Ship terms and names. Wiring of standing rigging. Guys. Types of sailing ships

A

Autonomy - duration of voyage without replenishment of fuel, water and food.

Water area — limited area of ​​water surface.

Anticyclone - an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure with air moving around its center.

Axiometer - indicator of the angle of deflection of the rudder blade or the axis of the propeller relative to the centerline plane of the vessel.

Arneson drive - type of transmission with a horizontal shaft.

Afterpeak- the outermost aft compartment of the ship.

Sternpost- the stern end of the vessel, an element of the hull. It can be framed on the transom or a continuation of the keel beam.

B

Baken - floating navigation sign installed at anchor.

Ballast- a liquid or solid cargo placed inside or outside the hull of a ship, providing the necessary stability and draft. It may also turn out to be redundant and talk a lot.

Baller - a vertical shaft that drives the rudder blade.

Jar— 1. A seat on undecked boats that also serves as a spacer between the sides. 2.Separately located shoal of limited size. 3. Container for storing worms.

Bar— 1. Alluvial shoal in the coastal zone. 2. A unit of pressure approximately equal to 1 atmosphere.

Barhout- thickening of the outer hull of the ship in the area of ​​the waterline.

Beidewind- the course of the yacht, at which the diametrical plane of the vessel in relation to the wind direction is less than 90 degrees.

Seizing- ligation of thick cables with a thinner line.

Buttocks- lines of a theoretical drawing, giving an idea of ​​the volumetricity of the body shape.

Batoport— movable dry dock wall.

Beam- a transverse beam connecting the side branches of the frame, an element of the hull frame.

Bitt— a stand for fastening cables on large cruising yachts.

Bon- a fixed floating structure for mooring small vessels and other purposes and work.

Bora- aka Nord-East.

Barrel- barrel. Large float on a dead anchor. Facilitates the process of anchoring in difficult places. "Stand on a barrel."

Brand watch- a vessel installed to monitor something (someone).

Windlass— deck mechanism for raising the anchor.

Bridle- anchor cable, chain, rope, fixed with the root end to the anchor in the ground, and with the running end - to the barrel, boom.

Breeze- a coastal breeze that changes its direction during the day, due to the temperature difference between day and night between land and sea.

Throwing end- throwing end.

Broching- For sailing yachts: a sharp loss of controllability in a tailwind with the rudder coming out of the water and falling onto the cheekbone.

Buoy- floating navigation sign.

Buyrep- a cable, an anchor on the trend and a buoy on the surface. Indicates the location of the anchor and makes it easier to subsequently remove it when lifting.

IN

Vessel's roughness- a significant drawback is the property of the vessel to tilt due to insignificant external forces at large angles and very slowly return back to the equilibrium position. It is strongly manifested on ships with low stability.

Waterways- a bed on the open deck for water flow. Also used in the meaning of beams on the sides, as part of the deck flooring.

Waterline- the boundary of two environments, clearly visible on the ship’s hull. Of course, it depends on the load.

Spindle anchors- anchor rod.

Verp- auxiliary anchor.

Swivel— hinged connection of the spar. The fishing swivel is the younger brother.

Milestone- floating navigation sign. Guards hazards and indicates the sides of the fairway.

Vessel displacement- the amount of water that is displaced by the underwater part of a ship afloat. The amount of water displaced is equal to the mass of the entire boat.

- a jet engine that uses acceleration from the ejection of water through a nozzle.

Choose- pull up, pull on the tackle.

G

Harbor- coastal anchorage for ships, protected from the wind.

Huck- hook

Galfind- for sailing ships - a course with a center plane angle and wind direction of 90 degrees.

Latrine- toilet

Tack- wind direction relative to the hull. For example, starboard tack means the wind is to starboard.

Helmport— a cutout in the stern for routing the stock.

Planing- a mode of movement in which the ship’s hull is supported on the surface of the water only due to hydrodynamic forces, and not due to Archimedes. Possible only when a certain speed is reached and on planing hull lines (very low deadrise at the transom). Launching flat stones like a pancake across the water is a variant of planing. The stone will sink when stopped, but when planing, Archimedes' forces do not act, and if the required speed is maintained, a flat stone will be able to cross the Atlantic, provided there is absolute calm, of course.

D

Magnetic compass deviation- deviation of compass indicators associated with the action of the ship’s own magnetic field.

Deadwood— 1. The underwater parts of the ship’s points from the stern and bow, associated with the keel. 2. Outboard motor leg housing.

Smart things- the general name for various parts and small things included in the necessary and not so necessary equipment of the ship.

Vessel diametral plane- a vertical imaginary plane passing through the stem and sternpost.

Trim- the inclination of the ship's hull in the longitudinal vertical plane relative to the water surface.

Drek- small anchor on boats and tenders.

Drektov— anchor rope of the drek.

Drifting— drift of the boat relative to the course due to the influence of winds, but without taking into account currents.

AND

Vessel survivability— the reliability of the vessel and its ability to maintain its characteristics, even with severe damage.

Z

Pawn— 1. Secure the end of the rope. 2. Make a turn.

AND

True course— course taking into account deviation and magnetic declination.

Bend- bend of the river bed.

TO

Cable— 185.2 m — 1/10 nautical mile.

Galley- kitchen

Cavitation- shock loads arising as a result of the collapse of bubbles of steam or gas, which were formed as a result of a critical decrease in pressure and met the boundary of a high pressure area. The result of this encounter can be impacts on the edge of the propeller with a force comparable to a hammer blow. As a result, the edges of the blades become chipped, which is why this phenomenon is also called cavitation erosion.

Cardinal system- a system for installing marine navigational danger signs, in which their detour and maneuvers are closely related to the cardinal points.

Cartushka- a part of a magnetic compass that determines the direction of the magnetic meridian.

Deadrise- characteristics of the transverse profile of the boat hull. It is measured by a numerical characteristic at the transom and at the midship - deadrise angles.

Knecht- a metal thing for securing mooring ends.

Stern- the rear end of the ship. Whaleboat stern is spicy. The transom is a flat cut at the stern.

Keel- the main beam of a longitudinal set of various materials, located in the center plane. A keel boat may not have this device, but the deadrise will be formed by the joint of the skin sheets. Inflatable keel boats have an inflatable keelson, which, when inflated, rests on one side against the floor, and on the other, it pulls on the bottom fabric, cut in a special way, which creates the deadrise.

Keelblock— support for dry storage of the boat.

Wake— 1. The line of passage of ships in conditions of ice formation. 2. Formation of ships following the same line.

Wake jet- a trace on the water behind a moving ship.

Kilson- on rigid hulls - connection of frames in the bottom area.

Kippah- a horned device on the deck or sides for retracting sheets or springs.

Hawse— a hole in the body with a protective edging for wiring the gear. For example, an anchor chain.

Knitsa- a triangular or diamond-shaped plate connecting the elements of the body set.

Knop- a thickening or knot at the end of a rope.

Cockpit— open space on the upper deck for crew work. For example, for fishing or sunbathing. On good yachts, the cockpit can be easily recognized by the presence of a folding table with a bottle of wine.

Coaming— a waterproof threshold at the entrance to the wheelhouse or cabin.

Compass- main navigation device.

Compass heading- compass course.

End- any non-metallic cable or line.

Fender- a consumable material that softens the impacts of the hull on the pier or on other ships during mooring, departure and maneuvers. Fenders can be inflatable, wicker - expensive exclusive, and simply stuffed with hemp. It is not recommended to enter a marina without fenders where very expensive yachts are moored.

Cruising speed— the most economical mode of boat movement. Each has its own and depends on many factors.

All-round fire- all-round fire.

Vessel heading- the angle between the northern part of the meridian and the direction of movement.

L

Tacking- on sailing yachts - moving to the intended point against the wind, by constantly changing the course, changing tacks.

Lag- a device for measuring speed and distance traveled.

Lagom mooring - mooring side to side.

Lateral system— navigation system for installing navigation signs. Used mainly in inland waters. Uses the principle of designating the axis of the navigation channel or its right and left edges.

Leventik- for sailing yachts - the position of the bow against the wind when the sail begins to idle.

Leer- handrail or fencing in the form of a tensioned cable.

Likpaz- the groove into which the lyctros fits.

Pilot— section of navigation. Cunning navigational aids for a particular navigation area - also called pilotage.

Pilot- a person who has a navigational guide or knows the navigation area by heart.

Luke- hatch.

