What is attica in ancient Greece. The formation of the Athenian state. Vacation with children

Classic Athens Symbols - Majestic Acropolis, Parthenon, temple of Zeus, dionysus Theater, odeon Herod Attica. Every year, thousands of tourists from all over the world come here to visit the famous areas Plaka, Monastiraki, Syntagma, admire the majestic beauty of the mountains and the abundance of beaches.

The grandiose monuments of Athens deserve special attention, as well as the numerous museums of the city.

Take time to stroll along the pedestrian zone in the historic center of the city to admire the rich collection of treasures of the National Archaeological Museum and visit the Holy Acropolis - the main attraction for many tourists. The beautiful architectural complex includes several ancient temples, shrines and places of worship, the surviving fragments of which allow you to fully enjoy the greatness of these places.

In the central part of the Acropolis of Athens there is another unique architectural structure - parthenon Temple, striking in its size, age and magnificence. Today, this most famous monument of ancient architecture, built in honor of the goddess Athena, is clearly visible from anywhere in the city.

Only half a kilometer from the Acropolis is the largest temple in Greece - temple of Zeus or Olympus. 14 huge marble columns, the height of which reaches almost 20 meters, remind of the former glory of the great monument of Greek history. The graceful ruins of the temple of Zeus and the surrounding ruins of other ancient structures are especially beautiful at night, thanks to the picturesque lighting.

One of the region’s most famous natural attractions is the mountain. Imittos - located in the east of Athens. At the top of the mountain range, lurking behind the cypress forests, there are amazing monasteries with healing springs and bizarre caves. Here you will find an abundance of walking paths, places for mountain biking and climbing, and secluded corners. To get to Attica is to climb this mountain: a breathtaking view of the whole city of Athens is guaranteed.

Indulge in the pleasure of visiting the ancient temple of Poseidon - a unique building located on the picturesque Cape Sounion. Many religious legends and interesting stories are associated with this religious building. Some of the slender Doric columns of the temple, framing the magnificent structure, have survived to this day.

Visit ancient greek temple of the goddess Demeter in Eleusis - in its museum historical artifacts of various eras are collected. For the most part of the complex you can freely walk while admiring the ancient ruins.

At 10 kilometers from Athens is located daphne Monastery - a building erected in the VI century and recognized as one of the greatest masterpieces of the Middle Byzantine era. The ancient monastery museum, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is famous for its beautiful interior mosaics and frescoes.

About whose name the city will receive: Poseidon created the horse, Athena gave an olive tree (a source of wealth, since oil was made from its fruits), and the city was named Athens in honor of the goddess. The myth of Theseus is purely Athenian. The legend attributed this hero to the union of the whole Attica into one state by the merger of individual communities into one city. According to legend, Attica was also invaded by dorians during the return of the Heraclides (in the middle of the 11th century), but was saved by its king Codrom.The Delphic oracle announced that the side on which the king would be killed would win. A codre dressed as a shepherd sneaked into an enemy camp and was killed there. No longer hoping for victory, the Doryans retreated, and the Athenians announced that after Codra, no one could be worthy of the tsar’s dignity. So the poetic legend explained the abolition of royal power in Athens.

107. Geography of Attica

Attica, the southeastern part of Central Greece, protrudes into the sea with a triangle, one side of which adjoins the land. This small country was in a very close proximity to states in which shipping was the first to develop in European Greece.Attica was adjacent to the same shore. Saronicthe gulf near which lay Megaraand Korinfand the waters of which washed the island Aeginathe other side of Attica was separated only by a narrow strait from the island of Euboea, on which almost against Attica were Chalcis and Eretria. Sunithe cape, which forms the southern tip of the country, is closer than other points of the Greek mainland to the Cyclades. Thus attica's position at sea was very beneficial for the development of trade,but still Athens took an active part in trade a lot later the cities of Euboea and Istmau the island of Aegina.Attica could not boast of its fertility and did not produce enough bread to feed its inhabitants. The best terrain was plain (Pedion)by the Saronic Gulf against the island Salamina:there were cities Athensand Eleusis,of which one was surrounded by places with horticultural(grapes, olives, figs, etc.), and the other lay in the center of that part of the plain where the best bread fields.(Here the cult of Demeter developed). North and Northeast Attica (Diacria)it was filled with mountain spurs and was characterized by dryness and sterility, as well as the southern coastal part (Paralia).But the mountains of Attica abounded in mineral wealth. Penteliconin the north delivered beautiful white marble, Gimet(famous for its beekeeping) contained a bluish marble, Lavrionin the south it was famous for its silver mines, from which the Athenians subsequently built their first fleet. Athens plain irrigated by the river Kefiss,one of its tributaries, which was drying up in the summer, was the main city of Attica. Athens was built in a hilly area, and on one of its hills was the Athenian Kremlin, Acropolis,containing the temple of the goddess Athena Pallas and the royal palace. The city was seven miles from the seashore and had three harbors. The oldest of them was Faleronbut this harbor was open and therefore not as convenient as Munichiaand especially Piraeusrepresenting a closed bay on both sides of the isthmus of a small peninsula (Piraeus).

108. The population of Attica

Attica was a tribe ionianand was proud to have never been conquered. Initially, there were several states (according to legend 12), but they merged into one state, making it the focus of Athens and even settling part of its inhabitants in this common center (synekism).In memory of this event in Attica, a special holiday was established, called Panathenaeans.Back in historical time, the inhabitants of Attica were divided into four tribal phylawith three phratriesin each, and these phyla and phratries had their gods and their superiors. In addition to the citizens of the state, there were aliens from other places in Attica who were engaged in fishing and trade, who paid taxes and even were obliged to participate in the army, but were not considered citizens; their name was metecs.Compared with citizens, there were, of course, much less. Citizens themselves were divided into three classes: landowning nobility, smallholdersand artisans.The Athenian nobility constituted the noble estate, or eupatrides(i.e., having good fathers), whose clans occupied a leading position in the life of individual phratries, phils, and the entire state. Free peasants living in their small plots were called geomorphsartisans - demiurges:geomorphs and demiurges combined put together the demos.

109. The oldest government system of Athens.

Athens led originally king,who ruled with adviceconsisting of elders of the most important attic clansand bore the name areopagus.Tsarist power, however, gradually passed to elected dignitariesmoreover, the title of the king, however, has never been canceled. First of all, they began to elect a special commander as assistants to the king in the war, polemarchthen part of the government and court cases began to entrust a special dignitary, archon(to the ruler), who were appointed by the Areopagus, and even later created the position of six judges, fesmofetov.The position of the king after this was limited only to the performance of priestly duties, and basileusit was no longer called the ruler of the state, but the high priest of Athens. Thus, royal power was divided between nine dignitaries, who all became known as archons.(In their college, the first place did not belong to the Basileus and not to the polemarch, but to the archon-eponym, by whose name the Athenian year was designated). In the middle of the 8th century, when there were only the first three archons, they began to be elected for ten years, and not for life, as before, at the beginning of the 7th century. - only for one year. At first, the king’s choice was made only within the same clan, but little by little this title (and generally archonism) made available to all noble families.As tsarist power was split between individual dignitaries, the former tsarist council, areopagus,on the contrary, I got everything greater and greater importance.He began to replenish the archons, well performing their duties and becoming already lifetime members of this institution. Athens became a real oligarchyin which the areopagus was nothing more than the focus of interests, aspirations and traditions of the Eupatrides estate.In the hands of the landowning nobility were all religious and state posts; they belonged to the interpretation of all divine and human laws; they conducted the trial, guided exclusively by old customs and their understanding of them. It is clear that oligarchic rule could only be an oppression of the demos.

