The estates are Kolomenskoye and Studenets. Park "Krasnaya Presnya" (Studenets Manor) Who became the owner of the Studenets manor in 1812

The old noble estate Studenets is located on the left bank of the Moskva River, in the Presnensky district of the capital, in the territory of the Krasnaya Presnya recreation park. The official address of the estate: Mantulinskaya street, possession 5.

Manor Studenets, founded on the old Zvenigorod road, near the tract "Three Mountains", belongs to one of the earliest Moscow estates and is a unique garden and park complex of Petrovsky time.

Its history originates in the 14th century. It is believed that the name "Studenets" was born from an icy spring, a stream flowing through this area and subsequently filling its beautiful waters with amazingly beautiful artificial canals and ponds of the park. In the 14th century, the village of Vyapryazhkovo on Studenets, which was the progenitor of a modern estate, belonged to Serpukhov prince Vladimir Andreevich Khrabrom, the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, cousin of Dmitry Donskoy and grandson of Ivan Kalita. After the death of the prince, his widow, Princess Elena Olgedovna, in 1431 transferred the possession to Metropolitan Photius. The same, in turn, transferred it to the Novinsky Vvedensky monastery founded in 1430. Here, on Studenets creek, patriarchal ponds were arranged. The monastery owned the land until the first quarter of the 17th century, after which it gradually began to become the specific property of the Russian tsars and princes and was used for the needs of the palace economy.

At the end of the 17th century, the lands of the village of Vyapryazhkovo were granted by Peter I to his closest associate, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, who built his own country courtyard on them.

Gagarins - one of the oldest Russian noble families, which is a branch of the princely family of Starodubsky, the founder of which was Prince Ivan - the youngest son of Vsevolod the Big Nest. The descendant of Prince Ivan in the seventh generation, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Golibesovsky-Starodubsky, received the worldly nickname “Loon”, which later passed to his ancestors in the form of a transformed family name. Four branches of the Gagarin princes went from Mikhail Ivanovich Gagara, one of which belonged to the owner of Studenets, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, the most colorful character of the Petrine era.

Portrait of Prince Matvey Gagarin. Painter Salvator Tonchi.

Peter's time is a bright page of Russian history, the era of changes and discoveries, the formation of new ideas about aesthetics in art. The fascination of Peter I with Europe is widely known. In the years 1697-1698, the young king made a long journey through Holland, the most advanced country of that time, the world's first bourgeois republic and the main sea power, where he observed the Dutch way of life, studied ship craftsmanship, worked at the shipyard as a simple carpenter, examined factories, workshops, laboratories, visited theaters, museums, met with engineers, scientists and artists. The king paid attention to park ensembles, he visited all the famous gardens of the Netherlands, and his travel notes were full of descriptions of European parks.

In Holland, by order of Peter, specialists from various fields of activity were hired to work in Russia, including gardeners. Upon his return to his homeland, the Tsar sent Russians abroad to study crafts and sciences, in particular, gardening and landscape art. Books were bought abroad on landscaping of parks, botany, small-scale architecture, albums with illustrations and plans of the best palace and park ensembles were purchased, which Peter personally examined and studied during his trip with the aim of further applying the acquired knowledge in practice. The great transformer sought to develop in Russia the gardening of exquisite tastes and introduce the latest techniques of decorative art. According to historians, Peter possessed a strong aesthetic sense and was gifted with an extraordinary sense of beauty. Attracting European masters to work in Russia, he invariably chose the best and most gifted. Peter's favorite garden master was Dutchman Jan Roosen (Rosen), whom he invited in 1712 to create the conceived and designed Tsar of the Summer Garden in St. Petersburg. With the founder of the Moscow hospital, the Dutch doctor Nikolas (Nikolai Lambertovich) Bidloo, who set up a garden "near his house" on Yauz on the land allotted by the tsar, Peter personally corresponded, leading, advising, advising how to dig canals, ponds, throw over bridges and to lay alleys to create a real "Dutch garden".

Throughout the XVII century, the "canal garden" of Frederick Hendrick, created in 1621, was considered a classic prototype of Dutch gardens. A small garden is developed on a flat area, has two main axial alleys intersecting at right angles and dividing it into four parts. Rectangular parterres are accented by sheared avenues, water channels are emphasized geometric. The owner’s house closes the main compositional axis of the park. It was these gardens - with a strict linear composition, a simple and clear rectangular layout, a system of small decorative ponds - that Peter admired in Holland during his travels and subsequently sought to create ensembles in their homeland in their image and likeness.

Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, the owner of the Studenets estate on the Moscow River, belonged to the closest circle of Peter I. One of the Tsar’s favorites, he accompanied him on European trips, and upon returning from them he actively participated in all his affairs and undertakings. In his youth, he served as a steward at the Moscow Court, later he was governor in Irkutsk and Nerchinsk, for some time he was ambassador to China. According to contemporaries, Peter respected Gagarin for many excellent qualities.

After the victory of Russia over Sweden and the accession of new territories, the issue of the connection of the country's internal regions with the Baltic and the new capital under construction became relevant. To solve it, Peter planned to turn the river channels through channels into convenient transport arteries. The first such waterway connecting central Russia with St. Petersburg was the Tvertsky Canal in Vyshny Volochyok. In 1703, M.P. was appointed head of its construction. Gagarin (therefore, the channel has long been called Gagarin). During the implementation of the canal construction project, Gagarin proved to be a capable engineer, who, with the assistance of the Dutch masters involved in the work, was able to skillfully use the hydrotechnical potential of the area. In 1708, immediately after the completion of the construction of the Tvertsky Canal, Peter established a governor post in Moscow, appointing M.P. Gagarin and entrusting him with the first thing to strengthen the old walls of the Kremlin and Kitai Gorod with new bastions.

Probably, it was during this period that M.P. Gagarin, who became the Moscow governor, arranges Studenets in his estate "channel garden" in the Dutch manner. After all, his royal patron is sincerely passionate about Holland, dreams of creating Russian Amsterdam. Focusing on the tastes of Peter and wanting, probably, a pleasure to impress him, Gagarin hurries to equip the Dutch garden in Studenza. It is possible that the creation of the park ensemble was timed to a very definite event: at the end of 1709, at the behest of Peter the Great, a grand eight-day celebration was scheduled in Moscow on the occasion of the victory of the Russian troops near Poltava, Prince Gagarin was charged with organizing the festival. Naturally, the new governor dreamed of giving Peter a magnificent reception in his newly built estate.

During the construction of the manor complex M.P. Gagarin came up with experience working on the construction of the Tvertsky Canal, the technical knowledge and skills of Dutch specialists and the strength of Russian builders engaged in excavation work turned out to be in place.

The flat nature of the land, the abundance of water: the Moscow River, the ponds of the former patriarchal estate, streams and springs that existed since ancient times - these natural conditions created an amazing resemblance to the landscapes of Holland and provided an opportunity for the successful implementation of the planned garden project. All natural factors were taken into account and used to create a large-scale and picturesque hydropark, consisting of a whole labyrinth of water channels and islands between them, unfortunately, only partially preserved to this day. For Russian estate culture of the XVII-XVIII centuries, it was considered traditional to place palace and park complexes on the banks of rivers or near ponds in order to maximize the use of all the advantages of such an arrangement and the development of the district's water resources for utilitarian and decorative purposes. Studenza Park Ensemble is created in the spirit of these traditions - with an active and free role of water in its landscape. But the main difference that distinguishes Studenets from a number of manor ensembles of other eras that preceded or followed Peter's one is the amazing strict simplicity, clarity of layout and the vastness of the water surface in the composition. In the project implemented by Gagarin, two elements were effectively combined - water and air. The dryness of the lines of the ensemble’s regular composition is gently diluted with an airy perspective, in which distant plans disappear, and water and greenery create a picturesque, eye-pleasing picture.