M

Brand- sealing the end of a sheet or cable, or marking it for a specific purpose.

Lighthouse- lighthouse.

Midship- an imaginary line of intersection of the outer surface of the boat’s hull with a cross section that divides its overall length into equal parts.

nautical mile- the arc length of the meridian of planet Earth is 1 degree. Due to the difference in latitudes in different places planets has different meanings. The international value is 1852 meters.

N

Naval- contact of the hull with the pier or another vessel, occurring as a result of inertia.

Windward- located closer to the wind.

Superstructure- a closed deck structure from side to side.

Knights— tackle for securing equipment. Necessary item in a storm.

ABOUT

Observation— determination of location using objects with known coordinates.

Overkill- an unpleasant thing that inevitably entails an unplanned bath.

Overstay— for sailing yachts — changing tack with the bow crossing the wind line.

Ogon- a loop at the end of a cable or rope. An insert in a loop for protection against wear made of metal, leather, etc. is also called an ogon.

Possess- slow down the inertia of the ship.

Draft- the distance from the surface of the water to the lowest point of the vessel.

Stability- an important factor determining the ability of a boat, removed from a position of equilibrium under the influence of external forces, to return to its original position.

Go-ahead- a method of signaling when ships pass by using a person with flags or flashlights.

Fuck off- move away.

Give away- untie.

P

Pal— support for mooring. Sometimes also used to mean a locking pin.

Payol- flooring on the bottom of the boat.

Bearing- the angle formed by the meridian line and the line passing through the observer and the observed object.

Bulkhead— a wall separating the compartments of the body.

Pass sign- a coastal sign indicating the place where the fairway passes from one bank to another.

Stanchion— support for absorbing vertical loads of the body.

Gunwale- beam of the upper edge of the bulwark.

Podvolok- ceiling cladding in the ship's premises.

Valance- overhang of the stern of the ship.

Pick up- the same as choosing.

Half the wind— galfind.

Pontoon- floating structure.

Rest bar, rest stop— A beam of various materials running along the side. It works in conjunction with the fenders, but by itself only protects our boat from the pile-up.

Sterndrive- type of transmission with a horizontal shaft. Despite the fact that the engine itself is located inside the boat hull, thanks to the use of a cardan transmission, it allows the column to operate like an outboard motor - recline when hitting an obstacle and adjust the angle of attack.

R

Redan- can be transverse and longitudinal. A ledge, a step on the bottom of planing fast boats and speedboats. Without affecting hydrodynamics too much, the longitudinal steps serve to stabilize the movement and correct the wetted surface, a kind of “wet” triangle that is formed during planing mode. Transverse steps are designed to reduce the wetted surface at high speeds. However, the use of redans of both types should be made only after rather complicated calculations. By applying hull modification without hydrodynamic calculations and a bunch of characteristics, you can quite significantly deteriorate the ship's performance. For each hull, reputable manufacturers use redans only after a series of test tests in the pool and full-size in open water, which, together with the calculations of the designers, determine their number and configuration. In the displacement mode, the redans, especially the transverse ones, play a negative role.

Reverse- changing the direction of action to the opposite. Definition for motors. On outboard babies, up to 3.5 hp, reverse is carried out by turning the motor around its axis. On older engines - by shifting the gear lever. Essentially, engaging reverse gear.

Raid- open coastal part of the water surface. The roadstead is intended for mooring ships at anchors or buoys and mooring barrels.

Railing- deck fencing in the form of posts with cables, forming a kind of bulwark.

Recession— a niche in the stern for an outboard motor.

Reef- rock in shallow water.

Reef, take a reef— for sailboats — reduce the sail area by using special gear.

Rolls anchor— a device to facilitate the release/raising of the anchor. The roller can also have an anchor rope or chain stopper.

Chopping- a structure on the deck that leaves a passage on the sides.

Rumba- division of the compass card, a flat angle equal to 1/32 of a circle, 11.25 degrees.

Tiller— steering lever on the stock, or on the outboard motor.

Locker- a closed box for personal belongings or ship property.

Rym- a ring or half-ring, most often metal. It has a bunch of attachment points and it depends on what task a particular eyeball performs. For example, a mooring eye on the bow of a boat.

Bell- a type of chiming of a ship's bell. Recently, the bell itself has begun to be called a bell, which, in general, is incorrect.

WITH

Skeg- the lower part of the gearbox of an outboard motor or an angular column, a feather-fin. Some yacht steering devices also have a skeg - a profile in front of the rudder blade.

Slip- an inclined surface extending into the water and designed specifically for launching ships. On the slip you can also observe many funny situations that occur when boats are launched from the trailer.

Demolition— drift of the vessel from the course under the influence of the current without taking into account the winds.

IALA system- a system for fencing navigational hazards adopted by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities.

Cheekbone- in addition to the human one, it also exists on the hull of the ship; it represents the steepest bend of the side in the bow of the ship. Depending on the design and purpose, ships can be round-chine or sharp-chine.

Slan— removable bottom flooring.

Leading signs— paired signs along the banks.

Stop anchor- spare or auxiliary anchor.

Ship's role— a detailed list of crew and positions, time of arrival/departure on board.

Ship's passage— inland shipping routes marked on the map and navigational signs.

Gangway- portable ladder.

T

Rigging— a set of gear. It can be standing or running.

Lanyard- swivel with thread for tie.

Buoy- a float to indicate the location of the anchor.

Register ton- 2.83 cubic meters, 100 cubic feet.

Beam- the direction towards the object, which is perpendicular to the center plane of the vessel. The traverse can be right or left, and the distance to the object is the traverse distance.

Poison- loosen, hold. The reverse action is to choose.

Transom plate— an adjustable plate behind the transom, making it easier to enter the planing mode and reducing the running trim.

Ladder— outboard — for lifting/lowering people. Internal - a staircase for communication between rooms at different levels.

Trend- connection of the legs and spindle of the anchor.

Hold- the lower space on a ship under the floor, deck.

U

Knot- a naval unit of speed equal to 1 nautical mile per hour. On inland shipping routes, km/h is still used.

Duck- two-horn casting, often metal. Serves for easy fastening of cables and ropes to it.

F

False- gear for lifting all sorts of things.

Falin- a cable on the bow of the boat.

Bulwark— side plating of the deck above its level.

Fairway- a place for the safe passage of ships, with navigational signs.

Fordewind- for sailboats - a course that coincides with the direction of the wind.

Fordeck— bow part of the deck.

Forepeak— bow compartment to the first bulkhead.

stem- the bow beam of the ship, turning into the keel.

Freebort- freeboard.

Footstock— a pole with divisions to control the water level.

C

Cyclone - A large air vortex around an area of ​​low pressure.

Sh

Shvartov— cable, rope for mooring.

Mooring- a set of actions associated with parking a boat.

Mooring device-all kinds of devices to facilitate the mooring process.

Shearstreck- one of the side plating belts, thicker than the others. Adjacent to the upper deck.

Schlag- one turn of the rope.

Frame- a transverse part of the ship's skeleton, a stiffener, part of the skeleton.

Spatzia- distance between frames.

Scupper- hole for draining excess water.

Spring— mooring lines from the bow to the stern and vice versa.

Sturtros— a cable for connecting the steering wheel with the tiller, stock or PLM.

I

Yacht- a recreational vessel without tonnage limitation.

Spar are round trees or hollow steel pipes on ship, designed for setting and carrying sails and differing in size and functionality - yard, gaff and boom. Masts - vertical and inclined - are designed to carry lateen, gaff, straight and other sails that use wind pressure to move vessel. Sailing ships are classified by the number of masts, as well as by the presence or absence of yards on them.

Masts are designed for installation of radio antennas, radar antennas, ship lights, signals, flags and mounts for cargo devices. Masts are long cylindrical columns made of wood or steel that are installed obliquely or vertically relative to the deck of the ship. Masts carry yards or other spar trees with sails. In ancient times, ships had one mast with one sail. With the development of ship construction, the number of masts increased to seven, and the sails began to be divided. Over time, sailors developed a rule to equip a ship with three vertical sails and one inclined mast.

The largest mast located in the middle is called the mainmast. On ships with two masts, the main mast is considered to be the one closest to the stern. The mast facing the bow is called the foremast. The smaller mast at the stern is called the mizzen mast.

