Sailing ship iol. Sailing ships, their types and characteristics. Sailing yachts. Photo. Masts in the modern world

Project of a cruising yacht with a displacement of 16.8 tons

A cruising yacht with a displacement of 16.8 tons (designed by D. A. Kurbatov) is intended for sailing in the Baltic Sea and Lake Ladoga, as well as for educational and training exits. The main dimensions and main elements of the yacht meet the requirements for the seaworthy class of yachts for the 1958 classification.

Two types have been developed sailing equipment: iol and kech. The iol-type rig with a top staysail provides improved performance and is easier to control.

The yacht is a smooth-deck vessel with a deckhouse at the stern. There are 10 berths (including the captain's cabin) and a spare berth in the galley.

The yacht's household equipment includes a galley with a gas stove, a boat-type latrine, cabinets, lockers and a fresh water system.

1 - after peak; 2 - cockpit; 3 - cutting; 4 - galley; 5 - cabin; 6 - latrine;
7 - bow cabin; 8 - fore hatch.

An option has been developed for installing an M51-U auxiliary engine with an angular reverse gearbox with a power of 62 hp. With. at 1650 rpm. A fuel supply of 300 liters ensures a cruising range of up to 100 miles at 8 knots.

The yacht's hull has sharp contours. Overall completeness coefficient δ = 0.22; longitudinal coefficient of completeness φ = 0.53 and relative length L/D 1/3 = 4.3. The shape of the hull will ensure sufficient stability and propulsion of the yacht.

All-welded steel body St. 3. The dialing system is transverse. The thickness of the outer skin is 4 mm; spacing - 400 mm. Deck flooring 3 mm thick made of steel St. 3 is covered with mastic or wood.

Iols (yols) are small sailing and rowing ships. Sometimes they were called small gunboats. A special feature of the sailing equipment of the Iols was the stern mast (mizzen), significantly lower than the front one, called not the foremast, but the mainmast. Therefore, iolas were often classified as one and a half mast ships.

In 1789 and early 1790, several dozen gunboats with a length of 13 m and an interior depth of 0.75 m were built in Sweden. The boat had 10 oars and one mast. The armament consisted of one 24-pound cannon and several falconets. Team of 24 people. In Russia, iols were built on the model of Chapman's gunner iols.

Unfortunately, these models very often have configuration errors. You are taking risks yourself. If there is a shortage, you will need to contact the manufacturer.. We won't be able to help you. Please treat this with understanding.

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Intraocular lens ophthalm. honey. IOL history of domestic literature history, literature, education and science IOL Institute of Public Leadership in Ukraine: ISL, Institute of Community Leadership ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

IOL- (English). A rowing vessel armed with one cannon. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. IOL English. A rowing vessel armed with one cannon. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that came into use in... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

IOL- (Yawl) a small sailing ship with two masts, a mainsail and a mizzen. The mizzen mast is usually small in size, with only one sail. The boom does not protrude beyond the bilge, which makes it easy to reef the sail. The sail on the mizzen mast at I. has a large ... ... Nautical Dictionary

IOL- male, tul. (bustle, whirlwind) jur, fight, crowd, hustle and bustle. The very end of the fair, collapse, height. Iolosis, iolosis, etc. see spruce. (Yul, Tatar. road, tor.) Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary. IN AND. Dahl. 1863 1866 … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

IOL- (Gol. jol) a small two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails; the stern mast is installed behind the rudder axis... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

iol- noun, number of synonyms: 8 gunboat (3) boat (122) razgar (10) ... Synonym dictionary

iol- a, m. iole f., yole f., goal. jol. mor. Yal, yalbot. Poppy. 1908. 1. A small two-masted sailing vessel with a stern mast behind the rudder axis. SIS 1985. What kind of reward should be given to craftsmen, the structure of floating batteries, ships and gunboats... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Iol- (Gol. jol) a type of two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) differs from the Ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Type I sailing rigs have... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

iol- (Gol. jol), a small two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails; the stern mast is installed behind the rudder axis. * * * IOL IOL (Dutch jol), a small two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails; the aft mast is installed behind the axle... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

IOL- (Gol. jol) a small two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails (see figure). Type I sailing rigs are sometimes used on large yachts, in which the mizzen mast is installed aft of the rudder stock head. Sailing vessel type iol... Big Encyclopedic Polytechnic Dictionary

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The types of sailing rigs are quite varied and depend mainly on the conditions in which the ship will sail and on its size. The armament of sailing ships differs mainly in the shape of the main sails.

Large sailing ships wore (and still wear) so-called straight sails. They are trapezoidal in shape and rise on horizontal yards, positioned symmetrically to the mast and in front of it. Under such sails the ship sails well only with a fair wind; it can only go to the wind at a large angle - about 60-70. On sports yachts, straight sails are not used as the main ones, but on large cruisers, sometimes on passing courses they set a straight additional sail, called a brief.

Sports sailing yachts are equipped exclusively with oblique sails, which are located on one (rear) side of the mast and are attached to it with the leading edge. Oblique sails provide significantly better traction performance when sailing upwind than straight sails.

There are several types of oblique sails.

The quadrangular gaff sail (Fig. 12, c and 13, a) has a gaff-inclined spar, one end resting against the mast. The luff (edge) of the sail is attached to the gaff. The luff of the sail is attached to the mast, and the lower luff is attached to the boom, horizontal spar, which is using a swivel (hinge). connected to the mast. A variation of the gaff sail is the guari sail with a very long gaff (often longer than the boom and even the mast) standing almost vertically.

Currently, double-cutters are used very rarely.