Although the canals of the eastern part of the park disappeared at the end of the 19th century, using the elements of the park’s water system that have survived to this day, you can recreate the original student’s layout. This is a measured regular "Dutch" garden with straight lines of canals, vast water surfaces and clear axial alleys of low cut trees. However, in the western part of the park several very old oaks, over 300 years old, have been preserved. As you know, Peter I loved the big old trees and when forming new park ensembles ordered them to be preserved. The presence of 300-year-old oaks in Studenza, apparently, speaks of the desire of the creator of the garden and in this to follow the wishes of the king. Perhaps other tree species were present here, because in addition to oaks, Peter also loved linden, elm, larch, hornbeam, beech, chestnut, and several thousand seedlings of these species were brought from Russia to the Netherlands. The Dutch garden was traditionally decorated with fancy gazebos and galleries, trellis for climbing plants, grottoes, and sculpture. Flowers were also actively used: gardens were replete with flower beds, mainly from "odorous" flowers.

The fate of the creator of the estate Studenets, a comrade-in-arms of Peter the Great, Matvey Petrovich Gagarin, was tragically formed. Luck often pampered him, accompanied him on the path of career growth, until once turned away from him and left forever. The sovereign praised the merits and business qualities of Gagarin in the construction of the hydrotechnical complex on Tvertsa and the Moscow governorate, therefore, after the establishment in 1708, the governorate appointed him governor of Siberia.

During his leadership of this region, Gagarin did a lot for him: he built a stone Kremlin in Tobolsk, decorated the Siberian capital with numerous stone buildings, made rich contributions to the Tobolsk Sophia-Uspensky Cathedral and other churches, donated funds to the distressed prisoners of Swedes in Siberia, strengthened Russian relations with China. Initially, Prince Gagarin followed the instructions of the sovereign, but later he began to autonomously manage a rich and vast land, not denying himself personally luxury and pleasures, the fame of which had reached the capital. At dinner, the prince was served about 50 different dishes on silver and gold dishes; Gagarin's horseshoes were silver, the carriage's wheels were also shackled in silver; in Moscow on Tverskaya Street, the prince built for himself stunning chambers of charm, in which the walls were mirrored and the ceilings were glass aquariums with live fish; among the riches belonging to him was the most precious of all the rubies known at that time, brought to him from China (later he was presented to Prince Menshikov, and passed from him to Catherine I). It seems that the prince was less and less thinking about the benefits of the state and more and more about his own. There is also an opinion that Gagarin not only abused the financial expenditures of state funds, but also intended to separate Siberia from Russia and create a separate state under his control.

The ill-wishers did not fail to inform the tsar about Gagarin’s actions, and Peter sharply changed his attitude to that. The governor, who was officially fined, was put on trial for financial fraud, but many called the rebellion he intended to be the true cause of the disgrace. The commission of the "Big Detective", having conducted the investigation and examined the case, accused Gagarin of embezzlement. Trying to save himself, he wrote a letter to Peter, pleading guilty and asking for pardon. But the tsar did not forgive the excess of power given to him in Siberia and, apparently, wanting to put an end to bureaucratic embezzlement once and for all, he ordered the prince to be executed publicly. In 1721, the former Siberian governor was hanged in Petersburg as a warning to contemporaries and descendants. And his body as a sign of intimidation of corrupt officials for many months remained hanging on the gallows for all to see. Simultaneously with the execution of the prince, all his property was confiscated, the confiscated estates were granted to Pashkov, Bruce, Devier, Mamonov, and the Moscow and suburban courtyards were transferred to Olsufyev. The closest relatives of the executed prince were also punished. His son, Alexei Gagarin, was demoted to sailors.

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna Studenets was returned to the grandson of M.P. Gagarin - Matvey Alekseevich, who again equipped the estate. In the reign of Elizabeth I, the “Gagarin's dacha” was a popular place for festivities, where various entertainments were arranged: performances by magicians, tightrope walkers, numerous musicians and singers, launching fireworks, illumination, etc.

Despite the upheavals in the fate of the owners of the Studenets estate, during the 18th century the initial appearance of the “water” regular park created there did not change significantly. Several plans of the estate of the second half of the 18th century have been preserved in archival materials. At that time, it was listed in the documents by the Gagarin country house, and in unofficial sources it was referred to as the “Gagarin Ponds”. The plans of 1763, 1767, 1778 show that a stream flows along the western border of the park, feeding the western half of the canal. In the western corner of the estate there is a small regular garden. The eastern part of the canals is connected to a pond dug below a spring water well. The written sources also mention “the master’s house is wooden, in which there are dug ponds with islands” and “Hay mowing is good. Forest drill ".

A fragment of the village Studenets, possession of Mr. Matvey Alekseevich Gagarin. 1763. A copy of the drawing RGADA.

In the second half of the 18th century, noble walks held at the "Gagarin Ponds" were widely known in Moscow and enjoyed success with the honorable public. The Moscow Gazette, dated June 27, 1754, reports: “This week on Tuesday ... there were so many people at the cottage on the Three Mountains that they rarely remember in the past ... Finally, to the famous Prince Gagarin’s house there for many carriages in proximity to drive up, and it was hardly possible to go across the ponds behind the narrowness. Moreover, in the local imperial capital there is noble and rich, beautiful and magnificent, everything could be seen here. ” The same publication, a year later, informed readers that on June 24, "... a great gathering of people was on the Three Mountains, where this festival usually takes place, and especially on the glorious ponds of Prince Gagarin that are in the vicinity of this place."

In 1804, Studenets changed ownership - Count Fedor Andreevich Tolstoy, senator, privy councilor, landowner, bibliophile, member of the Society of lovers of Russian literature, collector of manuscripts and ancient books became its new owner. In 1818, the cottage in Studenets passed as a dowry to his daughter, Agrafena Fedorovna, at her marriage to Arseny Andreyevich Zakrevsky, the Minister of the Interior, and later the Governor General of Moscow. The new owners Zakrevsky for a long time live in the country, relax, drink three-mountain water, swim in boats, fish and enjoy the views of the beautiful garden.

Portrait of Count A.A. Zakrevsky. Unknown artist. 1810s

Portrait of Countess A.F. Zakrevskaya. Unknown artist. 1810s

A.A. Zakrevsky participated in the Patriotic War of 1812, and when the estate was devastated during the war, he decided to give it a special memorial character and turn the park into a kind of monument to the recent war. By his order, a new wooden house with wings is being built (not preserved to this day). The park is decorated with monuments, pavilions, grottoes dedicated to the war and its heroes: MB Barclay de Tolly, N.M. Kamensky, P.M. Volkonsky, A.P. Ermolov and others. The main symbol of patriotism in the renovated manor complex is the Studenets key, because it was here that the Russian soldiers communed before the battle with the enemy in the autumn of 1812. The octagon pavilion Octagon is being built over the Holy Spring.

The Zakrevsky family in the renovated estate was visited by many famous people. It is known that once Studenets was visited by General A.P. Ermolov, to whom the owners solemnly demonstrated the monument erected in his honor. Perhaps, he was visiting D.V. Davydov - the famous poet and partisan of the war of 1812, - in any case, he often visited another estate Zakrevsky - in Ivanovsky near Podolsky.

