How the pyramids of Pharaoh Cheops were built. Egyptian pyramids: you need to know this. When was the Cheops pyramid built?

Daria Nessel | Dec 21, 2016

The Pyramid of Cheops (Pyramid of Khufu) is one of the most famous and the only one that has survived to this day, which anyone who comes to Cairo can see. Its age dates back to approximately 2500 BC. For about fifty hundred years it has been towering, surprising and striking with its size, in the burning Egyptian desert. This unique complex has been studied for centuries. More than one generation of Egyptologists and archaeologists have “broken many copies” by arguing over its purpose and methods of construction. Thanks to the pyramid of Khufu (whom the Greeks called Cheops), the science of pyramidology appeared. Adherents of unconventional teachings and magicians of all times also put forward their own speculations describing the genesis of this grandiose creation.

Versions about the methods of building the Cheops pyramid

The Pyramid of Cheops was built by the architect and chief Hemiun, a cousin or nephew of the supreme ruler himself. The methods used by the Egyptians in its construction were forgotten and lost due to wars, civil strife, unfavorable weather conditions, which fell on Ancient Egypt, when no memories remained of its former wealth and power.

There are many interpretations explaining how the Cheops pyramid was built. The first was proposed by Herodotus, who visited Egypt in the 5th century BC. and left detailed description what he saw. According to him, more than 100,000 slaves were involved in the construction, many of whom died in this difficult work. Using wooden levers, they lifted huge basalt blanks to the desired level. This option does not stand up to criticism, since it is problematic to imagine such levers capable of supporting almost a three-ton stone and lifting it to a height of more than 140 meters (residents of the Nile Valley of that time did not know what a wheel and a block were).

Another version is to use an embankment built around the building as it grows. If we adhere to this point of view, then the volume of excavation work performed will also require a huge number of workers.

Meanwhile, the most modern archaeological finds indicate that near the construction site there was a settlement where about 4,500 people lived, permanently employed in the construction of the tomb. These people were not slaves, they ate well and had good homes. It is estimated that up to 20,000 Egyptians were employed in temporary work after agricultural work ended.

The third is the use of a spiral external ramp around the entire perimeter. But its use did not provide an explanation of how the inner chamber was made, where the pharaoh’s sarcophagus is located, located 50 m above the base, and where one relatively narrow corridor leads.

Pyramid of Khufu - sparkling crystal of Egypt

The Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt is a geometric body with a square base with a perimeter of 922 m, with a height from the base of 146 m (original, now 138 m). The angle of inclination of its geometrically ideal faces was 51 degrees. It is lined with limestone blocks of 2.5 tons.

In the center there are three rooms made of five-ton polished granite blocks, in one of which there is a sarcophagus of the pharaoh. The purpose of the two smaller chambers located above it is unknown. According to the latest assumptions, they serve as a shock absorber to prevent the “king’s chambers” from being crushed. The entire cavity of the building, except for the tunnel leading to the rooms and down below the base, as well as two ventilation drifts, is completely filled with monoliths.

Until 1168, Khufu's tomb was lined with polished elements made of soft material, which made it look like crystal sparkling in the sun. Subsequently, the cladding was used by the people of Cairo to restore their city after the Arab invasion. The total weight of the monument, resting on a carved rock foundation, is over 5 million tons. Even with today's advanced technologies and techniques, it is difficult to imagine a way to firmly construct this miracle of architecture.

Theories for the creation of the Cheops pyramid

French architect Jean Pierre Roudin became interested in Khufu's pyramid in 1999 and devoted 10 years of his hard work to it. As a professional designer, he wanted to understand what technical techniques people used almost 5,000 years ago to build it. The result of his examination was the conclusion: the ancient Egyptians used an internal ramp during construction, which grew along with the pyramid and repeated its perimeter, with an inclination angle of no higher than 7 degrees (a steeper rise makes it impossible to move stone parallelepipeds on wooden rollers and runners).

Jean Pierre explained the impeccable execution of geometric proportions by the fact that first the front polished blocks were laid along the intended lines, then two more internal rows of already unpolished, but correctly marked slabs were aligned along them, and then the empty space was filled with roughly sawn limestone. His theory explained how the granite parallelepipeds of the pharaoh's burial chamber were raised and installed at a 50-meter height.

This theory would be recognized as reliable and final if there were voids in the thickness of the Cheops pyramid that remained after construction ceased and indicated the presence of internal ramps. But so far there is no such confirmation.

All experts agree that some parts of Khufu’s pyramid were made at a high technological level that would not have been possible 4000 years ago. So, for example, granite pieces of the structure are cut out of the rock with such precision that it is not possible to insert even a knife blade into the gap between them.

The very fact of Khufu’s burial raises many questions: the granite sarcophagus for his mummy was unfinished, carried out without proper care, and no traces of burial were found. The presence of 15 and 35 ton granite stones in the masonry also cannot be explained. Such inconsistencies have given rise to theories about the divine origin of the pyramid at Giza. WITH late XIX century, the Cheops pyramid became a place of pilgrimage for followers of various esoteric movements and those interested in magic, who proclaimed it the habitat of spirits and demons.

Edgar Cayce, the most famous of all occultists (1877–1945), proclaimed that it was created by the Atlanteans 10,000 BC to escape the Great Flood, and that it contained the lost wisdom of an advanced civilization.

The beginning of the space age gave birth to the fabrication of the involvement of aliens in its construction. The most popular author of one of these conclusions, the Swiss Erich von Däniken, hypothesized that the Cheops pyramid was constructed by aliens to store the bodies of representatives of foreign civilizations who died on Earth; and the god Ra, who was worshiped local population, - this is an alien, and all the myths and religion of this period are simply a distorted reflection of reality. Careful geometric and astronomical research led to unexpected discoveries that can be attributed either to random coincidences or to patterns:

• the ratio of base to height is approximately 3.14 (pi);
• the direction of the corridor and ventilation shafts coincides with the location in the sky of the North Star, the stars Sirius and Alnitak.

The latter led to the emergence of the theory that the Cheops pyramid was nothing more than an astronomical observatory.

In the 60–70s of the 20th century. a new surge of interest in this object occurred due to the experiment of the Czech Karel Dribal, who placed a dull razor inside a cardboard copy (15 cm) of the pyramid, and after a few days its initial sharpness returned.

When they were removing fragments of stones from near Khufu's pyramid, they noticed a closed triangular chamber consisting of heavy limestone slabs. This was in 1955. Having lifted the slab with the image of Jephedra, they found a huge boat consisting of 1224 parts. It was a large boat made of Lebanese cedar. It consisted of 2 cabins and could float on water while operating 10 oars. The acacia fragments required repair. The rook took 10 years to assemble. In 1971 it was exhibited at the Solar Boat Museum.

There was also a second chamber; it was not opened for a long time. But in 1987, another smaller boat was found by radar. It is poorly preserved. In 2008, money was allocated for excavations, and in 2011 its parts were raised to the top.

Properties of the Cheops pyramid.

Veynik V.A.

Word " pyramid"" was produced by the famous "ancient" author Pliny the Elder from the word "flame", which means in Greek pyr - fire, heat. And since the sounds "r" and "l" were mixed in Egypt, the word "pyramid = pyramid" immediately comes close to the Slavic word “flame.” So, the words “pie”, “flame”, “pyramid = pyramid” turn out to have the same root! Perhaps they all came from the Slavic word “flame”.
Pyramid- a polyhedron, the base of which is a polygon, and the remaining faces are triangles having a common vertex.
Center of gravity of the pyramid volume(or cone) lies on a straight segment connecting the top of the pyramid (cone) with the center of gravity of the base, at a distance equal to 3/4 of the length of this segment, counting from the top.

Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

Wikipedia help: Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops is the Greek spelling of the Egyptian name), Great Pyramid of Giza - the largest of Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” that has survived to this day. The supposed architect of the Great Pyramid is Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops. Construction time - IV dynasty (2560-2540 BC). In Egypt, the date for the start of construction of the Cheops Pyramid is officially established and celebrated - August 23, 2480 BC. This date was obtained using the astronomical method of the Englishwoman Kate Spence.
Spence Keith(Spence Kate), British Egyptologist. Currently teaching archeology Ancient Egypt at the University of Cambridge. In 1997 she was awarded a doctorate from Christ's College, Cambridge. Email: [email protected]
There is a story by a certain “ancient Greek” historian Herodotus(nickname Herodotus - the Old Giver, probably lived in the 14th-15th centuries AD) about the pyramids, which received significant attention in his work “Muses” or “History” [“History. Euterpe”, book 2]: paragraph 124. “The construction of the pyramid itself lasted 20 years. It is four-sided, each side is 8 plephres wide and the same height, and is made of hewn stones carefully fitted to each other. Each stone is at least 30 feet long.”
Here plephr(or pletra, ancient Greek pletron) - a unit of length in Ancient Greece, equal to 100 Greek or 104 Roman feet (feet), which is 30.65 m; Byzantine length measure from 29.81 to 35.77 m.
IN 1638 English mathematician and astronomer John Greaves(John Greavs, 1602-1652), who graduated from Oxford and taught geometry in London, decided to go to Egypt. He explored the internal passages of the Cheops pyramid and was the first to take measurements. The height of the pyramid was 144 m, or 149 m if the missing capstone is taken into account. The errors in his calculations did not exceed three to four meters. Greaves published the results of his measurements and research in the book “Pyramidography, or Discourse on the Pyramids in Egypt” (London, 1646). This was actually the first scientific book about pyramids.
IN 1661 English traveler Edward Melton(Edward Melton) measured Great Pyramid and was the first to visit the pyramids of Dashur (the southernmost “pyramid field”, 26 km south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile). In his work “Sights and Ancient Monuments Seen During a Travel in Egypt” (Amsterdam, 1661), he also included images of the pyramids.
IN 1799 year in his multi-volume work, the French engineer, geographer and archaeologist Edme-François Jomard(Edme Francois Jomard, 1777-1862), together with other scientists (at least 175), accompanied Napoleon’s army to Egypt (1798-1801), compiled the first scientific description of the Cheops pyramid and carried out the first accurate measurements - he was the first to establish the exact height of the pyramid - 144 m , the angle of inclination of its sides is 51°19"14" and the length of the edge from top to base is 184.722 m.
In 1842-1862. E.-F. Jomar published a collection of "Monuments of the History of Geography".
Jomard Edme Francois, "Les monuments de la geographie; ou, Recueil d"anciennes cartes europeenes et orientales, (Atlas)" ("Monuments of the history of geography; or, Collection former cards, European and Oriental, (Atlas)", Paris: Duprat, etc. 1842-1862).
IN 1837 English colonel William Howard-Weese(William Howard-Vyse, 1784-1853) measured the angle of inclination of the faces of the pyramid: it turned out to be equal to 51°51". This value is still recognized by most researchers today. The indicated value of the angle corresponds to a tangent equal to 1.27306. This value corresponds to the ratio of the height of the pyramid to half of its foundation. Weese's research was published in the three-volume work "Work carried out on the Pyramids of Giza in 1837" (London, 1840-1842).

Fig.1. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the east).

The main dimensions of the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

1) Platform at the top: originally crowned with a granite pyramid (pyramidion). The summit was supposedly destroyed by an earthquake in 1301. Today, the top of the pyramid is a square with sides of about 10 m. During the Second World War, a British air defense post was located on the site.
2) Pyramid height: 146.721  148.153 m (calculated). Most likely, the exact size is 146.59 m, and the remaining values ​​are just varying degrees of rounding.
Height of the pyramid (today): ≈ 138.75 m.
3) Base length: 230.365  232.867 m (calculated).
Length of the sides of the base: south - 230.454 m (+/- 6 mm); north - 230.251 m (+/- 10 mm); west - 230.357 m; east - 230.394 m.
4) Apothem of the lateral face: 186.539  188.415 m (calculated).
5) Side face (rib) length: 230.33 m (calculated).
Side length (currently): about 225 m.
6) Side face angle(Alpha main): 51°49"  51°52"06".
7) Number of layers (tiers) of stone blocks- 210 pcs. (at the time of construction).
Now there are 203 layers.
8) Entrance to the pyramid is located at an altitude of 15.63 m on the north side.

Fig.2. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the north).

Some size ratios.

According to experts, the estimated height of the Great Pyramid 146,59 m.
a) The ratio of the height of the pyramid to the length of the base is 7:11. It is this ratio that determines the angle of 51°51", the angle of inclination of the side faces.
b) The ratio of the perimeter of the base (921.453 m) to the height (146.59 m) gives the number 6.28, that is, a number close to 2π.
A study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not provide a clear answer to the question of the original proportions of this structure. It is assumed (!) that the Egyptians had an idea of ​​the “golden ratio” and the number “Pi”, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid.

On the side is the “golden ratio”.

Wikipedia help: Golden ratio (golden ratio, division in extreme and average ratio) - the ratio of two quantities, equal to the ratio of their sum to the larger of the given quantities. The approximate value of the golden ratio is
1 = 0,6+ 0,381966011250105151795413165634362.
For practical purposes, approximate values ​​of 0.62 and 0.38 are often used. If segment AB is taken to be 100 parts, then the larger part of the segment is 62, and the smaller part is 38 parts.
It is generally accepted that the concept of the “golden” division was introduced into scientific use by Pythagoras(VI century BC), although he did not write his treatises, in addition, none of the subsequent “ancient” authors ever quoted from the works of Pythagoras or even pointed to the existence of such works. However, take note, reader: “Pythagoras’ place in the history of world philosophical and religious systems is on a par with Zarathushtra, Gina Mahavira, Buddha, Kong Fuzi and Lao Tzu. His teaching is imbued with clarity and enlightenment.”
In the old literature that has come down to us, the “golden” division is first mentioned in Euclid’s Elements (the author’s nickname, meaning “Illustrious,” or even the title of the book itself, “Well Bound”). The ancient text of Euclid’s “Elements” has not reached our time, but nevertheless, the first translation into Latin was allegedly made from Arabic in the 1st quarter of the 12th century. And finally, as soon as they fell, the first printed edition of Euclid’s Elements with drawings in the margins of the book appeared in Venice in 1482!
Around 1490-1492 Leonardo da Vinci(Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519) introduced the name “golden ratio” for the drawing of the Vitruvian Man, as an illustration for a book dedicated to the works of Vitruvius (the drawing was called the “square of the ancients” or “Golden Section”). It depicts the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with his arms spread to the sides, describing a circle and a square.
If a human figure - the most perfect creation of the universe - is tied with a belt and then the distance from the belt to the feet is measured, then this value will relate to the distance from the same belt to the top of the head, just as the entire height of a person relates to the length from the waist to the feet.
Second golden ratio.
In 1983, the Bulgarian artist Tsvetan Tsekov-Karandash published calculations showing the presence of a second form of the golden section, which followed from the main section and gives a different ratio of 44: 56 [Magazine "Fatherland" (Bulgaria), 1983, No. 10].
Tsekov-Pencil Tsvetan(1924-2010), Bulgarian cartoonist, illustrator and researcher of the work of Leonardo da Vinci. Died due to an accident that happened to him in December 2009.

"Energetic" properties of the pyramid.

Wikipedia help: Energy pyramids - in New Age ("Western" mysticism) and esotericism this is the name for a structure in the shape of a pyramid, which is supposedly a converter or accumulator (accumulator) of some bioenergy unknown to science.
IN 1864 English (Scottish) astronomer Charles Piazzi Smith(Charles Piazzi Smyth, 1819-1900) went to Egypt and became interested in research into structure and orientation great pyramids. The results of the research are presented in three monographs “Our inheritance in the Great Pyramid” (“Our research of the Great Pyramid”, 1864), “Life and work in the great Pyramid" ("Life and work on the Great Pyramid", in 3 volumes, 1867), "On the antiquity of intellectual Man" ("On the antiquity of an intelligent man", 1868). Smith's measurements are still a classic background information on metrology of the Great Pyramid. For this work he was awarded the Keith Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
However, in these books, Smith emphasized his mystical views and assumptions about the essence of the Great Pyramid at the expense of a strictly scientific approach. This caused a break with many scientists and even Smith’s resignation from the Royal Society of London (1874).
In addition, Smith took the first photographs of the Great Pyramid and its internal passages and chambers using a special camera, and during these photographs, apparently for the first time in photography, he used magnesium as a flash lamp. Smith was, apparently, the first to obtain in his photograph the image of "ghosts" that were not visible to the naked eye at the time of photographing. It is unclear whether this was an astronomer’s joke, his design sophistication in photographing, or an accidental exposure twice, but since then, for a hundred and fifty years, this phenomenon has been actively discussed in publications on “alternative” science, and ghosts appear in photographs with enviable regularity.
IN 1958 Kabbalist and Egyptologist Mikhail Vladimirovich Saryatin(1883-1963) conducted a series of experiments inside the Cheops pyramid, identifying several types of its radiation. Saryatin showed that the radiation of any pyramid has a complex structure and special properties:
a) “Pi” ray, under the influence of which tumor cells are destroyed and microbes are destroyed;
b) The second ray, causing mummification of organic substances (drying) and destruction of microorganisms;
c) The third mysterious ray "Omega", under the influence of which food products that have been in the pyramid do not spoil for a long time, and which has a beneficial effect on the human body, increases its immune properties.
IN 1969 American experimental physicist Luis Alvarez(Luis Alvarez, 1911-1988) used cosmic rays to try to find out whether there were yet to be found (secret) rooms in the pyramid of Khafre. He installed cosmic radiation counters in it and conducted computer research. Alvarez's experiments caused a huge resonance in the scientific world - the geometry of the pyramid inexplicably disrupted the operation of all instruments, forcing scientists to temporarily stop conducting experiments.
IN 1976 year French radioesthetists (dowsers) Leon Chomery(Leon Chaumery) and Arnold Belizal(Arnold Belizal) first suggested the role of the Great Pyramid as a transmitting station. They proved that due to the enormous mass, the radiation from the shape of the pyramid reached such a force that from a very long distance, using the model of a small pyramid, this radiation could be detected. Next, without a compass, accurately orient the route of a ship at sea or a camel caravan in the Sahara using a cardboard pyramid.
Chaumery L., Belizal A. de, "Essai de Radiesthésie Vibratoire" ("Essay on Vibrational Radioesthesia"), Paris: Editions Dangles, 1956.
IN 1988 hydrogeological engineer Alexander Efimovich Golod(born 1949) began to conduct the first experiments, when in the Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye regions thousands of hectares were sown with sunflower, corn and sugar beet seeds, processed in a pyramid. The results were impressive: the yield increase ranged from 30 to 50%. Cucumbers from the pyramid stopped suffering from chronic “cucumber” diseases, and also tolerated drought and acid rain with enviable ease.
According to Golod’s teachings, “firstly, proportions: the height of an untruncated pyramid should be related to the side of the base as 2.02:1; secondly, the pyramid itself, if biological objects are supposed to be placed in it, should be slightly truncated. As for the dimensions, then they can be anything, but it is better to make them higher. With the doubling of the pyramid, the impact on the objects placed inside increases millions of times.