The oldest period in the historical life of Attica, which later became the main territory of one of the most powerful and flourishing states - Greece, was only weakly reflected in the sources. Archaeological research of Athens itself and the surrounding area discovered traces of ancient life dating back to the Neolithic era. The oldest burial so far discovered here dates back to the III millennium BC. e. The handmade gray clay vessels found in this burial near the cramped skeleton are still very primitive.

During excavations on the Acropolis of Athens, monuments of an incomparably higher culture were found in the form of the remains of a Mykene-type palace, and in a number of other places (Aharna, Erhia, Keramik, etc.) burials of the same time with a large number of various objects, mainly ceramic products, including non-local origin. All these monuments, dating back to the end of the Bronze Age, give reason to think that on the territory of Attica there was one of the centers of Mycenaean culture, modern to its other centers.

The subsequent post-Mycenaean period is characterized in Attica by the appearance of ceramics of the so-called protogeometric and geometric styles. Some of the ceramic finds of this time, such as, for example, the famous dipilonian vases, which acquired wide popularity, have survived to our time in excellent preservation.

Abundant finds of protogeometric and geometric ceramics were also given by excavations on the northern and northwestern slopes of the Areopagus. It is noteworthy that in cultural strata characterized by this kind of ceramic finds, imported things are almost not found. This shows that the attenuation of relations with other countries, typical for the whole Greece of the post-Mycenaean period, also characterizes Attica.

To characterize the Iron Age in Attica, an interesting burial was discovered in 1949 in Athens, apparently an artisan, in which about ten objects made of iron and a whetstone were discovered.

In the ancient literary tradition of Attica of the most ancient times, only fragmentary information has been preserved. Thucydides, Herodotus, and in one of his dialogues Plato emphasize that the inhabitants of Attica were not aliens, but autochthons - the Attic land for them was not their stepmother, but their mother. Due to the scarcity of soil, this area did not attract invaders, says Thucydides, the Dorian invasion did not affect it. Later, when Athenian statehood flourished, immigrants from other places began to flock to Attica, multiplying its population and contributing to the growth of its well-being with its labor.

In the representations of subsequent Athenian generations, the oldest social institutions, preserved in the form of remnants and at a later and much better known time, were the result of the activities of a number of legendary kings. So, for example, the mythical king Ion divided, according to legend, the entire population of Attica into four clan phyla, each of which was divided into three phratries, which in turn were divided into 30 clans, in the clan there were 30 families, so everything in ancient Attica there were 10,800 families.

The ruins of numerous fortifications that once surrounded the clan villages constantly at odds with one another can serve as evidence of the former disunity of the population. Traces of such fortifications are still found during excavations carried out in various points of Attica.

Thus, here we encounter a social structure typical of the era of the tribal system, naturally generated by the totality of historical conditions of that time. Ancient Attica is also characterized by another feature characteristic of the era of the dominance of tribal relations - tribal fragmentation. According to Athenian legends, in ancient times there were 12 separate tribal communities on the territory of Attica.

The end of this fragmentation, according to legend, was also laid by the mythical Athenian king Theseus, who united the population of this entire region around Athens and established one common council and one pritane. “From that time on,” writes Thucydides, “the Athenians celebrate the [Sinikiya] [union] in honor of the goddess [Athens].”

In historical reality, the process of unification of Attica, apparently, took no less than two or three centuries. You might think that during the IX-VIII centuries. BC e. as a result of intense struggle, Athens was joined by Paralia, the coastal part of Attica. After this, the local cult of the god Poseidon was transferred to the Acropolis of Athens. After that, Diakria, a mountainous region in the north of the country, was annexed. The cult of Theseus was transferred from here to Athens. The southwestern part of Attica, the region of Eleusis with its famous temple of the goddess Demeter, retained its independence for the longest time.

Judging by the extant hymn in honor of Demeter, Eleusis in the VII century. BC e. still continued to maintain independence and, defending it, waged a fierce struggle with the Athenians. Athenian Sinoikism was, therefore, a long process, due to significant changes in the structure of previous social relations. The development of the productive forces of society and the related industrial relations gave rise to the need for associations of a broader nature that go beyond the boundaries of former tribal organizations.

By the 7th century BC e. in Attica, prerequisites arise for the formation of the class system and state in it. To study it, we already have an incomparably wider range of sources. The first place among them, of course, is occupied by Aristotle's Athenian Politia, which for a long time was considered forever lost and unexpectedly regained in the form of a manuscript on four sheets of papyrus, found among other papyri that was brought to the British Museum from Egypt in 1890.

Aristotle's “Athenian Politia” is the only work that has survived to this day, giving an integral picture of the political history of Athens since the 7th century. BC e. Aristotle is significantly supplemented by evidence of certain events in the Athenian history of the early times of Herodotus, Thucydides, Diodorus of Sicily, Plutarch and other ancient authors, as well as some, though not numerous, inscriptions, coins and archaeological material.

Based on all these data, it can be concluded that the Athenian community at the beginning of the period under review was mainly agricultural. Crafts and trade were relatively underdeveloped. Nevertheless, social-property stratification has reached considerable depth. The powerful patrimonial aristocracy - eupatrides ("descending from noble fathers") concentrated the best lands in their hands.

A significant part of the rest of the population was dependent on them. “The poor,” writes Aristotle, “were enslaved not only by themselves, but also by their children and their wives. They were called pelates and hexagons, because under such rental conditions the fields of the rich were cultivated. All land in general was in the hands of a few. Moreover, if these poor people did not give rent, it was possible to take both themselves and their children into bondage. Yes, and loans were provided by personal bondage up to the time of Solon. ”

In other words, among the Athenians of the 7th century there was a severe debt law, well known to antiquity, by virtue of which the debtor was responsible to the creditor not only with his property, but also with personal freedom and the freedom of his family members; insolvent debtors turned into slaves of their lenders. The need for large, attic-scale, aristocratic landowners in labor was thus met mainly through the labor of the poor dependent on them and the labor of slaves recruited thanks to debt bondage from among previously free members of the same community. This undermined the strength of the community.

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In Greece, there is everything that a modern tourist is looking for. This country caresses the sun 300 days a year, its borders are washed by 4 seas and surrounds 1,400 islands.

Greece invites you to fascinating trips to ancient ruins and museums where ancient treasures are stored. This sunny country attracts with its fruit groves and delicacies prepared from the gifts of the Mediterranean Sea.

Greek beaches have earned the title of best vacation destination in the world. Tourists flock here to sunbathe, spend time at youth discos, make unique photo shoots and enjoy the taste of aromatic olives.