The wife of A.A. Zakrevsky Agrafena Fedorovna Zakrevskaya, who had been fondly called "Grushenka Tolstaya" since the times of girls, was known in the world as a beautiful, brilliantly educated and well-educated, independent woman with a lively and sharp mind. She was the object of admiration for many. She dedicated poetry to E.A. Baratynsky admired P.A. Vyazemsky, before her marriage, was carried away by A.S. Pushkin. The latter in his letters to A.I. Vyazemsky called her "copper Venus." She often inspired him, was the muse of his work. A.F. Zakrevskaya appears in one of the chapters of “Eugene Onegin” as “the brilliant Nina Voronsky”, “Cleopatra of the Neva”. And after his marriage, the poet did not cease to admire Zakrevskaya’s beauty, intelligence and manners, recreating her image in poetry and prose. In the unfinished novels “Egyptian Nights,” “Guests Arrived at the Cottage,” “We Spent the Evening at the Cottage,” Pushkin again and again turns to the story about Cleopatra, in whose heroine the very same prototype was clearly visible - the “soul of society” and the mistress of the Studenetsk estate . Whether the great poet visited Studenza is not exactly known. But he had a close acquaintance with A.A. Zakrevsky, repeatedly turned to him, was familiar and supported communication with many members of the family, so he could well visit the student's dacha in the late 1820s, when he lived for a long time in Moscow.

The first half of the 19th century was the period of the new bright heyday of the Studenets estate. Many art historians attribute the merit of creating a new main house and other buildings in the park to the famous architect Domenico Gilardi (although some call the authors V.P. Stasov and A.G. Grigoriev). The drawings of buildings are close in their execution technique to the manner of Gilardi, and some strongly resemble others of his buildings, however, accurate evidence of the work of D.I. Gilardi on the project of the updated Student is not at the moment. Two monuments of that era have survived to our time - the Octagon pavilion and the Monument Column in the park, which was restored in the 1960s, which had previously been completed in the form of a winged figure with a sword. During the reconstruction of the Zakrevsky estate, a landscape layout appeared in the park between the columns with picturesque paths and paths among asymmetrically placed monuments and pavilions; the channels were cleaned and filled with clean running water; the islands are connected by wooden walkways. Previously traced in the construction and design of the park complex, the Dutch motifs of the Petrine era were replaced by Italian ones. Contemporaries enthusiastically called the Zakrevsky dacha “absolute Venice with Gardens”. In general, A.A. Zakrevsky did not seek to change the foundations laid down in the composition of the park during construction at the beginning of the 18th century, the park retained the features of the original image, but under Zakrevsky its design was updated, and the idea of \u200b\u200bthis update acquired a memorial character, introducing additional semantic meaning to the individual architectural elements of the ensemble and making The park is a kind of monument to the heroes of the war of 1812.

Master plan of the estate Studenets. 1830s - 1840s Copy of the drawing RGADA. Plan of Moscow Schubert.

The main manor building with outbuildings. RGIA. 1830s

Main manor house with outbuildings.

Octagon Pavilion. RGIA. 1830s

Pavilion in the garden. RGIA.

Garden furniture in the garden. Monument on the grave of a horse A.A. Zakrevsky, the so-called "The tomb of the horse Zakrevsky."

The Studenets manor in the 19th century enjoyed no less interest among the public than when it was in the ownership of the Gagarin. On holidays, the Zakrevsky dacha was open for visits, various events were held on its territory, and performances were given. So, for example, on August 19, 1828, a balloon was launched in Studenets, but which “the aeronaut Mrs. Ilyinskaya fearlessly rose quite high under a huge balloon on a fragile boat, lit several rockets at her zenith and landed very happily in the meadow near the dacha. There were a lot of curious people. ”

Studenets. General view of the estate. Painting by an unknown artist. 1820s

Studenets. View in the park. Painting by an unknown artist. 1820s

Around 1834, after A.A. Zakrevsky’s resignation from the post of Minister of Internal Affairs, Pavel Nikolaevich Demidov, the richest nobleman, owner of the Ural iron foundries, a well-known philanthropist and philanthropist, acquires Studenets for 400 thousand rubles. The new owner, however, did not use the estate for personal purposes, and as his next act of charity, of which he was very famous, presented it to the state at the beginning of 1834 to establish any public institution, adding another 15 thousand rubles for repairs to the present main house. The wife of Emperor Nicholas I, Alexander Fedorovna, assigned Studenets to charitable institutions of the Office of Empress Maria Fyodorovna, and in 1835 allowed the Society of Gardening Lovers to open a gardening school "in order to train experienced gardeners" in the estate.

Portrait of Pavel Nikolaevich Demidov. Artist P.P. Vedenetsky.

The gardening school has established extensive flower nurseries and greenhouses in the estate, in which plants for sale were grown. Studenets' standard roses of more fathom height were very famous, dahlia collections were repeatedly awarded first prizes at exhibitions. On the islands of the park, seedlings of various species of trees and shrubs were grown. In the greenhouses, grapes and peaches were successfully ripened, in the garden there were 60 varieties of pears and 15 plums. Pupils of the school studied the theoretical and practical foundations of gardening, were engaged in the acclimatization of plants.

During the placement of the gardening school in Studenza, visitors also constantly gathered at the estate. In the summer, every Sunday, festivities, musical evenings, performances, dinners were held here, boating and boat rides through the garden's canals, fireworks and other spectacular shows were organized.

Studenets was still famous for its springs and keys. Student water, in which there were no organic impurities, was highly valued in Moscow: it was used for the preparation of artificial mineral waters, taken to the imperial court when it was in the throne, and in the houses of nobles and wealthy merchants, “used” in production at nearby Trekhgorny brewery.

In the new period, the estate continued to undergo reconstruction, in it there were some restructures that were not global in nature. Art critic E.I. Kirichenko provides information on the participation in the construction work in Studenets in the second half of the 19th century by architect M.D. Bykovsky. In the archives of TsIAM there are interesting plans for the northern part of the park dating from 1908, which show a very peculiar landscape structure and layout of a small garden in the Art Nouveau style, and the assortment list of the garden is rich in various ornamental plants.

Manor Studenets on the topographic plan of Moscow in 1838.

Manor Studenets on the Khotevsky plan of Moscow in 1852.

Manor Studenets on the plan of the capital city of Moscow in 1878.

The School of Horticulture Departments of the Empress Maria Feodorovna Institutions lasted in Studenza until the 1917 revolution. After the estate was nationalized, and in troubled times the park complex had a hard time. The cultural heritage of tsarism seriously suffered in the framework of the ideological struggle of the new Soviet system with traditional orders. The channel park, which turned out to be in the center of the district of revolutionary workers, was no exception. Riots, misuse and mismanagement did not affect his appearance and condition in the best way. In 1931, the park was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Trekhgornaya manufactory, and in 1932 it was decided to create a Krasnaya Presnya recreation park on its basis. It would seem that this could save the park from destruction. But the desire of the new government to change everything in its own way exceeded the limits of the reasonable. Transformations began: part of the ponds fell asleep, the banks of the canals were dressed in concrete, which adversely affected the state of the waters, many old picturesque bridges were destroyed by building new ones that were not distinguished by sophistication and harmony of style, most of the monuments in memory of the heroes of the war of 1812 disappeared forever. Of the memorial objects of the park, only the Tuscan column on the island has survived to the present day, although the winged figure that adorned it was lost. The old manor house was actually destroyed in the first half of the 20th century; by the 60s, only the foundation and one outbuilding remained from it. Beautiful empire gates, which made out the entrance to the park, were dismantled. In 1955, on the site of the demolished buildings of the gardening school, the building of the Krasnaya Presnya cinema was built.

Manor Studenets on the plan of Moscow in 1952.

The preserved Octagon water-pumping pavilion was moved 22 meters to the side in 1975 due to the construction of high-rise buildings of the World Trade Center and lost its original meaning in filling out the Holy Spring spring key, and the key itself was removed into an underground collector overlooking the Moscow River. On the territory of the former estate were also erected some farm buildings, sports facilities, breaking into the park and violating its original structure and layout.