On small yachts, mainly on open sailing dinghies, rack or sprint sails are sometimes installed. They replace the gaff with a batten, to which the upper luff of the sail is tied, and its front end freely extends forward beyond the mast (Fig. 12, a), or with a sprint - a pole that stretches the sail, resting its lower end against the mast, and its upper end against the corner sails diagonally, as on the children's dinghy "Optimist" (Fig. 12, b).

About 40-50 years ago, almost all yachts were armed with gaff sails. Now triangular Bermuda sails are used, which are easier to use and provide better traction qualities.

The Bermuda sail (Fig. 12, d) does not have a gaff, which makes it easier to set. Its luff is attached to the mast, and its lower luff is the same as that of a gaff sail. - to the geek.

Based on the number of masts, yachts are divided into single-masted and double-masted. Vessels with a single mast rig are the cat, sloop and tender; with two masts - iol, ketch and schooner. Sports yachts rarely have more than two masts. An exceptional event in racing practice was the participation in the single-sailor race across the Atlantic in 1972 of the three-masted staysail yacht-schooner “Vandredi 13” with a length of 39 m and a windage area of ​​about 100 m2.

A cat has one mast and one sail, called a mainsail. The cat's mast is placed relatively close to the bow. Cat is a very simple weapon, but it is used only on small yachts with a sail area of ​​up to 8-10 m2. With a larger windage, it is inconvenient - the sail turns out to be high, therefore the force of wind pressure on the Sails is applied relatively high. The yacht has to be made wide, with increased stability.

In the USSR and in most European countries cat (Fig. 12) is the dominant armament of single-handed racing dinghies, operated by one person (for example, dinghies of the “OK”, “Optimist” and “Finn” classes).

To reduce sail height and increase stability, small and medium-sized yachts (sail area up to 60 m2) are most often equipped with a sloop (Fig. 13).

A sloop is a rig in which, in addition to the mainsail, the yacht carries another front sail called a jib. The sloop can be gaff or Bermuda.

The Bermuda sloop is now the most common rig for small and medium-sized yachts. Among the Bermuda sloops, two varieties can be distinguished: the normal Bermuda sloop (or, as it is often called, “three-quarter”, since the staysail usually reaches 75-80% of the height of the mast) and the Bermuda sloop with a top staysail (the staysail is raised along the forestay, which goes on the very top of the mast). The first type is typical for racing yachts, and the second - for cruising and racing yachts (Fig. 13, b and c). The space between the mast and the staysail is called the fore triangle.

Rice. 14 Tenders"
A - gaff, B - Bermuda

When the sail area is more than 60-80 m2, it is divided between a large number of sails. Then they use a type of weapon called a tender. A tender (Fig. 14) carries two or more headsails in the forward triangle, which is why it differs from a sloop. These sails are called: jib (closest to the mast at the bottom), jib (in front of the jib) and jib-topsail (or fly) which is placed at the very top of the mast.

Tenders, like sloops, can be gaff or Bermuda. Gaff tenders most often have a mast that is not solid, but consists of two parts: a mast and a topmast (an extension to the mast on top that can be lowered).

Two-masted rigs (Fig. 15) are used on large cruising yachts, where to reduce roll it is important to have an even lower windage than tenders. In addition, the distribution of the total windage over several sails makes it easier for the crew to work with them, which is especially important on yachts making long voyages. The purely nautical advantages of two-masted yachts are very great: by removing certain sails you can immediately reduce windage, and by combining these sails you can adapt to a wide range of wind forces without taking reefs.

Not very large cruising yachts(50-100 m2) in most cases they are armed with an iol or a ketch. The Iol has a short rear mast (mizzen mast), which is mounted behind the rudder head. The sail on this mast is called a mizzen. The sails can be either gaff or Bermuda. Note that for all two-masted yachts with oblique sails, the type of rig is determined by the shape of the mainsail. So, if the sail has a gaff mainsail, it is called a gaff sail, regardless of the mizzen on it - gaff or Bermuda. The area of ​​the mizzen on the floor is usually 8-10%. total area sail of the yacht.

Rice. 15. Two-masted yachts.
A - Bermuda iol; b - jib ketch. B - gaff schooner; G - Bermuda jib schooner

The ketch differs from the yol in its larger mizzen, which has an area of ​​15-25% of the total sail area, and in that the mizzen mast stands in front of the rudder head.

Like iol, ketch can be Bermuda or gaff. Sometimes a ketch has a mainsail without a boom, with a clew located at the top of the mizzen mast. The lower gap is then filled with a large mizzen staysail. Such ketches are called staysails (Fig. 15, b). A regular ketch or sail can also have a mizzen staysail, only in this case it must be removed when moving the mainsail from one side to the other.

On a mizzen, the mizzen is more of an air rudder than a sail; in addition, in some cases, the mizzen is more convenient from the point of view of the crew’s work on deck and visibility for the helmsman.

The schooner has a rear mast higher than or equal to the front one. The forward mast of a two-masted schooner is called the foremast, and the rear mast is called the mainmast. The sails are called the foresail and the mainsail, respectively. Schooners, like other yachts, can be gaff or Bermuda. Bermuda schooners are often armed with a gaff foresail (at the same height as the Bermuda foresail, it can have a larger sail area than the latter). There is a variety of the Bermuda schooner - a staysail schooner (Fig. 15, d). This schooner does not have a foresail. The gap between the foremast and mainmast (intermast quadrangle) is filled with one or more oblique triangular sails. As a rule, schooners are used to equip the largest yachts with a sail area of ​​more than 150-200 m2.