Fig.3. Pyramid diagram by engineer A.E. Hunger.

The material for construction can be any dielectric, but the walls must be made as thin as possible. You need to orient the constructed pyramid with its face (any) towards the North Star. Seeds, seedlings and other items that you want to process in the pyramid can be placed anywhere in its internal facility for a period of at least 24 hours."
And one last thing. “The period of “acceleration” of any pyramid to its full radiation power is about three years.”

Bovi-Drbala zone.

The zone is concentrated at a height of 1/3 from the base. A French radioesthetist drew attention to its existence. Andre Bovy(André Bovis, 1871–1947), also called Antoine or Alfred by some authors.
IN 1935 year, Bovey, while exploring the Great Pyramid, discovered in the king’s chamber the remains of several cats and other small animals that had accidentally wandered here. Their corpses looked rather strange: there was no smell and there were no visible signs of decomposition. Surprised by this phenomenon, Bovey examined the corpses and found that they were dehydrated and mummified, despite the humidity in the room. Assuming that the whole point was in the shape of a pyramid, Bovey made a wooden model of the Cheops pyramid, the side of the base of which was 90 centimeters, and oriented it strictly to the north. Inside the pyramid, at one-third of the height, he placed a cat that had just died. A few days later the corpse was mummified. Bovey then experimented with other organic materials, particularly those that deteriorate quickly under normal conditions, such as bovine brains. The food did not spoil, and Bovey concluded that the shape of the pyramid had miraculous properties.
IN 1949 Czechoslovakian radio engineer Karel Drbal(Drbal Karel), inspired by the discovery of the Frenchman Bovy, invented a new way to keep razor blades sharp. He built a 15-centimeter model of the Cheops pyramid out of cardboard, oriented it north and south, and placed a razor blade inside. Drbal claimed that this blade could be used to shave at least 100 times and still remain sharp. The result is recorded in patent No. 91304 dated 04/01/1952 “Method for sharpening razor blades and straight razors.” Application No. R2399-49 dated November 4, 1949. Published on 08/15/1959.
"In accordance with the invention, the blades are stored in the Earth's magnetic field under the surface of a pyramid of dielectric materials, such as thick paper, wax paper, cardboard, hardened plastic. The pyramid has a hatch of square, round, oval, etc. shape, in which the blades are inserted in. Pyramids with a square base are best, and it is better with a side of the square equal to the height of the pyramid, multiplied by half the Ludolf number. For example, for a height of 10 cm, a base of 15.7 cm is selected. The razor is placed on a substrate of dielectric material, the same. as a pyramid material, or other such as cork, wood, ceramics, paper, wax paper, etc., the height of which is chosen between 1/5 and 1/3 of the height of the pyramid. This substrate lies on a table also made of dielectric. The size of the substrate is chosen so that the blades lie freely on it; its height may differ from the specified range. Although this is not a mandatory requirement, it is recommended to install the razors on the substrate so that their sharp edges are directed to the east and west. and the longitudinal axes are directed north and south respectively."

Fig.4. Scheme of the Cheops pyramid.

Chronal batteries.

Few people know that thermophysicist A.I. Veynik experimentally studied a certain physical (material) connection between biological creatures and the cosmos. The simplest and oldest communication device discovered in the last century (!) is considered to be the huge pyramid of Cheops. Scientists have enthusiastically set about searching for unusual oddities in the properties of the models of this pyramid. To our great regret, they lost sight of the fact that it is not miracles - anomalies - that need to be identified, but fundamentally new radiation, the existence of which modern physics forbade (and forbids) completely.
Veinik, studying the so-called “chronal” radiation of polyhedra, noted [TRP, chapter XVIII, paragraph “5. Chronal batteries”]: “Even more curious is that the ancient Egyptian priests were well aware of the properties of chronal radiation. This is evidenced by geometry - dimensions and configuration - their pyramids. At the location of the sarcophagus with the pharaoh, radiation is concentrated to such high intensity that it has a detrimental effect on many microorganisms: and not only on microorganisms: reports periodically appear in the press that all people who have been in the pyramids for a long time subsequently. they die from unknown diseases. It is chronal radiation that works. It is no coincidence that in Czechoslovakia a plastic model of a pyramid was used instead of a refrigerator for storing perishable foods - microorganisms feel uncomfortable in such a pyramid. And in a small model of a pyramid, blades are even sharpened" [KS].
“However, even simpler and accessible chronal sources for everyone are chronal accumulators, or accumulations, or temporal accumulators - it was with them that I began the study of a truly simple chronal phenomenon” [TRP, p. 332].
"Another type was suggested by the Egyptian pyramids. American researchers have discovered about 150 different exotic effects manifested in the pyramid. Some of them are directly related to the chronal phenomenon. Consequently, a polyhedron with a certain aspect ratio and corresponding orientation in relation to the cardinal points can also serve as a chronal accumulator Polyhedra with the ratio of the lengths of the edges of the Cheops pyramid are very effective: if the side of the square at the base of the pyramid is equal to one, then the height is 0.63, and the side edge is about 0.95" [TRP, p. 332].
"There are other types of effective polyhedra. For example, a cylindrical prism, at the base of which lies a regular heptagon with a side of 7.5 cm; the height of the prism is 17 cm, at the top and bottom it is crowned with seven-sided pyramids with an edge length of 12-12.5 cm, in total 21 edges" [TRP, p. 333].
“Experiments show that any such polyhedron in the general case can be monolithic or hollow, made, for example, from paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, etc. You can also do without faces altogether; it is enough to reproduce only the edges of the polyhedron from wire. This is explained as follows.
As is known, the strength of any field increases with the curvature of its isointension lines. This is where, for example, the tip effect comes from - let's remember the lightning rod pointed at the end. This also applies to the chronal field. The adherence of the latter to the interface between media greatly increases its concentration along the line or at the point of intersection of surfaces, especially if many of them intersect at once, because the curvature of the isochronal lines is great here. As a result, the influence of the surfaces themselves is reduced to a minimum and it is possible to do without them altogether, limiting oneself to only the ribs - the wire frame of the polyhedron, but the area covered by the frame is very significant.
The important role of the interface leads to the fact that the power (capacity) of any described battery is directly related to its size. For the same reason, capillary-porous bodies have a high chronological capacity. The colossal power of chronal radiation in the giant Cheops pyramid becomes clear.
Polyhedra have a set of amazing and varied properties, which depend on the composition and structure of the material, configuration, design and size of the polyhedron, etc. Currently, only a small part of these properties has been deciphered and almost nothing is known about the information they emit. For example, in Czechoslovakia, K. Drbal patented a method for keeping razors and razor knives sharp. After shaving, the blade is placed in a paper, cardboard or plastic Cheops-type pyramid 10 cm high at a height of 1/3 to 1/5 from the base. Changes occur in the material that allow you to shave 50-200 times with one blade (depending on the thickness of the beard). Larger pyramids in Czechoslovakia are used for storing perishable foods, because the chronal field inside the pyramid has a detrimental effect on microbes. This same field preserves mummies in Egyptian and other similar pyramids.
Living nature is well aware of the property of various configuration systems to accumulate chronal matter and widely and skillfully uses this property for its own purposes. For example, V.S. Grebennikov discovered a strong effect of nesting bees and wasps on protozoa and some types of microbes; bee honeycombs with a clearly consistent repeating geometry are especially indicative in this sense.
The nature of the influence of the chronal field on biological and other objects is discussed in more detail below. What is important for us here is that, using the simplest means, it is easy to produce a chronal accumulator, which is necessary for studying the properties of a truly simple chronal phenomenon. Each such battery spontaneously receives radiation from Space, as well as from terrestrial objects, especially biological ones, and after a few hours is ready for use; It reaches maximum power after many days, when it gradually charges not only itself, but also charges all surrounding objects, including the walls of the room. Unfortunately, almost all batteries of this kind are more or less harm the body, especially with prolonged exposure. In this sense, one can sympathize with the people working in the Louvre in Paris, over which a giant glass pyramid was recently built" [TRP, pp. 333-334].
Reference: The glass pyramid of the Louvre is installed in the center of the Napoleonic courtyard (cour Napoléon), it houses the entrance hall, ticket offices, wardrobe and shops, as well as rooms for temporary exhibitions, a lecture hall, and a parking lot. It was built from 1985 to 1989. The prototype was the Cheops pyramid. The architect is Chinese American Yo Ming Pei(English: Ieoh Ming Pei, born 1917).
On March 30, 1989, the official opening of the glass pyramid of the Louvre took place.
Around the large pyramid there are three smaller pyramids, they serve only as portholes. The faces of the pyramids consist entirely of glass segments, thus ensuring optimal illumination of the underground lobby, where the ticket office, information desks and entrances to all three wings of the museum are located.
Somewhat later, Yo Ming Pei returned to his project. On November 18, 1993, he built the so-called "Place du Carrousel" next to the Great Pyramid. inverted pyramid", which serves as another skylight to illuminate the underground halls of the Louvre.
Its height is 7.5 m. With a base length of 13.29 m, each side face of the pyramid has an area of ​​66.6 sq.m. Under the top of the "inverted pyramid", which falls short of the floor of the underground hall by about 1.4 m, is placed a small pyramid three feet high, or slightly less, of polished stone.