Movement of the Octagon pavilion. Copy of the drawing E.M. Handel. 1975 year.

Nowadays, the old suburban cottage continues its life in an urban environment, being almost in the very center of a noisy metropolis. In 1960, the central part of the park (about 18 hectares) was declared a monument of history and culture of federal significance and taken under state protection. True, in 2011 the status of the security facility was reduced to regional significance. Since the 1990s, attempts have been made to partially restore the estate complex.

Gate Pylon Recovery Project. Mosproject-2, Workshop-13. 1993 year.

According to archival photographs of the 1930s in 1998, restorers N.F. Zhurina and A.S. The Queen re-created the entrance gates of the park. The memorial traditions of the estate were supported by the Afghan warriors who planted an avenue of horse chestnut in the park. The choice of tree species was not accidental: it is known that horse chestnut grew in Studenets before, it was A.A. himself who planted it on one of the islands between the canals Zakrevsky on the third anniversary of the birth of his daughter Lydia (in 1829). Since 2010, work began on the restoration of the main manor house with outbuildings. In the near future they should be completed, and Muscovites, I want to believe, will finally have the opportunity to see the recreated historical appearance of the magnificent manor in the past.

The restoration project of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets estate. Front view. 2006-2008 years.

The restoration project of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets estate. Isometric view. 2006-2008 years.

The restoration project of the main manor house with outbuildings in the Studenets estate. Additional views. 2006-2008 years.

Summing up and looking back at the historical past of the Studenets estate, it is worth noting that Peter I’s enthusiasm for the example of progressive Holland and his active work in promoting the ideas he noted abroad in landscape gardening laid such strong foundations and traditions in this field that in the future Russia gave world culture truly magnificent examples of park landscapes that can compete with their European prototypes. And the “canal garden” M.P. Gagarin in the Studenets estate is one of their earliest such samples and completely unique to Moscow and Russia.

Octagon Pavilion. Photo by Evgeny Chesnokov / yamoskva.com

Tuscan column. Photo by Evgeny Chesnokov / yamoskva.com

The old manor Studenets is a unique park ensemble of the XIX century. It is located within Moscow, and was designed by D.I. Gilardi. The estate is located in the Presnensky district, on the banks of the Moscow River. It is located in the Krasnaya Presnya park.

  The estate covers a total of 18.3 hectares. Arriving here, you can see the local attraction - the Octagon Garden Pavilion and just walk along the canals and ponds.

The manor got its name in honor of the Studenets stream flowing here. It was they who laid the foundation for the amazingly beautiful artificial canals and ponds. Centuries ago, locals used clean spring water to cook food on it.

  The founder of the estate is considered Prince Vladimir the Brave, a cousin of D. Donskoy, who became famous during the Battle of Kulikovo. Then there was the village of Vyapryazhovo, the proceeds from which went to the owners of the aristocratic estate. Later, the old estate passed to the richest princes Gagarin, and at the beginning of the XVIII century a palace was built here, in which governor Gagarin lived. Later, the governor was executed, and the estate passed under state administration. But Empress A. Ioannovna returned the estate to the heirs of Gagarin. At that time, a Dutch garden was set up on the territory here, and a unique system of canals and ponds was laid, which Moscow residents used to call Gagarin Ponds.

In 1804, this estate again changed its owner, and Count Tolstoy became its owner at that time. But then only A. Zakrevsky - the son-in-law of Tolstoy, who inherited the estate after the events of 1812, could give it a unique look. Equipping the estate as a country cottage after World War II, after Moscow and the adjacent estates near Moscow suffered, he ordered a new house to be built here.

  A. Zakrevsky turned the old park into a monument to the war of 1812. He ordered the construction of a unique system of artificial ponds and canals filled with clear water from a spring. As a result, we got rectangular islands outlined on all sides by canals. At the same time, each of them got its own name - each was named after the Russian military commanders, under whose command Arseny fought.

In the center of the islands, bronze busts of military leaders were installed. In addition, the Octagon pavilion was built over a spring of white stone. Bridges, which are made in the Empire style, were thrown over canals and ponds. The irrigation system was designed by D.I. Gilardi, he also planned fisheries, which were part of the income of the owner of the estate.

  In Soviet times, the estate was nationalized, and the Gardening Society was founded on its territory. A professional school was opened here, and new trees of different species were planted in the park. Fortunately, the estate was not built up with unpretentious buildings, since in 1930 the Moscow authorities decided to make the Krasnaya Presnya park here. Currently, Muscovites on its territory celebrate various holidays - New Year, Shrovetide, City Day, etc. They also come here on weekends. But it should be noted that most of the cultural monuments that were located here in the 19th century were lost.

  Some of the unique canals were filled up, many bridges were demolished, but new bridges were built here, although they do not differ in a special delicacy. During the Soviet period, the busts of the warlords of the war of 1812 disappeared.

The manor house was almost destroyed, its restoration began in 2010, but instead of a masterpiece of architecture, a modern building was built, almost not reminiscent of the former beauty of the palace.

Nowadays, Krasnaya Presnya Park is based on linden and poplar alleys, between which in the 19th century a cascade of 3 ponds was created. And between the trees you will see the remains of a summer theater that worked in Soviet times.

You can get acquainted with local attractions by signing up for an excursion, but at the same time, those who wish can come here themselves. The estate is located in Moscow, on Mantulinskaya Street 5. You can get here from the metro station "Ulitsa 1905 goda", "Krasnopresnenskaya" or "Exhibition".

The first written mentions of Kolomensky are the spiritual letters of Ivan Kalita, written in the XIV century, in 1336 and 1339. Kolomenskoye is repeatedly mentioned by historical sources, this area has repeatedly become the center of important events. So, after the battle on the Kulikovo field in 1380, Dmitry Donskoy stayed here with his troops. Peter I also brought his troops here after the battle of Poltava in 1709. In addition, it was from Kolomensky that many great Moscow princes and their squads went to war.

In the XVII century in Kolomenskoye was erected   unique palace of Tsar Alexei I Mikhailovich Romanov, called the "Eighth Wonder of the World." Built entirely of wood, this palace embodied the best achievements of wooden architecture of the time. Unfortunately, the original palace built by Alexei Mikhailovich did not survive. But, fortunately, Catherine II made drawings of the wooden palace, and now the work on its construction has been almost completed. Grand Opening is planned for Moscow Day in 2010 restored royal palace. The architects plan not only to build the royal chambers, but also to recreate the fence, alleys and surround the palace with famous, at one time, orchards.

The son of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexei Mikhailovich, having ascended the throne, repeatedly rebuilt and consistently expanded his father’s residence near Moscow, which was associated with the growth of his family. He often visited Kolomenskoye, was engaged in falconry in its vicinity and held official ceremonies here. The solemn ceremony of laying the foundation of the new palace, which began with a prayer service, took place on May 2-3, 1667. The palace was built of wood according to the drawings, the work was carried out by the carpenters' artel under the direction of the arrowhead Ivan Mikhailov and the carpenter warden Semyon Petrov. From the winter of 1667 to the spring of 1668, carvings were performed, in 1668 the doors were upholstered and paints were prepared for painting the palace, and in the summer season of 1669 the main icon-painting and painting works were completed. In the spring and summer of 1670 blacksmiths worked in the palace, a master of carved ironwork and locks. After inspecting the palace, the king ordered to add picturesque images, which was done in 1670-1671. The sovereign closely monitored the progress of work, throughout the construction often came to Kolomenskoye and stayed there for a day. The final completion of the work fell in the fall of 1673. In the winter of 1672/1673, the palace was consecrated by Patriarch Pitirim; at the ceremony, hieromonk Simeon of Polotsk said "Greetings" to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

And with the name of Alexei Mikhailovich reigning in the years 1645-1676, and with the palace he built, the fate of the foundation laid down in 1645 is inextricably linked   Church of the Kazan Icon of Our Lady. In 1649, the temple was expanded by the second chapel of Dmitry Solunsky, completing the architectural ensemble of the temple. The reason for the expansion was the birth of the Tsar’s son, the future heir to the Russian throne. The tsar, who loved the estate, came to Kolomenskoye every summer to rest. And, gradually, the Kazan Church became a house church, which, traditionally, kept the treasury and the most valuable royal property brought to Kolomenskoye during the royal holiday. After the construction of the Kazan Church was completed, it was painted and richly decorated with all kinds of fabrics and carpets.

