Salmon factories. Sakhalin branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Glavrybvod". Juvenile period of chum salmon development

FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"KALININGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"

(FSEI VPO "KSTU")

Department of Aquaculture

course project

Fish farm for the reproduction of Atlantic salmon in the Leningrad region

"Artificial reproduction of fish"

Kaliningrad 2015

Introduction

1. Biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon (salmo salar linnaeus)

1.1 Description and systematics

2 Distribution

1.3 Life cycle and reproduction

4 Intraspecific biodiversity

5 Embryonic period of development

6 Pre-larval period of development

7 Period of larval development

8 Juvenile period of development

9 Sensitivity of embryos to environmental factors at different stages of development

Selecting a location for a salmon hatchery

Hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics of the Narva River

Fish breeding calculation

5. Description of the technological process of the salmon fish hatchery

1 Selection and keeping of producers

2 Collection of mature gonads from spawners

3 Incubation of Atlantic salmon eggs

4 Evaluation of the quality of fertilized eggs

5 Holding of prelarvae

6 Growing larvae

7 Rearing of juveniles

5.8 Release of juveniles into natural water bodies

Salmon hatchery work schedule

Calculation of equipment for a salmon hatchery

1 Plan and section of the incubation - larval shop

Salmon hatchery water supply and water consumption calculation

Protection of Nature

Salmon fish hatchery composition

Biological efficiency of the salmon hatchery

List of sources used

atlantic salmon fish farming river

Introduction

The formation of fish populations and the active management of their production properties is an important problem of modern fisheries. One of the most real and effective ways to solve it in relation to anadromous salmon fish, including Atlantic salmon, is to grow viable juveniles in fish hatcheries and release them into natural reservoirs. As a result of pollution of rivers by industrial wastewater, timber rafting, construction of hydroelectric power stations, the main spawning grounds and feeding grounds for Atlantic salmon fry are significantly worsened or even completely destroyed. Naturally, this led to a decrease in natural reproduction, a decrease in salmon stocks. The fact that salmon is listed in the Red Book speaks for itself.

In the global aquaculture system, salmonids occupy a special position, which is determined by their biological characteristics and high fishery value. Salmonids are characterized by a complex life cycle, sharp fluctuations in numbers, but at the same time, high reproductive capacity, high growth rate and plasticity. In the modern world catch, salmon make up less than 1%, and their value reaches 15% of the total cost of catches. Salmon in the sea grow faster than other fish, in particular, Atlantic salmon can add 4 kg or more per year.

In the Leningrad region, Atlantic salmon stocks have suffered from many negative impacts, but, obviously, most of all from hydro construction, logging and illegal fishing, as well as increased pollution from a number of new industrial and agricultural enterprises.

Due to the fact that salmon stocks in the Leningrad Region have suffered greatly due to anthropogenic interference, it is also necessary to intensively carry out work to increase the number of Atlantic salmon.

The purpose of the course project is to develop a project for the construction of a fish hatchery for the artificial reproduction of Atlantic salmon in the Leningrad Region with a capacity of 150 thousand fry.

1. Biological characteristics of Atlantic salmon (salmo salar)

1 Description and systematics

Type Chordata - chordates

Subphylum Vertebrata - vertebrates

Class Osteichthyes - bony

Subclass Actinopterygii - ray-finned fish

Order Salmoniformes - salmonids

Suborder Salmonoidei - salmonids

Family Salmonidae - salmonids

Genus Salmo - noble salmon

Species Salmo salar - Atlantic salmon (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 - Appearance of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus)

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), living in the Baltic Sea basin, is called the Baltic salmon; in the north it is customary to call it salmon; in the west it is Atlantic salmon. This is a large, anadromous fish, reaching a mass of 30-40 kg and a length of 1.5 m, with an elongated, moderately laterally compressed body and a relatively thin caudal peduncle. Caudal fin in adult fish with a shallow notch. Scales are cycloid, 109-121 scales on the lateral line, the number of rows of scales from the posterior base of the adipose fin to the lateral line is 11-15, more often 10-13. The ratio of head length to body length is 1:5-6. The mouth is large, the upper jaw is slightly shorter than the lower one, ending at the level of the posterior margin of the eye or (in large fishes) somewhat beyond it. There are teeth on the upper and lower jaws, palatine and premaxillary bones. Several teeth are located in the opener handle and tongue in 2 rows. Vertebrae on average 59-60. pyloric appendages 58-77.

The dorsal fin is located in the middle between the snout and tail, a small, elongated adipose fin is located in the middle of the anal. The anal fin is smaller than the dorsal, located directly behind the anus. The pelvic fins are located under the back of the dorsal fin, the pectoral fins are located directly behind the gill cover.

Depending on the stage of the life cycle of the Atlantic salmon, its color varies significantly. Juveniles (parr) have from 8 to 11 wide dark transverse stripes on the sides of the body. Small red spots are visible between the stripes. In salmon living in the sea, the body from below is silvery, silvery-white, the back is brown, greenish, dark blue. On the surface of the body, especially above the lateral line, x-shaped dark spots are scattered. With the approach of spawning, sexually mature fish acquire mating attire. They lose their silver color and become dark, bronze or brown. Red and orange spots appear on the head and sides of the body. The skin on the back thickens and the scales sink into it. Not only the appearance changes, but also the skeleton. In males, the front teeth increase, the snout and lower jaw lengthen and bend in a hook-like manner. Sometimes (to a lesser extent) similar changes in appearance and skeleton are clearly visible in older females.

Life expectancy is short and only sometimes exceeds 8-9 years.

2 Distribution

Atlantic salmon is an anadromous species of the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, spawning in rivers from Portugal (Duero River) and Spain to the Urals (Kara River), found off the coast of Iceland, as well as along the coast of the North, Baltic and Barents Seas. Salmon fattens in a vast area - in the entire Northeast Atlantic, but the main wintering grounds in the sea are located in the area of ​​the Faroe Islands, Iceland and West Greenland (Fig. 2). In Russia, it enters the rivers of the Baltic, Barents and White Seas, to the east to the Kara River, in large lakes it forms a freshwater form. In Russia, there are residential salmon in Lake Imandra, the system of lakes Kuito (Upper, Middle and Lower), Nyukozero, in lakes Kamennoye, Vygozero, Segozero, Sandal, Yanisyarvi, Onega and Ladoga. In Europe, freshwater salmon is also found in Norway (the system of the Otra and Namsen rivers), Sweden (Lake Vänern) and Finland (Lake Saimaa).

Figure 2 - Distribution area of ​​the Atlantic salmon

3 Life cycle and reproduction

The life cycle has the following characteristic features. Being a typical migratory fish, the Atlantic salmon spends part of its life in the sea, part in the river. While feeding in the sea, salmon keep close to the shore at depths of no more than 120 m. Where it feeds on capelin, gerbil, herring, smelt and other fish, as well as some crustaceans. The growth rate in the sea is very high - for the year the increase in body weight reaches 1-4 kg or more. Having lived in the sea from 1 to 3 - 4 years, adults make anadromous migration to rivers, where they breed. Once in fresh water, salmon stop eating, while they lose a lot of weight. The color of their muscles from bright orange gradually becomes pale yellow and grayish.

It has been proven that salmon return to spawn in the rivers where they were born, that is, they have a well-defined domestic instinct (homing). Spawning grounds can be located hundreds of kilometers from river mouths. Rising to these places, salmon are able to overcome very serious obstacles in the form of waterfalls, rifts, shallow waters.

Spawning usually occurs in September-November, when the water temperature drops to 9 - 7 °C and below (Fig. 3). The further south the spawning grounds are located, the later spawning occurs. Atlantic salmon spawns on rocky-pebbly shoals located in sections of rivers with a flow rate of 0.5 to 1.5 m / s and depths of 0.2 to 1.5 - 2.0 m. -3 m, where (usually at night) they lay large bright orange or yellow eggs, which are immediately inseminated by males.

Figure 3 - Scheme of the river period of life of the Atlantic salmon

Females, with the help of tail movements, cover their eggs with gravel, pebbles, thus arranging nests (spawning mounds). Spawning of each female can last up to 2 weeks, and during this time several nests appear.

Most of the Atlantic salmon, especially males, die after the first spawning, but unlike the Pacific salmon, part of the spawning spawners of the Atlantic salmon survive and come to spawn again. The surviving spawned individuals (valchaks) sometimes roll into the sea shortly after breeding, but more often remain in the river for the winter and leave in the spring after the ice breaks; at the same time, they again begin to actively feed. After a year or two, they again go to spawn. Usually salmon spawns 2-3 times in a lifetime (rarely 5).

Fertility ranges from 6 thousand to 26 thousand eggs.