Application in metallurgy.

“Of doubtless interest is the effect of a generator (concentrator of cosmic chronal radiation) in the form of a pyramid, made according to the proportions of the famous pyramid of Cheops (Fig. 4). Its faces are oriented along the compass to the north, east, south and west. With the length of the side of the square at the base A, the length ribs B = 0.95 A, height H = 0.63 A. The hardening casting is placed inside the pyramid at its focus at a distance of one-fifth to one-third of the height - marked in the figure with a double solid vertical line. In pyramids made of roofing iron and. cardboard without a bottom at A = 600 mm, the tensile strength of the previous casting increased by 12%, the yield strength - by 24%, and the elongation decreased by 14%. This option is interesting because it does not require any energy costs. Pyramid material (steel, cardboard. ) has virtually no effect on the properties of the casting.
The colossal penetrating ability of the chronal field makes it possible to control the solidification process of the casting at a distance, determine the position of the crystallization front inside the casting, etc. For example, a tube made of corrosion-resistant steel with a length of 1 m and an internal diameter of 15 mm was directed onto a bismuth casting; through it, the chronal radiation of the casting is supplied to the DG-1 sensor with a quartz microresonator [TRP, p. 342]. The metal in the mold (crucible) first melts and then solidifies, while its chronal field and temperature are simultaneously recorded using a thermocouple mounted in the body of the casting.

The measurement results are presented in Fig. 5. Solid curve 1 corresponds to a change in the frequency of resonant oscillations of a quartz plate (in Hertz), and dashed curve 2 corresponds to a change in the temperature of bismuth (in degrees Celsius, scale on the right). Between vertical dashed lines 3 and 4, the metal in the mold is melted, heat and chronal charge are supplied. The supply of charge is accompanied by an increase in the chronal, which determines the rate (speed) of all processes, including the oscillation frequency of the quartz plate of the sensor. In the liquid state, between lines 4 and 5, the charge flows off, the frequency returns to its original (zero) value. Between straight lines 5 and 6, the metal solidifies, heat and charge are removed, and the frequency (and chronal) drops below zero. On temperature curve 2, the processes of melting and solidification correspond to clear horizontal sections that are in good agreement with the chronal curve. Consequently, research shows that the chronal method completely allows for non-destructive remote control of foundry technology" [PVB, pp. 216-219].

Stimulation of vital activity.

“I’ll start with microorganisms. For example, bread yeast in an aqueous solution of sugar at a temperature of 15 ° C, placed in focus and on the diagonal of the base, under the edge, at a distance of 80 mm from the corner of the previous tin pyramid, behaved differently. All the sugar is in focus successfully turned into alcohol, the water became clear, the sediment had a light yellow color, the smell of wine under the rib already after a week was combined with a putrid smell, in the end everything rotted, the color was dark brown, the smell was disgusting. This indicates a different intensity and structure. and the usefulness of chronal radiations within the same pyramid, it can both stimulate and inhibit the vital activity of organisms.
Now about the plants. Under the same conditions, 35 flax seeds were germinated in a glass bottle in damp gauze. After 4 days, 29 seeds sprouted at the focus of the tin pyramid, but not a single one under the edge.
The conditions are the same, but the pyramid is cardboard. After 4 days, not a single grain sprouted in the focus, 15 under the rib. After 11 days, there were 18 and 25 sprouted seeds, and the average length of the sprouts was 40 and 90 mm, respectively. Consequently, not only the zones of the pyramid, but also its material are important for living organisms.
The conditions are the same, but the pyramid consists only of ribs bent from copper wire (busbar) with a cross-section of 3x5 mm. After six days, 20 grains sprouted at the focus, 9 under the rib, the length of the sprouts was 45 (green leaves, well developed) and 17 mm (stunted leaves), respectively. As you can see, the absence of edges did not have a significant impact on the processes; edges are more important.
The effect of the chronal field on living organisms is an endless topic. Here I will only refer to melt water, which has a beneficial effect on plants and animals, stimulating their growth; at one time a lot was written and said about this. From Fig. 5 it can be seen that melting, and therefore melting, according to our experiments, increases the chronal charge and chronal of the substance, which sharply accelerates all life processes. This is the main thing physical essence the problem under discussion. After the charge drains from the thawed water, the effect disappears. For example, molten bismuth discharges after 20 minutes (Fig. 5), water - after an hour or two. To increase the duration of the vacuum, melt water should be kept in a vessel insulated with several layers of plastic film, and each such layer should be separated from the adjacent one by paper. The important role of snow retention in the fields becomes clear: it provides not only additional moisture, but most importantly, when the snow melts, plant growth is chronally stimulated" [PVB, pp. 220-221].
Warning to experimenter. “We must remember that the main functions of regulation of the body at all levels are of a chronal nature. At first, the chronal field is perceived easily, but the effect accumulates and then failures occur” [TRP, p. 392].
February 16 1923 year British expedition led by an archaeologist Howard Carter(Howard Carter, 1874-1939) in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor found the main treasure in the pyramid: the stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. When the sarcophagus was opened in February, a golden coffin containing his mummy was found inside. The sarcophagus was gold and contained more than 100 kg of pure gold, and the body of the pharaoh located there was mummified.
In subsequent years, rumors spread about the “curse of the pharaohs,” which allegedly led to the death of 12 “victims of the curse” who were present at the opening of the tomb. The curse is predominantly associated with deaths that occurred over the next few years after the opening of Tutankhamun's tomb.
Sometimes the “curse of the pharaohs” is also attributed to the opening of old burials outside Egypt - the tomb of Tamerlane in Samarkand (1941), the tomb of Casimir the Great in Krakow (1973), the mummy of Otzi in the Alps (1991). The magical nature of the “curse” is denied by science.

Conclusion.