The canopy in front of the Dining Room consists of two rooms connected by a passage in the wall ("canopy" and "canopy, where they enter with food"). It was a kind of pantry, from which royal feasts were served. Graduate housekeepers and solicitors were covered here by suppliers of the Fed, Feed and Bread yards, several for each yard. On these racks-sideboards they put everything that was later served on the tables: on the suppliers of the Serious Courtyard - vessels with wines, beer, honey and kvass; on suppliers of the Bread yard - kalachi, loaves, pies; jugs with vinegar and lemon brine stood at the supplies of the Fodder yard before the feast, and during the feast they brought dishes cooked in a cook. Before the feast, suppliers were covered with silk gold materials - bridal veils.

Canopy in front of the Dining Room

On May 8, 1681, carpenter Semyon Dementyev, peasant boyar P.V. Sheremetev, began the construction of a huge Dining Room instead of a dilapidated fellow. The final appearance of this building was then captured in various engravings and paintings. All subsequent rulers of Russia loved the Kolomna Palace. In 1682-1696 he was visited by Tsars Peter and Ivan, as well as Tsarevna Sofya Alekseevna. Much more often than others, Peter and his mother, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, were here. Under Peter I, a new foundation was laid under the palace.

The dining room is the largest, ceremonial and solemnly decorated room of the palace.

The place of the emperor at dinner was on the platform (locker), where there was a table, covered with tablecloths of embroidered velvet or axamite; they put an “attack” on the table in two steps, upholstered in colored Persian carpet. The benches on which the guests were sitting were assigned tables: "large" ("first place from the corner under the icons"), "curve" (he turned around the corner) and others, according to the number of guests. Tables were always set so that the sovereign could be seen. In addition to benches, they also sat on chairs, of which there were many in the room. Dishes, drinks and dishes were placed in vendors or buffets.

The Duma Chamber, or the Front Room, served as the reception room in the king’s private chambers. This was one of the most important premises in the palace: in the mornings, dummy people gathered in it to petition (submit petitions) to the emperor and discuss matters. Here, meetings of the Boyar Duma, an advisory body in the public administration system, could take place.

The throne chamber served in the royal palaces as the Throne Hall. If in the Duma (Front) Chamber the sovereign held advice with his close associates, then in the Prestolnoy he solemnly, in the presence of the boyars, received foreign ambassadors, dressed in a rich outfit and surrounded by markets in ceremonial white robes with silver hatchets and in massive gold chains. Here the sovereign bestowed upon his close ones. The "mansion" of the Throne Chamber was extremely luxurious, it demonstrated to the subjects and foreign ambassadors the greatness and power of the state.

A peculiarity of the Throne Chamber is the "existential writing" adorning the ceiling and walls on the stories of the biblical kings of David and Solomon. Compositions for paintings are borrowed from Western engravings and "front" (illustrated) Bibles. Four scenes from the Old and New Testaments were chosen for the reconstruction of the “existential” murals of the ceiling lamp

Room (cabinet) of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In this room, the emperor spent most of the day. He could have allowed members of the nearby Boyar Duma here, but first of all the room served as a place of solitude. Here the tsar was engaged in public affairs, wrote letters and notes, "ruled documents by his own hand." The decoration of these "bed" chambers reflected the personal taste of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, especially his daily life.

The murals of the room were served by the works of the outstanding court painter of the French kings Charles Lebrun, as well as the traditional carvings and paintings of Russian iconostases of the 17th century. The stove from polychrome tiles was reconstructed on the basis of fragments found during archaeological excavations on the territory of the palace in Kolomenskoye.

The internal routine of the Tsar’s “bed” chambers (bedchamber) reflected the Old Russian idea of \u200b\u200bthe Tsar’s exceptional situation and special concern for his safety. Access to the room was strictly limited. No one could enter this, except for the courtiers closest to the king. Alone with the sovereign, his bedman, the head of the Tsar’s Workshop, spent the night (he was in charge of sewing the king’s dress and linen and overseeing the cleanliness and safety of the “sovereign bed”). Sometimes the solicitor "with a key" spent the night here (he kept the key to the room) and one or two sleeping bags. In the adjoining room, the six closest solicitors and sleeping bags were usually found; in the next room, solicitors and daily residents; finally, stokers guarded the outer doors. In the bedchamber, many state issues were resolved, since the "owner" of the bedchamber, the prisoner, was one of the especially close advisers to the sovereign, headed his office and kept his personal seal.

In the bedchamber there was a four-poster bed (“dragging”) and other furniture: benches (including a special sleeping bench for close servants), vendors, lurks (chests of drawers) and chests, where they stored linen, expensive webs, small toilet accessories (mirrors, combs, soap, glass bottles with essential oils). Carpets and a clock were set in the bedroom. There were, as a rule, a few icons in the bedchamber, but a bow of worship and an image at the red corner and above the entrance doors were necessary.

In the hallway, in front of the soap bar, they not only undressed, but also rested after the bath, therefore, along the wall there were benches with a carved edge and a "proper" bed. In addition to the benches in the canopy, there were tables in front of the soaphouse, one of which was intended for “cooking for the first time” (the things that were used during washing: a cap, sheets, a fan). Soaps were illuminated with light from the windows, but to protect them from drafts, the windows were curtained; in the evening and at night mica lights shone here. In the corner stood a stove, tiled with tiles.

In the center of the soapbox there is a large wooden bathtub with a bench and sheets inside, it was in it that the king washed himself.

The teaching chamber in the Tsarevich’s tower was intended for the education of the royal sons (the royal daughters were taught in their tower). The child in the royal family was given his own chambers, where he lived with his breadwinners and nannies. The tsar’s children led a secluded life, they were isolated from the outside world, peers for games were selected from among the children of the nobles, and the boys, leaving the choir, grew up with the future sovereign. If the prince later became a ruler, then his childish environment partially retained his influence.

The prince’s first mentor was an uncle teacher, who was assigned the boy from an early age. When the prince reached the age of five to six, his training began. The clerks were chosen as teachers - they were the best at mastering the art of reading and calligraphy. Reading was taught in the alphabet or primer. Until the 17th century, the alphabets were handwritten, the first printed - Vasily Bursov's primer - appeared in 1634. The alphabet was taught by heart, reading it aloud and singing. The Hourglass followed the primer, then the Psalter, then the Apostle - they were also memorized. The reading was followed by a letter. He began to be taught at seven or eight years old in cursive ABCs on columns, by which they trained to write lowercase and capital letters, and after letters - syllables. The best calligraphers were considered to be the raising of the Ambassadorial order. In addition to reading and writing, they taught church singing.

Room of Tsarevich Fedor Alekseevich

The sovereign's preferences in the field of art were equally diverse. He was an amazingly versatile person: he was fond of music (introduced a new part of singing and notes for Russia), composed poems and church chants, became famous as a connoisseur of architecture and urban planning. He built a lot, his love of architectural innovations was expressed in the Kolomenskoye Palace with the creation of a new luxurious Dining Room.