One such tourist destination is Attica. It is located in the heart of the country. This is the area where statehood was laid, and where the capital of Greece is located.

Attica translated as “coastal country”. Attica is located on a peninsula that is washed from three sides by the bays of the Aegean, Euboean, Petalian and Saronic Seas.

How to get to Attica

And you can get closer to this historical area with the help of a developed public transport system.

The shuttle bus station is located at 100, Kiffissou street. From here, the transport of KTEL Attikis will deliver it to Attica's bus stations, one of which is located near the Acropolis, and the second on Egyptian Square.

Schedules of local trains are available at Athens stations. In addition, there is a ferry and air service to Attica.

Royal Olympic Hotel located within walking distance of the Acropolis. Its luxuriously furnished rooms offer magnificent views of the Temple of Zeus or the fragrant garden with pool.

Poseidonion Grand Hotel located on the island of Spetses and is its attraction, due to its rich architecture. The rooms feature stylish furniture and wooden floors add luxury. Room balconies offer sea views or a flower garden.

Things to do in Attica: Sightseeing

The lands of Attica absorbed ancient legends and myths that come to life in the eyes of impressionable travelers.

Read also: Where and when to relax in Greece - monthly overview of resorts and tourist attractions

Walking around the sights, you can easily go back to ancient times, when mortals were inhabited by omnipotent deities. Once in Attica, do not deny yourself the pleasure of visiting the following temples and monasteries and simply interesting places:

• Temple of Poseidon
  
  Unique building located on Cape Sounion. Sacraments and ceremonies were performed in this temple to appease the terrible sea god. The slender columns of the temple, which are framed by a massive structure, amaze the imagination. The building combines subtlety and grandeur, personifying the connection of land and sea.

• Daphne Monastery
  It can be found 10 kilometers from Athens. This building was erected on the site of the pagan temple of Apollo Daphnia in the VI century. Today the monastery has the status of a monument.

• Engin Island
  
  This small island attracts with its luxurious beaches and clear sea water. It is located in the middle of the Sardonic Gulf. In history, this island is known for the fact that about 360 temples were built on it. Most of them have been wiped off the face of the earth, but travelers who love the old days can get to the city of Paleochora, considered a ghost in which no one has lived for a long time.

tier (strip) over the main cornice in the antique facade.

(Ancient culture: literature, theater, art, philosophy, science. Dictionary-reference book / Edited by V.N. Yarcho. M., 1995.)

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Attica

Attica, region in the southeast. parts Center. Greece. In antiquity there were several. small settlements, which gradually merged into the city-state of Athens. This process was completed by the 7th century. BC. Families of large landowners continued to live outside the city, although during the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), the countryside was often plundered by invading Spartans. A. was rich in natural resources, especially clay, necessary for the flourishing pottery industry, as well as marble, lead and silver, a cut needed to finance the Athenian fleet.

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ATTIC

Titus Pomponius (110 - 132 BC) - rich and influential. Rome. the horseman received the name A. due to the fact that he lived in Athens for more than 20 years. Being made up. landowner., a merchant and financier, tried to occupy in troubled with politic. point of view time is neutral. position between the confrontations. in batches. This is a fence. A. from encroachment on his condition and security. intermediary. role. Letters, write. Cicero, with to-Crimea A. communication. many years. friendship, are histor. document of that era. A. Appl. highly-imagery. and prosv. man, he won himself known. publication and distribution. lit. production For this purpose, he had educated. copyist slaves. His own. Op. The Chronicle is a brief chronological. essay on the history of Rome since its foundation. A.'s life is described in detail. his friend Cornelius Nepot.

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Attica

peninsula to the southeast middle Greece, bordering the north with Boeotia, on the west with the Megara region; pl. peninsula 2200 km2, relief preim. mountain. Mountains Kiferon (1409 m) and Parnassus (1413 m) with spurs form natures. border of the attic region. Other significant mountain peaks known for marble quarries are Pentelikon and Gimet. South the tip of the peninsula forms Cape Sunius. Athens is located in the lowlands of the peninsula. Eleusis and the Marathon. Pp. Kefis and Iliss, which tend to dry out in the summer. Soil in A. preim. calcareous, therefore ch. agricultural cultures in antiquity were grapes, olives and figs. DOS mineral deposits were in Lavrion, mined pottery clay, silver and iron ore. The first inhabitants came to A. c. 1900 BC e. Since the great resettlement of the Dorians in the con. 2nd millennium BC e. A. was not affected, the inhabitants of this region considered themselves autochthonous. OK. 1000 BC e. A.'s population was united under the rule of Athens. Other significant settlements of A. include Piraeus, Eleusis, Forikos, Bravron and Ramnunt.

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ATTICA

Ancient (´Attikn) - area of \u200b\u200bDr. Greece. Occupied since the Neolithic. The spurs of Kiferon and Parnet divide A. into small plains: Athenian, Eleusinian, Mesogean, marathon - suitable for the village. h-va. In addition to the plain, terraced farming was widespread. Ch. S.-kh. A. cultures in ancient times were grapes and olives. The yields of barley and wheat were low, there was not enough bread. Sheep and goats were raised on mountain pastures. A. was rich in salt, marble, clay, silver (mined in the mountains of Lavrion in the south of A.). In A., crafts were developed (pottery, metal processing, shipbuilding). The ruggedness of the coast of A., its middle position in Dr. Greece, the need for import of bread contributed to the development of pestilence. trade A. (harbor - Piraeus, Faleron). To the 5th century BC e. A. gradually became the most developed socio-economical., Politic. and cultural area (center - Athens) Greece. In modern times Greece A. forms one of the adm.-terr. units - nom. Lit .: Kolobova K. M., Gluskina L. M., Essays on the History of Ancient Greece, L., 1958; Wrede W., Attika, Athen, 1934. - *** - *** - *** - Attica of the time of Klisfen

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Attic

Titus Pomponius Atticus) - a wealthy and influential Roman landowner, merchant and financier, historian, publisher and philanthropist of the 1st century. BC Born in 110, died in 32 B.C. The representative of the Atticus horsemen was a highly educated and enlightened man, he received his nickname due to the fact that he lived in Athens for more than 20 years. He was in many years of friendship and correspondence with Cicero (the texts of these letters have survived to the present day), also corresponded with Octavian and Mark Anthony in the 30s. BC He was widely known in the educated layers of Roman society as a publisher and distributor of literary works, including the works of his contemporaries. For these purposes, Attik kept at home a whole staff of educated copy-slaves. Titus Pomponius Attik himself was the author of the “Annals” (“Liber annalis”) - an essay that was a brief chronological outline of the history of Rome from the day it was founded, as well as selected works on the genealogy of noble Roman families, now lost. Attica's biography, written by one of his friends, historian Cornelius Nepot, survived millennia.

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Attic

1. Titus Pomponius (110 - 32 BC), a wealthy and influential Rome. the horseman received the name A. due to the fact that he lived in Athens for more than 20 years. Being a wealthy landowner, trader and financier, he tried to take in a hectic political situation. In terms of time, a neutral position between the opposing parties. This protected A. from encroachments on his condition and ensured mediation. role. The letters written by Cicero, with which A. was associated with many years of friendship, are a historian. document of that era. A. was highly educated and enlightened. a man, he gained fame for the publication and distribution of lit. works. For this purpose, he had educated copy slaves. His own. the work "Chronicle" ("Liber annalis") - a brief chronological. Essay on the history of Rome from the day it was founded. A.'s life is described in detail by his friend Cornelius Nepot.