If we ignore the academic zaum, as well as the entertaining mysticism and MES-jumps (mathematical nonsense) of some pseudo-scientific prospectors, you will find that they all attribute today’s knowledge, skills and fantasies to ancient people.
In ancient times (more than 1-2 thousand years ago), people were primarily interested in preserving food. In deserts it was easy to store food under a pile of sand. Any person knew that this heap has the shape of a “cone” with two eternally constant angles (see Fig. 4):
- angle of repose(Alpha αosn) - the angle formed by the surface of the sand cone with the horizontal plane. For dry sand, Alpha base = 34°.
- opening angle(Alpha in) - the angle at the apex of the cone. For dry sand Alpha b = 112°.
Those who were involved in burying the dead probably paid attention to the effect of mummification (German: mumifizieren< араб. мум - воск, благовонная смола) человека (животного) в жарком и сухом воздухе. Естественно, появилась мысль хоронить фараонов в могильных курганах, но не под простой кучей песка, а под каменной пирамидой. Почему? Кучу песка над могилой соплеменника может насыпать каждый египтянин, а вот согнать мужиков в управляемую толпу и заставить её строить каменную кучу особой формы, может только сам будущий покойник - фараон! Сделать снаружи пирамиду ровной более или менее легко, чего не скажешь о размещении камер внутри по некоему плану. Достаточно взглянуть на рис.4 и обнаружится, что точность внутренней планировки пирамиды равна " трамвайной остановке".
The angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid, also known as the angle of repose (αbas), was chosen to be about 51°50" not for any abstruse reasons, but simply obviously greater than 34°. Sand blown by the wind must be guaranteed to fall from the surface of the pyramid to the ground, where it will pick up, and not spoil the “majestic” appearance of the monastery of the “dried” deceased.
The question remains vague: did the Egyptians link the mummification of corpses with the “reception” of congratulatory telegrams from extraterrestrial civilizations, treating a pharaonic family, preserving especially valuable delicacies, or sharpening razor axes?
Jewish writer Sholom Nokhumovich Rabinovich(pseud. Sholom Aleichem, 1859-1916) is credited with a chic phrase that has become a “scientific” law for mathematicians, cosmologists and science fiction writers: “ If you can’t, but really want to, then you can"The conclusion suggests itself: pseudo-scientific prospectors will definitely find the answer!
However, who will study the location and properties of the Bovi-Drbala zone depending on the opening angle (αв). number of faces and material of the pyramid? Who will study the physical properties of the incomprehensible radiation captured by the pyramids, the same one that thermophysicist A.I. Did you call Veynik “chronal”? Who will invent “informationoscopes” to receive information from the “subtle” worlds and decipher it?
Why do all the prospectors focus their remarkable efforts on “extracting” money from the pyramids, first of all, and only in the last place do they notice something unusual?

Additional information.

Literature.

TRP. Veynik A.I., “Thermodynamics of real processes”, Minsk: “Navuka and technology”, 1991
http://www..html

KS. Veinik A.I., “Book of Sorrow”, Minsk: manuscript, 10/03/1981. 287 mash. sheets.
http://www..html
http://www..zip

PVB. Veinik A.I., “Why I believe in God. Study of manifestations of the spiritual world”, Minsk: Belarusian Exarchate Publishing House, (1st edition - 1998, 2nd - 2000; 3rd - 2002; 4th - 2004; 5th - 2007; 6th - 2009).
http://www..html

The ancient Egyptian pyramids are the most mysterious and unusual buildings in the entire history of mankind. How they were built and why, their external and internal descriptions are questions that have concerned scientists for many years. The Pyramid of Cheops is the largest of all the pyramids, an architectural monument.

Today there is no clear and proven version of how these huge giants were built. But there are a lot of hypotheses and assumptions, each of which has both evidence and contradictions.

Preparation for construction

Pyramids were built from stone blocks. Some believed that all the blocks were the same size. But the theory was refuted. Preparation for construction included the extraction of such stone blocks from the rocks. To do this, they drew the shape of the future block on the rock, hollowed out the edges of the boundary with chisels and picks, and inserted wood into them.

Later, the tree was filled with water, as a result of which it swelled, and the rock cracked along a given boundary due to stress. The block was then separated.

Also, during preparation, they marked the ground with the designation of the four sides of the pyramid. We tried to outline them so that they were oriented to the cardinal points. Then the area under the base was leveled.

For this purpose, a square-shaped shaft was erected from sand and stones. Next, we divided this square into equal parts and filled it with water. The stones that were under water were removed, and the trenches were filled with a new layer of stones, which served as the foundation of the tomb.

Working with stone

The resulting blocks were carefully processed to obtain the required shape. Further along the river the blocks were transported to the construction site. Research has shown that the stones had a mass suitable for movement. Then construction began, starting from the lower tier. Having laid the blocks, the problem arose of lifting the blocks to the next levels.

There are many theories about how the Egyptians lifted stones. Some scientists believe that 4 specially built brick ramps were used for the ascent. Some have suggested that the ramp was 1. Opponents of the theory argue that such devices cannot exist and suggest that there were lifting mechanisms. Although this version has not found evidence.

Drawings on the pyramid

Numerous drawings and diagrams on stone blocks also leave a lot of questions. In addition to the depicted figures of people and Gods, pictures of unknown technical structures and devices of unknown purpose were discovered. There are examples that resemble a modern helicopter. There are whole huge portraits.

The technology of painting also remains a mystery. After all, some parts of the drawings are darker, and some are lighter: unknown methods were used to lighten or darken the surface of the stone. Many unsolved paintings and recordings still exist today. Most researchers tend to assume that the drawings are a secret message for modern man.

Where is the Cheops Pyramid located on the map?

The Pyramid of Cheops, whose description is fascinating, is the only one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” that has survived to this day. It is located in the city of Giza in Egypt.

Today, on the map Giza is designated as a suburb of Cairo. It is located 30 km from the capital.

History of the pyramid and its age

The Cheops Pyramid is the oldest and largest of the 3 pyramids located on the Giza Plateau. Pyramids, as you know, were built as tombs of pharaohs in order to ensure a good and comfortable life for rulers in the afterlife.

The construction of the pyramid took several decades. Scientists are still debating exactly how much.

Some believe that construction took about 20 years. But the scale of the pyramid and the reign of Pharaoh Cheops (he himself supervised the construction) give reason to assume that the work took all of 40 years. Herodotus and his associates believed that the main builders were slaves, a large number of whom died at the construction site.

Modern researchers, on the contrary, believe that free Egyptians made up the majority of the workforce. After all, Cheops provided them with housing and food during their work. And the main reason was the spiritual component: everyone sought to show their involvement in the shrine of the immortal ruler, because only the pharaoh and his entourage had the right to immortality and life after death.

And by participating in the construction of the tomb, people hoped for the favor of the Gods or the pharaoh himself, wanting to be part of the retinue. The architect is considered to be Cheops's nephew, Khemion, who meticulously worked on the project, calculating everything down to the smallest detail. Perhaps this explains the longevity of the pyramid.

The age of the pyramid is about 4500 years. And the start date of construction is considered to be August 23, 2560 BC. This day is considered a national holiday in Egypt.

Appearance and dimensions of the pyramid, characteristics

The overall dimensions of the pyramid are striking in their scale: the base area is 53 thousand square meters. m. Height - 138.8 m, although initially the building was another 9 m higher, but after many hundreds of years, earthquakes and sandstorms contributed to the partial destruction of the top of the pyramid. Base - 230 m, rib length - 230 m. Volume - 2.58 million cubic meters. m.

The Pyramid of Cheops is adjacent to 2 others: the Pyramid of Khafre and the Pyramid of Menkaure. Also nearby is another architectural monument - the Great Sphinx, the description of which also contains inexplicable facts.

Data for the 3 pyramids of Giza are given in the table:

The body of the pyramid is built of limestone and granite blocks. On top it was covered with sparkling cladding, and the top was decorated with a golden stone. At present, neither the facing nor the decoration of the top has been preserved.

What is inside the Cheops pyramid

The Pyramid of Cheops, the description of the appearance of which is given above, also has a complex internal structure with rooms and corridors.

It contains:

• Underground burial pit.
• The king's chamber.
• Queen's Chamber.
• Large gallery.
• Ventilation ducts.
• Unloading chambers.
• The entrance is original.
• Entrance for tourists.
• Passages or corridors.

Entrance to the pyramid

All ancient Egyptian tombs have an entrance on the north side. The Cheops Pyramid is no exception. The entrance is located at a height of 16-17 m and has a non-random angle of inclination: it was at this inclination that the Egyptians could observe the North Star.

This original entrance to the tomb is unused and sealed with a stone plug.

Tourists today enter through an entrance located 10 m below, made by Abdullah al-Mamun, who wanted to enrich himself with the treasures of the pharaoh. For the convenience of tourists, the main passage was equipped with railings, steps, and lighting.

Burial pit

At the intersection point of both entrances, the ascending and descending corridors begin. The descendant makes his way to the tomb, which is located underground and is a room measuring 14 by 8 m.