The water temperature at salmon spawning grounds in winter does not exceed 6 °C, so the eggs develop slowly. The incubation period is about 180 days. Only in May the prelarvae hatch from eggs, and then the larvae and juveniles live for a long time in fresh water. After a long larval period and transition to mixed (endogenous and exogenous), and then only exogenous feeding, the fry leave the nests and switch to an active lifestyle. The composition of their diet is determined by the composition of the food supply in the habitats, its seasonal and interannual changes, as well as changes in the nature of the nutrition of the juveniles themselves. The food spectrum of parr is quite wide and mainly includes the larvae of various insects and some molluscs. Larger specimens partially switch to a predatory lifestyle, eating small bottom fish. The duration of the river period of life depends on the geographical latitude and specific temperature conditions of the river. Young salmon do not look like adult fish and have even been described as a separate species in the past. These are brisk and mobile fish, motley-colored, with dark transverse stripes on the sides, with a dark back covered with brown and red round spots (parr). Parr feed in the rivers on caddisfly larvae, crustaceans, and insects that have fallen into the water. They descend very slowly to the mouths. After 1-5 years, having reached a size of 9-18 cm in length, they go out to sea. At this time, dark stripes and spots disappear from them, and the body is covered with silvery scales. This transformation is called smoltification from the accepted English name for the silvery stage - "smolt". Their migrations begin in the spring when the temperature and water level in the river rise. But not all parr roll down to the mouth and turn into smolts. A significant part of them remains on spawning grounds and there they become sexually mature already in the second year of life. These are dwarf males. In appearance, they are not much different from juvenile juvenile parr. They take part in the spawning of fish that came from the sea, when the main male, standing next to the female, begins to drive away large rivals. Females need to migrate to the sea to mature; in rivers, they usually do not mature. But if the female at the smolt stage is transplanted into a pond and provided with abundant food, then in the end it is possible to achieve her maturation. In the sea, salmon grows extremely fast. If for 3 years of life in the river the parr grows by 10 cm, then for one year of life in the sea it adds 23-24 cm. Salmon is a fast and muddy fish and can make very long journeys, covering a distance of 2500 km at an average speed of 50 km per day in 50 days.

4 Intraspecific biodiversity

The Atlantic salmon has an amazing variety of biological forms, the representatives of which are distinguished by size, spawning time and the state of the gonads. In our rivers flowing into the seas, from August until freezing, there is a large autumn salmon. Its reproductive products are very poorly developed. The course is interrupted with the onset of winter. Part of the autumn salmon, which did not have time to enter the rivers, winters in the estuarine spaces and enters the river immediately after the ice breaks (mid-late May). Such salmon is called "ice". Autumn salmon spends a year in the river without feeding, and only the next autumn comes to spawning grounds. Apparently, this form needs a dormant period at a low temperature. Her L.S Berg called winter. Following the ice in June, salmon enters the rivers - "cutting", mainly large females, with already significantly developed reproductive products. In July, it is replaced by summer salmon, or "low water", in which caviar and milk are well developed. The cutting and low water reach spawning grounds and lay eggs in the same autumn. This is a spring form. Together with the low water, "tinda" (bluish) enters the rivers - small (45-53 cm in length and weight 1-2 kg) males that have matured in the sea in one year, with well-developed testes, who have been in the sea for only one winter. Many (sometimes up to 50%) male salmon do not go to sea at all. They mature in the river and have mature sex milk already at a length of 10 cm, so females predominate among autumn salmon, ice and low water. In some rivers, along with autumn salmon, "leaf fall" enters - a small form similar to tindu, but among which there are also females. Unlike tinda, her gonads are immature and she will spawn only next autumn, after spending more than a year in the river. After being at sea for only one year, she returns to spawn and spawns in the same autumn, without needing a dormant period.

Thus, the diversity of biological groups fits, according to the definition of L.S. Berg, into 2 main forms (races) - spring and winter. Spring (for example, low water, tinda) enter the river with developed gonads and participate in spawning in the same year. Winter crops (leaf fall, autumn, ice) enter the river or approach estuaries with underdeveloped gonads and spawn only in the next season. In the north, spring and winter forms of salmon are ubiquitous, but in different rivers in different proportions. In the rivers of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, only the spring race of salmon is common, however, there are examples when 1-2 specimens were caught in the Neva River in some years. winter females.

1.5 Embryonic period of development

In the embryonic period, 7 stages and 36 stages are distinguished. Stage. Fertilization- the blastodisc is formed, inside which the male and female reproductive nuclei meet and merge.

Stage II. Splitting up. Blastomeres are formed (large cells that result from the division of the blastodisc). For the entire period of crushing, 11 approximately equal in time cycles of doubling the number of cells (from 2 to 1000-2000 cells) occur. Last from 2 to 6 stages. Stage. Blastulation. There are a number of signs that can be identified only with the help of special research methods that characterize the transition of embryos to this stage: a sharp increase in the time of doubling the number of cells; the appearance at the border of the yolk and the embryo of the periblast, a special layer of cytoplasm in which giant polyploid nuclei are formed and which, apparently, plays a role in the primary processing of nutrients coming from the yolk to the embryo; the appearance of a unicellular layer of cylindrical epithelial cells on the outer surface of the blastodisc.

Then there is a flattening of the cells of the blastodisc. There is an active movement of cells from the center of the disk to the edges, as a result, its middle part becomes thinner, and a thickened roller or germinal ring is formed along the edge. Includes stages 7 - 9. Stage. Gastrulation. An accumulation of cells appears on the inner side of the embryonic ring, which then begins to grow - a field is formed, which is called the embryonic shield. This embryonic streak is an axial complex consisting of a notochord, a nerve cord, and two mesoderm streaks. It lasts from 10 to 11 stages. The formation of the germ shield begins at the 11 stage.

Yolk; 2 - drops of fat; 3 - blastodisk; 4 - germinal ring; 5 - embryo; 6 - imprint of the blastodisk at the site of its original position before the start of growth. Stage. Somitogenesis. The growth and differentiation of the entire axial complex occurs, and the mesoderm strips are dissected into separate bodies or somites. In total, up to 66 - 67 pairs of somites are formed, of which 60 - 62 with the same time interval between successive pairs. The formation of cerebral vesicles, auditory vesicles occurs, pigmentation of the eyes begins, the formation of pectoral fins begins, a heart tube forms, 4 gill slits form, a yolk vein forms on the yolk and continues to grow, vessels of the eye cups appear, the anterior part of the chord begins to vacuolize. Includes steps 12 - 23 .

VI stage. Vascularization of the yolk sac. Liver differentiation occurs. There is complete vascularization of the yolk. The anlage of the anal fin is marked by the formation of processes in 4–6 postanal myomites (derivatives of the corresponding somites). The processes of myotomes are formed and grow into the dorsal part of the fin fold in the area of ​​21-27 trunk segments, which indicates the anlage of the dorsal fins. Blood circulates through 4 branchial arteries and through all segmental vessels, reaching the last segments through the caudal artery. The blood cells become discoid. The length of the embryo is 10.7 - 10.9 mm. Includes steps 24 - 28 . Stage Formation of reference rays in the caudal fin. There is a gradual increase in the number of rays in the caudal fin. Mass hatching occurs at a temperature of 1.0 ºС and below. Anlage of lepidotrichia in the dorsal and anal fins. The snout of the embryo is greatly elongated, and the notch in the fin fold behind the dorsal fin deepens. Up to 20 caudal support rays are formed in the caudal fin. In the area of ​​the future adipose fin, the fin fold begins to expand.

From the 34th stage, the hatching period begins at a temperature of 2 - 3 ºС and above. There are signs of readiness to hatch:

Intensely pigmented parietal part of the head - "pigment cap";

vertically cut fin fold behind the dorsal fin;

the yolk sac becomes elongated from rounded;

The head and especially the snout are elongated.

Stage 35 is the end of the period of mass hatching at a temperature of 1 ºС and below. The snout of the embryo lengthens even more, and the notch in the fin fold behind the dorsal fin deepens.

The length of the embryo is 17.5 - 18.5 mm. Lasts from stages 29 to 36. The embryonic period of development of the Atlantic salmon is very long (up to 7 - 8 months).

6 Pre-larval period of development

Includes stages 36 - 38.

Reference rays are laid in the pectoral fins.

A notch of the fin fold is formed behind the anal fin. The formation of the adipose fin continues. The prelarvae begin to swim.

There is a reduction of the fin fold in front of and behind the dorsal fins. The yolk sac is significantly reduced: its caudal edge is at the level of the pelvic fins. Melanophores densely but evenly cover the entire surface of the body of the prelarva. The length of the prelarva is 26 mm.

1.7 Period of larval development

The remainder of the yolk at the beginning of the larval development period, which is characterized by a mixed type of nutrition, is 10-30%, depending on the water temperature. The duration of mixed nutrition (also depending on the water temperature) is 10-30 days. During this period, complex transformations take place in the body associated with the beginning of the functional activity of individual interconnected organ systems: digestive, secretory, excretory, etc. There is a change of primary erythrocytes by secondary (definitive) ones. By the end of the larval period, a scaly cover is formed and sex differentiation begins. All these processes require a lot of energy, which must be supplied to the body with food from the outside. With a long delay in the start of nutrition with external food, the normal course of development is disturbed, which leads to death. Body length 27 -28 mm.

The period lasts from stage 39 to stage 41.

8 Juvenile period of development

Basically, this is a period of increasing body weight. When the juvenile reaches a weight of 5-7 grams, it begins the process of smoltification, consisting of a number of complex morphophysiological transformations, as a result of which the body is preparing for the transition from the benthic river to the pelagic way of life in the sea.

The external expression of this process is a change in the exterior (increase in runability) and color (replacement of the color of the parr, characteristic of the river period of life, with an even silvery, without spots). The completion of the smoltification process with a complete or almost complete transition to a silvery color is usually observed in the spring (late March - early June, depending on the climatic conditions of the habitat). Under certain environmental conditions (light and temperature regimes), juveniles with a completed smoltification process (called smolt or downstream) have a migratory impulse that provides catadromous migration (downstream) from a river to a sea or lake (the so-called stingray).

During the period of smoltification, especially at its completion, juvenile Atlantic salmon have an increased sensitivity to adverse environmental conditions - temperature fluctuations, a decrease in the oxygen concentration in the water, transplantation, and pollution. The smoltification process: from the appearance of the first signs to the completion of silvering in natural conditions is carried out quickly (1 - 1.5 months).