2. low built-in wall, located. over the crowning construction of the cornice (in Roman architecture usually on triumphal arches) and destined. for bas-relief or inscription. It is also found in the art of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism.

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Attica

from greek - coast country)

peninsula, one of the largest areas in the southeast of Sredn. Greece. Its mountains are the branches of Kiferon, a steep rocky ridge that formed A.'s natural border with Boeotia and Megaras. Among the mountain ranges are the plains: Eleusinian, Kekropsky, Mesogey and Marathon. The small rivers A. Kefis and Asop were shallow, the land was barren. But the industriousness of the farmers compensated for the scarcity of land: in A. they cultivated olives, grapes, figs, millet, spelled, barley. In the mountains there was a lot of limestone and marble, suitable for construction. In Lavrion, silver, iron ore and clay were mined, which contributed to the early development of crafts, and thanks to large reserves of table salt, the population began to conserve food products, laying the foundation for the development of an entire industry.

A.'s population considered themselves autochthonous. OK. X century BC, under the legendary king Theseus, it began to unite under the rule of Athens, but this process was lengthy and stretched for centuries. By the 6th century BC. Athens became the center of economic and political transformations in A. The major centers of A. were Eleusis, Piraeus, Forikos, Rammount, and others.

(I.A. Lisovy, K.A. Revyako. The Ancient World in Terms, Names and Titles: Dictionary Dictionary of the History and Culture of Ancient Greece and Rome / Scientific Ed. A.I. Nemirovsky. - 3rd ed. - Mn: Belarus, 2001)

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ATTIC

church in Constantinople, which was built in the IX century. in the traditions of Eastern Early Byzantine architecture, dating back to the throne rooms of the Babylonian and Assyrian kings in ancient Mesopotamia. Its Byzantine name did not survive. As the researchers suggest, the church was not intended for ceremonial cult actions, but was used as a chapel. It was a five-nave cross-domed building with a low dome (5 m in diameter), not resting on pillars, but on massive walls with small openings leading to corner rooms. Her plan was based on a square. From the original exterior walls, only wide squat apses were preserved, each having three faces without protrusions and decorations. At the eastern end of the cross was an altar room to which an apse adjoined. The worshipers were located in front of the altar at the lateral ends of the cross, spread in breadth, the western end being longer than the northern and southern ones, which strengthened the orientation towards the altar. In the domed square and narthex there were vaulted ceilings, in the extreme side naves turned into isolated chapels with images of saints - wooden ceilings. The masonry of Attica did not differ from similar religious buildings of this and subsequent eras: 6-6 rows of massive masonry of stone blocks, characteristic of the architecture of Asia Minor, alternated with 4-4 rows of bricks. After the conquest of Byzantium, the Turks turned this church into a mosque, laying windows and destroying the extreme side naves.

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ATTIC

roman cognomen. Most famous was

1. T. Pomponius Atticus, born 109 BC, came from an ancient family of Roman horsemen and received an excellent education. He was adopted by his uncle Qu. Cecilia was therefore called Qu. Cecilius Pomponian A. In order to avoid participating in strife during the unrest caused by Sulpicius and Zinnoy, he went to Athens and studied science there. He lived in Athens for many years and from this received the name Atticus. The Athenians fell in love with him (Ner. Att. 2) both for his generosity and sympathy, and for his generous support of the poor and needy, and expressed their respect for him by the construction in honor of his statues. When Sulla, on his return from Asia, lived in Athens, A. enjoyed its great location. Soon afterwards, he returned, to the great regret of the Athenians, to Rome, about the time when he inherited the property of his uncle Qu. Cecilia; he used part of this property to support his friends, among whom were Cicero and Gortensky, and did not refuse to help even those whose political conviction he did not sympathize with. A.'s position between the most influential men of his time was very peculiar. He did not intervene in politics; he managed at the same time to be in the best relations with the leaders of various parties; as a friend of Cicero, he took advantage of Anthony's disposition, being in friendship with the younger Mary, did not lose Sulla's respect. Thus, his good fame and his life did not suffer from the wild contention of the parties, because his courteous character and his rare education put him above them. He never looked for or held positions. He died in 32 BC, at the age of 77, respected by all contemporaries. He rendered a great service to literature by the reproduction and distribution of the works of his contemporaries and friends; correspondence of essays involved ( Nep. Att. 13) his many slaves. He himself wrote historical works, between which the liber annalis, dedicated to Cicero, contained the history of Rome from the foundation to his time, located in chronological tables by officials. Nep. Att. 18 Cic. Brut. 3, 5. I. Nepot (18, 5) also mentions imagines and one Greek composition about the consulate of Cicero. Cic. ad Att. 2, 1, 1. Plin. n h. 35, 3, 11. wed: Boissier, Cicero and his friends;

2. Tib. Claudius Herodes, son of a wealthy marathon, born approx. 103 from R. X. and was engaged in rhetoric under Marcus Aurelius, who showed him great respect. Being raised by excellent teachers, A. entered the public service and, in 143, held a consular post. Subsequently, however, he left the civil service and completely indulged in scientific studies. He founded an oratory school, from which excellent students came out, and he himself was an excellent orator. Gell. 19, 12. Emperors L. Ver and Marcus Aurelius also used his training. About his relationship to Fronton, not always friendly, wed letters of the last p. 61. 111. 138. Of his many works, not one has reached us; the authenticity of the works attributed to him cannot be proved. Its main advantage, it seems, was the simplicity and fluency of the language. Possessing great wealth, he was the benefactor of the poor and founded many magnificent useful buildings in Athens, Rome and other cities. He died in 179 in the Marathon.

