate in the view. And in the morning of July 2, an American squadron appeared on the Kronstadt raid

yerdinand and Isabella confirmed all the rights and advantages promised by Genoese in 1492 in the instructions of May 29, 1493. Don Cristoval Colon is greatly made by Admiral, the vice-king and the ruler of open islands and the mainland. Immediately equipped a new flotilla from 17 ships, including three large ship; On the largest (200 ton), "Maria Galanta", Columbus raised the Admiral flag. Horses and donkeys, cattle and pigs, vines of different varieties, seeds of various crops were submersible on the ships, seeds of various crops: no one had seen cattle, nor European cultivated plants in the Indians, and on Espanyol was supposed to organize a colony. With Columbus, I went to look for happiness in new places a small group of courtiers and about 200 Hidalgo, who remained without a case after the end of the war with Arabs, dozens of officials, six monks and Popov. According to various sources, 1,5-2.5 thousand people were on the ships. On September 25, 1493, the second expedition of Columbus left Cadiz. At the Canary O-Wah, a sugar cane was taken and, according to the example of Portuguese, huge dogs, specially accustomed to hunting.

the Tarsky O-GWB Columbus took the course to the southwest: the inhabitants of Espanyola pointed out that the southeast of them had "land of caribbeans, erators of people", and the "islands of nonsense women", where a lot of gold. The way of ships ran around 10 ° south than during the first navigation. The course was taken extremely successful: Columbus caught the passing wind - the Northeast Passat and crossed the ocean of 20 days. This way began to use vessels coming from Europe to Western India. November 3 appeared mountainous, covered by the forest. Opening occurred on Sunday (in Spanish "Dominica"), and Columbus so called him. There was no comfortable harbor there, and Admiral turned to the north, where a small lowland island was noticed (Marie-Galant), which was landed. There were no other islands nearby. On November 4, Columbus went to the greatest of them, called Guadeloupe. There, the Spaniards spent eight days, many times planted ashore, examined the villages, went into the dwellings. "In the houses we found many human bones and skulls, raging, precisely dishes, for different necessary. Men we saw here a bit: how we were explained to the women, most of them went on dozens of canoeing robbery ... Islands. These people seemed more developed than the inhabitants of other islands ... at least they have straw housing, but they are kindly built ... they are more utensils ... they have a lot of cotton ... and a lot covered with cotton fabrics developed So it's good that they are not inferior to our Castilian. " From the letter of the doctor of the second expedition of Diego Alvarez Chanki.

According to the captivities, Caribbeans lived on all three newly open islands. They made raids on the islands of peaceful, almost unarmed Aravakov, making distant transitions in large Chelny-single-show. The arms of them were onions and arrows with tips from the debris of turtle shells or "from the serrated fish bones, similar to the sharp saws." "Making raids ... - writes D. Chanka, - Caribus will take women with themselves how many can capture to cohabit them ... or keep them in the service. Women ... so much that in 50 houses we saw alone indiana ... So I clarified the rumor about the "Islands of the Islands of Women", to which Columbus believed, since I read about them from Marco Polo and later authors who described swimming in the Indian Sea.These women say that the Caribbeans ... children who are born from these women ... devour, and raise only those who come from the Caribbean. Captured men, they disappear into their villages and eat them there, and in the same way they come with killed. " The word "Carib", distorted by the Spaniards in "Cannibal", soon became the equivalent word "cannibal". The accusation of Caribbeans in the cannibalism, as can be seen from the "diary" of Columbus and letters of Changi, were founded on the words of the residents of Espanyola and the captives with small antillesko oars and as if confirmed by finds in the Caribbean dwellings of human skulls and bones. However, D. Cankka himself soon doubted that this is the proof of the cannibals - skulls were in the dwellings of peaceful Aravakov: "We found on Espanyole in a basket, woven very beautiful and carefully, well-preserved human head. We decided that this is the head of the father, mother or other person, whose memory here is very honored. Subsequently, I heard that such heads found a great set, and therefore I think that we are correctly judged about it. "