Due to the fact that silvering usually reflects the condition and readiness of juveniles for migration, observations of this process are of paramount importance for hatcheries. For this purpose, a special scale has been developed for visual determination of the degree of silvering (Table 1).

Table 1 - Scale for determining the degree of silvering of juvenile Atlantic salmon

1.9 Sensitivity of embryos to environmental factors at different stages of development

Fish eggs in the process of embryonic development go through a number of critical periods, when an increased sensitivity of embryos to various abiotic environmental factors (temperature, gas composition of water, salinity, mechanical stress, etc.) is observed. This is due to the fact that during critical periods there are significant changes in the restructuring of the metabolism of the developing embryo.

Atlantic salmon roe has a number of critical periods:

36 hours after fertilization and up to the "eye" stage (stage 26). Caviar should be disturbed as little as possible. At a temperature of 10 ºС in 36 hours, development progresses to approximately the 6th stage. The "eye" stage refers to the period that begins with the appearance of embryos visible through the shell of pigmented eyes - continues until almost hatching. This period takes about half of the total incubation time. The "eye" period is the most convenient and safest for various types of movement and transportation of caviar. After fertilization of the eggs, after about 6 days of development at a temperature of 5 ºС (up to the 8th stage of development), an increase in the stability of the embryos is observed. During this period, they are quite resistant not only to temperature, but also to mechanical stress.

· After the middle blastula stage, the sensitivity of the embryos increases. This is revealed not only by temperature, but also by mechanical influences (shaking, shocks, etc.).

· The most sensitive stage (the end of fouling) the egg turns white (dies) if it is only moved with a feather. Increased sensitivity of eggs during the fouling of the yolk with a layer of blastoderm is associated with two processes: thinning of the cytoplasmic yolk membrane, the material of which goes to build the blastodisc during crushing and blastulation; an increase in the tension of that part of the yolk membrane that remains uncovered by the blastoderm during the fouling period (stages 12–15); By the end of fouling, the thickness of the yolk membrane reaches a minimum; therefore, the sensitivity of eggs to the impact is greatest at this stage.

After the completion of the fouling of the yolk, it becomes protected, in addition to the yolk membrane, by a single-celled layer of the periderm, due to this, the stability of the eggs increases. The process of fouling with a new shell is accompanied by fouling with a dense network of blood vessels - vascularization. After vascularization, the protection of the yolk sac becomes so reliable that in the future, the death of eggs is accompanied not by whitening of the yolk sac, but by whitening of the embryo itself.

Transportation, selection and other manipulations with embryos are possible at the stages of swelling up to stage 8. After that, a period of increased sensitivity begins, lasting up to stage 27 (Figures 6 - 24), with a maximum of sensitivity during the fouling period. In the period of development from the 27th stage to hatching, the embryos show high resistance to various kinds of influences.

2. Choosing a location for a salmon hatchery

A site on the Narva River was chosen for the construction of a fish hatchery. This site is located in the lower reaches of the river, 10 km from the confluence with the Narva Bay (Gulf of Finland). The site is located near the large settlement Ivangorod.

The choice of location is based on the following parameters:

1) the main part of the spawning stock of salmon enters this channel of the river;

2) this area, as well as the entire lower reaches of the river, is suitable in terms of hydrological and hydrochemical conditions for spawning and reproduction of salmon;

3) the presence of settlements in this area makes it possible to provide a fish hatchery with labor;

4) roads pass near the district, near settlements - these circumstances solve the problem of communication with large cities and delivery of the necessary equipment and mineral fertilizers;

5) the source of water supply in this case will not be polluted by industrial and domestic urban wastewater;

6) the chosen place is well suited for the release of juveniles.

3. Hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics of the Narva River

Narva (Narova; Estonian Narva) is a river on the border of Estonia and the Leningrad region of the Russian Federation. The river originates from Lake Peipus-Pskov and flows into the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea.

· The length of the river is 77 km, of which 40 km is the upper course, 20 km is the middle course, and 17 km is the lower course.

· Basin area - 56,200 km².

· The discharge of water at the mouth near the Narva is 399 m³/sec or 12.58 km³/year, which is 78 m³/sec or 2.46 km³/year more than at the source.

· The fall of the Narva is 30 m, of which 19% (4 m-7.5 m) falls on the Narva waterfalls, and 16% (5 m) on the Omut rapids.

· Potential hydropower resources: average annual capacity 141 MW, average annual output 1235 million kWh.

The average width is 200-300 m, however, downstream of the HPP up to 390 m, and the greatest width is observed in the upper reaches of Verkhovsky Island - about 900 m.

The prevailing depth is 3-4 m, in some places up to 6 m, below the hydroelectric power station - up to 11 m, before the mouth - up to 15 m.

· The average flow velocity of the Narva is 1 m/s, up to 3 m/s on the rapids, and up to 0.5 m/s in the lower reaches.

· Ice phenomena on Narva last up to 5.5 months, in summer - low water.

· Feeding of the river is mixed with a predominance of snow (Lake Peipsi brings most of the water).

Main tributaries: Plyussa, Rosson. Narva is rich in fish. Roach, perch, bream, pike, rudd and others live here, just like in Lake Peipsi and Narva reservoir. However, salmon and eels spawn in the lower reaches, as well as Narva lamprey, beloved by gourmets.

Table 2 lists the general requirements for water supplied to the hatchery by Atlantic salmon.

Table 2 - General requirements for water supplied to the farm

From the tabular data, it can be concluded that the water quality in the water source (river) fully corresponds to the biological needs of the species.

4. Fish calculation

Fish breeding calculation was made on the basis of biotechnical standards presented in Table 3.

Table 3 - Biotechnical standards for the breeding of Atlantic salmon by fish hatcheries in the Leningrad Region

We calculate the required number of Atlantic salmon producers to produce 150,000 smolts:

1. Withdrawal from the total number of reared juveniles from the total number of reared juveniles 5%:

150*100/95=158 thousand pieces of downhill at the beginning of aging

2. Departure of underyearlings during wintering 5%:

158*100/95=166 thousand of underyearlings at the beginning of wintering

3. Waste during transportation of downstream animals to the cage base 5%:

166*100/95=174 thousand underyearlings before transportation.

4. Culling of underyearlings 15%:

174*100/85=205 thousand underyearlings before culling

5. Yield of underyearlings before winter 75%:

205*100/75=272.9 thousand underyearlings at the beginning of wintering

6. Culling of non-standard fry 5%:

272.9*100/95=287.3 pcs. fry before culling

7. Yield of larvae during rearing period 75%:

287.3*100/75=383 thousand larvae at the beginning of rearing

8. Outlet of larvae during the holding period 90%:

383*100/90= 425.6 thousand larvae at the beginning of keeping

9. Yield of caviar for the period of incubation 90%:

425.6 * 100/90 = 472.9 thousand eggs at the beginning of incubation

10. The percentage of fertilization of eggs is 95%:

472.9*100/95=497.8 thousand eggs received from producers

11. The number of females (with a working fertility of 6 thousand eggs):

497.8/6=83 pcs. females

12. The ratio of females to males 4:2: 83/2=41 pcs. males

13. The number of females that gave good-quality caviar from the number of matured 75%: 83*100/75=111 pcs. females used to collect reproductive products

Maturation of female sires 85%:

*100/85=130 pcs. females were initially harvested

15. Waste at aging 10%:

females: 130*100/90=144 pcs. females to maturation

males: 41*100/90= 45 pcs. males to maturation

16. Producer reserve 30%:

females: 144*130/100=187 pcs. females, taking into account the reserve

males: 45*130/100= 58 pcs. males, taking into account the reserve

17. Waste of producers during the period of transportation from the places of capture in the slots 1-5%:

females: 187*100/98= 191 pcs. females.

males: 58*100//98= 59 pcs. males.

5. Description of the technological process of the salmon fish hatchery

Artificial breeding of salmon is one of the most effective ways to increase natural resources and preserve the salmon gene pool in natural reservoirs. This is a complex technological process that combines five main interconnected links:

Working with manufacturers

caviar incubation,

keeping prelarvae,

growing larvae,

Growing fry and juveniles.

It is especially important to use the right biotechnology at the initial stages of the technological process, since it is here that the entire further course of artificial reproduction is predetermined and a complex process is carried out - from fertilization to the formation of a whole organism from a zygote with its numerous interconnected organ systems.

The duration of the individual stages of the reproduction process is different, and depends on the rate of development and the degree of morphological and physiological transformations occurring in the body. With this in mind, the fish farmer needs to relatively quickly and timely create new conditions by changing the temperature, flow, illumination, stocking density, etc. Otherwise, the body will experience depression, the development of certain vital functions may be inhibited, and they will not be able to manifest themselves in the right time. This will lead to disruption of life, and subsequently, possibly, to the death of the fish.

5.1 Selection and keeping of producers

The company harvests spawners who came to the river with immature sexual products. Harvesting of spawners is carried out during the mass spawning run on fishing grounds (tonya). Atlantic salmon spawners are caught in the rivers with fixed and cast nets. Producers will procure in July-October.

Producers are transported in slots. The slots are towed by towing boats. One longboat can tow two slots. Towing slots with manufacturers should be carried out during daylight hours and no longer than 8-10 hours.

During the transportation of spawners, the behavior of the fish and the temperature of the water should be constantly monitored. Blows, mucus abrasion, squeezing, asphyxia (during a dense landing), lifting by the tail or gill cover lead to an increase in the waste of producers and adversely affect the quality of germ cells.