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ATTICA

? ?????? (from ?????, instead of ???????), was also called ????, "Coastal country"and poets ???????, or ?????, or ??????????? and was the most important of the 8 regions that made up their own (middle) Hellas. It had the shape of a triangle, the peak of which was facing southeast, bordering Boeotia in the north, bordering the Aegean Sea in the east, Gulf of Sarona (N. Aegina Bay) in the southwest, and Megara in the west and occupying an area around 1960 sq. versts. A. is a mountainous country and is covered by separate but frequent, mostly bare groups of mountains and hills, between which only a few and insignificant plains are located. All the mountains represent the spurs of Kiferon (????????, n. Of the same name, the highest peak is called Elatia), a wild steep and rocky ridge reaching up to 4000 feet high, known from the myths about hunting for the Kiferon lion, about hunting Acteon and about Oedipus, and forming the border of A. from the side of Boeotia and Megara. The sharp contrast between him and neighboring Helikon gave rise to the myth of two brothers turned into mountains; the meek and kind Helikon became the seat of the Muses, the cruel Kiferon, who killed his father and mother, became the seat of the Erinis. Passed through the wildest places of Kiferon ?????? ??????? or?????? ???????, n. Gifto Kastro. To the south of Kiferon was a lower chain of mountains, probably called ??????? ??????, representing the Megar border and ending near the coast, opposite the northern part of Salamis with two horn-shaped peaks (n. ??????). To the east of Kiferon, the country is cut through by Parnef (??????, N. Ozea), the most significant in height (over 4000 feet) and the length of the mountain range A. In ancient times, Parnef was covered with forests and is still growing partly on the slopes. deciduous trees and shrubs, part of the same pine. It is rich in beautiful views. To the south, its continuation is a much lower chain of mountains, n. ?????????, which separated the Athenian plain from the west from the Eleusinian; the middle part of this chain, through which the sacred road to Eleusis led, had the name ??? ???????? ??????, the extreme, southwestern part, with a cape ??????? - ??????????, according to one of the demos. From the top of Coridall, Xerxes watched the battle of Salamis. Hdt. 8, 90. Brilett (?????????) or ??? rises southeast of Parnef ???????????? ??????, by theme ???????; he was famous for his marble. Adjacent to it and heading south, but closer to the city, is also rich in marble Gimett ???????, n. Trelo-Vuni, also famous for its fragrant thyme and excellent honey. Gimett ends with a cape ?????? (N. Cape Helikes). Mount Lycabettus (??????????, N. Hagios Georgios) represents a separate rocky cone, reaching in the northeast to the walls of Athens; Adjacent to it, heading north, a rocky chain of mountains, probably ancient ????????. The southern part of Africa is also covered by mountain chains forming at the Suni cape (N. Cape Colonna) the Lavrian mountains (???????? or ???????) steeply descending to the sea with rich silver mines ( Hdt. 7, 144. Plut. Them. 4), which constituted the main source of wealth for ancient Athens. There were three plains in A.

1. Eleusinian (?????????? ??????), between Kiferon and the marshy coast of the Eleusinian Gulf, the granary of Athens, as a result of which the Spartans were the first to be devastated at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. The western part of it was called ´ ?????? ??????, eastern, most - ???????? ??????; its part adjacent to Megara, the inalienable property of Demeter, bore the name ??? ???? or??????;

2. Kekropskaya plain, in the north-east of Athens, simply called ??? ?????? (n. Calandrian plain), was surrounded by Aigaley and Gymett and irrigated by Kefisa; in the northeast, Dekhelea towered over it, which was therefore occupied by the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War;

3. Mesogean Plain (????????), n. Mesoghia, was in the east off the coast near Bravron.

In addition, there were even smaller plains - the Marathon and the plain at the mouth of Asop. The country's irrigation was scarce, almost all rivers and streams in the summer are very shallow. A. belongs to Asopus flowing from Boeotia in its lower reaches. The country's most important river, Kefis (??????? n. Kiphissos) flows from the southwestern slope of Briletta, connects to the few streams originating in Parnef, and flows through the Kekropsky plain, on the western side of Athens (cutting through the long walls) ; in winter, it protrudes from the banks at the mouth near the Faler harbor. Iliss (Ilissos) flows from Gimett, connects with the stream Eridanus, flows from the southern side of Athens and is lost in the plain. Another Kefis (n. Sarandopotamos), originating on Kiferon, flows into the sea east of Eleusis. To the east of it were ´ ??????, flowing salt waters, in which fishing belonged to the Eleusinian temple. Athens and their environs were not richer in water than the rest of A. The only water that was delivered was, except Iliss and Kefisa, by the sources of Panop and Kallirroi (?????????, near Odeon), also called ?????? ?????? or?????????????; now this key also gives muddy water. Only Adrian (117-138) made a plumbing from Anhesma for the eastern part of the city. The rest of the wells gave bad water and therefore were sometimes also called ??????? ( Hdt. 8, 55). The Well Overseer (?????????? ???????) was an important person watching that no one diverted water without having the right to do so. The most important of the bays were: on the east side - a shallow marathon bay, on the west - the harbor of Athens ( cm. below) and Eleusinian bay. Although it is now difficult to formulate the correct concept of the state of the country in antiquity, since its dryness has reached a high degree due to the disappearance of forests and shallowing rivers, it can still be argued that A. was not fertile in antiquity, with the exception of only a few parts of it; and now still noticeable terrace-shaped fields show that they tried to use every piece of land. The layer of fertile land (black soil) was so insignificant that it was forbidden to take away land in a special lease; however, the poverty of the soil was rewarded by the diligence of the inhabitants and an excellent climate. Agriculture, blessed by religious ordinances and the cult of Eleusinian Demeter, was even an honorable occupation even for noble Athenians. The bread (barley) was excellent, but the harvest only gave? grain necessary for the population (during the prosperity of the state, 500,000 inhabitants - 140,000 free and up to 400,000 slaves - destroyed 3 million medimas of bread). In the same way, olive oil, which was the subject of export, was excellent (in Athena’s temple of Poliad, the first olive was planted by Athena herself, which remained unharmed even during the Persian Wars. Hdt. 8, 55). Wine was plentiful, but not particularly good; there were better figs born in large numbers; hence the proverb: ??? ????? ???? ?????? to express something useless. The often mentioned prohibition of their export ( cm. ???????????, Sikofant) should be considered a fiction. In addition, mulberry, laurel and almond trees, well-known omega, etc., oak, beech, pine, spruce, cedar grew well; the latter covered the slopes of Parnef and Kiferon, from where the Athenians received firewood and coal (Aharna). The mountains are composed of limestone, slate and marble, Pentel marble was especially valued for its whiteness and its fine-grained composition. In the Lavra region there were significant silver mines, so rich that every Athenian citizen annually received a net income of 10 drams (about 2.5 gold rubles). Cape Koliad produced good clay; in addition, emeralds and other stones and the famous Attic forces, golden paint like ocher. The salt obtained in A. was of such good quality that it entered the proverb. Of domestic animals, especially sheep and goats were bred, horses were only on the marathon plain; working cattle, on the basis of ancient decrees, was dedicated to the triptolem; kept a lot of donkeys and mules. Wild animals used to be wild boars, wolves and bears in the mountains. Especially many owls nested in the clefts of the Acropolis (hence the proverb: ??? ???????? ???????, which had the same meaning as the above ??? ????? ???? ??????). The sea was full of fish. The climate in the plains has already been suffocating since March; in August it reaches the unbearable heat of 28-32 ° Reom .; he was especially strangled in Athens under the influence of the rocky Acropolis; however, in some places cool sea winds moderate the temperature. When all the vegetation dries up, the piercing singing of countless filly begins to be heard from the olives. On the mountains in winter, the snow lasts quite a long time, and this time of the year is especially healthy due to moderate temperatures. A.'s air is usually extremely pure, light is distinguished by a peculiar luster due to the strong reflection of rays from the treeless mountains for the most part. The dry air contributed a lot to the preservation of ancient buildings and other objects of art. The inhabitants of the Ionian tribe, in all probability, moved by sea from Asia Minor, and the Peloponnesian Ionians joined them in addition to other immigrants. Before them, the country was probably inhabited by Pelasgians, who were subjugated by the Ionians and merged with them. At first, the population of A. was divided into 4 phyla ( cm. ????, Phil), then, from the time of Kleisfen, into 10 phil, crushed into 174 demes ( cm. ??????, Demos); in addition, the country was divided by the nature of the area into ?????? - "Plain", in the north and northwest of Athens; ??????? or???? - "Coast", a strip by the sea between Athens and Sounia (adjacent to this strip ????????) and ??????? or??????? - "Mountain country", which occupied most of the eastern coast. This division also had political significance, cm. Pisistratus. ?, Pecystorate. ? ?????? there was 1) the Athenian plain with the city of Athens (?? ???????), the capital A. and the greatest city of Greece. Athens consisted of two parts: the city and the harbors, which since the time of Cimon have been interconnected by long walls (??? ?????). Nothing reliable can be said about the size of the city before the Persian Wars. The main founder of his greatness should be considered Themistocles, who, after the destruction of Athens by the Persians, restored the city in a more magnificent form, surrounded it with walls and built the Piraeus harbor, which was of great importance. The direction of the walls erected by Themistocles is still clearly visible in the south and west, while in the north and east only minor traces of them are noticeable. Their perimeter was equal, according to Thucydides (2, 13), 174, 5 stages or 30 versts, of which 56, 5 stages belonged to the harbor, 75 long connecting walls, 43 city itself. From this it is clear why Athens almost equals the circumference of Rome, occupied only 0, 25 of its area. In Athens, there were up to 10,000 houses ( Hen. Socrat. 3, 6, 14) and, according to Boeckh’s estimates, 180,000 inhabitants, while others say a little more than 100,000. With the exception of public buildings, there were hardly many beautiful buildings; most of the houses were made of beams and unfired brick, especially in the western part of the city, populated by the poorest citizens; the streets were wrong and narrow (????????).