Masts for small ships they were made of one tree. For most others, they were made in three parts that could be separated if necessary. The lower thickest part is called the lower mast. The removable spar attached to it is called a topmast, the next one is a topmast. The full name of these parts depends on the general name of the mast. So mainmast consists of a lower mainmast, a main topmast and a main topmast. The latter has two parts: the lower one - its own main topmast and the upper one - the main topmast. Likewise foremast consists of a lower foremast, a fore-topmast and a fore-topmast. The latter also consists of two parts: the lower one - the fore-topmast and the upper one - the fore-bom-topmast. Since ancient times, large masts have consisted of four parts. Mizzen mast consists of a lower mizzen mast: a topmast and a topmast; the latter is divided into two parts: the lower one - the cruising topmast itself and the upper one - the cruising boom topmast. The masts of both ancient and modern sailing ships are mainly made of light resinous trees (fir, pine, resinous pine, etc.).

Steel masts called combat masts are installed on them. Platforms for artillery or surveillance are mounted on them. On modern ships, antenna devices, signal lights and flags are located on the masts. Among the combat masts there are also openwork masts. On military ships, in addition to the stern flagpole, there is a short flagpole at the bow of the ship, which carries a bowsprit flag (huys).

spars and rigging of a three-masted ship with full sailing equipment:

foremast -1; mainmast - 2; mizzen mast - 3; lower foremast - 4; fore topmast - 5; fore topmast - 6; forebom topmast - 7; fore-hold-topmast - 8; flagpole fore-hold-topmast - 9; lower mainmast - 10; main topmast - 11; main topmast - 12; main-bom-topmast - 13; main-hold-topmast - 14; flagpole main-hold-topmast - 15; lower mizzen mast - 16; topmast - 17; cruise topmast - 18; cruise-bom-topmast - 19; cruise-hold-topmast - 20; flagpole cruise-hold-topmast - 21; klotik - 22; bowsprit - 23; jig - 24; bom-fitter - 25; Martin Geek - 26; fore-ray - 27; lower fore-Mars-ray - 28; upper fore-Mars-ray - 29; lower fore-frame - 30; upper fore-frame - 31; for-bom-bram-ray - 32; fore-hold-ray - 33; grotto-ray - 34; lower grotto-marsa-ray - 35; upper grotto-marsa-rey - 36; lower main-frame - 37; upper main-frame - 38; grotto-bom-bram-ray - 39; main hold yard - 40; begin-rey - 41; lower cruise-marsa-ray - 42; Upper Cruys-Marsa-Rey - 43; lower cruise-bram-ray - 44; upper cruise-bram-ray - 45; kruys-bom-bram-ray - 46; cruise-hold-rey - 47; besan-geek - 48; bezan-haffel - 49; upper bezan-gaff (flag-gaff) - 50; saling horns - 51; fore shrouds - 52; fore-wall-shrouds - 53; fore-frame shrouds - 54; main shrouds - 55; main-wall-shroud - 56; main-frame-shrouds - 57; mizzen shrouds - 58; kruys-sten-shrouds - 59; cruise-bram-shrouds - 60; For-Sten-Forduns - 61; For-Bram-Forduns - 62; for-bom-bram-forduns - 63; fore-hold-forduns - 64; grotto-wall-forduny - 65; grotto-bram-forduny - 66; grotto-bom-bram-forduny - 67; main-hold-foreduns - 68; Kruys-Sten-Forduny - 69; Kruys-Bram-Forduns - 70; kruys-bom-bram-forduny - 71; cruises-hold-forduns - 72; forestays - 73; fore-stays - 74; jib rail - 75; fore-stay - 76; boom-jib-rail - 77; fore-bom-brow-stay - 78; fore-hold-stay - 79; main stays - 80; mainsail-stay - 81; main stay stay - 82; main-bom-brow-stay - 83; main-hold-stay - 84; mizzen stay - 85; cruise-sten-stay - 86; cruise-front stay - 87; kruys-bom-bram-stay - 88; cruise-hold-stay - 89; bom-martin-stays - 90; Martin stays - 91; Martin-buck-stays - 92; water stays - 93; topenants of the fore-, main- and begin-yards - 94; for-marsa-topenants - 95; main-marsa-topenants - 96; kruys-marsa-topenants - 97; for-bram-topenants - 98; mainsail-topper - 99; kruys-brahm-topenants - 100; for-bom-bram-topenants - 101; main-bom-bram-topenants - 102; kruys-bom-brahm-topenants - 103; fore-hold-topenants - 104; main-hold-topenants - 105; cruise-hold-topenants - 106; mizzen-erens-backstays - 107; Perth - 108; fore-braces - 109; mainsail braces - 110; beguin braces - 111; lower fore-mars-braces - 112; upper fore-mars-braces - 113; lower and upper fore-frames - 114; for-bom-bram-braces - 115; fore-hold-braces - 116; lower mainsail topsails - 117; upper mainsail-braces - 118; lower main-frame-braces - 119; upper main-frame-braces - 120; main-bom-braces - 121; main-hold-braces - 122; lower cruises-marsa-braces - 123; upper cruises-marsa-braces - 124; lower crus-braces - 125; upper crus-braces - 126; kruys-bom-brasy - 127; cruise-hold-braces - 128; brace pendants - 129; Mars -130; salings - 131; ezelgofts - 132;

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English (auto-detected) » Russian

A light brig, an impressive frigate, an elegant pirate galleon... With what enthusiasm we begin to build a model of our favorite sailing ship! A month passes, two, three, and then what? The finished hull is gathering dust on the mezzanine, awaiting better times, but the question continues to torment us - what to do with the rigging? Alas, the subtleties of its wiring can become a stumbling block even for an experienced modeler. Therefore, the first impulse is to simplify the rigging as much as possible. But a sailboat with little semblance of rigging is dead - like a tree without roots. After all, it is the intricacy of ropes and blocks that turns a sailing ship into a living creature that has subjugated the power of the wind in order to stubbornly sail towards its intended goal, despite the will of the waves...

So, it’s decided: we put full rigging on the model - standing and running.

As the name suggests, standing rigging includes gear that always remains motionless during operation (shrouds, stays, forearms, etc.). All of them serve to support and strengthen the ship's spar. The first violin in the harmonious “orchestra” of standing rigging is played by shrouds - cables holding the masts from the sides. The number of shrouds on a model depends on the size of the vessel, the time of its construction and can be very significant. For example, the famous three-mast ship "Sovereign of the Seas"(XVII century) carried no less than 30 pairs of shrouds!

Installation of cables

In order for the shrouds on the model to fix the mast as reliably as on a real sailboat, they are placed alternately: the first pair on the starboard side, the second on the left, etc. The operation itself is not complicated. First, we go around the top of the mast with a cable, then we apply a bezel so that a small loop (fire) is formed. So we got two vantines - our first pair. And so on, ad nauseam...: For proper stretching of the mast, the number of shrouds on both sides must be the same. What to do if the ship has an odd number of pairs of shrouds? In this case, for the last pair we make a larger flame, so that we can then separate the ends along different sides.

Covering the cables with turnbuckles

The tightening of the shrouds can only begin with the forestay in place, otherwise the shrouds may “pull” the mast aft. It will be almost impossible to eliminate this defect later. Each cable is covered with a lanyard - a cable that passes through the holes of a pair of deadeyes, upper and lower, in a special way. The lower deadeye is enclosed in a metal ring with a loop and is connected to the shroud hook installed on board the vessel. But before you deal with the shrouds and turnbuckles, you need to secure the top deadeye of each pair to the shroud.

Securing the top deadeyes

Carefully wrap the shroud around the deadeye, pressing the running end against it using a small clamp. Then we place three benzels on the cables (the first one is close to the deadeye). For the strength of the benzels - they are installed at the same distance from each other - we will use black waxed thread. It is better not to cut the running ends yet: otherwise they cannot be reduced if the tension of the cables turns out to be too strong. As a result of our efforts, all the upper deadeyes should be placed on one straight line, parallel to the channels. And one more important nuance: each shroud can go around its deadeye only clockwise!

Vant-putens

Cable stays are the most load-critical structural element of cable stays. That is why they were always made of bar iron. On ancient ships, the shrouds were in the form of chains. Later, iron strips were used to strengthen them, and in order to securely fix the stay cables on board, a powerful bolt was passed through the outer and inner plating. An equally important role is given to the stay cables on the model: the more accurate and accurate their execution, the better the fit of the stay cables with turnbuckles will be.