As for the testimony of Aravakov, suffering from the raids of the Caribbean, even some bourgeois historians and ethnographers of the XIX century. Did not consider such evidence worthless confidence. They emphasized that the colonialists deliberately exaggerated in their reports of the "bloodthirstiness" of the Caribbean in order to justify the mass appeal to slavery or the extermination of the inhabitants of small antillers. Soviet ethnographers allow that Caribbeans, like other peoples, during the transition from the matriarchate to Patriarchate, existed cannibal as a military custom: they believed that courage, power, speed and other military values \u200b\u200bof the enemy would move to the one who would eat his heart or muscles of hands and legs.

From Guadeloupe, Columbus moved to the north-west, opening one island after another: November 11 - Montserrat, Antigua (Spaniards were not planted there) and Nevis, where the ships were anchored; November 12 - Sant Kitts, Sant Eustatius and Saba, and on November 13 - Santa Cruz (in the West), where cultivated fields were visible. In the hope of getting a conductor here to other islands and Espanyol, Columbus sent the next day to the coastal village of Bot with armed people who captured several women and boys (Captive Karibov), but on the way back the bot rank with the Caribbean. Caribbean numbers from surprise, seeing in the sea large shipsAnd at that time the bot cut them away from the shore. "Seeing that they will not be able to run, the Caribbean with a big courage pulled their bows, and women did not lag behind men ... There were only six more men and two women against twenty five of our. They wounded two sailors ... and they would hit the arrows most of our people, do not come to our boat close to the canoe and not tipping it ...

They walked cloves and Vyod - in this place there was a finely - and ... continued to shoot from the onions ... I managed to take one, the death of a spear "(D. Chanka). It was, as can be seen, the people who sacrificed to fight and defend their freedom from the invaders.

On the morning of November 15, the Earth, consisting of forty, and more is the islets, mountainous and most of his part, opened in the north. Columbus called this archipelago "Islands of eleven thousand virgins". From this time they are called Virgin. The "Maiden Islands" were called Columbus so because they dwell the sea with a long stroller, reminding the procession of "eleven thousand virgins" (E. Recle). According to the legend, the Virns who committed a pilgrimage from Cornwall in them, on the way back were interrupted by Huns, precipitated Cologne. For three days, the Small ships of the flotilla went around northern Islands Archipelago, and big ships - southern. They connected from about. Viekes, west of which a large land opened. The Indians taken on Guadeloupe said they would come from there that this is Boriken, who is often subjected to Caribbean raids. All day (November 19) moved flotilla along the mountainous southern Shore "Very beautiful and, as it seems, a very fertile island." The Spaniards landed on the West Bank at 18 ° 17 "s. Sh. Where many people saw, but they ran away. Columbus called him San Juan Bautista (from the XVI century Puerto Rico-" Rich Harbor ").

egoing Forta Navidad, the sailors landed ashore Espanyol to gain water and found four decomposed corpses with ropes on her neck and on their feet. One of the dead was a bearded, therefore, the European. The flotilla fortued on November 27 and gave a signal with two cannon shots - no response. At dawn, Columbus himself went ashore, but did not find a forty, nor people - only traces of a fourer and corpses. The circumstances of the death of the Spaniards could not find out, but, undoubtedly, they were guilty of robbery and violence. The Indians said that every colonist acquired several wives, the discord began, most of the island went inside and was interrupted by a local casic (tribal leader), which then destroyed and burned to Navidad. Fort defenders, fleeing a boat, drowned.