Engineers carried out further excavations from this room and dug a well and another narrow passage, hoping to discover the body of Cheops. However, their attempts failed. The burial pit was not completed and abandoned. It was decided to install the main burial chamber in the center of the pyramid.

Ascending Corridor and Queen's Chambers

The ascending passage is laid to the south and its length is 40 m. It flows into the Great Gallery. At the very beginning, the passage is blocked by three large stone blocks. Al-Mamun, having encountered them, dug a bypass line, which is still in use today. The purpose of these blocks is unknown.

It has not yet been possible to move them from their place.

The lower part of the Great Gallery gives rise to a corridor 35 m long and 1.75 m high. It leads to the 2nd tomb, which is often called the Queen’s Chamber. This is a room measuring 5.74 m by 5.23 m. Height is 6.22 m. A large depression is hollowed out in the east of the Chamber.

Grotto, Grand Gallery and Pharaoh's Chambers

The next branch of the lower part of the Great Gallery is a vertical passage 60 m long, leading to a descending passage, which contains 1 single extension - the Grotto. The nature of its origin is not completely clear, but most likely it is a natural formation. The ascending passage leads to the Great Gallery - an inclined high corridor. Height - 8.53 m. Length - 46 m.

On the sides of both walls there is a square recess with 27 pairs of holes of unknown purpose. At the end of the gallery there is a ledge - a step in front of the entrance to the Antechamber, through which the entrance to the Pharaoh's Chamber itself opens. The burial room is lined with black granite. It contains a stone sarcophagus without a lid. There are ventilation holes on the walls.

The ceiling is almost destroyed, the condition of the slabs is worn out. Several empty cavities were found above the burial room, separated from each other by monolithic slabs. It is assumed that their purpose is to distribute the weight load to avoid excessive pressure from the overlying plates on the pharaoh's chamber.

Ventilation ducts

The chambers of the king and queen contain ventilation openings - narrow channels of small width. These channels are through only in the King's Chamber. In the Queen's Chamber, the ends of the channels do not reach either the wall of the room on one side or the edges of the pyramid on the other. At the top they are closed with doors with copper handles.

The canal studies were carried out by a special robot, which was able to detect these details.

Such a strange arrangement of ventilation ducts may indicate that the ancient Egyptians were very religious people and believed that the soul went to the afterlife. These doors at the ends symbolize a kind of entrance to the Kingdom of the Dead.

What can you see around the pyramid?

The Pyramid of Cheops, the description of which includes many secrets, contains amazing finds around itself.

Pharaoh's boats

In the immediate vicinity of the pyramid, 7 recesses were found with parts of real Egyptian boats, one of which was the “Solar Boat”. Its peculiarity is the lack of fasteners.

On this cedar boat, according to legend, Cheops was supposed to begin his journey to the Kingdom of the Dead. On one side of the pyramid a museum dedicated to this boat was opened.

Pyramids of the Queens of Cheops

In the east there are 3 small pyramids for the close circle of Pharaoh Cheops. They are located in descending order of size towards the south.

The length of the base of each is 50 cm longer than the base of the previous one. Currently their condition is satisfactory.

Opening hours of the Giza Museum complex

The Giza Museum Complex, covering all the pyramids, is open for tourists daily from 8.00 to 17.00. In winter, he works on a shortened working day - until 16.30. During the Muslim holy month of Ramadan - until 15.00.

Ticket prices

Cost of visits:

• Entrance to the museum complex - 7.5 USD.
• Entrance to the Solar Boat Museum - 3 USD.
• Entrance to the Cheops pyramid - 11 USD.
• Entrance inside the Pyramid of Khafre - 2 USD.

When going on an excursion to explore the pyramids of Egypt, it is advisable to use a number of useful tips:

Secrets of the Cheops Pyramid

The main secret of the Cheops pyramid is that the mummy of Pharaoh Cheops was not found either inside the pyramid or anywhere else. Many theories have been developed about the place of his burial. The sarcophagus was empty when discovered. The lid was also missing. In general, scientists believe that the construction of the sarcophagus was not completed.

And modern researchers have even put forward the hypothesis that this pyramid was not built for Cheops. This confirms the absence of any decorations in the burial room. Typically, the tombs of the pharaohs were real treasuries full of jewelry and riches.

The ventilation ducts of the tombs are another unexplained item. Why they were built is still unknown. In the King's Chamber, outside air enters through them. There is no answer to the question of why the buried pharaoh needs air. The construction of such a mass also leaves many questions. The dimensions of the pyramid can be compared to a skyscraper with 50 floors.

And the base area could accommodate a dozen football fields. There is no definite answer as to how and with what help people raised stone blocks to a height. Another mystery is how the stones were joined. The surfaces fit so tightly that there is no way to even insert a thin blade between them.

Transporting the blocks to the base of the building also contains mysteries.

In 2017, evidence was found indicating that the Nile was drained and artificial canals leading to the pyramid were created to move heavy granite stones. Construction materials were transported along them on boats. The Pyramid of Cheops (the description of the interior will not convey the entire atmosphere inside) contains a very small number of rooms inside.

It has often been suggested that the largest pyramid contains more secret or simply undetected rooms. The guesses were confirmed: studies based on the study of the temperature difference between the surfaces of the blocks showed the presence of additional voids inside.

However Egyptian authorities imposed a ban on further excavations. Although the opening of such new rooms will become a world sensation, which will lead to an even greater influx of tourists to Giza. This is a tempting alternative for Egypt as a whole, so the issue is not completely closed. The presence of 3 tomb rooms in the pyramid is a strange fact from the point of view of the history and life of the pharaohs.

In other pyramids, each ruler prepared 1 burial room for himself, putting all his efforts into the construction of this particular main part. Controversies and disputes over 3 such chambers in the Cheops pyramid led to the conclusion: there were 3 pharaohs who owned the pyramid. And Cheops, apparently, was the last.

There is evidence that Cheops did not build from the foundation, but rebuilt the existing pyramid of previous rulers. The ventilation ducts of the Chamber of Queens do not communicate with the atomosphere. This is strange and suggests that the pyramid was covered with a new layer of blocks, while bricking up the ventilation outlets.

Despite the huge amount of unclear and mysterious things, there are also skeptics who believe that there are no secret messages, and not a single pyramid carries any hidden meaning. To confirm this, they propose to compare all the pyramids found. It is clear that they all differ from each other in many ways.

There is no symmetry or similarity either in orientation relative to the cardinal directions or in the internal structure. If some kind of riddle was encrypted, all of them, or at least several, would be identical in cross-section.

Interesting facts about the Cheops pyramid

This is interesting to know:

The mystery of the Cheops pyramid will be unraveled for centuries to come. The description of the appearance and internal structure of the pyramid is not yet perfect and is fraught with many mysteries.

Article format: Lozinsky Oleg

Video about the Cheops pyramid in Egypt

Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt description:

Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu(Cheops is the Greek version of this Egyptian name) is the most famous and most famous Egyptian pyramid.

First of all, because she - tallest pyramid ever built in the world. Secondly, she became a kind of standard and example for other pharaohs of Ancient Egypt in the construction of their own tombs.

Of course, tombs are a rather arbitrary term, since there is no evidence that they directly served as graves for the mummies of pharaohs, but at the same time, there is every reason to consider them part of funerary-ritual complexes.

Where is the Cheops pyramid located?

It was erected on a stone plateau near the village of Giza, which has now become a suburb of the capital of modern Egypt - Cairo. It is this building that first comes to mind when we hear the words: “Egyptian pyramids”, “pyramids of Egypt”, “great pyramids”, “wonder of the world”.

Many people who have never been to Egypt before believe that the great pyramids of Giza (Cheops, Khafre and Mikerin) are located somewhere far away in the desert, and therefore, when heading west along the Sharia al-Ahram road (“Avenue of the Pyramids”) for the first time, they are surprised to see giant figures towering against the backdrop of distant buildings.

The ancient monuments are now actually located within Greater Cairo. On the recommendation of scientists, certain measures are being taken to stop further expansion of the city in this direction in order to preserve the famous pyramid complex.

When was the Cheops pyramid built?

The question is when was this great pyramid of giza built, has been one of the widely discussed issues for a long time - from the very beginning of the birth of Egyptology as a science.

At first, Egyptologists - historians and archaeologists - had serious differences of opinion about her age. However, as scientific knowledge accumulated as a result of archaeological excavations, analysis of found artifacts, and study of the entire complex of documents in professional Egyptology, the following point of view began to prevail. This amazing architectural object - the tallest pyramid in the world - was built during the reign of Pharaoh Cheops of the 4th dynasty (c. 2585-2566 BC).