Manufacturing of lanyards

Before pulling each lanyard, it is necessary to fix the distance between the upper and lower deadeye - it will increase from bow to stern. On the lower shrouds, wire staples are used for this purpose, which are inserted into the holes of the deadeyes. After this, installing the lanyard becomes a matter of minutes: through the three upper holes the cable is pulled from the inside to the outside, through the three lower ones - from the outside to the inside. Above the top deadeye, the lanyard ends in a pair of hoses, fixed with glue. To prevent the mast from falling on its side when tightening the shrouds, we pull the next lanyard from the other side...

Knitting vyblenki

There are bleeds on all shrouds, except for the top shrouds. Due to their large number, installing bleachings is painstaking work. Here you cannot do without a lined paper template, which should be attached behind the cables. After this, with a slight sagging, we knit the bleached pieces from left to right with a special bleached knot. We fix the bayonets at the ends of the beads with slightly diluted glue.

So, the guys are ready! But only if they do not have a special braid. To facilitate the installation of running rigging, the starboard and port side shrouds under the foremast and mainmast on large ships contacted each other. Skerries or shvitz sarveni were used for this purpose. When using “combat” braiding, a mesh was attached to the cables so that parts of the spar and rigging damaged in battle would not fall on the people on the deck.

Wall-shrouds

When making wall cables, we will have to deviate somewhat from the general scenario. In their design, additional cables appear - puten shrouds. The hooks of the stay-stays must fit into the holes of the flat stay-stays of the wall-stays. The other side of the puttens shrouds are attached to the lower shrouds. They are applied with a hose to the braided upper pile, laid across the lower cables, and then securely fixed with two benzels.

Alphabetical dictionary maritime terms.*

Introduction!

* The alphabetical dictionary contains all the terms that relate to this ship. You will find illustrations of almost all terms in 4 pages of drawings. The meanings of the numbers (from 1 to 152 in the drawings - are described in the list below the dictionary). All other illustrations have been added to the alphabetical dictionary.

Alphabetical dictionary of marine terms

A

Akhterlyuk - an opening in the deck behind the mainmast for loading cargo into the ship's aft hold.

Sternpost - (Gol. achtersteven, achter - rear, steven - stem, riser) - a beam installed in the rear of the keel vertically to it; The rudder is suspended from the sternpost. The sternpost consists of several parts: a halyard post, a star-bracket and filling trees - the stern deadwood.

Anaput - several cables secured in the drilled edge of the Martian platform and passing through a wooden block with holes - an anaput block. Necessary in order to avoid the topsails getting caught on the topsails. It was installed between the leading edge of the top and the forestay.

B

Buck - (Gol. bak) - a superstructure in the bow of the deck, reaching the stem. They used to call it Buck bow upper deck (in front of the foremast). Serves to protect the upper deck from being flooded by oncoming waves, increasing unsinkability, placing office premises etc. (topmost picture)

Backstays - standing rigging gear that supports spar trees, bokants, davits, topmasts, chimneys, etc. from the sides.

Bayfoot - a piece of cable covered with leather, with the help of which the yard or gaff is held in the girth of the mast or topmast. At the lower yards, the bayfoots are made of iron, with swivels.

Blocks - the simplest mechanisms used to lift heavy objects, as well as to change the direction of the cables when they are pulled. A device with a rotating wheel-pulley inside, through which a cable is passed for traction.

Blinda-ray - spar on the bowsprit. They abandoned the use of blinds back in the eighteenth century. Sometimes now, instead of a blind-yard, two branches are installed - a blind-gaff.

Bitt - 1. A wooden or metal stand on the deck of a ship for attaching cables. The anchor chain is wrapped around the biting, which reduces the speed of the anchor recoil. 2. With dowel strips - for fastening running rigging.

Brig - two-masted sailing ship of the 18th-19th centuries. with direct sails for patrol, messenger and cruising services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns. Crew up to 120 people.

Bras - running rigging gear, attached to the ends of the yard and used to rotate the yard in a horizontal plane (throw the yard).

Bom- belonging to the penultimate level of the spar tree.

Bom-fitter - spar that serves as a continuation I eat ironmongery.

Bom jib - the first forward sail from the top in front of the foremast (the forward-most jib).

Board - side of the ship.

Bram- belonging to the highest level of the spar tree.

Topmast - a spar that serves as a continuation of the topmast and extends upward from it.

Bowline - a tackle used to pull the windward side luff of the lower straight sail towards the bow so that the ship can sail steeply to the wind.

Bowsprit - a spar mounted on the bow of the ship horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (about 35 degrees). The standing rigging of the topmasts of the front mast, as well as the rigging of the slanting sails - jibs, is attached to the bowsprit. On large ships, the bowsprit was made composite: the continuation of the bowsprit is the jib, and the continuation of the jib is the boom-judge.

Bay - rope twisted in circles.

Buyrep - a cable attached to an anchor and equipped with a wooden or metal float (buoy) that indicates the location of the anchor on the ground.

Mizzen - a slanting sail placed on a mizzen mast, the upper luff of which is laced to the gaff, and the lower one is stretched along the boom with a mizzen sheet. The word "mizzen" is added to the names of all parts of the spar, rigging and sails attached to the mizzen mast. The exception is the lower yard, when the mizzen, in addition to the oblique sail, has straight sails. Then the yard will be called “begin-ray”, and the word “cruise” will be added to the parts of the spar located above the top platform and on the topmasts.

IN

Guys - (Gol. - want) - standing ship rigging gear. They are made of steel or hemp cable and serve to strengthen the mast, being guys to the side and several to the stern.

Vant-putens - iron chains or strips, the lower end of which is attached externally to the side of the ship, and the upper end is laid behind the lower eyes. Not to be confused with puttens shrouds.

Water-wooling - fastening the bowsprit with the stem. In the old sailing fleet, cable or chain sails were made. On modern sailing ships they are replaced by iron yokes and brackets.

Wuling - a bandage that holds together several beams in the manufacture of lower masts and bowsprits. Usually consisted of five or six cable hoses laid around the mast. The distance between neighboring wulings was approximately 1 m.

Pennant - (Dutch - wimpel) - a long narrow flag with braids, hoisted on the mast of a warship on campaign.

Vyblenki - pieces of thin cable tied across the cables and acting as steps when climbing the cables to masts and topmasts.

Shot - a horizontal spar suspended underwater perpendicular to the side of the ship. The shots are designed to carry the sail overboard, secure the boats and create appropriate spacing for the rigging.

Displacement - weight of the ship in tons, i.e. the amount of water displaced by the submerged part of the ship's hull.

G

Tacks - simple cables used to pull the clew or tack corners of oblique sails to the bow and secure them.

Gardel - running rigging gear on ships with direct sails, used for lifting the lower yards or gaffs.

Gaff - (Dutch - gaffel) (boom) - a spar tree, which at its lower end - the heel - has a fork - a mustache that covers the mast. The whiskers allow you to raise the gaff along the mast or rotate the boom relative to it. The gaffs are used to fasten the upper luff of the trysails, and the booms are used to fasten the lower luff.

Latrine - nasal overhang, which was a continuation of the grep. Served mainly for decorative purposes and to support the bowsprit.

Gallery - aft decor, windows or open balconies as part of the living area of ​​the captain's and officers' cabins. Typically richly decorated with the name of the ship inscribed.

Grotto-, Grotto- belonging to the main mast. (i.e. refers to the second mast from the front).

Grotto - 1. The general name for the middle (highest) mast of sailing ships. 2. The straight sail, the lowest one on the second mast from the bow (mainmast), is tied to the main yard. 3. A word added to the names of yards, sails and rigging located above the top of the mainmast.

Mainsail-bom-bramsel - the fourth sail from the bottom on the mainmast.

Mainsail topsail - the third straight sail from the bottom on the mainmast, raised on the topmast above the topsail.

Grotto Marseille - the second straight sail from the bottom on the mainmast, placed between the tops yard and the lower yard.

Main hatch - middle hatch on the deck of the ship.

Gitov - running rigging gear used for cleaning straight sails and trysails. The clews of straight sails pull the clew angles of the sail towards the yard. Git trysails pull the sail towards the gaff and mast.

Geek - a horizontal spar attached to the mast at a small height above the deck and with its free end facing the stern of the ship. The lower luff of the slanting sail is laced to the boom.

Guys - In Russia: a red flag with a blue St. Andrew's cross, bordered by white stripes, and a white straight cross. It rises on the bowsprit flagpole (from 8 a.m. to dusk) along with the stern flag, but only during anchorage.

