Architectural ensemble of the Athenian Acropolis. Presentation "Acropolis" for a history lesson Presentation on the theme of the ensemble of the Athenian Acropolis

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Athens Acropolis

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Cities of the ancient world usually appeared near high cliff, a citadel was erected on it so that there would be somewhere to hide if the enemy penetrated the city. Such a citadel was called an acropolis. In the same way, on a rock that towered almost 150 meters above Athens and had long served as a natural defensive structure, an upper city gradually formed in the form of a fortress (acropolis) with various defensive, public and religious structures.
The Athenian Acropolis began to be built up in the 2nd millennium BC. During the Greco-Persian Wars (480-479 BC) it was completely destroyed; later, under the leadership of the sculptor and architect Phidias, its restoration and reconstruction began.

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The walls of the Acropolis are steep and precipitous. Four great creations still stand on this rocky hill. Wide zigzag the road goes from the bottom of the hill to the only entrance. This is the Propylaea - a monumental gate with Doric style columns and a wide staircase. They were built by the architect Mnesicles in 437-432 BC.

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But before entering these majestic marble gates, everyone involuntarily turned to the right. There, on the high pedestal of the bastion that once guarded the entrance to the Acropolis, stands the temple of the goddess of victory Nike Apteros, decorated with Ionic columns.

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The goddess of victory Nike was depicted as a beautiful woman with large wings: victory is fickle and flies from one opponent to another. The Athenians depicted her as wingless so that she would not leave the city that had recently won a great victory over the Persians. Deprived of wings, the goddess could no longer fly and had to remain in Athens forever. The Nika Temple stands on a rock ledge. It is slightly turned towards the Propylaea and plays the role of a beacon for processions going around the rock. Immediately beyond the Propylaea, Athena the Warrior stood proudly, whose spear greeted the traveler from afar and served as a beacon for sailors. The inscription on the stone pedestal read: “The Athenians dedicated from the victory over the Persians.” This meant that the statue was cast from bronze weapons taken from the Persians as a result of their victories.

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The Erechtheion temple ensemble was also located on the Acropolis, which (according to the plan of its creators) was supposed to link together several sanctuaries located on different levels, - the rock here is very uneven. The northern portico of the Erechtheion led to the sanctuary of Athena, where a wooden statue of the goddess was kept, supposedly falling from the sky. The door from the sanctuary opened into a small courtyard where the only sacred olive tree on the entire Acropolis grew, which rose when Athena touched the rock with her sword in this place.

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The central part of the temple is a rectangular room (24.1x13.1 meters). The Turks, who at one time captured Athens and, due to their Muslim beliefs, did not allow images of humans, did not, however, destroy these statues. They limited themselves to only cutting off the girls' faces.

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The Parthenon, the temple of the goddess Athena, is the largest structure on the Acropolis and the most beautiful creation of Greek architecture. It stands not in the center of the square, but somewhat to the side, so you can immediately take in the front and side facades and understand the beauty of the temple as a whole. The ancient Greeks believed that the temple with the main cult statue in the center represented the house of the deity. The Parthenon is the temple of Athena the Virgin (Parthenos), and therefore in its center there was a statue of the goddess made of ivory and gold plates on a wooden base.

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The Parthenon is surrounded on four sides by slender colonnades; gaps of blue sky are visible between their white marble trunks. Entirely permeated with light, it seems airy and light. There are no bright designs on the white columns, as is found in Egyptian temples. Only longitudinal grooves (flutes) cover them from top to bottom, making the temple seem taller and even slimmer.

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Placed on the upper platform of the Acropolis, at an altitude of about 150 meters above sea level, the Parthenon was visible not only from anywhere in the city, but also from numerous ships sailing to Athens. The temple was a Doric perimeter surrounded by a colonnade of 46 columns.

• The Acropolis in Athens is an elevated and fortified part of the ancient Greek city, a fortress, a refuge in case of war. Temples were usually built on the Acropolis in honor of the patron deities of the city.

• You can enter the Acropolis through the heavy gate - Propylaea

• . Immediately beyond the Propylaea there is a view of central square, in the center of which once stood a statue of the goddess Athena Promachos (Warrior)

• To the right of the Propylaea, on a pyrgos (an outcrop of a fortified rock) stands a small, light and graceful temple known as the Temple of Nike Apteros (Wingless Victory)

• Behind the statue of the goddess Athena, Promachos was visible in the distance (architect unknown), temple of Athena and Poseidon on the site of a dispute between these gods for the possession of Attica.