Some scientific schools believe that the reign of Cheops falls on the 27th century BC. Despite certain discrepancies in the matter of dating, it can be stated that, according to historical science, it was built in the 27th or 26th centuries BC. That is, the age of the Cheops pyramid is about 4600 years.

It would be strange if such an opinion prevailed among the general public, which became keenly interested in Egyptian antiquities, starting with the first publications of Egyptologists of the 19th century. This interest continues even after 200 years.

Among fans of the history of Ancient Egypt, two large groups can be distinguished - those who rely on the conclusions of professional Egyptologists, and those who focus on more “exotic theories” of the origin of these structures, including the Cheops pyramid. The second group of views is based not on a comprehensive and systematic analysis of all the vast material accumulated by Egyptology as a science (this requires a lot of time and preparation), but on the inherent thirst for miracles in human nature.

The pyramids themselves, especially Cheops, are perceived by them as a miracle without any quotation marks. The arguments of scientists seem to them, on the one hand, too complex, on the other, too “down-to-earth”, and therefore not convincing. Much “cooler” seem to them to be the theories of the creation of ancient megastructures by aliens or, for example, by some mysterious civilization that lived long before the time of the Egyptian pharaohs, possessing technical capabilities that are incomprehensible to the mind.

The paradox of the human psyche lies in the fact that it is much easier to believe in a miracle than to admit things that are more or less ordinary. But that's a separate conversation. It only remains to note that there are many non-scientific theories regarding the history and monuments of Ancient Egypt. They call the age of the Cheops pyramid from many tens of thousands of years to 6-7 thousand years, that is, according to these theories, this structure was built much earlier than traditional Egyptology believes.

Despite all the attractiveness and, of course, interestingness, all these concepts have one global drawback - they are based on some assumptions, which, in turn, are not supported by anything. That is, they are suitable for fantasy novels, but not for more or less serious consideration.

Pyramid dimensions

What are dimensions of the Cheops pyramid? It would seem that the answer to this is very easy to get, you just need to take a longer ruler and just try everything on. However, in reality it is not so simple.

Over the almost five thousand years that have passed since its construction, the structure has suffered greatly both from natural disasters and from the barbaric actions of the people themselves. The top of this architectural and construction miracle was originally crowned with a pyramidion - a stone also of a pyramidal shape, presumably carved from red granite. It is gone now, just as the overwhelming number of facing slabs that covered its walls are gone. These polished slabs gave the tallest pyramid, according to Herodotus, a gray-yellow color and shine.

Measurements made using modern equipment showed that its height after completion was 146.5 meters, but even having lost 9 meters in height, it remains the tallest stone structure on earth.

The main dimensions of the Cheops pyramid and its parts:

Height: 146.5 m (currently 137 m)

Side length: 230.38 m (originally 232.5 m).

Side tilt: 51° 50"

Big Gallery:

Height: 8.48 to 8.74 m

Length 47.85 m

Tilt: 26°16" 40"

Queen's Chamber:

Height: 6.26 m

Length: 5.76 m

Width: 5.23 m

King's Chamber:

Height: 5.84 m

Length: 10.49 m

Width: 5.42 m

Road:

Length: 825 m

Boat pits (on the northeast and southeast corners of the pyramid):

Depth: 8 m

Length 52 m

Width: 7.5 m

Inside the pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops

The Tomb of Cheops, like all the pyramids of the III and IV dynasties, is an almost solid monolith made of stone blocks. The interior of the pyramid occupies a completely insignificant volume compared to the volume of the pyramid itself. Nevertheless, internal structure of the Cheops pyramid also surprises with its engineering solutions and craftsmanship. It is more complex than the internal structure of the pyramids of Egypt, which were built after it.

Inside the structure there are 4 main rooms, which received the following names in Egyptological literature: the chamber of the king (king), the chamber of the queen (queen), the underground chamber (unfinished) and the Great Gallery.

The entrance is located on its northern side, at a height of 16 meters above the ground. When the first Egyptian antiquity researchers - the French - measured the height, they came up with 12 meters - the base of the pyramid was heavily covered with sand at the end of the 19th century. The original entrance is located above the entrance that tourists now use (it was broken through by the Mamluks of Caliph Al-Mamun in the 9th century AD, because for a long time they could not find the entrance, then hidden under the existing facing slabs).

Boat of Cheops

The tomb of Cheops, like all the pyramid complexes of Ancient Egypt, was surrounded by a wall, of which only ruins now remain. In a southern direction, not far from the wall, in 1954, two large pits lined with stone were found, in which disassembled wooden boats were stored - the sacred Solar Boats of the Pharaoh.

The pits with boats were closed with huge stone blocks of limestone weighing up to 16 tons. One of the boats was restored (it took 16 years of painstaking work) and put on display in a pavilion specially built for this purpose next to the ancient object.

The boat is made mainly from Lebanese cedar using selected local wood species. Its length is 43.5 meters and its width is 9 meters. The second boat was left in its place, preserved from further destruction. Later, three empty docks were also found, repeating the shape of a boat.

Construction of the pyramid complex

With the exception of a few internal chambers and corridors, the tomb of Cheops is built entirely of dense stone, mainly limestone. Its construction is a unique phenomenon in the history of human civilization.

It is precisely oriented to the cardinal points. The deviation is only 3"43"! And modern builders could be proud of such precision.

Now the creation of Cheops contains 201 rows of stone blocks, but once there were from 215 to 220 rows. The height of the very first row is the largest - it is 1.5 meters, the second row is already smaller in height - 1.25 m, the third - 1.2 m, the fourth - 1.1 m. Further, the height of the rows is even smaller, as a rule, from 65 to 90 cm. Closer to the top the height of the blocks is reduced to 55 cm.

According to modern estimates (and the first person to do such calculations was Napoleon), about 2,300,000 (2 million 300 thousand) stone blocks and slabs were used for the great construction. The stone blocks necessary for construction were cut down both near the construction site and in the limestone cliffs rising on the eastern (opposite) bank of the Nile.

To clad the main object of the Cheops memorial, sandstone slabs were used, which were mined in quarries, also relatively close to limestone mining. The length of the cladding slabs in the lower rows reached 1.5 m and decreased to 75 cm in subsequent rows. According to estimates, about 115,500 slabs were required for the cladding.

Sand and limestone blocks were transported across the Nile on transport ships, and overland they were dragged on large wooden sleds and moved on stone rollers and balls. Granite, used in the construction and decoration of internal corridors and chambers, was also delivered along the Nile, but from afar - from the south, from the outskirts of present-day Aswan, located at a distance of about one thousand kilometers from the construction site.

To build such a colossus, ancient builders had to move and raise to a height a volume of stones that weighs approximately 6 (six) million tons. To transport such cargo by rail today would require 100 thousand railway platforms (such as a 4-axle platform for heavy-duty containers, model 13-470, with a carrying capacity of 60 tons), loaded to the maximum.

And yet, the most difficult and difficult work was not the delivery and transportation of stone blocks to the construction site, but their direct extraction in quarries by cutting down and further grinding to precise sizes. At that time, they had not yet learned how to make iron and steel tools - the Iron Age was ahead. Egyptians in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. they didn’t even know bronze. They made their tools from almost pure copper, so the tools quickly became dull and became unusable. And, of course, copper was expensive. Judging by archaeological finds, stone tools made of flint were therefore widely used: knife blades, drills, saw teeth, etc. That is, the stone was processed with stone, although it was harder than the one being processed.

The average volume of the blocks from which the tomb of Cheops is made is approximately equal to one cubic meter, weight - about 2.5 tons. But there were, as an exception, some blocks weighing 50 tons. For comparison, this is the weight of the modern T-90 Vladimir tank. It is impossible to lift and drag even the smallest of these blocks with your bare hands: this requires so many people that they simply cannot all fit together. Certain technical means were needed to lift and carry these blocks: all kinds of levers and rollers, goats and sleds, strong ropes and, of course, a huge number of people who had to pull these ropes, straining all their strength. But the unlimited power of Pharaoh Cheops, the resources that the ruler of Egypt had at his disposal - human and material - allowed him to attract tens of thousands of people to the construction of his own tomb at the same time.

How many years did it take to build the tomb of Cheops?

According to Herodotus, it took about twenty years to build. Modern research and calculations show that the ancient Greek thinker and historian named a very real figure for the duration of construction of the tallest stone structure in the world.

Who built it

We will leave fantastic hypotheses about mythical giants, aliens from outer space and even about the inhabitants of the mysterious Atlantis alone. Who built the pyramid of Cheops according to historical science? Somehow it happened that there is a fairly widespread opinion that it was built by slaves (this opinion usually extends to other pyramids in Egypt).