Columbus built the city to the east of the burned fort and called it Isabella (January 1494). There appeared new enemy - Yellow fever: "Most of the people were amazed by a notch." Admiral sent a small detachment under the Alonso Ovyan team to exploration. A few days later he returned with the news that the inner parts of the island were densely populated by peaceful Indians and that there are rich gold plates: he brought samples river sand with a significant content of gold found by him in the valley of the river. Yak-del Norte, at the foot of Sibao Mountains (Cordillera Sentral). In search of gold on March 12-29, Columbus made a campaign inside about. Haiti, and the XP passed. Cordillera-Central (up to 3175 m, the highest point of the antillers Ogro). In Isabelle, his unpleasant news was expected: most of the edible supplies were spoiled due to the wet tropical heat. Hunger was hunger - he should have reduced the number of consumers - and Admiral decided to leave on Espanyol only five ships and about 500 people. The rest on 12 ships he sent to Spain under the superiors of Antonio Torres with a "memorable note" for the transfer of the king and queen.

Columbus Donosil that found the gold deposit, greatly exaggerating their wealth, as well as "signs and traces of all sorts of spices." He requested to send livestock, edible supplies and agricultural tools, offered to cover the costs of slaves that were taken to deliver in large quantitiesUnderstanding that the goods for the colony can not be paid by alone hopes for gold and spices. "Memorable note" is a difficult accusatory document against Columbus, which characterizes it as the initiator of the mass appeal to the slavery of Indians, as Khaju and the hypocriser: "... Caring for the good for the shower of cannibals and the inhabitants of Espanyola led to the thought that the more they would deliver them to Castile The better it will be for them ... Their Highness will be seduced to give permission and the right of a sufficient number of Karavel to come here annually and bring livestock, food and everything ... necessary for the sequencing of the edge and processing fields ... payment ... can be produced by slaves From the number of cannibals, people are cruel ... well-folded and very intelligent. We are confident that they can become the best slaves will cease to be inhuman, as soon as they are outside the limits of their country. " On this occasion, Karl Marx notes: "[ Robbery and robbery - The only goal of the Spanish adventure crafes in America, as the Columbus of Columbus is also shown]. [Columbus reports characterize him as a pirate itself]; ... [slave trade as a basis!] ". Archive of Marx and Engels, 1940, t. VII, p. 100.

keeping a strong garrison in Isabelle under the boss younger brother Diego, Admiral on April 24, 1494 led three small ships to the West "Open the mainland land of Indians." Having reinmed Macy, he moved along the southeastern coast of Cuba and on May 1, discovered a narrow and deep bay called Puerto Grande (modern Guantanamo Bay). Next to the West, the coast was becoming all mountains. "The wonderful bays and high mountains... "It was Sierra Maesstra with Peak Turkino (1974 m), the highest peak of Cuba. Here he turned to the south: according to the instructions of the Indians, "nearby [in the south] lies the island of Jamaica, where there is a lot of gold ..." (wrote B. Las Casas). This island seemed on May 5th. Columbus called him Santiago. Nagi Indians, "painted in different colors, but mostly in black", with heads from feathers, without fear, were approached by the chambers to the ships, tried to prevent landing. Columbus ordered to shoot on them from crossbows. "After six or seven Indians were injured, they considered for the benefit to stop resistance ..." and many canoes came to the ships. "The Indians brought edible suppres and all the other than they owned, and willingly gave brought with themselves ... for any thing ..."

Admiral passed along the north shore of Jamaica to 78 ° C. D. On the island there was no "neither gold or other metals, although in all other respects he seemed to be paradise," and Columbus on May 14 returned to Cuba, Cruz. "The sea was petty - they entered the shallow gulp of Guacany. Columbus gently moved to the West, and a strange archipelago opened in front of him: the farther, the more like small and low islands on the way. The closer to the shores of Cuba, the most friendly and the greener seemed to them. Admiral called them Hardine-De La Reina (Queen Gardens). 25 days sailed Columbus to the West in this labyrinth of the islands. Every evening, with a stormy wind, a shower was shown with a thunderstorm. Sailors Sometimes the whole day did not wash the eyes. Not once the keel ship scraped the bottom. Soon the mountains - Sierra del Encumbrey appeared. Moving along the closed bank to the West, the admiral missed the narrow entrance to the bay, where the port of Senfuegos increased later, but the Cocinos Bay was examined in 1961 - Cuban-revolutionary emigrants were crushed and were crushed). Then the trial fell into the shallow water system - Bay of Batabano, intrigued by the Spaniards: Water in it from the movement of the waves became white as milk, then black as ink. The reason for this phenomenon is set much later: the bottom of the bay is folded with white mergel and black sand, and the waves raise that white, then a black "torment". Mangrove thickets on the shores of the bay were, according to Columbus, so "thick, that even the cat could not reach the shore." On May 27, the western tip of the swampy P-ov of Sapata passed, and on June 3, the Spaniards landed on the wetland northern bank of Batabano bay (in 82 ° 30 "z. D.).