• The main temple of the Acropolis and Athens, the strict and majestic Parthenon

• In the Parthenon Temple itself there was a statue of Athena Parthenos

• The temple and theater of Dionysus adjoined the northwestern slope of the Acropolis

• The Acropolis towers over all of Athens, its silhouette shaping the skyline of the city. In ancient times, the Parthenon rising above the hill could be seen from any part of Attica and even from the islands of Salamis and Aegina;

• After the declaration of independence of Greece, during restoration work (mainly in the late 19th century), the ancient appearance of the Acropolis was restored as far as possible: all late buildings on its territory were eliminated, the temple of Nike Apteros was rebuilt, etc. Reliefs and sculptures of the temples of the Acropolis are located in the British Museum (London), the Louvre (Paris) and the Acropolis Museum. Remaining under open air the sculptures have now been replaced by copies.

See you!

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Acropolis - the city fortress of countries Ancient world located on an elevated place, the fortified part of the city, which served as protection in times of danger. On the Acropolis, temples were erected to the gods, the patrons of the city, and the treasury and weapons of the city were stored. The Athenian Acropolis is a complex architectural and spatial complex that takes into account as much as possible surrounding nature. Situated on a natural limestone cliff 156 m above sea level with a flat top (270-155 m). Based on the found ceramic fragments, the date of the first settlements on the Acropolis is determined (4-7 thousand BC).

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Propylaea – ceremonial entrance to the Acropolis (437–432 BC). Built by the architect Mnesiklos and located in the western part of the Acropolis. The Propylaea, built from Pentelicon marble, stands at the top of a steep slope, to which an 80-meter path originally led. In the middle of the 1st century. The Romans, during the reign of Emperor Claudius, covered the road surface with steps. The Propylaea are two Doric porticos, one of which faces the city, the other faces the top of the Acropolis. The ceilings of the porticoes were decorated with square recesses painted with gold stars on a blue background. Propylaea – ceremonial entrance to the Acropolis (437–432 BC). Built by the architect Mnesiklos and located in the western part of the Acropolis. The Propylaea are two Doric porticos, one of which faces the city, the other faces the top of the Acropolis. The ceilings of the porticoes were decorated with square recesses painted with gold stars on a blue background.

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Where the hillside rose sharply, a transverse wall was built with five passages, the central one intended for ceremonial processions. In normal times it was closed with bronze gates. These gates were the boundaries of the sanctuary. To the right and left of the western portico were pavilions of unequal size. The larger northwestern wing of the Propylaea housed the Pinakothek, an art gallery. In the southwestern wing of the Propylaea there is a library. The Propylaea had no sculptural decoration.

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The Temple of Nike Apteros is an unusually elegant marble temple adjacent to the southwestern wing of the Propylaea, built by the architect Kallikrates. The temple project was carried out in 450 BC, and its construction was carried out in 427–421 BC. The building is placed at a slight angle to the façade of the Propylaea. Standing on a three-stage pedestal, the temple was surrounded on all sides by a sculptural ribbon frieze, which depicted episodes of the struggle between the Greeks and the Persians, and the Olympian gods (Athena, Zeus, Poseidon). Inside the temple there was a now-unpreserved sculpture of Athena Nike, according to eyewitnesses, depicted with a helmet in one hand and a pomegranate fruit, a symbol of victorious peace, in the other.

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The Parthenon is the largest and most famous building in this ensemble, which is also called the “anthem” Ancient Greece and “the beauty of simplicity.” The Parthenon is the temple of the goddess Athena the Virgin. Built by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates, the Parthenon, which fit perfectly into the surrounding area, was distinguished by amazing harmony. This applies to its steps, outer colonnade, pediments, friezes and metopes - square slabs with sculptures, many of which were created by Phidias. The Parthenon building was erected from local white marble, but then painted, and there were two more porticoes with columns inside. Here, on a high pedestal, stood a 12-meter statue of Athena the Virgin by the same Phidias. This statue was made of ivory and gold, and not of bronze and marble, as usual. Phidias made the goddess's clothes and helmet from pure gold, her hair and shield formed gold plates, and precious sapphires were inserted into her eye sockets

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On the southern slope of the Acropolis is the oldest known theaters, - theater Dionysus (god of wine). The theater has 78 rows of spectators, which are divided by a passage into two zones. The passage is also part of the Peripata - the path that surrounds sacred rock Acropolis. The front rows of marble spectators, 67 seats, were intended in ancient times for rulers, archons and priests. In the center of the front rows is the throne of the chief priest of the temple, Dionysus Eleftherius.

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The Erechtheion is an outstanding monument of ancient Greek architecture, made by an unknown author (421–415 and 409–406 BC). The temple, located near the Parthenon, is dedicated to Athena, Poseidon and the legendary king of Athens Erechtheus, who gave the name of the temple. A special feature of the temple is its unusual asymmetrical layout, taking into account the unevenness of the soil. On three sides the building is decorated with porticoes of various shapes, including the famous portico of the caryatids. The temple consists of two rooms located on different levels. Eastern part The temple, located higher than the western one, is dedicated to Athena Pollada.

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