The names of the 11 city gates (counting from west to south) were:

1. Dipil (??? Первоначально ри?)), Originally the Friasian or Kerameik gate, is of considerable magnitude ( Liv. 31, 24);

2. The Sacred Gate (?? ????? ?????), on the road to Eleusis;

3. The Horseman's Gate (?? ??????? ?????), through which, probably, the Peregius Pausanius entered the city and from which he took his walk;

4. Piraeus Gate (????????? ?????);

5. Melite Gate (?? ????????? ?????);

6. Eton Gate (?? ??????? ?????);

7. Aegean Gate (?? ?????? ?????); probably near the Panaphenian stage;

8. Diokharov Gate (?? ???? ????????? ?????),

9. Diomean Gate (? ??????? ?????), on the way to Kinosarg;

10. Barrow Gate (?? ????? ?????);

11. Acharn Gate (?? ????????? ?????).

The position of some gates is doubtful. Almost in the very middle of the city, a huge steep cliff stood 150 feet high, accessible only from the western side and having an area of \u200b\u200b900 feet long (from west to east) and 400 feet wide (at its widest point). The Kremlin was built on this rock, which was called during the Pelasgians ??????, under Kekron ????????, under Erechtea ??????, - later, when the city began to be called ????? ??, - ?????????. According to legend, the north side of it was strengthened by Pelasgians ( Hdt. 6, 137), the southern one was fortified by Cimon. The space between these walls represented ´ ???? in the proper sense, at all times it constituted the center of the city in religious, artistic and political relations. On the western, accessible side of Pericles in 435-430. with the help of Mnesiklos, he built the famous magnificent Propylaea for decoration and protection [The names of the buildings from which the remains are indicated] (?????????) with a beautiful staircase leading from the Acropolis to the base of the rock. Propylaea was a luxurious entrance building of Pentel marble, with 5 aisles; their construction, which lasted 5 years, was worth 2012 talents. On the right side is the entrance to the Propylaea, a small staircase leads to the bastion, which houses the well-preserved small * temple of Athena Niki, commonly called ???? ´ ???????. On the right and on the left side of the Propylaea were extensions; the left one, large (northern), well preserved, served as an art gallery (??????????), in which, by the way, were the famous paintings of Polygnot ( cm. pictores, Painting, 2); the right one, the smaller one (south), represented a room for watchmen and gatekeepers. On the Acropolis Square, dotted with shrines, sacred offerings, statues, etc., were located: the colossal copper statue of Athena made by Phidias (?????? ????????), the helmet and spear of which were visible on the distant distance ( Paus. 1, 28, 2), and two famous temples, the Parthenon and the so-called Erechtey. * The Parthenon (????????), the temple of the virgin Athens, was built of marble at Pericles in 438 by Iktinus and Kallikrath. Despite the fact that the Venetians bombed the temple in 1687, they inflicted great damage in the early 19th century. Lord Elgin took away a lot of metope, bas-reliefs and other items adorning him (Elgin marbles in the British Museum), but this magnificent building still causes our surprise today. In the Parthenon stood a statue of Athena with 26 Greek cubits (39 feet) high, made by Phidias of gold and ivory. The clothes of the statue, which was removed and weighed 44 talents, were stolen by the tyrant and demagogue Lahar in 299 during the time of Demetrius Poliorket. Paus. 1, 25. On her right hand, the goddess held Nika with 4 Greek elbows facing the viewer, made of ivory and dressed in a gold dress. The back part of the Parthenon (???????????) served to store the sacred money of Athena and other gods and the state treasury ( wed: Michaelis, Der Parthenon, 1871 and architecti 4.5.) To the north of the Parthenon was the oldest temple of the Acropolis, which belonged to Athena of Poliad and was usually called by its branch * Erechtheum (?? ?????????). It was built during the Peloponnesian War; it housed: an ancient wooden image of Athena, the alleged grave of Kekrop, a well with salt water (????????? ???????), formed from the blow of Poseidon with a trident, and a sacred olive tree (? ??? ?????), planted by Athena herself. The city surrounding the Acropolis was formed from a combination of several demos, which retained their names in subsequent times: Kerameyka, in the north-west; Scambonid, Keyriad, Melites - in the west, Coil, Colits - in the southwest; Kidaphenaea - in the south; Agr and Diomei - in the east. A rocky hill ´ ????? rose west of the Acropolis ?????, the Areopagus, at such a close distance from it that the Persians with the help of burning arrows lit the Acropolis from it, which then consisted of wooden buildings ( Hdt. 8, 52). The court of the Areopagus and the temple of Erinius (??????? ????) with the tomb of Oedipus, near the hill - Kiloney (?????????), built to atone for the killing by the Athenians, were located on the eastern side of the hill Kilon ( cm. Cylon, Cylon) and his supporters; to the south of Kilonea stood the temple of Areus, and closer to the Acropolis - the temple of 12 gods and statues of Garmodius and Aristogateton. On the edge of the city, in its southwestern part, there was a high, rather steep rocky hill called Musey (?? ?????????), named after the singer Musey buried there, according to legend. This hill was turned by Demetrius Poliorket into the Macedonian fortress. Another hill adjoins this hill from the north, which was usually called Pniks (????, Gen. ??????); this exaltation served as a venue for public gatherings. There and now you can still see the stage carved in the rock, as it was believed, for the speakers, facing the semicircular square designated for the people. But recently, Velker, Urlichs, E. Kurtius, and others have made strong arguments in favor of the opinion that on the hill bearing the name of Pniks was most likely the altar of Zeus (????? ?????????), and the name Pnix (as Curtius claims) was only another name for Moses, and that the place of public gatherings was the plain between Moses and the Acropolis. Later they used the Dionysus Theater for this. Between the Acropolis, Areopagus, Pniks and Musei, was located decorated with many statues of the Agora (?????), in a part of the city called the inner Kerameik. On it was Stoa Poikile, or picture gallery. with paintings Polygnota, Kolonos Agoraios, small mound, Stoa Basileios, office building of the archon basileus, Stoa of Zeus Elevferios´a, the temple of Apollon Patroos´a, the temple of the mother of the gods (????????), the Council building (??? ?????????), where the five hundred council sat, and the so-called Tholos (?????) is a round building with a domed roof. Between Agora and Pniks stood the temples of Aphrodite Urania, Hephaestus and the sanctuary of Eurisacus. To the east of the Agora, on the southern slope of the Acropolis, lay: Odeon of Herodes Atticus ( cm. Atticus, 2, Attik), built by this rich Athenian in honor of his wife, the temple of Asclepius, Stoa Eumenes, * the main theater dedicated to Dionysus; this building was opened only in 1862 by the Prussian scientific expedition, headed by Strack, E. Curtius and Bettiher; from the south it adjoins the Lenaion Theater, where the