The Kolomna Palace itself, which absorbed many elements of Western architecture of the 17th century and was filled with curiosities brought from the West, reflected the greedy craving of the Moscow nobility for a European lifestyle and cultural innovations.

   Initially, Kolomenskoye was for the young king, above all, a place of good falconry. But, over time, by 1676, the estate in Kolomenskoye became a magnificent suburban residence. For the convenience of visiting the Church of the Kazan Icon of Our Lady, at the behest of the king, a covered passage was built that connected it with the palace. Currently, this church is an active temple.

The Kolomna Palace had an asymmetric layout and consisted of independent and diverse stands, the sizes and design of which corresponded to the hierarchical traditions of the family structure. The cages were connected by canopies and passages. The complex was divided into two halves: the male one, including the terem of the tsar and the princes and ceremonial canopy, and the female, consisting of the towers of the tsarina and princesses. In total, the palace had 26 towers of different heights - from two to four floors. The main living quarters were rooms on the second floor. In total, there were 270 chambers in the palace, which were lit by 3,000 windows. When decorating the Kolomna Palace for the first time in Russian wooden architecture, carved platbands and tesami imitating stone were used. In solving facades and interiors, the principle of symmetry was actively applied. As a result of large-scale work in Kolomenskoye, a complex complex was created that shook the imagination of both contemporaries and people of the "enlightened" XVIII century. The palace was very decorative: the facades were decorated with intricate platbands, multi-color carved details, figured compositions and had an elegant look.

In the XVIII century, a wooden palace was dismantled, and on one of the banks of the Moscow River, near the Ascension Church, a palace was built, which consisted of four floors. It was in this palace that Catherine II wrote “The Order”, a treatise well-known in jurisprudence. During their invasion, French troops ravaged the palace. But in 1825, Emperor Alexander I built on this site a new palace made in the Empire style. Unfortunately, to this day this palace has not been preserved.

Red (Front) porch - On the Front Porch there was a distribution of birthday cakes on the day of the angel of one of the members of the royal family - an obligatory, important part of the state ceremonial, demonstrating the unity of the ruler and his subjects.

The Tsaritsyna treasury was located in the inner chambers and was intended for storage (“preservation”) of many personal items needed in the daily routine of the Tsarina and brought for her from Moscow - dresses, hats, bedding. To do this, the tsarina’s treasury had special furniture - chests and cabinets. The treasury was ordered by the horse (court) noblewoman. She was subordinate to the treasurer, the inmate, the mob; only they could enter the treasury. In the room of the tsarina’s treasury there is a modern list of the icon "Coming to Christ the Almighty", which depicts John the Baptist and seven saints, named with members of the female half of the family of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Front Canopy of Queen's Terem

Front Canopy of Queen's Terem

Through the front porch of the Queen’s Terem, visitors fell into the Front Canopy - the first front room. These canopies led to the Queen’s Throne Chamber or to the Rear Canopy, through which one could go to the king’s and tsar’s towers.

Queen's Throne Chamber

The closed way of life of the female half of the tsar’s family and the general position of women in the pre-Petrine era did not allow them to see strangers often - in everyday life the tsarina was visited only by females, and among men, close relatives and clergymen. Handicrafts and entertainment of the queens also took place in a vicious circle.

Queen's Throne Chamber

Queen's Throne Chamber

Queen's Throne Chamber

Nevertheless, the queens also arranged an audience: people from the Tsaritsynaya Workshop of the chamber, administrators and residents of subordinate wards of the suburbs, clergy with offerings and requests, as well as other petitioners - the queens and princesses often petitioned the king for commutation of sentences. Foreign ambassadors, the Moscow and Ecumenical Patriarchs, and foreign persons of royal dignity were invited to solemn audiences in the chambers of the empress, accompanied by the tsar.

Needlework occupied an important place in the system of values \u200b\u200bof the Orthodox patriarchal way of life in Russia. He was given the greater importance, the higher the position of the family in society. The ability to embroider was a sign of a good upbringing of any noble woman, and the tsarina with the princesses decorated church utensils with their own hands. A special order was also formed, the Tsaritsyna Workshop (1656-1701), which was responsible for the manufacture of clothing for the queens, princes and princesses. For the "clean" needlework in the palace there was a chamber of light - a large room on the female side.

Workshop of the Queen (Svetlitsa)

Tsarevna Sofya Alekseyevna (1957-1704) - the third daughter of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, like other princesses, was ordained a curtain shutter and eternal prayers for the country and the royal family. However, Princess Sophia manifested herself as a “princess of the great mind,” which panegyrist deservedly compared with Sophia the Wisdom of God. Upon the death of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich in 1682, as a result of the struggle between the court groups and the uprising of the streltsy provoked by the Miloslavsky clan, tsars were proclaimed Ivan and Pyotr Alekseevich, and their elder sister Tsarevna Sofia was proclaimed regent.

The chambers of the princess Sofya Alekseevna

The daughter of Emperor Peter I, Elizabeth was born in 1709. In childhood, she and her sister Anna spent a lot of time in the tsarist "Moscow Region" (there was even a legend about the birth of Elizabeth in Kolomenskoye). In 1741, the daughter of Peter the Great was able, relying on the guard, to ascend the throne. Noticeable shifts have occurred in Russian culture.

Elizaveta Petrovna established the Academy of Arts and Moscow University; when it was created the first Russian theater and published the famous Elizabethan Bible (the queen was extremely religious). Elizabeth, a recognized beauty of her time, was very pleasant in communication, witty, cheerful, graceful, danced extremely well, and she loved Russian dances. The life of her court was remembered by contemporaries as an endless series of balls, masquerades and bright fireworks.

The chambers of Elizabeth Petrovna

The chambers of Elizabeth Petrovna

The chambers of Elizabeth Petrovna

The chambers of Elizabeth Petrovna

However, the new structure is not completely wooden: all structures are monolithic, reinforced concrete, then covered with logs. The orientation relative to the cardinal points is also violated - the layout was rotated around the vertical axis by 90 degrees, which completely violated the sacred meaning of the original structure. The total building area is over five thousand square meters, and the total area of \u200b\u200bthe premises is more than seven thousand square meters. The mansions are located on five levels and combine five buildings. Inside the palace, ancient interiors and murals from the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich are recreated.

At the beginning of the 20th century, under the leadership of the remarkable Russian architect P.D.Baranovsky, the creation of the first in Russia began museum of Wooden Architecture. From all over Russia, architectural monuments made of wood dating back to the 17th-18th centuries began to be brought to Kolomenskoye, most of which was placed in the old Ascension Garden. Thus, the Kolomensky exposition was replenished with the Holy Gates of the St. Nicholas Korelsky Monastery, installed in 1693 on the shores of the White Sea, the Bratsk Tower, erected in the middle of the 17th century in the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station zone, the memorial house of Peter the Great, built in Arkhangelsk in 1702.

The first in Kolomenskoye, at the Palace Gate, was installed an 18th-century outbuilding, tentatively called the Medovarny, previously located in the Preobrazhensky Palace. The house of Peter I housed an exposition that reproduces the interiors of marching and residential royal chambers of the XVIII century.

In April 1990, the restoration of the architectural ensemble was carried out in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, new exhibitions were created, and the historical site of the royal residence was restored. And by 2008, the restoration work of the monuments of wooden architecture was completed and today anyone can visit the open-air unfolded museum complex, which included the travel tower of the St. Nicholas Korelsky Monastery, the tower of the Bratsk and Sumy prison. The latter, by the way, has been stored in the museum fund for more than eighty years.

Today, the complex includes 17 architectural monuments, 12 of which are preserved parts of the architectural ensemble of the estate of the XVI-XIX centuries, and four were brought from other regions of Russia. The last few years have become a time for Kolomensky to form an architectural and ethnographic complex. Its territory was enriched by the existing forge, stable, the estate of the beekeeper and the apiary, the water mill.

