Differences between yachts by type of armament. Classification of sailing yachts Modern sloop and its sails

There are plenty of factors influencing the choice of sailing equipment. Here, as in any field, it is impossible to create ideal weapons. Suitable for different purposes different sails. But due to habit and stereotype, on most yachts we see Bermuda sloops being armed. If a manufacturer tries to offer a completely unusual sailing rig, even if it meets a specific request with better quality than the classics, he will simply lose his customers.

So another one of the most important reasons to start is the opportunity to choose the sailing equipment you need. 🙂

The desire to be first is an important factor in today's progress, including in yachting. Sailing syndicates of the top regattas (America's Cup, etc.) invest heavily in testing, designing and building advanced racing machines (the budgets of the participants in the 33rd America's Cup exceeded half a billion dollars). It is logical that successful ideas in the field of new sailing trends are translated into mass-produced boats. But how correct is this, because it is necessary to take into account at least two factors: racing cars initially operate in a completely different sailing mode, and not all cruisers are chasing speed.

Let's go back a little to the history of the development of sails in the Old World. Literally 100 years ago, when the steam engine had not yet gained success among merchants, straight sails - narrow and low - were “in fashion”. They accelerated ships well, especially on passing courses, but were very poor maneuverers. Small fishing vessels and the first yachts pursued slightly different goals, and, moreover, due to their smaller sizes, they made it possible to use more complex designs in weapons. Gaff weapons was a classic. But soon the engine finally “defeated” the sail, which remained only on yachts used for recreation, entertainment and sports competitions. And racing yachts face a new requirement – ​​to tack flawlessly. It is tacking that today is decisive for victory at classic racing distances.

So yachtsmen abandoned the gaff, and the profiles of the sails became narrower and higher - Bermuda sails were gaining popularity.

And although in the 60s of the last century Czeslaw Markhai proved that the shape of the “Guari” type sail is more effective than the “Marconi” sail (Bermuda on a rigid mast), it still takes time for ellipsoidal sails to replace the Bermuda. Today, technologies and materials make it possible to create spars and rigging without any problems, thanks to which the masts bend perfectly and do not create too much aerodynamic drag, but in principle, mass-produced yachts still have stiff masts and triangular, ineffective sails. True, not because technology does not allow this to be done today, as it was 40 years ago, but because it is now convenient to screw the sails into the mast, but the mast must be level.

The breakthrough came in 2000, when the Dutchman Jens Nickel proved the effectiveness of a wide mainsail. The improved aerodynamic shape with a large mainsail hump had more thrust, and with a larger area, surprisingly, less heeling force. The yacht's yaw rate has also decreased significantly. Nickel explains that although the CG of such a sail has become higher, the CG, on the contrary, has shifted down. And it is no coincidence that it was Jens Nickel who came to this conclusion - since ancient times, Dutch fishermen used a short curved gaff, which allowed the sailing rig to develop high thrust.

However, the evolution of the sports sail continued. Elliptical sails are no longer in fashion. The modern mainsail has a pronounced knock-benzel angle, and the uppermost through batten is very reminiscent of a gaff. At the America's Cup, such weapons were first demonstrated in 2007.

Why is this so, was the famous sail theorist Czeslaw Markhai wrong? No. The elliptical shape of the power is really the best. but only under ideal and stable flow conditions. But yachts move on rough seas, and practice makes its own adjustments.

By the way, there are small nuances, but you need to understand that modern sports weapons can no longer be correctly called Bermudian, although we continue to do so. The mainsail today has a pronounced luff and four corners.

An interesting solution to the current development of sailing equipment can be considered the Open 50 Adecco class yacht “Etoile Horizon”. This may seem strange to some, but! In a gaff sail, the center of sail is located lower, and accordingly, with the same area, there is a smaller heeling moment. Further. Ocean racers do not strive to tack at all - it is unprofitable. They need speed, and in order to find the right wind, you can make an extra detour in the ocean, not to mention the fact that in cross-country races there is initially not so much headwind. And here, again, a gaff sail pulls better than a Bermuda sail. And the Bermudian doesn’t have much of an advantage on the tack. This can be seen in the graph shown here. In general, the Bermuda “won” the gaff not so much because it is advantageous in the racing part of the distance against the wind, but due to the lighter spar, especially in its upper part. And modern technologies and materials make it possible to make not only light masts, but also gaffs :)

Let's now remember about two-masted weapons. in the 60s of the last century, armament with iol was considered ideal in many respects. This is a large sail area in the absence of the technological ability to make high masts, and lighter sails that are easier to work with, and the ability to simply remove one sail instead of taking reefs... In general, yachts over 12 meters in length were all two-masted.