Guys-stock - a stand on which the guy is raised.

D

Dirik-fal - running rigging gear used to lift the working end of the gaff.

Dryrep - 1. (mars-halyard) - gear for lifting the tops-yard. 2. a chain or wire rope attached to a yard and passed through a pulley to lift it. Every drirep usually ends with hoists called halyards. For example, the marsa-drayrep and the marsa-halyard together make up a device for lifting the marsa-yard.

Z

Blockage-tali - tackle for holding the boom, preventing it from spontaneously being thrown to the other side at full heading.

TO

Carronade - a short, light, large-caliber cast iron cannon.

Boat - boat with 2 masts and 10 oars.

Knecht - 1. on a sailing ship, a square-section beam used for traction and fastening of the ends and some gear of running rigging. 2. double metal stand for fastening mooring lines. It comes with a crossbar that helps hold the wound cable, called a bollard spreader.

Coffee dowel - rods made of hard wood or metal about 30 cm long. Insert into the holes of the dowel bar for fastening and laying running rigging gear.

Coffee strip - a wooden or metal beam with holes for dowel pins, attached horizontally to the deck at the masts and at the inside of the side.

Cleaver - an oblique triangular sail placed in front of the foremast. From the wall-rigging to the jib's foot there is a rail, along which the jib is raised and lowered. On a ship where there are three of them, the second sail from the mast is called the jib. The first is called a jib, and the third is a jib. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century

Stern - rear end of the ship. The stern is considered to be the part of the vessel from the very rear of it to the hatch closest to it or the end of the stern superstructure. (topmost picture)

Counter mizzen - gaff sail, behind the direct one on the mizzen mast. If there is a lower straight sail on the rear mast, it is called a mizzen. If there is no straight sail, the mizzen is called a gaff sail.

Kiel - (English - keel) - the main longitudinal connection of the ship, located along its entire length in the lower part along the center plane. On wooden ships, the keel consists of a beam protruding outwards, to which frames are attached. (second picture from top)

Keel blocks - two wooden stands, cut to the shape of the bottom of the boat. Boats are installed on them.

Knyavdiged - Ancient sailing ships have a protruding upper part of the cutwater. The upper part of the knyavdiged was decorated with a carved figure. (second picture from top)

Cathead - a beam with an attached bracket on which one or two blocks were placed, serving to lift the anchor.

L

Carriage - a wooden stand for holding a gun (gun), controlling it and moving it along the deck.

Elk-stay - one of the double forestays along which a slanting sail runs.

Lopar - the running or outer end, both of hoists and of any tackle.

Lysel alcohols - thin spar trees on the fore- and main-yards and on the fore- and main-yards, used for staging foxels.

Hatches - openings in the decks: for lowering cargo into the hold - cargo hatches; for light transmission - skylights.

Leer - a metal rod or tightly stretched vegetable or steel cable used for tying sails, tightening awnings, drying clothes, etc. Rails are also called ropes fixed to posts that replace the bulwark of a ship, and ropes stretched to prevent people from falling overboard during a storm.

M

Mast - vertical spar. Masts are used for installing sails, cargo booms, signaling and communication devices, for raising flag signals, etc.

Martin geek - a spar tree reinforced vertically under the bowsprit eselgoft with its tip down. Its upper end was forked. Serves for spreading water stays.

Mars - (mars platform) - a platform on the top of a composite mast, attached to the long salings and spreaders. On sailing ships it serves as a spacer for shrouds and as a place for some work when setting and cleaning the sails. Rangefinders and small-caliber guns were installed on the tops of warships.

N

Niral - the only jibs and staysails.

Nok - the end of a spar located horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (boom, gaff, yard, etc.). In addition, the outer end of the bowsprit, jib and boom jib is called the nok.

Nagel - 1. A wooden nail used to fasten parts of wooden ships. 2. Block pulley axis.

ABOUT

Butt - a bolt in which instead of a head there is a ring or a forging with an eye in its upper part. Designed for attaching rigging hooks or block slings.

P

Deck - horizontal tier of the ship. Starting from the top, they had the following purposes: quarter-deck - an open deck for steering the ship; opera deck - upper battery deck; mid-deck - middle battery deck; orlop-deck - deck of residential and service premises; hold - the lowest deck. (topmost picture)

Sail - a fabric attached to an object (a spar) that is stretched relative to the wind so that its pressure creates a force that sets the object in motion.

Look at the name of each sail.

Water pump - ship pumps serving different purposes: bilge pumps, fire pumps, sanitary pumps, feed pumps (for boilers), etc.

A gun - onboard gun, the main charge, which is the core.

Perth - cables fixed under the yards on which people working on the yards stand.

Pyatners - a round or elliptical hole in the deck through which the mast passed, also the structure holding the end of the bowsprit.

Putens shrouds - 1. iron rods, the lower ends of which are located on the lower yoke yoke or under the yoke on a special shroud yoke. Then the shrouds are passed through the holes along the edge of the top, and their upper ends are completed with rings, to which the shrouds are attached with staples. (Ties running from the cables from under the top to its side edges; they serve to strengthen the edges of the top and prevent it from bending upward from the thrust of the wall-stays.) 2. special guys - similar to short, downward cables that are pulled from below puttens and attached to the side under the channels. Nowadays, when there are no longer channels on sailing ships, only these guys going down from the top platform are usually called puttens shrouds.

R

Spar - (from the Dutch "rondhout" - round tree) - on ships of the sailing fleet, the spar meant wooden or metal parts of the ships' armament, intended for carrying sails, performing cargo work, raising signals, etc. A collective word to designate all the wooden parts of the ship , such as: masts, topmasts, topmasts, yardarms, booms, gaffs, cargo booms, etc.

Raks-yoke - consist of 1-3 rows of wooden balls placed on cables that hold the horizontal spar to the vertical one.

Ray - a spar tree suspended from the middle using a bayfoot to a mast or topmast for setting sails or for attaching signal halyards.

Rowles - a roller cast from cast iron or turned from strong wood and freely rotating on an axis. The rollers are placed, for example, in bales or separately to guide the cable, to support steering rods, etc.

Rostra - a place on the deck where a spare spar is stowed. Large boats are sometimes installed on the rostra.

Tiller - (from Gol. - roerpen, roer - oar, steering wheel) - a lever fixed in the upper part of the steering wheel. Transmits torque from the force created by the steering machine or manually.

Rusleni - powerful beams along the outer sides of a sailing ship, located at the level of the upper deck opposite the masts. Serve for spacing the cables, which are attached to the sides by cable stays.

Rym - a strong iron ring set into a deck, side, or dock.

WITH

Saling - a wooden or steel structure that serves to connect the topmast with its continuation - the toptopmast, and the toptopmast with the boom topmast and for spreading the topmast and boom topstays to the sides. Saling is a frame of two longitudinal beams - longa-salings and two or three beams intersecting with longa-salings - spreaders. Salings are called depending on their belonging to one or another mast: fore-saling, main-saling and cruise-saling.

Wall- belonging to the topmast (i.e. to the second vertical spar from the bottom)

Topmast - (Dutch - steng) - a removable spar tree, which is a continuation of the ship's mast. Next comes the topmast, and then the toptopmast.

T

Rigging - the general name of all gear that generally constitutes the armament of a ship or the armament of a spar. The rigging that serves to hold the spar in the proper position is called standing, while the rest is called running.

Tali - a lifting device consisting of two blocks (movable and fixed), connected to each other by a cable, one end of which is fixedly fixed to one of the blocks.

Lanyard - a type of hoist or tension cable for pulling standing rigging or tightening cargo.

Topenant - running rigging tackle attached to the end of the yard and used to install the yard at one angle or another to the horizontal plane. Topenant is also called the tackle that supports the end of the cargo boom, boom, or gaff.

Top - the upper end of any vertical spar, such as a mast, topmast, flagpole.

Buoy - see buyrep.

U

Duck - a turned wooden strip or casting, fixedly fixed on the inside side of the side and deck for attaching the sheets of lower sails and trysails. Sometimes the ducks were placed on shrouds to which they were lashed.

Copper - a spar that serves as a continuation of the bowsprit.

F

Fal - tackle used for hoisting some yards, sails, signal flags, etc.

Flag - a rectangular panel made of light woolen fabric - flagduk - of different colors and serves as a distinctive sign. Flags are divided into signal and national, indicating which state the ship belongs to, and national flags are divided into military, commercial and personally assigned.

Flagpole - the top of a mast or a special pole used to raise the flag .