Lenaites in honor of Dionysus were celebrated; finally, on the southeastern slope of the cliff occupied by the Acropolis, stood the Pericles built for musical performances by the Odeon, inferior in size to the theater, but similar in shape to it, with a wooden tent-shaped roof. In the part of the city that lies east of the Acropolis (later called the Hadrian Castle), near the spring of Kallirroi, by the river Ilissa, Olympiaon towered, the grand temple of Olympian Zeus, stage 4 in a circle, begun by Pericles, but ended only by Emperor Hadrian; 16 colossal columns of this temple are still standing at the present time. At the northwestern tip were the Triumphal Gate of Hadrian, in the east - the temple of Aphrodite in the gardens (??? ??????). On the small island of Ilissa was the temple of Demeter and Cora; beyond Iliss, therefore, outside the city limits, is the magnificent Panafenaikon Stadium, arranged by orator Lycurgus for the Panaphenian games and trimmed by Herod Atticus with Pentelian marble; The stadium was so large that Adrian once set up a hunt for 1,000 wild animals in it. The rocky hill, rising south of the Stadium, was, presumably, that Ardett (????????), on which the annually determined heliast judges took the oath. A little to the east of the Periklov odeon, where the street on the eastern side of the Acropolis turns north (Tripodov street), there is a * choretic monument of Lysicrates, now called the Demosthenes lantern, a small beautiful temple, round in shape, with 6 slender Ionian columns, the domed roof of which was crowned with a copper tripod erected as a gift to the gods and to the glory of one choregic victory ( cm. ??????????, 2, Liturgy); this temple was built in 334 in Prytaneion, where they were treated to ambassadors and honored citizens, was located at the north-eastern bottom of the Kremlin, next to the temple of Sarapis; to the west of it is the sanctuary of Dioskurov (?????????, ?? ´ ??????), and above this sanctuary, on the northern slope of the Kremlin, is the sanctuary of Aglavra, in a grotto communicating through a crevice in the rock with the upper square of the Acropolis. To the west of here was (and still is) a cave with a source; the cave is the Grotto of Apollo and Pan, and the source was called ???????? or ??????, because they thought that it flows underground from Athens to Faler; by means of a water supply, he connected to the water clock of Andronik Kirrest, a monument still known now under the name "Towers of the winds". Between Pniks and Musey there was a southwestern road to the Piraeus gate: there lay: Hermes Gymnasium, the temples of Hercules Aleksikak and Demeter and Pompeyon, which served as a repository of sacred gold and silver vessels, which constituted the necessary accessory during the solemn processions; between Pniks and Areopagus there was another road in the northwest through the inner Keramik to the gates of Dipilu; to the left of this was the so-called Nymph Hill (in ancient times, it was probably assigned to Pniks), to the right was the magnificent Stoa of Attala, now unjustly called the Ptolemy Gymnasium, and further to the north of it * Feseyon, which is now unfairly considered by some to be the temple of Areus; the building is completely preserved. To the east of it - * A stoa of giants, Adrian Grammar School and the sanctuary of Athena Archegetida. Outside the city, on the northwestern edge of the outer Kerameik (this suburb was actually the abode for the poorest classes, it also served as the burial place for citizens who died in the war or provided other services to the state, e.g. Miltiada, Kimon, Thucydides; as a result, on both sides the long road crossing the suburbs stretched long rows of tombs with "Steles", i.e., marble boards of the correct quadrangular shape, which served as tombstones and decorated with inscriptions and bas-reliefs) was located 6 stages from the city wall of the Academy (?????????), a beautifully arranged gymnasium surrounded by a beautiful garden where Plato; a little north - Gippios Kolonos - the birthplace of Sophocles. Honored archaeologists - Otfried Müller and Letron (Letronne) lie here. Beyond the eastern Diomean gate, south of Lycabettus, was Kinosart (??????????), a gymnasium. dedicated to Hercules, in which Antisthenes, the founder of the cynical school, taught. South of here is Lyceyon (???????), an institution consisting of a park and gardens at the temple of Apollo Likeysky, with a gymnasium in which Aristotle taught. About Athens Topography wed Leake, Topographie von Athen. 2 Aufl. ? bers, von Baiter und Sauppe (1844). Forchhammer, Topogr. von Athen (1842). C. Wachsmuth, die Stadt Athen im Alterthum (Bd. I. 1874). E. Curtius und Raupert, Atlas von Athen (1878). The long walls (?????? ????? or ??? ?????) from 456 connected the city with its harbors; north wall, 40 stages long, ??? ??????? ??????? or??? ???????? (because she was more open to enemy attacks) walked to the north wall of Piraeus; the southern wall is 5 stages shorter than the northern, - ?? ?????? or????????? - led to Faler. Between these two walls was built, however, after 12 years another third, ??? ????? ???????, which also went to Piraeus and had the purpose of maintaining the city’s communication with one of the harbors in case the other was in the hands of the enemy; this also explains the traces of the internal fortifications between both harbors. Since the construction of this inner wall, the Faler wall has been abandoned. The Athenian harbors are formed mainly by a rocky scythe, in the middle of which stands the hill of Munihiya, and at the very end - Piraeus hill. From the southern coast of this peninsula, two almost round natural pools open, connecting narrow straits with the sea; the Munichia basin adjoins more to the mainland, and the Zea basin extends partly between the mentioned hills. Both harbors served as military ports (Zea contained about 200 ships), along with the Kanfara basin located on the other side of the peninsula (o ???????? ?????), which is part of the vast Piraeus harbor; the rest, a much larger part of this last one served for trading purposes only (??????????). One branch of it was called, it seems, Aphrodision. The general raid for warships was the vast Faleron Bay, which was perfectly protected from storms. This bay was the oldest Athenian harbor; other harbors came into use only from 493; last in time was Piraeus. From the Munichi hill, one could quite overlook the whole part of the city. These superbly fortified harbors had their own temples, theaters, etc. In Piraeus there was a large pantry for goods (???????), a large ????????? (store) Filon, shipyards for 400 ships, an extensive grain store (?????????????) Pericles and theater: in Munichia indicated the imaginary tomb of Themistocles (Plut. Them. 32, Paus. 1, 1, 2). Often referred to trial? ??? ?????????? ???????????, who tried people who were expelled for the murder and who were accused of second murder, committed after the expulsion, must have been placed at the entrance to Zeya harbor (the defendants went to the court on the shuttle). To the west of Piraeus was still a small harbor o ?????? ?????, identical, without a doubt, with the so-called ?????? ????? (thieves' harbor), one of the favorite sites of smugglers.