However, scientific data allows us to say quite confidently that these objects are largely the result of the labor of Egyptians, who were not slaves. Of course, they also cannot be called free in the full sense of the word - they were forced people, under the authority of dignitaries, priests and, of course, the pharaoh.

During the construction process there were cyclical periods associated with the annual flood of the Nile. At this time, thousands and thousands of peasants were involved in the construction, who performed unskilled work dragging and moving stone blocks.

Craftsmen who worked in quarries, stone carvers and polishers worked constantly, all year round. This was the work that they knew how to do, for which they received food, shelter, clothing, etc. Construction experience, skills and work techniques were passed on from generation to generation.

The total number of builders of such an important object for Cheops during the Nile flood period reached 100 thousand people. This figure was first cited by Herodotus, but modern calculations and archaeological finds show that it is quite plausible.

But in whose head was the architectural design of such a grandiose structure born? Who was able to organize the work of thousands and thousands of people over several decades? From the depths of centuries the name of this great man has reached us. His name was Hemiun. He was a dignitary and vizier under Pharaoh Cheops.

His tomb is located near the western side of the tomb of Cheops himself. A statue of this architect has reached us, which was found in his tomb. It is interesting that both Hemiun and the other pyramid builders were, so to speak, part-time architects. Along with construction management, they performed a host of other duties. The profession of an architect in Ancient Egypt never acquired the status of an independent activity.

An example of construction excellence and creative genius

The ancient builders of both this and other pyramids took care of everything. For example, crypts located deep in masonry or underground had ventilation ducts. The interior of the pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops was supplied with air through two small sections of the channel, which passed through the entire thickness of the structure, and went outside on the eighty-fifth layer of masonry on the southern and northern sides of this wonder of the world.

Although the first Europeans who explored the pyramids were faced with the fact that in the underground passages of the tomb of Cheops it was difficult to breathe due to the stale and suffocating air, this happened not because there was no ventilation, but because over the past almost five thousand years the ventilation passages clogged with dust and waste from bats and other living organisms - insects, bacteria, which found suitable conditions here. One of the still unsolved mysteries of the Cheops pyramid is that similar channels go from the queen’s chamber, but... they do not go outside (see diagram of the interior above).

Protection from water was also carefully thought out. For facing masonry, the blocks were selected especially carefully. If necessary, the stone was additionally cut on site and then polished. Therefore, the stones were adjacent to each other so tightly that water simply could not get between them. All the water running down the lining was collected in the ditches below. The ditches are made with a slope towards the deeper ditches with which the ditches are connected. In this way, water was diverted away from the tombs and their foundations. About 300 such ditches and ditches for receiving rainwater were discovered around the three largest pyramids of Giza alone.

For many centuries, the pyramid complexes of Giza have stood with damaged cladding due primarily to human vandalism rather than natural disasters. And one can only be amazed at the margin of safety that the ancient builders put into their creations.

The ritual-funeral memorial of Cheops has remained, in many ways, an unsurpassed example of “pyramid architecture” for the entire era of the construction of such objects.

In a word, it is not without reason that the Great Pyramid of Giza was recognized as one of the main wonders of the world back in ancient times. Without any technical supervision, the ancient Egyptians built their amazing creations in such a way that they still stand today, which cannot be said about many, many relatively modern structures, whose construction and engineering miscalculations and shortcomings led to death and destruction.

- one of the most ancient “seven wonders of the world” that has survived to this day. It inherited its name from its creator, Pharaoh Cheops, and is the largest in the group of Egyptian pyramids.

It is believed that it serves as a tomb for his dynasty. The Pyramid of Cheops is located on the Giza Plateau.

Dimensions of the Cheops pyramid

The height of the Cheops Pyramid initially reached 146.6 meters, but time is inexorably and gradually destroying this impressive structure. Today it has decreased to 137.2 meters.

The pyramid is made up of a total of 2.3 million cubic meters of stone. The average weight of one stone is 2.5 tons, but there are even some whose weight reaches 15 tons.

The most interesting thing is that these blocks are so perfectly fitted that even the blade of a thin knife cannot pass through them. They were glued together with white cement as protection against water penetration inside. It has still been preserved.

One side of the pyramid is 230 meters long. The base area is 53,000 square meters, which can be equated to ten football fields.

This huge structure amazes with its grandeur and emanates antiquity. According to scientists, the total weight of the pyramid is 6.25 million tons. Previously, its surface was perfectly smooth. Now, unfortunately, there is no trace of this smoothness.

There is one entrance leading inside the Cheops pyramid, located at a height of 15.5 meters above the ground. It contains tombs in which the pharaohs were buried. These so-called burial chambers are made of durable granite and are located at a depth of 28 meters.

The pyramid consists of ascending and descending passages that were not used in any other similar structure. One of the features is a large descent leading to the tomb of the pharaoh.

The Pyramid of Cheops is located directly in the place that points to all four cardinal directions. It is the only one of all ancient structures that has such precision.

History of the Pyramid of Cheops

How the ancient Egyptians were able to build this Pyramid and when, probably no one can say with exact data. But in Egypt, the official date when construction began is August 23, 2480 BC.

It was then that Pharaoh Snofu died and his son Khufu (Cheops) gave the order to build the pyramid. He wanted to build such a pyramid so that it would become not only one of the greatest structures, but also glorify his name for centuries.

It is known that about 100,000 people simultaneously participated in its construction. For 10 years they only built a road along which it was necessary to deliver stones, and the construction itself continued for another 20-25 years.

According to the research of scientists, it is known that workers cut down huge blocks in quarries on the banks of the Nile. They went on boats to the other side and dragged the block with felt along the road to the construction site itself.

Then came the turn of hard and very dangerous work. The blocks were placed next to each other with extraordinary precision using ropes and levers.

Secrets of the Pyramid of Cheops

For almost 3,500 years, no one disturbed the peace of the Cheops Pyramid. It was covered with legends about the punishment of anyone who entered the chambers of the pharaoh.

However, there was such a daredevil caliph Abdullah al-Mamun, he built a tunnel inside the pyramid in order to profit. But imagine his surprise when he found absolutely no treasures. Indeed, this is one of the many secrets of this majestic structure.

No one knows whether Pharaoh Cheops was really buried in it or whether his tomb was plundered by the ancient Egyptians. Scientists emphasize that the pharaoh's chamber does not have the decorations with which it was customary to decorate tombs at that time. The sarcophagus has no lid and is not completely hewn. It is obvious that the work was not completed.

After Abdullah al-Mamun's unsuccessful attempt, he became furious and ordered the pyramids to be dismantled. But naturally I did not achieve this goal. And the robbers lost all interest in her and her non-existent treasures.

In 1168, the Arabs burned down part of Cairo and when the Egyptians began to rebuild their homes, they removed the white slabs from the pyramid.

And from that pyramid, which shone like a precious stone, only the stepped body remained. This is how it appears today, before enthusiastic tourists.

The Cheops Pyramid has been constantly explored since the time of Napoleon. And some researchers are more inclined to believe the theory that the pyramid was built by aliens or Atlanteans.

Because to this day it is not clear how builders could achieve such excellent stone processing and precise laying, which has not been affected by external factors for centuries. And the measurements of the pyramid themselves are amazing in their results.

The pyramid was surrounded by other interesting buildings, mainly temples. But today almost nothing has survived.

Their purpose is not completely clear, but in 1954 archaeologists found the oldest ship at this site. It was the Solnechnaya boat, which was made without a single nail, with preserved traces of silt, and most likely sailed during the time of Cheops.

The Pyramid of Cheops is located on the Giza plateau. Giza is a settlement northwest of Cairo. You can get there by taxi, calling the Mena House Hotel as your final stop. Either take a bus from the Tahrir Square stops in Cairo or take the bus at Ramses Station.

Pyramid of Cheops on the map

Opening hours, attractions and prices

You can see the majestic Pyramid of Cheops every day from 8.00 to 17.00. in winter, visiting is limited to 16.30. It is advisable to visit the pyramid in the early morning or late afternoon. At other times it is quite hot, and you can’t get through the crowds of tourists. Although even at this hour there are not so few of them.

When walking to the ticket office, which is not far from the hotel, you should not pay attention to the barkers offering camel rides or calling themselves inspectors. Most likely, these are scammers.

The cost of entry to the territory will cost $8, entrance to the Pyramid of Cheops itself will cost $16. And of course it’s worth visiting the two nearby pyramids of Khafre and Mykerinus, each costing $4. And to see the Solar Boat - $7.

It is impossible to appreciate the full power and grandeur of the Cheops Pyramid, shrouded in many secrets, from photographs or words.

You just need to see it with your own eyes and touch this ancient, truly impressive structure.