Preserved in Kolomenskoye and unique natural sites - an ancient park and three apple orchard: Kazan, Dyakovsky and Ascension. And in the XVII century there were six of them, in which not only apple trees, but pears, raspberries, currants, and gooseberries grew.
   And to this day, every year, preserved apple orchards delight all guests of Kolomensky with beautiful pristine apples.

Also within the boundaries of modern Moscow is Staraya manor Studenets - A unique park ensemble of the XVIII-XIX centuries, built according to the project of the outstanding architect D.I. Zhilyardi. It is located on the banks of the Moskva River in the Presnensky district of the capital, in the territory of the Krasnaya Presnya park, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe old estate occupies 18.3 hectares. Arriving now on the territory of a historical place that has long been part of modern Moscow, you can explore the surviving - the Octagon garden pavilion, take a walk along the ponds and canals.

It is believed that the estate received such an unusual name in honor of studenets creekflowing through its entire territory, it was he who laid the foundation for amazingly beautiful artificial ponds and canals, since the icy waters of the stream allowed the owners manor Studenetsmaintain water balance in their pond system. Centuries ago, residents of villages adjacent to the estate, located in this part of Presnya, used clean spring water for cooking, and the hostess came here with wooden buckets hanging on a yoke.

Other researchers claim that in the 17th century only very wealthy residents could buy spring water in barrels, and they associated the name Studenets with a deep well dug in the territory of the old estate, the water in which was filled by a deep water vein supplying the stream itself. In old Moscow, only very wealthy people could afford to dig such a deep well, which indicates the high incomes of the first owners of the old estate near Moscow.

The founder manor Studenets   considered a prince Vladimir the Brave, cousin of the hero Dmitry Donskoy, who became famous during the Battle of Kulikovo. Then in this historical place was the village of Vyapryazhkovo, the proceeds from which came to the first owners of the aristocratic estate. Later, the old estate was already transferred to the wealthy princes Gagarin, and at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries a magnificent palace was built on the territory of the estate, in which the voivode M.P. Gagarin. Later, the governor was executed, and his estate passed under state control, but the Empress Anna Ioannovna subsequently returned the old estate to the heirs of Prince Gagarin. At this time, a magnificent Dutch garden was laid out on the estate, a unique system of ponds and canals was laid, which the inhabitants of old Moscow called for many years Gagarin Ponds.

In 1804, the Studenets estate changed its owner, and became its new owner count Tolstoy. But only Arseny Zakrevsky - Count Tolstoy’s son-in-law, who inherited the estate after the military events of 1812, managed to give the old noble estate a unique look. Equipping the new estate as his country cottage already after the devastating Patriotic War of 1912, when not only Moscow, but all the adjoining noble estates adjacent to it, he ordered the construction of a new manor house.

Arseny Zakrevsky turned the old manor park into a kind of monument to the Patriotic War of 1812, on his order, a unique system of artificial canals and ponds filled with clear spring water was built. The resulting islands in a rectangular shape, outlined on all sides by canals, received distinctive names - each of them was named after the Russian military commander, under whose command Arseny Zakrevsky himself fought.

Busts of military leaders made of bronze were installed in the center of the islands, and a magnificent tower of white stone, called the “Octagon”, was built over the spring. At that time, refined bridges made in the Empire style, which was then only part of the architectural fashion, were thrown over ponds and canals with clearly defined banks. Irrigation system, as well as the main part of buildings manor Studenets, was carried out according to the project of the architect D.I. Gilardi, and he also planned the fishing industry, which was a significant part of the income of the owner of the estate.

In the Soviet years manor Studenets   was nationalized, on its territory the Society of Gardening Lovers established, thanks to which a professional school was opened here, and many new trees of different species were planted on the territory of the old park. Fortunately, the territory of the old estate near Moscow was never built up with unpretentious buildings, since back in 1930 the Moscow authorities decided to establish the Krasnaya Presnya park. Now Muscovites in its ancient territory celebrate Shrovetide, New Year, City Day, spend the weekend.

But most of the cultural heritage sites dating back to the middle of the 19th century were lost. Some of the unique canals were filled up, many old bridges were demolished, but new bridges were built that were not distinguished by a special refinement. During the years of Soviet rule, the busts of military leaders who distinguished themselves in the Patriotic War of 1812 disappeared, and only the surviving Tuscan column on an artificial island recalls the former military monument, although the inscriptions on it have long been erased, and the winged figure above has long disappeared.

Old manor house almost destroyed, its restoration began in 2010, but instead of the former masterpiece of architecture, in front of Muscovites, a new modern building gradually grows up, practically not reminding of the former majestic palace. Arriving now on the territory of a historical place that has long been part of modern Moscow, you can carefully examine the surviving attraction of the estate Studenets   - the garden pavilion "Octagon", which in the 90s of the last century was moved to a new place in the picturesque park "Krasnaya Presnya".

The pavilion was erected in the form of a small snow-white one-story tower built in the shape of an octahedron, covered on top with a domed green roof. On the facade of the pavilion, you can see four large arched windows, through which the inner space of the turret is filled with sunny color. Each of the four entrances on the sides is decorated with small columns, which are decorated with a portico and a visor on top.

Round Pavilion "Octagon"

Of particular interest are front gatemade of heavy cast iron, they are just a copy of the lost monument of cultural heritage, the gates are made according to old sketches in 1990. Walking around the old Studenets estate, you can admire the majestic Tuscan column   or take a picture on its background, and then just relax in the park with unique canals and picturesque old bridges, reminiscent of the best times of the noble nest.

Now the basis of the Krasnaya Presnya park is poplar and linden alleys, between which in the first half of the 19th century a unique cascadeconsisting of three ponds. And between the majestic trees, you can see the remains of the Soviet-era summer theater, modern children's cafes and various attractions.

Acquainted with sights of the Studenets estate   it is possible during an organized excursion, but everyone can get here on their own. The historical estate is located in Moscow, at: Mantulinskaya street 5. From the Moscow metro station "Ulitsa 1905 goda", you first need to go to the Krasnopresnenskaya screensaver, and then follow the street in 1905 up to Mantulinskaya street, then turn right. Nearby are metro stations such as Vystavochnaya and Krasnopresnenskaya, from where you can reach the old manor Studenets   in just 15 minutes. photo www.manhunter.ru

Front gate recreated in 1998

Historical reference:

In the XIV century there lay the "village of Vyapryazhkovo na Studenets", which belonged to the grandson of Ivan Kalita, Serpukhov prince Vladimir Andreevich Khrabrom, the hero of the Battle of Kulikovo. His yard was nearby - on the "Three Mountains".

"Each centimeter of a huge (16.5 hectares) reserve park breathes history. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Gagarin princes' country palace was located on the banks of the Studenets stream. The water from Studenets was so healing that the owners of the estate built a well from which all sufferers could quench their thirst .

Later, already in the 19th century, the new owner of the Studenets estate, Arseniy Zakrevsky, the adjutant general of Alexander I and the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, reconstructed the territory. The author of innovative ideas was the outstanding architect Domenico Gilardi. The estate made such an impression on his contemporaries that it was deservedly called "absolute Venice in the gardens."