1. Of the towns located on the Athenian plain, it is also worth mentioning:

Aharnah (???????), 60 stages north of Athens, the most significant dem, engaged in agriculture and especially the burning of coal; Kefissia, near the springs of Kefisa near Pentelik; Pallina, with the famous temple of Athens, where Pisistratus defeated the Athenians ( Hdt. 1, 62); Gargett, near Gymett, the birthplace of Epicurus; Alopek, the birthplace of Aristide and Socrates, 10 stages of the journey east of Athens, on Anhesma; Galimunt, the birthplace of the historian Thucydides, north of Cape Coliada, famous for its pottery clay; on the cape stood the temple of Aphrodite;

2. The Eleusinian and Friasian plains, to the west of Athens, where a sacred road led, decorated with many kinds of monuments, led.

Here were: Fria on Eleusinian Kefisa; Eleusis or Eleusis (n. Lepsina) on the northern shore of the gulf of the same name, opposite Salamis, is one of the oldest and most important cities of the country, known for the magnificent temple of Demeter built at Pericles, in which the great Eleusinia was celebrated; Alarich destroyed it, but now large ruins are still visible. Eleuthera, near the Boeotian border, on the Eleusinian Kefis, from where the cult of Dionysus of Eleuthera moved to Athens, in honor of which the Great Dionysius was celebrated; Oinoya, Drimos and Panakton - fortresses that defended the plain from the side of Boeotia; the last of them dominated one of the mountain passages of Kiferon; Phila (n. Fili), a small mountain fortress, from where Frasibul came forward to overthrow 30 tyrants, 100 stages from Athens. Hen. Hell. 2, 4, 2. The last of these places are considered part of II. Diakria, a northeastern mountainous strip running through the entire marathon plain. In it: Dekheleia, 120 stages from Athens (Dekhelea is visible from there), - on the north-eastern edge of the Athenian plain, - a very important fortified place during the Peloponnesian war (ruins at Tatoy); Orop, now belonging to the Athenians, then to the Boeotians, near the mouth of Asop, on its right bank, with the harbor of Delphinion; near it (to the southeast) the temple and the oracle of Amphiarai, which, according to legend, was absorbed here by the earth, while escaping from Thebes; Ramnunt (Tavrokastro), on Euripus, with the famous temple of Nemesis (Rhamnusia virgo); Aphidna and further to the west of Trinemea - at the main source of Kefisa. Cities Tricorif (near Suli), Marathon (n. Vrana, cm. Marathon, Marathon), Oinoya (do not mix with the above) and Provalinf (n. Vasilipirgi) were ??????? ??????????. On the almost completely treeless now marathon plain (about 2 hours long and 0.5-1 hour wide), where Theseus killed the marathon bull, you can see, in the southern part, an artificial earthen hill, about 200 feet in circumference and 36 feet in height probably the common grave of the fallen here in 490 BC by the Athenians; opposite is another small burial mound, under which the corpses of plateaus and slaves were buried ( Paus. 1, 32, 3), disappeared without a trace. The battle site is a narrow, even valley that favored the actions of a small army against a large one. Nearby are the source of Macarius and Mount Pan with a grotto and oracle. III. In Paralia (west coast) and Mesogee (slope south of Pentelikon and east of Paralia), as well as on the east coast: Gali Arafenidskie (???? ??????????), the harbor of de Arafen , south of the mouth of Erasinus, famous for the cult of Tauride Artemis. The nearby Bravron (n. Vraona) was, they say, the place where Iphigenia first came ashore, returning from Tauris with the idol of Artemis; therefore, the Tauride (Bravron) Artemis here enjoyed special veneration and in honor of it annual festivities were held here (?????????); Xerxes took the oldest goddess statue. Every 5th anniversary was also celebrated here by Dionysius. Further south is Styria, where the Styrian road led from Athens; homeland of Feramen and Thrasybul; Prasia (Prassa at Porto Rafti Bay) with the Temple of Apollo and the tomb of Erisichphon, son and heir to Kekrop; he died, however, earlier than his father and Kranai seized power; Potamos with the tomb of Jonah; Torikos (Teriko), one of the oldest settlements in Attica, with a beautiful harbor (n. Porto Mandri) and an acropolis, at the foot of which there are still significant ruins. Sounion - in the north-west of the cape of the same name (n.Cap Colonna), heavily fortified, with the famous temple of Athena now lying in ruins, during which the Panathenes presented sea battles with triremes. In the mining district of Lavrione lay Anaflist (n. Anaviso) with a well-fortified harbor, at the entrance of which - the sediments of Eliuss (n. Lagonisi); further - Sfettos, Lampra, Fora, Anagirunt, near Cape Zostra, with the temple of the mother of the gods; from the stinking shrub growing here ´ ???????? originates the saying ???????? ???????; Exonid Galas with saltworks; Exxon - a significant place, notorious for the quarrelsomeness of its inhabitants; finally, aside from the Styrian road - Peania (n. Liopesi), the birthplace of Demosthenes. Of the islands belonging to Attica, the most significant is Salamis (??????? - ??, n. Kuluri), near the mainland, in the shape of a horseshoe, forming the Eleusinian bay with the shore. In ancient times, it was an independent state ( cm. Aeacus, Eak), then belonged to the Megaras and for a long time served as an apple of discord for the Megarians and Athenians, until it was conquered by Solon and, by the sentence of the Spartans, recognized as Athens. He did not, apparently, be a deme, but was a special state in the supreme dependence on Attica. The ancient main city stood on the south coast, and later was founded by Novosalamin (n. Ambelaki), in the east, opposite Mount Egaleos in Attica. The closest part of the island to Attica is the Kinosur spit, with the grave of a faithful Themistocles dog throwing herself into the sea when the fleet sailed, and the trophy that Themistocles erected in honor of his great victory (480) over the Persian fleet. The battle took place in a narrow strait between Novosalamin and Attica, the Athenians were locked in the Salamis Bay. Hdt. 8, 84 next Near Salamis - the islands of Farmakusa and Psittaleya (n. Lipsokutali); in the last detachment of the Persian ground army was destroyed by Aristide. Hdt. 8, 95. Aesch. Pers. 422. next The island of Helena or Makrida (n. Makronisi) was tightly adjacent to Sounion, where, they say, Elena came ashore either after her abduction or upon her return from Troy. wed generally bursian. Geographie von Griechenland, I. 251 next

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