To the west (in 84 ° z.) The sea is very ravenly, and Columbus decided to return: the ships were given to flow, the sailors Roptali, the provisioning was on the outcome. Under the oath of almost every member of the crew on June 12, 1494, he received the testimony that Cuba is part of the continent and, therefore, it is useless further to swim: the islands of such a length could not exist. In fact, the admiral was almost 100 km from Cape San Antonio, Western tip about. Cuba. The total length of the southern Cuban coast of the South Cuban coast was about 1,700 km. Turning to the east, Columbus discovered great about. Evantehelista (Pinos, 3056 km²) Since 1979, the island is called Hoangtud. And I stood there about two weeks to give rest to people. From June 25 to July 18, he walked to the southeast through the same wasland of the sea to the Cruz Cruz. "At the same time, it was especially annoyed by the shower, who fell on the ships every evening." After the rest at Cape Cruz, he tried to go straight on Espanyol, but because of no other winds was forced to return to Jamaica on July 22. He came down from the West and the south "this green, beautiful and happy land ... The ships followed countless canoes, and the Indians served Christians, giving them food, as if the aliens were their native fathers ... However, every evening the storms and livni donimali ships team " Fortunately, August 19 was established good weatherAnd the next day, Columbus crossed the strait of Jamaica and approached the south-western protrusion of Espanyola. 40 days he examined the coast of this island, not yet visited by the Spaniards, and only on September 29, he returned to Isabella, intense and seriously ill. He sick for five months.

about the time of lack of admiral his brother Bartoloma Columbus brought three ships from Spain with a troops and supplies. The Spaniard group secretly captured these vessels and fled to their homeland. The troops of the new arrivals soldiers dismissed the island, robbed and raped; Some of them were interrupted by the Indians. In this regard, Columbus took the conquest of Espanyola in March 1495, withdrawing 200 soldiers, 20 horses and as many dogs. The Indians had a numerical superiority, but the most primitive weapon, and they did not know how to fight - they were crowded. Columbus acted in small detachments, chose to battle the locality where the cavalry could turn around. The riders crashed into dense crowds of the Indians, trampled their horses with their horses. But especially frightened unfortunate dogs who took actively participating in hostilities. Nine months lasted injury, and Espanyol was almost all subored. Columbus laid the Indians of the unbearable tribute - gold or cotton. They left the villages, went deep into the island, to the mountains, tens of thousands of sickness from diseases that the conquerors brought with them. Who could not hide - became a slave on plantations or gold supports. Because of the epidemic of yellow fever, the colonists left the North Coast of Espanyola and moved to the southern, healthier. Here in 1496 Bartolome Columbus laid the city of Santo Domingo, which became the political and economic center of Espanyola, the oldest of European settlements in America.