Foca-, For- belonging to the foremast (i.e., the first mast at the front of the ship) A word added to the names of the yards, sails, and rigging located above the top of the foremast.

Forduns - standing rigging gear supporting topmasts, topmasts, etc. from the rear and sides. When there are two pairs of rigging supporting the same spar, the rigging attached closer to the bow is called backstays, and the rear ones are called forestays.

Fore-staysail, Fore-bom-topsail, Fore-topsail, Fore-topsail - view analogy with Grot-.

Fock - straight sail, the lowest one on the forward mast (foremast) of a ship. Attached to the fore-yard.

stem - a beam that forms the front end of the vessel (a continuation of the keel in the bow). (second picture from top)

Sh

Sheet - tackle attached to the lower corner of the straight or lower rear corner of the oblique sail (clew angle) and carried towards the stern of the vessel. The sheets hold the luff of the sail in the desired position. Sheets are also called gear attached to the upper corners of the emergency patch.

Pendant - a short cable with a thimble or pulley used for lifting boats or cargo.

Spire - a large gate with a vertical axis used for raising the anchor (anchor capstan), removing the mooring lines, raising the yards, lifting and lowering boats.

Frame - rib of the ship's hull (transverse element of the hull structure). (second picture from top)

Stays - standing rigging gear that supports vertical spar trees in the longitudinal direction - masts, topmasts, etc.

Steering wheel - a wheel with handles that serves to control the steering wheel.

Sturtros - a cable founded between the wheel and the rudder, and passing through a series of fixed pulleys. Serves to transmit force from the steering wheel to the tiller, and through it to the steering wheel.

E

Ezelgoft - wooden or metal connecting clip with two holes. One hole is put on the top of the mast or topmast, and the topmast or topmast is shot (passed) through the second.

YU

Ufers - a kind of round thick block with smooth holes called windows instead of pulleys. Rope lanyards are supported through the deadeyes.

I

Anchor - a forged metal projectile used to stop a ship by gripping it to the bottom of the sea. Anchors come in different systems. Two anchors, always ready to release and located on the bow of the ship, are called anchors. In addition to these, there are one or two spares stored nearby. Small anchors, used to pull the ship from place to place by delivery, are called verps. The heaviest verp is called a stop anchor.

the boat is smaller in size than semi-longboats and has sharper contours. They are used for various purposes, mainly for mooring.

Source: Central maritime club DOSAAF RSFSR. Publishing house DOSAAF. Moscow, 1987

§1. Spar.

A spar is the name given to all wooden, and on modern ships, metal parts that are used to carry sails, flags, raise signals, etc. The masts on a sailing ship include: masts, topmasts, yards, gaffs, booms, bowsprits, props, spears and shotguns.

Masts.

Salings and ezelgofts, depending on their location and belonging to a particular mast, also have their own names: for-saling, for-bram-saling, mast ezelgoft. for-sten-ezelgoft, kruys-sten-ezelgoft, bowsprit ezelgoft (connecting the bowsprit with the jib), etc.

Bowsprit.

A bowsprit is a horizontal or slightly inclined beam (inclined mast), protruding from the bow of a sailing ship, and used to carry straight sails - a blind and a bomb blind. Until the end of the 18th century, the bowsprit consisted of only one tree with a blind topmast (), on which straight blind and bomb blind sails were installed on the blind yard and bomb blind yard.
Since the end of the 18th century, the bowsprit has been lengthened with the help of a jib, and then a bom-blind (), and blind and bomb-blind sails are no longer installed on it. Here it serves to extend the stays of the foremast and its topmasts and to attach the bow triangular sails - jibs and staysails, which improved the propulsion and agility of the ship. At one time, triangular sails were combined with straight ones.
The bowsprit itself was attached to the bow of the ship using a water-vuling made of a strong cable, and later (19th century) and chains. To tie the wooling, the main end of the cable was attached to the bowsprit, then the cable was passed through the hole in the bowdiged, around the bowsprit, etc. Usually they installed 11 hoses, which were tightened in the middle with transverse hoses. From the sliding of the guards and stays along the bowsprit, several wooden attachments were made on it - bis ().
Bowstrits with a jib and bom-jib had a vertical martin boom and horizontal blind gaffs for carrying the standing rigging of the jib and bom-jib.

Rhea.

A ray is a round, spindle-shaped spar that tapers evenly at both ends, called noks ().
Shoulders are made on both legs, close to which perts, slings of blocks, etc. are pinned. Yards are used for attaching straight sails to them. The yards are attached in the middle to the masts and topmasts in such a way that they can be raised, lowered and rotated horizontally to set the sails in the most advantageous position relative to the wind.
At the end of the 18th century, additional sails appeared - foxes, which were placed on the sides of the main sails. They were attached to small yards - lisel-spirits, extended to the sides of the ship along the main yard through the yoke ().
Yards also take names depending on their belonging to one or another mast, as well as on their location on the mast. So, the names of the yards on various masts, counting them from bottom to top, are as follows: on the foremast - fore-yard, fore-mars-yard, fore-front-yard, fore-bom-front-yard; on the main mast - main-yard, main-marsa-ray, main-bram-ray, main-bom-bram-ray; on the mizzen mast - begin-ray, cruisel-ray, cruis-bram-ray, cruis-bom-bram-ray.

Gaffs and booms.

The gaff is a special yard, strengthened obliquely at the top of the mast (behind it) and raised up the mast. On sailing ships it was used to fasten the upper edge (luff) of the oblique sail - trysail and oblique mizzen (). The heel (inner end) of the gaff has a wooden or metal mustache covered with leather, holding the gaff near the mast and encircling it like a grab, both ends of which are connected to each other by a bayfoot. Bayfoot can be made of vegetable or steel cable, covered with leather or with balls placed on it, the so-called raks-klots.

To set and remove sails on ships with oblique rigs and mizzen oblique sails, the gaff is raised and lowered with the help of two running rigging gear - a gaff-gardel, which lifts the gaff by the heel, and a dirik-halyard, which lifts the gaff by the toe - the outer thin end ().
On ships with a direct rig, the oblique sails - trysails - are pulled (when they are retracted) to the gaff by gaffs, but the gaff is not lowered.
Booms are used to stretch the lower luff of oblique sails. The boom is movably fastened with a heel (the inner end to the mast using a swivel or mustache, like a gaff (). The outer end of the boom (knob) when the sail is set is supported by a pair of topenants, strengthened on one side and the other of the boom.
Gaffs and booms, armed with an oblique sail on the mizzen, began to be used in the Russian fleet approximately from the second half of the 18th century, and in the times of Peter the Great, a Latin yard (ryu) was hung obliquely on the mizzen to carry a Latin triangular sail. Such a yard was raised in an inclined position so that one leg (the rear one) was raised high, and the other was lowered almost to the deck ()
Having familiarized ourselves with each spar tree separately, we will now list all the spar trees according to their location on the sailing ship, with their full name ():
I - knyavdiged; II - latrine; III - crumble; IV - bulwark, on top of it - sailor's bunks; V - fore-beam and stay-stays; VI - mainsail channel and stay cables; VII - mizzen channel and shrouds; VIII - right sink: IX - balconies; X - main-wels-barhout; XI - chanel-wels-barhout: XII - shir-wels-barhout; XIII - shir-strek-barkhout; XIV - rudder feather.

§2. Basic proportions of spar trees for battleships.