Manufacturers are harvested with a reserve of usually 30% in case of waste during transportation and aging. Males are harvested 10 - 15% less than females, since their sperm matures in portions, which allows them to be reused when kept in cages.

Salmon spawners are kept until full maturation in cages of various designs with good water exchange and the possibility of a quick and complete catch. For aging, healthy, full-fledged producers are selected, without lesions of the skin and gill apparatus, without signs of disease. Body weight and conformation indicators are close to the average for a given population or herd.

Spawners caught in different areas or rivers are kept separately. In some female salmon, the maturation of the gonads is delayed, which affects the quality of the eggs. Due to the uneven development of the gonads, as well as the appearance of blood and other impurities of gonadal origin, the collection of eggs is often complicated, which is also associated with poor keeping conditions of the producers.

When the spawning time approaches, when the water temperature drops to 8-70 C, the channel cages are caught, females and males are placed separately in wooden rack cages of the first category or in various pools with an area of ​​2-10 m 2 (preferably with a central drain), where all producers check for maturation every 4-5 days. The stocking density of Atlantic salmon in the cage is 1 piece/m 2 . Fishes close to stage V of maturity of reproductive products are transplanted into cages or pools of the second category, where the degree of maturation is determined every 1-2 days in order to prevent over-ripening of reproductive products, especially caviar.

2 Collection of mature gonads from spawners

Producers are checked for maturation every 2-3 days. Caviar and sperm from mature fish are obtained by straining.

Evaluation of caviar quality

The degree of maturity of females is judged by the softening and retraction of the walls of the abdominal cavity in the posterior part of the body when they are lifted by the caudal peduncle (due to the movement of part of the mature eggs that have fallen out of the ovaries into the anterior part of the body cavity).

Caviar should be collected in enameled or polyethylene basins with inclined walls. In one basin, you can strain 3-4 liters of caviar from 2-4 females of one group. Caviar that comes out in lumps, with blood, with a large number of whitened eggs, cannot be used. A female with such caviar should be discarded.

The quality of caviar is influenced by: the age of females, their growth rate, the place of eggs in the egg, the temperature regime before ovulation. It has been established that the best quality caviar (uniform distribution of fat droplets in the cytoplasm, transparency of the caviar shell and cytoplasm, and other parameters) can be taken from females that have spent 3-4 years at sea or spawn for the second or third time.

After the end of the collection of eggs, the females are weighed, their length is measured according to the Smith method and the scales are taken to determine the age, samples of eggs (40-50 pieces) are recorded to determine their quality.

Visual assessment of eggs is a primary assessment of the state of eggs, which allows you to select eggs that are obviously unsuitable for incubation.

Ovulated caviar is evaluated according to the following criteria:

by the color of the carotene pigment of the yolk (yellow, bright orange, red);

according to the quantity and consistency of the ovarian fluid (thick, thickish, watery, liquid);

by the number of opaque whitish eggs (immature caviar);

according to the number of swollen eggs in the body of the female (overripe eggs) - most of them die 3-5 hours after fertilization, the rest after 10-12 days;

by the number of degenerated eggs that died in the body of the female (crumpled caviar);

The diameter of high-quality salmon caviar ranges from 5.6 to 6.8 mm, weight - in the range of ~ 120-150 mg.

A sign of maturation of males is the appearance of a drop of milk when lightly pressed near the anus.

Wiping the abdomen, anal and pelvic fins dry, the sperm is collected in pre-prepared clean dry test tubes (volume 15-20 cm 3) with stoppers and labels. Sperm from one male is filtered into a separate test tube. It is necessary to ensure that water, mucus, blood, urine, intestinal contents do not get into it, since when moisture enters the ejaculate, sperm quickly (after 1.0-1.5 minutes) lose their ability to fertilize.

Sperm quality assessment

Good quality semen has a pure white color, medium density, with an ejaculate volume from 8-10 to 20-25 µl, with an activity of at least 30-40 s, and a spermatozoa concentration of at least 10-12 million pcs/ml. Sperm actively move when activated by water. It has been established that the quality of sperm depends on the age of males. The milk of younger (A.2+, A.3+) salmon males, including dwarf ones, is characterized by especially good quality.

Sperm activity mainly depends on water temperature and time:

at a temperature of 5C sperm are active up to 85 s;

at 8-11C on average - 30-35 s (maximum 62 s);

during the first 50-60 s, the ability of sperm fertilization is 90-100%;

after 110-120 seconds, only 10% of the eggs are fertilized by sperm.

Sexual products of salmon males mature and are excreted in portions, in this regard, each full-fledged male during spawning can be used 4-6 times every 3-4 days. Since males mature earlier, their reproductive products can be collected in advance in test tubes with stoppers and placed in a thermos with finely chopped ice. Milk can be kept in a thermos for three days.

Insemination of eggs and preparation for incubation

Caviar insemination is carried out in a dry way. In order to reduce the individual influence of salmon males, each portion of caviar must be inseminated with the sperm of 2-3 males. In total, 1.5-2.0 ml (½ teaspoon) of sperm is enough to inseminate 1 liter of eggs. Before the influx of sperm, the eggs should be protected from even small amounts of moisture in any form - mucus, precipitation and other things, since after 3-4 minutes. after water up to 30-40% of the eggs lose their fertility. After pouring sperm to the caviar, the sexual products are thoroughly mixed, water is immediately added to them (0.5 l per 3-4 l of caviar) and mixed again. After that, the fertilized eggs should stand for 3-5 minutes. Then, carefully pouring water along the wall and also carefully draining it, the eggs are washed from the remnants of sperm, cavity fluid and from the emerging stickiness until clean water is drained. The volume of water should be 3-4 times greater than the volume of caviar, and the water should be changed every 30-35 minutes. The total duration of caviar swelling is 4-6 hours.

All operations with eggs after insemination should be carried out only in water, at a constant temperature equal to the temperature of the water in the river.

Then the caviar is carefully washed from the remnants of sperm and abdominal fluid until the stickiness disappears completely. Washed caviar is placed under a stream of water to swell. The total duration of swelling is 4-6 hours. During this time, the eggs increase in volume and become elastic. In this state, they should be placed in devices for incubation.

3 Incubation of Atlantic salmon eggs

Incubation of eggs is carried out in MI devices (Fig. 5). The size of the device 0.8x0.4x1.2 m is used for multi-layer incubation of trout and salmon eggs, keeping prelarvae until the larval period. Due to the peculiarities of the device and the circulation of water in the vertical direction from the bottom up perpendicular to the plane of the frame, the caviar is placed in 10 - 12 layers, and not in one or two layers. The IM incubation apparatus consists of 10 paired caviar containers installed one above the other in two sections of the frame (5 pieces in each section). Frame platforms intended for installation of sections have a lateral axis of rotation and can be pulled out of their nest.

Each container - section of the incubation apparatus consists of two cylindrical vessels nested one inside the other. The inner vessel is designed to accommodate caviar. It has a mesh bottom raised above the bottom of the outer vessel and is closed with a lid. The outer vessel serves to receive water. In the center of it rises a pipe for collecting waste water and supplying it to the underlying vessel. The pipe is closed with a mesh cap.

Fertilized eggs are placed on the mesh bottom of the inner vessel with a layer of 8-10 cm, that is, in 10-15 rows in the amount of about 30 thousand eggs, and then it is closed with a conical lid. The total capacity of the device is about 300 thousand eggs. Water is supplied to the upper section on the conical lid, flows down between the walls of two vessels, rises through the mesh bottom of the inner vessel, washing the eggs on its way, and is discharged through a tube with a mesh cap onto the conical lid of the underlying section. Having reached the lowest section, the water is discharged from the apparatus. The water consumption in the apparatus is 15 l/min per 300,000 eggs.

Caviar is incubated at the optimal temperature for the species (4.5-6 ºС). The condition of the caviar is checked every 4-5 days by opening the lids of the apparatus in turn and illuminating the caviar (with a light bulb - no more than 20 W) (Fig. 6).

a - general view, b - caviar section.

Cover, 2 - mesh cap; 3 - drain pipe; 4 - inner vessel; 5 - caviar; 6 - external vessel; 7 - mesh bottom; 8 - the space between the mesh bottom and the outer vessel.

Figure 5 - IM device

Figure 6 - IM incubators in working condition

Dead (whitened) eggs, especially those covered with saprolegnia, must be removed. Data on the number of selected eggs are recorded in the incubation log for each frame separately. Saturation of water with oxygen at the outlet of the apparatus must be at least 60%. To determine the approximate timing of the onset of hatching, the timing of the onset of the stage of onset of eye pigmentation can serve as a criterion. The hatching progress of the prelarvae is recorded in a journal. Delayed hatching and a significant amount of residual eggs characterize the poor condition of the prelarvae.

The apparatus combines the processes of incubation of eggs, hatching of prelarvae and keeping them up to the larval stage of development. It has been established that the design of this apparatus, which makes it possible to simulate the natural conditions of incubation of salmon eggs in spawning nests, makes it possible to reduce the waste of eggs by 2–3 times, reduce water consumption and the production area by 5–6 times, and reduce labor costs by 5 times compared to tray devices.

The temperature regime for developing salmon fish embryos should correspond to the optimal one formed during their evolution. The effect of light on embryos depends on the intensity, duration and number of exposures. When working with salmon caviar, it is necessary that the illumination be no more than 100 lux.