Then much has changed. Unfortunately, in the Soviet period, the park lost its original charm. Many sculptures and several beautiful gardens disappeared without a trace. But today, constant, careful and painstaking work is underway to restore the lost. So the debt of history is returned to Muscovites, "the official site of the park http://p-kp.ru/ reports

In fairness, it is necessary to clarify that Student’s troubles did not begin in the Soviet period, but long before the revolution. Both the estate and the Garden of the Studenets School of Horticulture pretty dilapidated at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. According to the commission’s report, “the buildings were found in extremely poor condition. The properties are not fenced, access to stray people is open. One of the buildings is uninhabited due to decay.” In different years, the estate suffered from fires and floods. As of 1908, the main house of the estate was destroyed, but the outbuildings were preserved, part of the canals were filled up, the island was occupied by greenhouses and greenhouses. In 1915, they were planning to relocate the gardening school as much in the vicinity of the city of Sochi, and adapt the territory of the estate to industrial needs.

World War I and revolutionary disasters prevented these plans. After the revolution, the personal park became a resting place for workers and their families. They thoroughly started the revival of the park in the 1930s, eliminating the railway line leading to the Trekhgornaya manufactory. In 1932, at the place of the Studenets estate and the Garden of the Studenets gardening school, the Krasnaya Presnya Culture and Leisure Park was created with a concert stage, attractions, a children's town, and a boat pier. Festive festivities ended with fireworks on the water. There is no need to idealize Stalinist Moscow either - in the neighborhood there were kitchen gardens, dumps and wastelands.

1951: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/84424
Portrait of I.V. Stalin from carpet flowers (Park of Culture and Rest "Krasnaya Presnya" Moscow). Made according to the sketch and under the guidance of artist-decorator A. Belyaev. Magazine "Spark" №47 November 1951

According to the General Plan for the reconstruction of Moscow in 1935, the territory was included in the huge Krasnopresnensky park from the Kamer-Kollezhsky shaft to the line of the Belarusian Railway (in this case, the Vagankovsky cemetery would be destroyed). As an option, it was planned to create in Studenets a hydrotechnical park with canals, locks and other structures. These ideas were buried by a new war - the Great Patriotic War. To Trekhgorka again laid railway tracks.

Although projects to equip the park and recreate the historic manor appeared in the 1960s and 1970s, work on the reconstruction of the main building began only in 2006 and should be completed in the second quarter of 2014. It seems that the builders are not in a hurry (not an Olympic object), and the deadlines can move.

The name of the estate on the banks of the Moskva River comes from Studenets creek. Before the Mytishchi water supply to Moscow, the wells in the Three Mountains had the best drinking water in the city, for which rich people sent water carriers even several kilometers away.

Octagon Pavilion, 1904: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/11041

On the Mantulinskaya street, the Octagon well pavilion, built in the 1820s by the famous empire-style architect Domenico Gilardi, has been preserved. The pavilion is decorated in the ancient Roman spirit of the times of the first Roman emperor Augustus and crowned with a small dome. The construction got its name from the Latin word meaning octagon.

On the walls were bronze lion masks, natural spring water flowed from the mouth of predators. Around 1974, the masks were dismantled, and in 1975 due to redevelopment of the territory, the pavilion was moved with the help of winches and now it can be seen in the square near the World Trade Center.

In 1955, at the site of demolished buildings of the gardening school, a new cinema "Krasnaya Presnya" was opened (architect A. Raport). According to the Decree of the Government of Moscow, in 2001 the building of the unprofitable cinema was leased "for educational and entertaining activities" to the International Fund for the Development of Cinema and Television for Children and Youth (Rolan Bykov Foundation). Now there are no signs on it, the original stucco decorations, lanterns near the entrance have been preserved on the facade, although the building itself was for some reason repainted from light yellow to dark brown.

Reconstructed administrative buildings and cafes

A monument to Lenin is erected opposite the park entrance.

Manor Studenets at the reconstruction stage

The banner contains the necessary information about the construction, and the fence contains useful text about the history of the Studenets estate (which was used to compose the text of this plot).

Fountain, 1987-1990: http://www.oldmos.ru/old/photo/view/95107

The Tuscan column has survived on the island, the pedestal of which is decorated with scabbard swords and wreaths. But the sculptures of the commanders - the heroes of the war of 1812 - created by the projects of V. Stasov, have been lost. These monuments were erected in the years 1820-1830 at the initiative of the then owner of the estate Count A.A. Zakrevsky. Each of the islands of the park was dedicated to the memory of one of the heroes under whose command Zakrevsky served: Kamensky, Barclay, Volkonsky.

Until recently, the park was a gallery of Russian ice sculpture with a constant year-round exposure. To prevent visitors from freezing in the summer, they gave out warm coats at the entrance.

Among the many cultural events held in the Krasnaya Presnya park, the Street of History festival was remembered: Russian soldiers of different eras, dominos over a beer, the self-publishing dissident and other characters from the long and recent past appeared before the townspeople.

There is a dance floor in front of the concert stage, ballet and dance clubs work in the park. And with ethnic foreign dances can be found at the festival "Latinofest".

The park was founded in 1932 on the territory of the monument of landscape gardening architecture of the XVIII century - the estate "Studenets". This is the only surviving example of the Peter the Great Park in Moscow “in the Dutch manner”. It is believed that the name "Studenets" appeared due to the key well near the road. The water from this well was famous for its taste and mineral qualities throughout Moscow.

The first information about this place dates back to the XIV-XV centuries, when the entire territory on the banks of the Moskva River, at the confluence of the Studenets stream, was occupied by the village of Vyapryazhkov, owned by Prince Vladimir Andreyevich Serpukhovsky. In the second quarter of the XV century, the village passed to the Novinsky monastery, which owned it until the beginning of the XVIII century. At this time, the lands were granted to the Siberian governor, Prince Matvey Petrovich Gagarin. He laid the foundation for the estate, planned a park with artificial ponds, built a wooden palace.

In 1721, Gagarin was convicted and hanged for bribery and embezzlement, and all his property, including the estate, was confiscated. Under Anna Ivanovna, the lands were returned to his son Alexei. Under him, the estate became a place of out-of-town celebrations with the name "Gagarin Ponds".

The daughter of Alexei Gagarin Anna married the secret adviser of Count D.M. Matyushkina also received a manor in a dowry. Her daughter Sofya Matyushkina, in turn, married Count Yu.M. Wielgorski and also received the estate as a dowry. Her son Matvey Vielgorsky sold the estate in 1816 to the merchant N.I. Prokofiev, from whom she passed on to Count Fedor Tolstoy. His daughter Agrafena Tolstaya married General Arseny Zakrevsky, the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, and received the estate as a dowry. Zakrevsky belongs to the merit of arranging and transforming the estate.

Under him, the manor house (project) was rebuilt, a unique system of canals and ponds, a landscape layout of the park with asymmetrically located pavilions was created. The main idea of \u200b\u200bZakrevsky was to create here a kind of monument to the Patriotic War of 1812. He filled the park with sculptures of military leaders, erected a monument to the war in the form of a Tuscan column (architect V.P. Stasov, preserved). An octagonal gazebo-fountain “Octagon” (architect DI Gilardi) was placed above the well with spring water. At the end of 1973, the arbor was moved to another place. With some losses, it was preserved.

In 1831, Zakrevsky sold the estate to P.N. Demidov, who in 1834 presented it to the state in order to arrange a school of the Russian Society of Gardening Lovers in it. After the nationalization of the estate in 1918, the Society of Gardening Lovers was located here. Many new plantings appeared on the territory, but at the same time many monuments were lost, bridges were demolished, some channels were filled up, sculptures were destroyed, the palace was destroyed. In the 1920s the park was crossed by a railway line from the Trekhgorny outpost.

In 1998, the front entrance gates of the park were recreated, but in a new place. In 2010, the restoration of the manor house began.

From the Soviet period, the remains of a summer theater and a monument to V.I. Lenin (sculptor N.I. Bratsun, architect V.N. Eniosov).

The main plantations in the park are poplar and linden alleys, there are willows. The area of \u200b\u200bthe park is 16.5 hectares.