Meanwhile, Columbus sent a little gold, copper, valuable tree in Spain, and several hundred Indians-slaves, but Isabella suspended them to sell them to a council with priests and lawyers. The income from Espanyola turned out to be insignificant compared to the costs of the expedition - and the kings broke the contract with Columbus. In 1495, a decree was issued, allowing all Castilian citizen to move to new lands if they contribute to the treasury two thirds of the extracted gold; The government assumed only to supply immigrants with edible supplies per year. With the same decree, it was allowed to equip ships for new discoveries in the West and for the extraction of gold (with the exception of Espanyola). Alarmed Columbus June 11, 1496 returned to Spain to personally defend his rights. He brought a document that he reached the Asian mainland, for which he accepted, or did the view that he accepts, oh. Cuba. He argued that he found a wonderful country of an officer in the center of Espanyol, from where the biblical king Solomon received gold. He again fascinated by Kings speeches and achieved promises that no one, besides him and his sons, will not receive permission to open lands in the West. But the free settlers cost the treasury very expensive - and Columbus offered to inhabit his "earthly paradise" criminals - for the sakeup. And software The Royal Decree Spanish courts began to refer criminals for Espanyol, reducing them half the sentence.

In the second expedition, as, however, in the first, Columbus showed itself an outstanding seawater and a fleet: for the first time in the history of navigation, a major connection of the diversified ships without loss crossed the Atlantic and passed through the labyrinth of small antillese OGs, abundant by flames and reefs, without even Hint on the card.

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He went from Cadiz on September 25, 1493. Instead of insignificant flotilla, which he had at his disposal in the preceding year, he had seventeen courts under his authority; Together with him, 1,200 people were sailed to second swimming, between whom the rudops and artisans, and farmers were, but were especially numerous were Hidalgo (representatives of the nobility). The expedition went to not only make new discoveries, but also to start the colonies, to receive gold from newly open lands, and local pagans to turn into Christianity. Columbus was lucky with his brother of Diego and twelve people of spiritual title, including a papal vicar, Benedictine Monk Bernardo Boyle.

Portrait of christophore Columbus. Artist S. Del Pjisbo, 1519

A whole year of the second journey was devoted to research and new discoveries. Columbus opened and visited the island of Dominica (November 3, 1493), Guadelupe and Puerto Rico (during the same month). On November 27, he arrived at the previously founded in Haiti, and now the Fort Navidad broken in the natives. Alonso Hedge began to explore the inside of Espanyola (Haiti), looking for gold there and began to develop mines. Columbus, fond of curiosity, swam again along the coast of Cuba; He wanted to make sure that it was the shores of the Asian continent that he forced his sailors to swear before the royal notary, that it was really not an island, but the continent. If he had time to stock sufficient quantity, he intended to continue swimming along the shores to the Red Sea and return from the second trip to Spain Mediterranean Sea, Or endill the southern tip of Africa to hit the portuguese surprise. On the return route, he saw Jamaica and finally arrived on September 4, 1494 on Isabella Island.

Everything was in a bad position there. The colonists belonged to the number of adventurers who were not accustomed to obey the bosses, constantly sent new complaints to Spain. Natives who were subjected to different violets and were forced to work in the mines, rebelled against the conquerors. With the help of oche, Columbus soon restored the order there, but this brilliant navigator was such a bad administrator, which brought the overall hatred. He was accused of rude costs, in arrogance and especially in the fact that he was not a Spaniard, but a Genoese. Fortunately for Columbus to Him, his brother Bartolomeo came to Him, - the man is energetic, intelligent, brave and very experienced in everything that matches the navigation. Columbus appointed him to adelantado,that is, the territorial governor, but this governor was the Genoese native. Even the faces of the spiritual title were so scared by the strange attacks of admiral into religious hypochondria, which refused to help him. In Spain, only the bottoms were obtained to the inability of Columbus and on his despotism.

Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabel Finally were forced to send a commissar to investigate on the case (August October 1495); This commissioner, Juan Agaudo, was convinced of the pathetic position of the colony and in this sense he wrote his conveying to the king. Columbus, wanting to prevent the danger threatening him, decided to go to Spain along with Aguado (in March 1496). He could no longer count on the same enthusiastic reception, which he was made after his return from the first expedition. However, after the second journey, he was kindly adopted at the court. He was again approved in all his honorable positions, and he was again provided with all the former privileges; He even based on the approval of his brother in the rank of "Adelanto".