The embryos released from the shells pass the stage of the passive state within 10-12 days, which is characterized by endogenous nutrition and low mobility. At the age of 10-15 days, free embryos begin to move actively, turn their backs up and gradually form fan-shaped clusters, orienting their heads in one direction. They develop photophobia (negative phototaxis), a positive reaction to the flow of water. Some of the most developed individuals begin to rise to the surface of the water, swallow air, which fills the swim bladder. During this period, intensive development of pigmentation is observed. The body darkens and acquires an olive color with a greenish or brownish tint. Accumulations of pigment cells form transverse spots characteristic of juvenile Atlantic salmon. The appearance of such spots is one of the clearest signs characterizing the transformation of free embryos into larvae and their readiness for transition to exogenous feeding.

Duration of maintenance of salmon prelarvae before switching to active feeding is 30-40 days.

5.4 Evaluation of the quality of fertilized eggs

The size of the eggs, the amount and color of the carotenoid pigment do not always correspond to the maximum yield of viable larvae. Under production conditions, it is recommended to conduct a more detailed study of the quality of eggs during the embryonic period, since due to damage in the nuclei of eggs, defective embryos are formed, which die before hatching, during hatching and during the transition of larvae to active feeding. During the incubation period, the quality of eggs of individual females is determined by express and cytological methods.

Express method- this method, at a certain stage of embryogenesis, accurately and quickly determines the ratio of unfertilized and developing parthenogenetically, but still transparent eggs. For this purpose, 100-150 eggs are placed in a 5% formalin solution. Non-viable eggs in solution turn white after a few minutes (protein coagulates), while viable eggs remain transparent.

The percentage of live embryos on the 30th - 40th day of embryogenesis shows the percentage of fertilized eggs (during this period, all unfertilized eggs die) and predetermines the maximum yield of larvae.

If the percentage of live embryos decreased in the second half of the embryonic period, it is necessary to consider additional reasons (violations of biotechnology, inferiority of producers, as well as a discrepancy in the quality of their reproductive products) that influenced the results of incubation.

cytological method- this is an experimental method by which the quality of caviar is determined by changes in the nuclei of cells (morphological changes in the structure of chromosomes, aneploidy, degeneration of the cell nucleus) of a developing embryo at the stages of metaphase and anaphase.

At the stages of blastula and early gastrula, eggs (50-100 eggs) are fixed with 96% alcohol and glacial acid in a ratio of 3:1. After fixation, the embryo is immediately removed from the egg and stained with acetocarmine for 24 hours.

The percentage of changes in the nuclei reflects the number of undeveloped or non-viable embryos that appear during hatching and the most advanced stages.

5 Holding of prelarvae

Keeping prelarvae of Atlantic salmon is carried out in the same containers in which eggs were incubated. The hatched prelarvae fall through the mesh of mesh frames, fall to the bottom of the incubation apparatus, and lie motionless for several days (dormancy stage). They lie on their side and do not react to light.

After 3-5 days, the yolk sac lengthens and becomes oval. Aged prelarvae are not fed. Their growth and development occurs through the use of nutrients from the yolk sac. The presence of a large number of prelarvae with a rounded yolk indicates their poor quality. During the period of keeping prelarvae, it is necessary to provide normal conditions for respiration and removal of metabolic products. In this regard, the water flow is regulated and the protective gratings on the spillway are cleaned regularly 2-3 times a day. Inventory for each pool is separate and is contained in a weak solution of formalin or 1-2% sodium chloride solution. Inventory can be disinfected with iodine preparations. The condition of prelarvae is checked every 1-2 days. Lumps of saprolegnia are removed with tweezers, very dirty devices are thoroughly washed. The illumination of the workshop during cleaning is weak.

On the 8-10th day after hatching, the devices are completely closed, as the prelarvae begin to actively move, turn their backs up, line up in "fans", orienting their heads in one direction, they develop photophobia (negative phototaxis), a positive reaction to flow and touch . Samples (20-30 prelarvae) are recorded for growth rate analysis. The speed of water flow is controlled (increased flow violates the integrity of the yolk sac, its back part is sometimes separated and the embryo is deprived of part of the nutrients).

The main reasons for the separation of part of the yolk are: high planting density, increased flow, substrate that does not meet the requirements.

Cleaning of the apparatuses is carried out at a time when healthy free embryos diverge in the corners and to the walls, and in the middle more often only retarded, weak, sick and dead individuals remain, which are selected with a net or pear. During this period, it is necessary to strictly monitor the temperature of the water, which determines the rate of their development and the course of resorption of the yolk.

Within 20-25 days. the water temperature gradually rises from 3-5 to 10-12˚С.

The oxygen content must be constantly monitored (several times a day), and the content of nitrogenous substances in the apparatus is recommended to be monitored every 2-4 days. At the outlet from the apparatus, the saturation of water with oxygen should be at least 65-70% saturation, and the content of nitrites should be less than 0.1 mg / l.

6 Growing larvae

Under optimal conditions, the prelarvae pass to the larval stage of development on the 25-30th day. The length of the larvae is 25-28 mm, body weight is 130-170 mg, the rest of the yolk sac is 30-35%.

The course of formation of salmon larvae must be assessed by external signs, i.e. According to the color intensity of pigment spots on the body and the formation of a notch in the caudal fin.

External and objective indicators of the formation of larvae and their preparation for the transition to active feeding:

the mass of the yolk sac is about 30-35% of the total mass;

dark spots on the back, later on the sides of the body;

notching of the caudal fin (angle 90°-100°) and formation of rays in both the caudal and other fins;

change in behavior - sensitivity to light gradually disappears, individuals stay in more lit places, rise to the surface of the water and swallow air to fill the swim bladder.

The beginning of a mixed diet is one or two (sample of 10-15 pieces) larvae with the above characteristics.

Atlantic salmon larvae hardly get used to the capture of food particles, so this period is considered one of the most difficult in the fish breeding process. An important condition for the start of feeding salmon larvae with food is a steady increase in water temperature to 10 - 12 0 C and illumination in the workshop of about 100 lux. At this water temperature, the larvae become accustomed to artificial food within 2-3 days. The larvae are gradually accustomed to the light, the curtains are removed from the windows, then the lids on the apparatuses are moved apart, leaving a part of the area near the outlet closed.

It is necessary to start accustoming the larvae to food when the remaining yolk is 20-40% of the original volume. At the same time, the instinct of imitation inherent in them should be taken into account and the larvae should be kept at a density of at least 10 thousand pieces / m 2. To consolidate the food reflex, it is necessary to strictly observe the established routine (the sequence of maintenance of the apparatus, the supply of additional light signals, etc.).

If the mode of accustoming to light is violated, the larvae weaken. In the presence of 10% or more weak larvae, tonic baths from 0.8-1% sodium chloride solution should be used for 20-25 minutes. After a day, the bath can be repeated. If after the second or third bath the number of abnormal larvae does not decrease (developmental disorders are already irreversible), then the remaining larvae from this apparatus should be grown separately.

Poor-quality starter feeds or their lack destabilize the growth of digestive organs - the stomach shortens, the size of the liver changes, the functioning of other important organs and systems. Under natural conditions, the larvae feed on organisms brought by the current; therefore, at the beginning of active feeding, the larvae must learn to assimilate the food moving at the level of their body.

The juveniles feed most effectively when the water level is close to 15 cm, at a water flow rate not exceeding 8 times the body length per minute.

7 Rearing of juveniles

The juvenile period is characterized by the transition to an exogenous mode of nutrition. The beginning of the period - 40-50% of the larvae feed on artificial food, i.e. completely switched to active nutrition. The yolk sac is completely resorbed, all fins are formed, rays are segmented in unpaired fins, the body cover is pigmented, the larvae pass to the juvenile period of development.

Rearing of Atlantic salmon juveniles at fish farms is the longest and one of the most labor-intensive stages of the technological cycle. In the vast majority of cases, parr fry are under fish breeding control from the beginning of formation to smoltification for at least two years.

The most common and effective method of rearing juvenile salmon fish is the trough-pool method. Its essence lies in the fact that when the juveniles reach a mass of 0.4-1 g, they are sorted by size, discarding the unviable, and planted in nursery structures: wooden or cement once-through pools; iron enameled straight-through trays; reinforced concrete round pools, Swedish type plastic pools.

Wooden and cement pools have an elongated rectangular shape (size 4-5×0.5-1×1) with water inflow and outflow from opposite end sides. To protect juveniles from leaving the pools, metal nets are installed on the inlet and outlet. The depth of the water layer in the pools is 0.4 m. Reinforced concrete round pools have a diameter of 2 and 3 m. The height of the pools is 0.8 m. The water layer in it is maintained at a level of 0.4 m. Water is supplied from a flute and discharged through a central drain closed with a mesh cap. Plastic pools of the Swedish type are rectangular, round and square with rounded edges. The latter are widely used in practice. Square pools have dimensions of 1 * 1 or 2 * 2 m or more. Their depth is 0.6 m. The layer of water when growing underyearlings is 0.4 m. Water is supplied to the pool through a tube connected to the inner side of its wall. Water is discharged through the central drain, covered with a mesh cap, into a water discharge tube that runs under the bottom and ends with an elbowed tube that regulates the water level. There is an emergency drain at a distance of 10 cm from the upper edge of the pool wall. It is a hole that is closed by a wall from the inside of the pool, and a hose is inserted into it from the outside. The opposite end of the hose is attached to the elbow tube. This additional design prevents the overflow of the pool with water and the departure of juveniles from it in case of clogging of the central drain. The stocking density of juveniles in such containers should not exceed 0.5-1 thousand pieces / m 2 for the period of its cultivation to a mass of 1-1.5 g, the water in the growing containers is changed every 15 minutes. Water consumption is set depending on oxygen saturation, temperature and fish weight.

At the initial stage, underyearlings are grown at a water temperature of 8-13°C and an oxygen content of 9-12 mg/l (70-100% saturation).