The length of the mainmast is determined by the length of the ship along the gondeck, folded to its greatest width and divided in half. The length of the foremast is 8/9, and the mizzen mast is 6/7 the length of the mainmast. The length of the tops of the main and foremasts is 1/6, and the top of the mizzen mast is 1/8-2/13 of their length. The largest diameter of the masts is located at the front deck and is 1/36 for the foremast and main mast, and 1/41 of their length for the mizzen mast. The smallest diameter is under the top and is 3/5-3/4, and the spur has 6/7 of the largest diameter.
The length of the main topmast is equal to 3/4 of the length of the main mast. The length of the topmasts is 1/9 of the entire length of the topmast. The largest diameter of the topmasts is found in mast ezelgofts and is equal to 6/11 of the diameter of the mainmast for the main and fore topmasts, and 5/8 of the diameter of the mizzen mast for the cruise topmast. The smallest diameter under the top is 4/5 of the largest.
The length of the topmasts, made into one tree with the boom topmasts and their flagpoles (or tops), is made up of: the length of the topmast equal to 1/2 of its topmast, the boom topmast - 5/7 of its topmast topmast and flagstaff equal to 5/7 of its topmast. The largest diameter of the topmast at the ezelgoft wall is 1/36 of its length, the toptopmast diameter is 5/8 of the topmast diameter, and the smallest diameter of the flagpole is 7/12 of the topmast diameter.
The length of the bowsprit is 3/5 of the length of the mainmast, the largest diameter (at the bulwark above the stem) is equal to the diameter of the mainmast or 1/15-1/18 less than it. The lengths of the jib and bom jib are 5/7 of the length of the bowsprit, the largest diameter of the jib is 8/19, and the bom jib is 5/7 of the diameter of the bowsprit is 1/3 from their lower ends, and the smallest is at the legs - 2/3 largest diameter.
The length of the main yard is equal to the width of the ship multiplied by 2 plus 1/10 of the width. The total length of both legs is 1/10, and the largest diameter is 1/54 of the length of the yard. The length of the main-tops-yard is 5/7 of the main-yard, the legs are 2/9, and the largest diameter is 1/57 of the length of the main-tops-yard. The length of the main top-yard is 9/14 of the main top-yard, the legs are 1/9 and the largest diameter is 1/60 of this yard. All sizes of the fore-yard and fore-tops-yard are 7/8 of the size of the mainsail and main-tops-yard. The Begin-ray is equal to the main-marsa-yard, but the length of both legs is 1/10 of the length of the yard, the cruisel-yard is equal to the main-bram-yard, but the length of both legs is 2/9 of the length of the yard, and the cruis-brow-yard equal to 2/3 of the main beam. All bom-bram-yards are equal to 2/3 of their bram-yards. Blinda-ray is equal to for-Mars-ray. The largest diameter of the yards is in their middle. The yards from the middle to each end are divided into four parts: on the first part from the middle - 30/31, on the second - 7/8, on the third - 7/10 and at the end - 3/7 of the largest diameter. The mizzen boom is equal to the length and thickness of the fore- or main-tops yard. Its largest diameter is above the tailrail. The mizzen gaff is 2/3 long, and the boom is 6/7 thick, its largest diameter is at the heel. The length of the martin booms is 3/7, and the thickness is 2/3 of a jig (there were two of them until the second quarter of the 19th century).
The main topmast is 1/4 the length of the main topmast and 1/2 the width of the ship. The fore-topsight is 8/9, and the cruise-topsight is 3/4 of the main topsea. The main saling has long salings 1/9 the length of its topmast, and spreaders 9/16 the width of the topsail. For-saling is equal to 8/9, and kruys-saling is 3/4 of grot-saling.

§3. Standing rigging spar.

Bowsprit, masts and topmasts on sailing ship are fixed in a certain position using special gear called standing rigging spar. Standing rigging includes: shrouds, forduns, stays, backstays, perths, as well as the jib and boom jib of the lifeline.
Once wound, the standing rigging always remains motionless. Previously it was made from thick plant cable, and on modern sailing ships it was made from steel cable and chains.
Shrouds are the name given to standing rigging gear that strengthens masts, topmasts and topmasts from the sides and somewhat from the rear. Depending on which spar tree the cable stays hold, they receive additional names: fore-stays, fore-wall-stays, fore-frame-wall-stays, etc. The shrouds also serve to lift personnel onto masts and topmasts when working with sails. For this purpose, hemp, wood or metal castings are strengthened across the cables at a certain distance from each other. Hemp bleachings were tied to the shrouds with a bleaching knot () at a distance of 0.4 m from one another.

The lower shrouds (hemp) were made using sailing ships the thickest, their diameter on battleships reached up to 90-100 mm, the wall-shrouds were made thinner, and the top-wall-shrouds were even thinner. The shrouds were thinner than their shrouds.
The topmasts and topmasts are additionally supported from the sides and somewhat from the rear by forduns. Forduns are also named after the masts and topmasts on which they stand. For example, for-sten-forduns, for-bram-sten-forduns, etc.
The upper ends of the shrouds and forduns are attached to the mast or topmast using ogons (loops) placed on the tops of masts, topmasts and topmasts (). Cable stays, wall-cables and frame-wall-cables are made in pairs, i.e. from one piece of cable, which is then folded and cut according to the thickness of the top on which it is applied. If the number of shrouds on each side is odd, then the last shroud to the stern, including the forduns, are made split (). The number of shrouds and forearms depends on the height of the mast and the carrying capacity of the vessel.
The shrouds and forduns were stuffed (tightened) with cable hoists on deadeyes - special blocks without pulleys with three holes for a cable lanyard, with the help of which the shrouds and forduns are stuffed (tensioned). On modern sailing ships, the rigging is covered with metal screw shrouds.
In former times, on all military sailing ships and large merchant ships, in order to increase the angle at which the lower shrouds and forduns go to the masts, on the outer side of the ship, at deck level, powerful wooden platforms were strengthened - rusleni ().

The shrouds were secured with shrouds forged from iron strips. The lower end of the shrouds was attached to the side, and the deadeyes were attached to their upper ends so that the latter almost touched their lower part with the channel.
The upper deadeyes are tied into the shrouds and forduns using lights and benzels (marks) (). The root end of the lanyard is attached to the hole in the shroud-jock using a turnbuckle button, and the running end of the lanyard, after tightening the shrouds, having made several slags around them, is attached to the shroud using two or three benzels. Having established turnbuckles between all the deadeyes of the lower shrouds, they tied an iron rod to them on top of the deadeyes - vorst (), which prevented the deadeyes from twisting, keeping them at the same level. The topmast shrouds were equipped in the same way as the lower shrouds, but their deadeyes were somewhat smaller.
The standing rigging gear that supports the spars (masts and topmasts) in the center plane in front is called forestays, which, like the lower shrouds, were made of thick cable. Depending on which spar tree the forestays belong to, they also have their own names: fore-stay, fore-stay-stay, fore-stay, etc. The headlights of the stays are made the same as those of the shrouds, but their sizes are larger (). The forestays are stuffed with lanyards on forestay blocks ().
Standing rigging also includes perths - plant ropes on yards (see), on which sailors stand while working with sails on yards. Usually one end of the perts is attached to the end of the yardarm, and the other in the middle. The perths are supported by props - sections of cable attached to the yard.

Now let's see what the complete standing rigging will look like on a sailing 90-gun, two-deck battleship of the late 18th and early 19th centuries with its full name (): 1 - water stays; 2 - Martin stay; 3 - Martin stay from the boom stay (or lower backstay); 4 - forestay; 5 - for-elk-stay; 6 - fore-elk-stay-stay (serves as a rail for the fore-top-staysail); 7 - fore-stay-stay; 8 - jib-rail; 9 - fore-gateway-wall-stay; 10 - boom-jib-rail; 11 - fore-bom-gateway-wall-stay; 12 - mainstay; 13 - main-elk-stay; 14 - main-elk-wall-stay; 15-mainsail-stay; 18 - mizzen stay; 19 - cruise-stay-stay; 20 - cruise-brow-stay-stay; 21 - cruise-bom-bram-wall-stay; 22 water tank stays; 23 - jib-backstays; 24 - boom-jumper-backstays; 25 - fore shrouds; 26 - fore-wall-shrouds; 27-fore-frame-wall-shrouds; 28 - for-sten-fortuns; 29 - for-bram-wall-forduns; 30 - for-bom-bram-sten-forduns; 31 - main shrouds; 32 - main-wall-shrouds; 33 - main-frame-wall-shroud; 34 - main-sten-forduns; 35 - grotto-gateway-wall-forduny; 36 - grotto-bom-bram-wall-forduny; 37 - mizzen shrouds; 38 - cruise-wall-shroud; 39 - cruise-bram-wall-shroud; 40 - kruys-sten-forduny; 41 - kruys-bram-sten-forduny; 42 - kruys-bom-bram-sten-fortuny.

§4. The order of application, places of traction and thickness of hemp standing rigging.