But evolution takes its toll, and sloops, due to the lower resistance of the sailing rig, are pushing two-masted rigging into the past. A successful renaissance of two-masted weapons was the Widbread round-the-world race of 1989-90, when Peter Blake and Grant Dalton staged a delightful duel, having an advantage on full courses due to the wide and large-area weapons. But the very next race showed the inconsistency of two-masted weapons against modern sloops going into surfing mode.

Up to this point we have examined the evolution of sailing weapons in Europe.

Brief summary: progress has moved the sail from the commercial channel to the entertainment and sports. Design considerations, plus measurement formulas, led to the result that we see today. But in countries southeast asia completely different sails. They are not familiar to us, but what may seem amazing is that they are much more effective than Bermuda sails. And due to the shape of the sail, and due to the ease of control, and due to the low center of sail.

The design of a classic sailing yacht consists of a hull and sailing rig. Sailing weapons- this is the totality of all the equipment designed to move a vessel through the water using the wind. TO sailing equipment of ships include the sails themselves, the spar and the rigging.

Spar

The spar (spar tree) is the “skeleton” for the sails, which serves to tension them and transfer the force of movement to the hull of the yacht. The main part of the spar is the masts. Despite the fact that the term “spar wood” is still used among sailors, many modern yachts have masts made not of wood, but of aluminum alloys, steel, and carbon fiber composites.

The number of masts depends on the size of the yacht. The most common option is one mainmast. But ocean-going mega-yachts can have up to three masts. The size of masts can also vary greatly, depending on the size of the vessel itself. The yacht “Mirabella-5” with a carbon fiber mast, 90 m high, is included in the Guinness Book of Records.

Classic small sports or pleasure yachts have type of sailing rig with one mast (cat, tender, sloop), called the mainmast. It is also central for multi-masted ships. Two-masted vessels - ketch, iol, schooner. Mega-yachts have three masts, the front one is called the foremast, and the rear one, located behind the mainmast, is called the mizzen mast.

A boom is a part of a spar intended to stretch the lower luff of a slanting sail. It is attached to the bottom of the mast, perpendicular to it in a fixed or movable manner. In addition to the sail, a number of additional devices are attached to the boom, designed to control and impart rigidity to the structure - guys and sheets.

Gaff - used on yachts with a quadrangular sail. It is a spar tree fixed at the top of the mast at an angle to it. The luff of the sail is attached to the gaff. On small open boats, such as dinghies, the gaff is often replaced by a rake. The rake, like the gaff, is intended to attach the upper part of the quadrangular sail, but allows it to freely extend beyond the mast on both sides.

Rigging

Shrouds are special equipment related to standing rigging. It consists of galvanized steel cables. Intended for stretching and strengthening masts, giving the entire spar structure additional rigidity. The thickness and number of shrouds depends on the size of the masts and the area of ​​the sails.

Sheets are the so-called “running” rigging. It got its name because, unlike the cables, it is not fixed in a stationary form. Sheets are used to control the sails and spar; they are made from synthetic or natural materials.

Sailing rig of the yacht

The sail is the main part yacht sailing equipment. Today there are two main types of sails used on yachts - bias and straight rig. The choice of one option or another depends on several conditions: the size of the yacht and its operating conditions.

Straight rig used in most cases on large multi-masted ocean yachts. Occasionally used for yachts stylized as ancient sailing ships - brigs and brigantines. The straight sail is made in the form of a trapezoid; they are fixed on a horizontal spar tree- yards, usually in several tiers. Among the disadvantages of direct sailing rigs, it should be noted that they work well only with a tailwind and, partially, a side wind (no more than 60-70 degrees).

For sports and pleasure yachts they use oblique sail rig. In this case, the sail is located on only one, usually the rear, side of the mast. The shape of the material can be either triangular or quadrangular. Since these small vessels make up the vast majority of the world's yacht fleet, the oblique sail is the most common. Its main advantage is the ability to move in a headwind by tacking.

In some cases, you can find the combined use of sails. For example, cruising yachts, on which the main type of sailing equipment is oblique sails, can, with fair winds, set a straight sail - brief. This is due to the better efficiency of straight sails on downwind courses than oblique sails, and gives a significant increase in speed.

Gaff sail rig

Gaff sail rig got its name from the gaff - a spar installed on the top of the mast, at an angle to it. Used to set a quadrangular oblique sail. The upper edge of the sail is attached to the gaff, the luff is attached directly to the mast, and the lower part of the sail cloth is attached to the boom, which is attached horizontally to the mast.

One of the varieties is the guari sail, in which the length of the gaff exceeds not only the boom, but often the mast itself. The guari is attached to the mast at a very acute angle, sometimes almost vertically. One of the types of gaff can be considered a rake - an option when the upper spar is attached to the mast not at its end, but extends forward beyond it. A similar option is used mostly on small boats - dinghies, pleasure boats, etc.