During the whole period of rearing of underyearlings, it is necessary to select dead juveniles every day before morning feeding and clean the pools with brushes, removing food residues, excrement and silt deposits. It is necessary to observe the growth of juveniles, at least 1 time in 10-15 days make control weighings and measurements of grown juveniles. The average weight and length of juveniles is determined by weighing and measuring 50-100 fish.

Young salmon grow unevenly, so they are sorted, selecting larger fish and transplanting them into a separate tank or tray. Sorting is carried out at least once a month. The water temperature is controlled 3 times a day, and the control of the hydrochemical regime is carried out 2 times a month.

Juvenile feeding

Feed for salmon juveniles should be complete and contain all the necessary amino acids, including essential, various minerals, trace elements and vitamins; granulated feed is also used to feed juveniles of different ages (Table 3). The first 5 - 6 days. food is given 10-12 times, later - 8 times, and after 10-12 days - 6 times (automatic feeders are used).

Table 4 - Chemical composition of granular feed used for feeding Atlantic salmon fry, %

Also, juveniles are fed with feed mixtures, which are based on the following components: beef spleen, minced fish, fish, meat and bone, blood and algae meal, fresh-frozen caviar of marine fish phosphatides and other components.

Juvenile Atlantic salmon most readily eat food that is on the surface or in the water column. Feed that has fallen to the bottom of the pool is practically not eaten by juveniles, but only pollutes the water. Feed should be given in small portions several times a day to avoid polluting the water. For the distribution of feed, you need to use special feeders with automatic feed control. In the process of feeding, it is necessary to strictly observe the correspondence between the size of juveniles and the granular feed given to them. If the size of the granules is not suitable for a given juvenile, then the biological and economic indicators deteriorate, and the feed coefficient increases.

Pools are systematically cleaned from food residues, every 5-7 days the growth rate is monitored (determined by average body weight in g) and the average daily weight gain (in %).

8 Release of juveniles into natural water bodies

A very important stage in the course of salmon ontogeny, which follows the parr stage. A number of morphological changes occur in the body of fish, the purpose of which is to prepare the body for migration to sea water. Keeping these processes in mind and striving to ensure the good condition of the fry, it is very important to establish the onset of smoltification in a timely manner. Most often, it is necessary to focus on visually identifiable signs, such as schooling behavior, degree of silvering, conformation, size of fish. If possible, it is recommended to monitor the dynamics of physiological processes, since external signs do not always correspond to the degree of preparation of the salmon body for migration. The physiological status of fry can be determined using the classic salt test, which measures the osmoregulatory properties of the organism by immersing it in a salt solution for 24 hours. marine. It is possible to influence the processes of smoltification by changing the regime of water temperature and the duration of the light period (artificial photoperiod).

Salmon is released into natural reservoirs. In order to form the homing characteristic of these fish, it is recommended to release them in spring, since the release of smolts in autumn gives a lower fishing return, which is associated with a decrease in the functional activity of the osmoregulatory system and endocrine glands in juvenile salmon in autumn.

When stocking with salmon fry from fish hatcheries, it is necessary to take into account the ecological and hydrographic parameters of water bodies, recommendations of scientists, monitoring data of local populations, etc. Fish from hatcheries for stocking is transported in special vehicles equipped for such purposes, in containers with good aeration.

6. Calendar plan for the work of a salmon fish hatchery

Producers are harvested in July-October. Producers are transported in slots. Manufacturers are harvested with a reserve, usually 30%. Breeders are kept in the same terms, and spawners caught in different areas or rivers are kept separately.

Producers are checked for maturation every 2-3 days, spawning of producers occurs in September-October, caviar and sperm are obtained by straining.

Caviar incubation is carried out in IM devices and lasts 180 days. Caviar obtained from mature spawners: the first hatching of prelarvae occurs on March 13-15, hatching ends on April 29-30.

Keeping prelarvae lasts 30-40 days, the transition to active feeding of the first occurs on the 10th of April, remaining by May 18th.

The rearing of larvae takes 25-30 days; the prelarvae pass to the larval stage of development from May 10 to June 7.

Cultivation of underyearlings begins from June to mid-October, after which underyearlings are transplanted for wintering. By April-May of the next year, juveniles reach a weight of 15 g, at which they are released into natural reservoirs.

Repair work is planned in February (before the start of the process of keeping prelarvae) and in June (after the release of juveniles into natural conditions).

The first week of each month is allotted for classes on the safety and professional development of employees.

Figure 7 - Calendar schedule for the work of a salmon hatchery

7. Calculation of equipment for a salmon hatchery

Producers are harvested from July to October. For the delivery of spawners to the RP, Astrakhan-type slots are used, with a volume of 81 m 3, the planting density in one slot is 4 specimens. / m 3 :

♀ + 59 ♂ = 250 items manufacturers / 4 pcs. m 3 \u003d 62.5 m 3, so 1 slot is needed for transportation.

For pre-spawning maintenance of spawners, channel cages are used, 2-4 m long, 1.5-2.0 m wide, 1.5-2.0 m high and with a planting density of up to 30 kg / m 3: cage = 2 × 2 × 1.5 \u003d 6 m 3, the capacity of one cage is 24 copies. fish, therefore, for females we need 191/24 = 8 cages, and for males 59/24 = 2 cages.

Further maturation of producers is carried out in rack-and-pinion cages, with a volume of 9.6 m 3 and a planting density of 40 kg/m 3 . Based on the average weight of one mature fish (7-8 kg), the stocking density is 5 pcs. copies per m 3. Therefore, the capacity of one cage is 48 fish. For the maintenance of females, we need 4 cages, for males - 1.

For the incubation of eggs, IM devices are used, with a volume of 0.4 m 3, the capacity of one device is 300 thousand pieces. eggs. According to the fish breeding calculation, we are ready to load 497.8 thousand pieces into the machines. eggs / 300 thousand pieces = 2 incubators needed. Prelarvae are kept in incubators, because the rate of loading of incubators with eggs and prelarvae differs, so we need to transfer some of the prelarvae to frames and place them in pools. Knowing the design of the incubation apparatus, we calculate the capacity of two devices for prelarvae, we get 100 thousand pieces. prelarvae. The number of prelarvae placed for holding is 425.6 thousand pieces, which means 325.6 thousand pieces. prelarvae are placed on frames for keeping. The frames are placed in 2×2 Swedish-type pools. The loading rate of one frame is 2.5 thousand pieces / m 2, the density of planting of prelarvae for keeping is 10 thousand pieces. on m 2. The number of frames placed in the pool is 40 thousand pieces. / 2.5 = 16 frames, so for 130 frames we need 8 pools.

For growing larvae, we use Swedish-type plastic pools, square, with rounded edges, 2 × 2 in size. The number of larvae placed for rearing is 383 thousand pieces. / 8 thousand pieces / m 2 \u003d 47.9 m 2. The area of ​​one pool is 4 m 2, which means 12 pools are required.

Table 5 - Calculation of equipment for a salmon hatchery

1 Plan and section of the incubation - larval shop

According to the calculations given above, two MI incubators will be used for the incubation of eggs. Part of the prelarvae will be kept in incubators, while the other part will be placed on frames in eight Swedish-type tanks, 2×2 in size. To grow larvae, you will need 12 Swedish-type pools 2 × 2 in size. For the maintenance of fry, pools of the Swedish type, 4 × 4 in size, in the amount of 11 pieces, will also be used.

Figure 8 - Section of the incubation-larval workshop (M 1:20)

Figure 9 - Plan of the incubation - larval shop (M 1: 100)

8. Water supply of salmon hatchery and calculation of water consumption

The water consumption per 1 million eggs during incubation in the IM incubators is 5 l/s, therefore, the water consumption in two incubators for 497.8 thousand eggs is 2.5 l/s. Water consumption per 1 million prelarvae during keeping 7.0-13.0 l/s. As mentioned earlier, 100 thousand pieces. we will keep prelarvae in incubators for them, the water consumption will be equal to: 0.7 l / s, and 325.6 thousand pieces. We placed the prelarvae on frames in Swedish-type pools; for them, the water flow rate was 2.3 l/s. Water consumption per 1 million larvae during rearing is 10.0-12.0 l/s. For 383 thousand pieces. larvae, the water consumption will be equal to 4.6 l / s. Water consumption per 1 thousand fry increases to 5-6 l/min. Based on 8-10 thousand pieces. fish: 6/60=0.1 l/s, hence the water consumption for 272.9 thous. fry will be equal to 27.3 l / s. The volume of the emergency tank (reserve 15-20 min.): V \u003d 1.6 × 20 × 60 \u003d 1920 \u003d 2 m 3.

Table 6 - Calculation of the one-time water consumption at the hatchery

Figure 10 - Water consumption of salmon fishery

9. Nature conservation

The construction of dams on rivers and the construction of reservoirs, the water of which is used by various industries, adversely affect the reproduction of anadromous and semi-anadromous fish. However, it must be pointed out that fish farming is developing in the reservoirs from year to year. Cooling ponds can also be used for fish farming.

Significant damage to the reproduction of fish stocks is caused by the timber industry by deforestation along the banks of rivers, in the tributaries and upper reaches of which there are spawning grounds for valuable commercial fish. Deforestation accelerates the melting of snow, and the rapid runoff of water washes away the soil. Soil particles silt up the rivers, stopping the flow of groundwater, and thereby worsen the hydrological regime of the rivers. The plowing of slopes and river floodplains exacerbates the siltation of spawning grounds. Ultimately, this leads to the failure of spawning grounds.