Water stays, 1/2 thick of the bowsprit, are inserted into a hole in the leading edge of the bowsprit, attached there and raised to the bowsprit, where they are pulled by cable turnbuckles located between the deadeyes. The water backstays (one on each side) are hooked behind the butts, driven into the hull under the crimps, and are pulled from the bowsprit like water stays.
Then the shrouds are applied, which are made in pairs, with a thickness of 1/3 of their mast. Each end assigned to a pair of cables is folded in half and a bend is made at the bend using a benzel. First, the front right, then the front left pair of shrouds, etc. are put on the top of the mast. If the number of cables is odd, then the latter is made split, i.e. single. The shrouds are pulled by cable lanyards, based between the deadeyes tied into the lower ends of the shrouds, and the deadeyes fastened at the channel with the shrouds. Fore and main stays are made 1/2 thick, mizzen stays - 2/5 of their masts, and elk stays - 2/3 of their stays (hemp cables are measured by the circumference, and spar trees - by the largest diameter).
They are put on the tops of the masts so that they cover the long-salings with the lights. The forestay and forestay are pulled by cable turnbuckles on the bowsprit, the mainstay and mainstay are on the deck on the sides and in front of the foremast, and the mizzen stay branches into legs and is attached to the deck on the sides of the mainstay. mast or passes through the thimble on the mainmast and stretches on the deck.
The main-shrouds, 1/4 thick of their topmasts, are pulled on the top platform by turnbuckles, located between the deadeyes tied into the main-shrouds, and the deadeyes fastened to the eye-shrouds. The topmasts, 1/3 of the thickness of their topmasts, stretch on the channels like shrouds. The mainstays have a thickness of 1/3, and the elk-stays have a thickness of 1/4 of their topmasts, the fore-stay is carried into a pulley with right side bowsprit, and the fore-elk-wall-stay - on the left. The main-stay-stay and the main-elk-stay-stay are carried through the pulleys of the blocks on the foremast and are pulled by the gypsum on the deck. The stay-stay cruise passes through the block pulley on the mainmast and extends on the topsail.
Standing rigging jib and bom-bund are made 1/4 thick spar trees. Each marin stay is passed sequentially into the holes of its martin boom (there are two of them), where it is held with a button, then into the pulley of the block on the toe of the jig, into the pulley on the martin boom and on the bowsprit, and is pulled onto the forecastle. The jib backstays (two on each side) are tied with the middle end to the jib of the jib, their ends are inserted into thimbles near the legs of the blind yard and are pulled on the forecastle. The bom-jugger-backstay is also applied and pulled. The Martin stay from the boom jib is attached with the middle end to the end of the jib jib. and passing through the pulleys on the martin boom and bowsprit, it stretches to the forecastle.
The top stays and top stays are made 2/5 thick, and the top stays are made 1/2 of their top topmasts. The topstays are passed through holes in the saling spreaders, pulled up to the topmast and descended along the topstays to the top, where they are pulled by turnbuckles through thimbles at their ends. The fore-forestay passes into a pulley at the end of the jib and stretches on the forecastle, the main-forestay goes into a pulley on the fore-topmast, and the cruise-forestay goes into a pulley at the top of the mainmast and both are pulled on the deck.
Bom-bram-rigging is carried out and pulled like a bram-rigging.

§5. Running rigging spar.

Running rigging of a spar refers to all movable gear through which work is carried out related to lifting, selecting, pickling and turning spar trees - yards, gaffs, shots, etc.
The running rigging of the spar includes girdles and driers. halyards, braces, topenants, sheets, etc.
On ships with direct sails, the guards are used to raise and lower the lower yards with sails (see) or gaffs (its heels); dryropes for lifting topsails, and halyards for lifting top-yards and boom-yards, as well as oblique sails - jibs and staysails.
The tackle with which the toe of the gaff is raised and supported is called a dirik-halyard, and the tackle that lifts the gaff by the heel along the mast is called a gaff-gardel.
The gear that serves to support and level the ends of the yards is called topenants, and for turning the yards - brahms.
Now let's get to know everything running rigging mast, with its full names, according to its location on the ship ():

Gear used for raising and lowering the yards: 1 - fore-yard girdle; 2 - for-mars-drayrep; 3 - fore-tops-halyard; 4 - fore-bram-halyard; 5 - fore-bom-bram-halyard; 6 - gardel of the mainsail; 7 - main-marsa-drayrep; 8 - mainsail-halyard; 9 main halyard; 10 - main-bom-brow-halyard; 11 - gardel-begin-rea; 12 - cruise-topsail-halyard; 13 - cruise-marsa-drairep; 14 - cruise halyard; 15 - cruise-bom-bram-halyard; 16 - gaff-gardel; 17 - dirk-halyard.
Gear used to maintain and level the ends of the yards: 18 - blind-toppenants; 19 - foka-topenants; 20 - fore-mars-topenants; 21 - for-bram-topenants; 22 - for-bom-bram-topenants; 23 - mainsail-topenants; 24 - mainsail-topenants; 25 - main-brow-topenants; 26 - main-bom-bram-topenants; 27 - beguin-topenants; 28 - cruise-marsa-topenants; 29 - cruis-bram-topenants; 30-kruys-bom-bram-topenants; 31 - mizzen-geek-topenants; 31a - mizzen-geek-topenant pendant.
Gear used for turning the yards: 32 - blind-tris (bram-blinda-yard); 33 - fore-braces; 34 - fore-tops-braces; 35 - fore-braces; 36 - fore-bom-braces; 37 - main-contra-braces; 38 - mainsail braces; 39 - main-topsail-braces; 40 - main-frame-braces; 41 - main-bom-braces; 42 - beguin braces; 43 - cruise-tops-braces; 44 - cruise-braces; 45 - cruise-bom-braces; 46 - Erins backstays; 47 - blockage; 48 - mizzen-jig-sheet.

§6. Wiring of the running rigging shown in.

The foresail and mainsail are based between two or three pulley blocks, two are strengthened under the topsail and two near the middle of the yard. The begin-gardel is based between one three-pulley block under the topsail and two single-pulley blocks on the yard. The running ends of the guards are mounted on bollards.
The fore- and main-mars-drires are attached with the middle end to the topmast, their running ends are each carried into their own blocks on the yardarm and under the saling, and blocks are woven into their ends. Marsa halyards are based between these blocks and the blocks on the riverbeds. Their flaps are pulled through the side bollards. The cruysel-marsa-drayrep is taken with its root end in the middle of the yard, and the running gear is passed through a pulley in the topmast under the saling and a block of the topsail halyard is inserted into its end, which is based on a mantyl - the root end is attached to the left channel, and the hoist to the right.
The top and boom halyards are taken with the root end in the middle of their yard, and the running ends are guided into the pulley of their topmast and pulled by the hulls: the top halyards are on the deck, and the boom halyards are on the topside.
The gaff-gardel is based between the block on the heel of the gaff and the block under the cruis-tops. The main end of the halyard is attached to the top of the topmast, and the running end is carried through the blocks on the gaff and the top of the mast. Their running ends are attached to bollards.
The blind-toppings are based between the blocks on both sides of the bowsprit eselgoft and on the ends of the blind-yard, and their flaps stretch on the forecastle. The foresail and main-topenants are based between three- or two-pulley blocks, and the beguin-topenants are based between two- or single-pulley blocks on both sides of the mast ezelgoft and on both ends of the yards. Their running ends, passed through the “dog holes”, are attached to bollards. The middle end of the top-ends is attached to the topmast, and the running ends, taken with a half-bayonet by the front shrouds, are carried into blocks on the ends of the yardarm, into the lower pulleys of the butt blocks. through the “dog holes” and are attached next to the lower topenants. Bram- and bom-bram-topenants are put on with a point on the legs of the yard and, passed through blocks on their topmasts, they stretch: the bram-topenant is on the deck, and the bom-bram-topenants are on the topside. The boom-topenants are taken with the middle end of the boom leg, carried out on both sides of it, as shown in the figure, and pulled with grips at the heel of the boom.
The fore-braces are attached with the middle end to the top of the mainmast, are carried, as can be seen in the figure, and are pulled on the bollards of the mainmast. The main-braces are based between the blocks at the side on the poop and on the legs of the main-yard and extend through the side bollards. The main-contra-braces are based on top of the fore-braces between the blocks on the foremast and the yard legs and extend at the foremast. The main ends of the begin braces are taken by the rear main shrouds, and the running gears are passed through blocks on the yard legs and on the rear main shrouds and are attached to the tile strip at the side. Mars braces are attached at the middle end to the topmast, are carried into the shrouds, as shown in the figure, and are pulled on the deck. The fore- and main-braces are attached with the middle end to the gate or boom-brow-topmast and are carried into blocks at the ends of the yards and into blocks near the main end and stretch along the deck. Cruys-brams and all bom-brams are put on the ends of their yards, held as shown in the figure, and pulled on the deck.