The pollution of rivers, lakes and seas by wastewater from industry, utilities and agriculture has a harmful effect on fish. Wastewater contains chemical compounds that have a depressing and sometimes detrimental effect on the fauna of reservoirs. The pollution of reservoirs with oil and products of its processing has a particularly harmful effect on fish and their food base.

Excessive fishing can cause great damage to the reproduction of fish stocks. The irrational use of fish stocks leads to a sharp reduction in the number of fish and, in the future, to a decrease in commercial catches.

From all of the above, it follows that human economic activity often worsens the conditions for the reproduction of fish. Therefore, the creation of the necessary conditions for the reproduction of fish stocks is a priority problem and requires the fish industry to carry out the following measures in a complex:

1) rational use of fish stocks (regulation of fishing and limiting the catch of valuable commercial fish, catching low-value fish);

2) protection of natural reproduction (maintenance or creation of conditions for the natural reproduction of commercial fish, mainly reclamation measures);

3) artificial fish farming;

4) acclimatization of commercial fish and food organisms.

Applying these measures, it is possible to approach the solution of the problem of reproduction of fish stocks in modern conditions. However, no matter what direction the reproduction measures take, in all cases the primary task remains the protection of natural reproduction. This also determines the corresponding requirements of fisheries for the water regime of inland water bodies in their complex use by various sectors of the economy and industry.

Fish protection authorities have the right to bring claims against state enterprises, organizations and institutions to recover funds to the state for compensation for damage caused to fisheries as a result of violation of the Rules for Fishing and Protection of Fish Stocks, using these funds for measures to reproduce fish stocks.

One of the most important tasks of fish farm operation services is the rational use of water resources and their protection from pollution.

The schedule of water consumption of the fish farm must be linked to the hydrograph of the intra-annual distribution of runoff, so that in the water source, after the withdrawal of water from it for the needs of the fish farm, the minimum sanitary consumption is maintained, the value of which is determined by the water protection authorities.

To account for the amount of discharged and withdrawn water, the project provides for special water-measuring devices (measuring weirs, conical inserts, etc.).

When developing measures to protect water bodies from pollution, in addition to engineering survey materials, materials of pre-project studies and approvals are used as the main initial data, the most important of which are the site selection act for the construction of a fish farm, approved in the prescribed manner, the conclusion on the site selection act of the local sanitary - epidemiological service, as well as technical conditions for special water use, issued together with the permission of the basin authorities for the protection and use of water resources.

Requirements for the quality of water discharged from a fish farm are standardized depending on the category of the water receiver to which it is directed, the degree of its background pollution, and the presence of other water consumers near the discharge point (downstream). These requirements are issued by the water resources protection authorities when choosing a site and are the initial data for the development of measures to protect the reservoir from pollution.

The following categories of wastewater are discharged from the fish farm:

waste water from fish ponds during water exchange and emptying during fishing, related to normatively clean (normatively purified waters);

waste uncontaminated water from technological processes in the incubation-larval shop;

waste uncontaminated water from water exchange in wintering ponds (wintering complex);

household wastewater and industrial wastewater equated to them from the feed kitchen, live feed growing workshop and laboratories;

rainwater, related to normatively purified water.

Discharge waters of incubation and larval workshops, formed after incubation of eggs, holding and rearing of larvae, as well as water from wintering ponds and complexes, practically do not differ from water taken from a water source, in comparison with which the content of dissolved oxygen decreases by 1-2 mg/l, and the concentration of carbon dioxide and ammonium nitrogen increases to 0.5 - 1.0 mg/l. These waters are discharged without treatment.

Storm water is drained from the territory of the economic center through an oil trap. The car wash site should have a closed water supply system that does not have a discharge, in which only the replenishment of losses is provided.

Also, the waters of the administrative and technical block should be subjected to purification.

The maximum allowable concentrations (MPC) of some harmful substances in the water of fishery reservoirs are presented in Table 7.

Table 7 - MPC of some harmful substances in the water of fishery reservoirs

10. Composition of salmon fish hatchery

The Atlantic salmon hatchery consists of:

) Main production building, which includes departments for incubation of eggs, rearing of larvae, rearing of juveniles;

) Administrative and technical block with storage and amenity premises;

) Technical services unit: water intake, pumping station, water tower, chemical laboratory and water treatment unit

) Warehouse of fuels and lubricants, workshop and garage, which are located on the most remote site from the production building;

) Treatment facilities.

Under production conditions, salmon fish are grown in open water supply systems. Open systems, which feature natural water flow, are often the cheaper alternative. However, in such systems it is more difficult to control environmental factors, including the spread of disease. However, conditions close to natural are created here, and the use of such systems can be advantageous when raising fish to restore natural resources. In them, the body can better adapt to future natural conditions.

The water supply of the projected enterprise is pressurized. The source of water intake is a river, on its bank a water intake structure with a fish trap is installed to prevent weed fish from entering the main canal. The pressure is created using a pumping station, from the well the water goes to the chemical laboratory. Waste water passes through treatment facilities and is discharged into the river. Water is supplied to the administrative and technical block from a well and is discharged into a sump through an oil trap (Fig. 11).

1 - water intake with a fish barrier; 2 - pumping station; 3 - chemical laboratory; 4 - incubation-larval shop shop; 5 - shop for rearing larvae, growing juveniles; 6 - administrative - technical block; 7 - household and service premises; 8 - well; 9 - workshops; 10 - garage; 11 - storage of fuel and lubricants; 12 - oil trap; 13 - sump; 14 - sump; 15 - water supply network; 16 - drainage network; 17 - feed warehouse;

Figure 11 - Composition of a salmon hatchery

11. Biological efficiency of the salmon hatchery

Commercial return from released juveniles (15 g downstream migrants) 5% (0.05), according to the condition, the capacity of the farm is 150 thousand downstream migrants.

thousand skiers - 100%

x=0.075% commercial return under factory conditions.

Working fecundity of 1 female 6 thousand pieces, biological fecundity in natural conditions is higher by 25%.

thousand pieces-100%

x = 7.5 thousand pieces eggs fecundity of 1 female in vivo.

PC. females * 7.5 thousand pieces = 1432.5 thousand eggs - fertility in natural conditions.

The commercial return from caviar under natural conditions is 0.125% (0.0012) .

X=0.02% commercial return under natural conditions.

BEF \u003d 0.075 / 0.02 \u003d 3.75.

Fishing return under artificial conditions is 3.75 times greater than the fishing return under natural conditions.

List of sources used

1. Atlas of the USSR. - 2nd ed. - M.: Main Directorate of Geod. and cartographer. at the Council of Ministers of the USSR, 1969. - 253 p.

Biotechnology of artificial reproduction of fish, crayfish and conservation of commercial fish stocks. Editors: Ph.D. Khainovsky K.B., doc. Nauk Budrene A., Skyabene S., Zhalakyavichene I. - Vilnius, 2008. - 222 p.

Grinevsky E.V., Kaspin B.A., Kershtein A.M. Designing of fish-breeding enterprises. - Moscow: Education, 1990. - 296 p.

Ivanov A.P. Fish farming in natural reservoirs. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1988. - 367 p.: ill.

Kazakov R.V. Biological bases of breeding Atlantic salmon. - M.: Light and food industry, 1982. - 144 p.

Kazakov R.V. Artificial formation of populations of anadromous salmonids. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - 239 p.

Methodology for assessing damage to aquatic biological resources caused by the implementation of planned economic or other activities. - M.: FGUP "VNIRO", 2007. - 52 p.

Moiseev P.A., Azizova N.A. Ichthyology - M .: Light and food industry, 1981.- 45s.

Novikov P.I. Northern salmon - salmon - Petrozavodsk.: State Publishing House of the Karelian-Finnish SSR, 1953. - 134 p.

Nikolsky G.V. Private ichthyology - M.: Higher school, 1971. - 436 p.

Serpunin G.G. Biological bases of fish farming. Laboratory workshop: textbook for students studying in the direction 110900.62 - Aquatic bioresources and aquaculture and specialties 110901.65 - Aquatic bioresources and aquaculture - Kaliningrad: FGOU VPO KSTU, 2003. - 211 p.

Serpunin G.G. Biological bases of fish farming. Guidelines for laboratory work No. 3. "Stages of normal embryonic, pre-larval and larval development of the Atlantic salmon" for university students majoring in 561100 "Aquatic bioresources and aquaculture". - Kaliningrad.: KSTU, 1992. - 35 p.

Sokolov A.A. Hydrography of the USSR: Land waters. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1964. - 534 p.

Serpunin G.G. Artificial reproduction of fish: a textbook. - Moscow: Kolos, 2010. - 256 p.

Serpunin G.G., Shibaev S.V. Guidelines for the implementation of final qualifying works, term papers and projects for students of the Faculty of Bioresources and Nature Management. - Kaliningrad: KSTU, 2007. - 5 p.

Serpunin G.G. Artificial reproduction of fish. Guidelines for the implementation of the course project in the specialty 110901.65-Water bioresources and aquaculture. - Kaliningrad: KSTU, 2009. -30 p.

Collection of regulatory and technological documentation for commercial fish farming. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1986.

http://www.rare-maps.com

Chefras B.I. Fish farming in natural reservoirs. - M., 1958. - 305 p.

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Factory farming of salmon has more than a century of history. It can be argued that the world has already established a practice of correlation between the participation of the state and private business in this branch of fisheries. There are 14 national and 9 federal salmon hatcheries in 4 Pacific states of the USA. 25 factories are owned by the indigenous population and probably have state support, and only 5 factories are private. In Alaska, 20 out of 48 plants are the main ones and are owned by the state government. The rest are private property. In Japan on about. There are 37 state and 6 municipal factories in Hokkaido, and 104 private factories, but these are usually small factories. Almost all factories located on Honshu are owned by private cooperatives. In Canada, only 29 factories are financed by the government. In the Republic of Korea, there are factories at scientific institutes, and their work is financed by the state (two factories), and the rest are private. From the above data, it is obvious that the APR states are actively involved in maintaining the number of salmon by financing the work of salmon hatcheries. However, private factories successfully operate nearby.

This issue in Russia deserves special attention and cannot have a single solution in general throughout the Far East. In each of the regions, specific conditions for the hatchery reproduction of salmon and its correlation with their natural reproduction have developed. In addition, in most cases, salmon hatcheries carry an important social burden, providing employment for the local population. Without taking into account these features, it is impossible to approach the solution of this problem.

According to the developed Federal Target Program "Improving the efficiency of use and developing the resource potential of the fishery complex in 2009-2013", it was planned to reconstruct and build new salmon hatcheries in the Far East in the amount of 21 plants for a total amount of almost 4 billion rubles (4012.2 million rubles). rub.). At the same time, in addition to the reconstruction of pond areas and other hydraulic structures, it is planned to carry out either a complete reconstruction or new construction at 12 plants, bringing the release of downstream fry to 194 million. For these purposes, it is planned to allocate 3,348.1 million rubles from the total amount. Based on these indicators, then an impersonal salmon fry will cost 17.26 rubles. capital investment per skier. And if we take such a species as chinook salmon, then according to the Program for 1 downstream this amount could be 635 rubles. If the reconstruction of the two Primorye plants takes place, then the specific capital costs may amount to 14.1 rubles. on a skier. For comparison, I will point out that the specific capital investment per 1 chinook downstream (the most expensive in cultivation) at North American plants is 7.62 rubles. ($0.238). Naturally, these calculations for our plants were made on the basis of the programmed figures. Now it is not known what was actually included in the Program, since it was sequestered, and some of the objects were excluded. If the sequestration amounted to 30%, then even then the capital costs will amount to 12.1 rubles. on a skier. It is obvious that during its preparation, no one particularly went into the economy. Otherwise, there would not have been such a planned cost of one downhill.

Let us now touch on the situation with the construction of private factories in Russia. As you know, they are mainly built on Sakhalin. According to the chairman of the Association of Salmon Fish Hatches of Non-State Forms of Ownership of the Sakhalin Region, 1.5 billion rubles were spent on their construction. In 2008, these plants produced 227.4 million pieces of juvenile salmon, which amounted to only 6.6 rubles. capital investments per 1 skier. These figures are quite comparable with those for US plants, but almost 2.6 times lower than those planned by the Program.

The second part of the cost of salmon farming is the unit operating costs for the operation of the hatcheries. At the same time, they are based on wages and energy costs. For example, in the US North Pacific plants, operating costs exceed capital costs by 2.3 times, and 50% of them are wages. In Russia, the situation is different due to low wages. As a result, in Russia, the specific capital costs, on the contrary, are twice as high as operating costs. Nevertheless, for example, at the plants of Amurrybvod in 2007, wages accounted for 37% of the total cost of their maintenance. Factories of non-state forms of ownership are also in more favorable conditions here. As a rule, the number of permanent employees working for them is reduced to a minimum. Peak labor requirements at hatcheries occur only during the laying of eggs and during the feeding of juveniles. At this time, temporary workers are being hired. This is exactly what private salmon farms in Sakhalin practice. State salmon plants constantly maintain a staff. For example, in 2009, the annual financing of two Primorsky plants amounted to about 50 million rubles. With the planned release in 2010 of 19.89 million pieces of juvenile chum salmon and salmon, operating costs will amount to 2.51 rubles. for 1 skier. As a result of this, it is obvious that the operating costs in a private plant are much lower.

The establishment of a salmon farm by OOO Kometa (Sov-Gavansky District, Khabarovsk Territory) deserves special consideration. Its current capacity is 24 million pieces of downstream chum salmon fry. The history of the creation of the chum salmon herd is interesting. In 2003, on about. For the first time, 230,000 chum salmon juveniles grown at the Anyui farm were delivered to Tikhoe for the first time. His chum salmon in the tributaries of the lake. Quiet was not due to the lack of spawning grounds. In the next two years, juveniles continued to be imported from the same hatchery, bringing up to 955 thousand. However, already in 2007, the first returns of producers began, and in 2008, according to the accounting work, 51,319 chum salmon specimens approached the plant. This made it possible already in 2009 to release 13.31 million chum salmon fry. Good results at this plant were also obtained for sima, but work on it was stopped due to the presence of this species in the Red Book of the Khabarovsk Territory. Thus, following the Ryazanovskiy EPRZ, the possibility of creating industrial populations of chum salmon in rivers, where there is enough water for the plant, but there are no spawning grounds, has been convincingly confirmed. However, the entry into force at the end of 2008 of the new law "On Fishing" placed this plant outside the legal field of Russian legislation, like all private plants on Sakhalin.

Let's consider this situation in more detail. Private salmon hatcheries in Sakhalin were created on the basis of contractual relations with the Federal Agency for Fisheries and had the right to catch returning fish. With the release of the law “On Fishing and Conservation of Aquatic Biological Resources”, non-state-owned plants lost the right to catch a return, as fish from salmon juveniles released into the sea becomes state-owned. The entrepreneur has no right to catch it. Under these conditions, the already built salmon plants were outside the legal framework. Even the permitted capture of spawners for the purposes of reproduction, which takes place at the factories of Sakhalin, determines the inexpediency of the fish-breeding activities of a private entrepreneur. Obviously, under the current legislation, new plants will not be built at all. And the fate of those already built is a big question.

In connection with the foregoing, the persistent desire of the state to transfer fish-breeding enterprises in concession is completely incomprehensible. Firstly, the existing legislation excludes the possibility of commercial activity of a fish-breeding enterprise with the release of juveniles into the natural environment. Secondly, so far there is no law either on aquaculture or a law on concessions. In the current realities, it is completely unclear what proposals the Federal Fisheries Agency can prepare “on the possibility of privatization, leasing or using in other forms of public-private partnership part of the capacities for the artificial reproduction of aquatic biological resources.” It is this task that is written in the Decision of the last Collegium of the agency. Without appropriate laws, no by-laws and interim internal regulations will be able to really affect the positive economic side of the functioning of a private fish-breeding enterprise.

There can be only one way out of this situation. Bringing legislation in line with the realities of the existence of salmon plants already built by private firms. With their obvious economic feasibility, they should have the right to exist.

This is especially true in the context of the economic crisis, when the state does not have enough funds to finance its enterprises.

Viktor MARKOVTSEV, Leading Researcher, FSUE TINRO-Center, Ph.D.

The composition of the LRZ includes (Fig. 10):

1. Producer holding cages

2. Shop for insemination and incubation of eggs (Fig. 11)

3. Workshop-nursery with nursery channels

4. Administrative - technical block

5. Fuel depot, garages and workshops

6. Oil trap

7. Artesian well

8. Process water pumping station

Water supply is carried out using a pumping station through a water supply system. Before being used for technical needs, water enters the filters and is purified, and only after that it enters the ponds.

The administrative building is supplied with water from an artesian well. Waste water passes through the treatment plant and enters the drainage network.

The drainage system passes through the drainage network, having previously passed through the cleaning system. The spillway necessarily flows into the river downstream of the head of the water intake of the pumping station.

Figure 10 - Scheme of a salmon hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon

1 - water intake with a fish barrier; 2 - pumping station; 3 - sump for water; 4 - water supply network; 5 - cage for keeping spawners (males); 6 - cage for keeping spawners (females); 7 - berth; 8 - incubation apparatus of the "Box" type; 9 - drain for waste water; 10 - caviar insemination shop; 11 - nursery channels; 12 - drainage network; 13 - administrative and technical block; 14 - sewer well; 15 - oil trap; 16 - garage; 17 - fuel and lubricants warehouse; 18 - artesian well

1 - reservoir tank; 2 - incubation devices of the "Box" type;

3 - drain for waste water

Figure 11 - Plan and section of the incubation shop

11 BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE SALMON FISH FACTORY FOR THE REPRODUCTION OF Chum salmon

chum salmon fish hatchery

To determine the biological efficiency of the work of hatcheries for the reproduction of chum salmon, it is necessary to calculate the value of the commercial return from the number of juveniles that, according to the task, should be grown and released into natural reservoirs by a fish farm. Then it is necessary to determine the commercial return from the amount of eggs that the females used in hatcheries would have spawned under natural conditions. In this case, the biological fecundity of females is taken into account, in contrast to the indicators of industrial return from hatched fry, where the calculations are based on data on the working fecundity of females.

The biological efficiency of the work of the hatchery for the reproduction of chum salmon is determined by the ratio of the values ​​of the two indicators of the commercial return.

The commercial return of chum salmon when releasing a downstream larva is 1.2%.

15 million pieces H 1.2% / 100 \u003d 180,000 pcs.

Since the reproductive products of female chum salmon are taken by the autopsy method, the working fertility is equal to the biological one. The commercial return under natural conditions from caviar is 0.33%.

17808 pcs. H 2.4 thousand pieces = 42.7392 mln.

42.7392 mln. H 0.33 / 100 = 141016 pcs.

Biological efficiency: 180000 pieces / 141016 pieces. = 1.28

Artificial reproduction of chum salmon in hatcheries is 1.28 times more efficient than natural reproduction of the species.