Another option gaff sailing rig– use of sprint. Sprints are used mainly on small dinghies and dinghies. In this case, the upper pole of the spar rests with its lower end against the mast at approximately half its height, and with its upper end it tensions the sail, resting diagonally against its upper rear corner. Half a century ago, most yachts were equipped with similar weapons.

By now, gaff sailing rigs have almost universally been replaced by triangular sails that are easier to control and more powerful, in terms of thrust-to-weight ratio. The advantage of a gaff sail, just like a straight sail, is better traction properties in a tailwind. But in headwinds and sidewinds, it is inferior in efficiency to the now classic triangular sail.

Triangular sails

The classic triangular sail is the Bermuda triangular. It does not have a gaff, since the panel itself is triangular in shape. It is equipped with pleasure and racing yachts. Among the main advantages of this type of sailing rig are:

• Excellent aerodynamic qualities, especially in sharp and counter wind directions.
• Easy to operate.
• Widely adjustable to achieve maximum performance in different situations.

The luff of a Bermuda sail is attached to the mast by means of a lisp - a longitudinal recess along which the lycrop moves, which serves to tension the panel. For more efficient use of the triangular yacht sailing equipment, in addition to the mainsail - a triangular sail attached behind the mast, on modern yachts jib is used everywhere.

Staysail sail rig allows you to more efficiently use the wind blowing at sharp and counter angles, directing the air flow into the grotto. Thus, the jib together with the mainsail form a single system that increases the yacht’s thrust-to-weight ratio not only due to the larger sail area, but also due to the more efficient use of wind energy. According to their design features, sailboats equipped with jib sails are divided into:

• Normal Bermuda - when the jib is attached at a height of ¾ from the base of the mast.
• Top staysail - The staysail is attached to a stay that goes to the very top (top) of the mainmast.

Normal Bermuda is more often used for racing yachts, and the second type is used for pleasure and cruising vessels.

The word "Bermudian" refers to the design of the sails and the way they are attached to the spar on ship. Characteristic features of Bermuda sails are:

• side view close to triangular;
• attachment to the ship and its mast along the luff of the sail;
• To control the sail, one angle is used - the clew and (or) the luff.

Word " sloop" means that the ship is single-masted, but with two sails:

• mainsail (attached to the mast along the entire luff)
• a jib connected by the upper i.e. halyard corner to the mast, the lower (called tack) corner to the bow of the deck, and the entire luff or to a cable (this can be a cable sewn into the luff of the sail, or a stay - a cable holding the mast in front, or stay-pier, i.e. rigid tackle instead of a cable in the form of a pipe or rod).

Stag pier, no doubt best option, but is used less frequently due to its high cost and (or) large mass.

Bermuda sloop looks like shown in Figure 4.1.

In the figure, instead of dimensions, letter designations are indicated:

s p - fin area.
s r - rudder area.
s k is the area of ​​the underwater part of the hull.
B max - the maximum width of the yacht hull.
B kvl - width according to kvl.
B stern - width of the stern.
V is the displacement of the yacht.
m pl - fin mass.

Explanations

1. Cool to the wind- when the yacht moves towards the wind at some acute angle. Modern cruising yachts this angle is about 45°, but for the fastest large yachts maybe 30°!
2. Tacking- a method (technology) of moving a yacht towards the wind, consisting of alternating movement: first on the left, then on the right tack (Tack - the position of the yacht relative to the direction of the wind. Right tack - the wind blows to the starboard side, from the right half of the yacht, left tack - to the left board, from the left half.
3. Get out into the wind- move towards the wind;
4. Bermuda sails have three angles and three luffs, each with its own name:
   - the upper angle at which the sail is lifted up the mast using a halyard (i.e. cable, rope) is called the halyard angle;
   - the lower corner of the sail facing the headwind is called the tack angle;
   - the rear angle of the sail, facing the direction downwind, is called the clew angle and is used to control the sail using a sheet (rope);
   - luffs are the edges of the sail;
   - the luff in the working position is facing the wind and a cable is sewn into it (it’s called a lyktros);
   - luff - at the back. The waste stream of wind flows from it;
   - the lower luff faces the deck.
5. Seaworthiness- the ability of a yacht to successfully withstand the elements of wind and waves of a certain strength. The stronger the wind and waves, the more seaworthy the yacht should be. A yacht that is more durable and better able to withstand unexpected weather conditions is considered more seaworthy.
6. Genoa- a wide jib, with its clew angle extending beyond the mast towards the stern.

Proportions of a Bermuda cruising sloop

Proportions of modern cruising yachts can be expressed through the main dimension L kvl. Actually L kvl usually lies within the range of 2.5 ÷ 20 m.

L max ≥ L kvl. L max can reach 1.3 L qvl however there is a tendency to L max = L kvl.
H = (1 ÷ 1.5)Lkvl, most often H ≈ 1.3 L kvl.
h st = (0.75 ÷ 1)H; it is better when h st = H, however, problems arise with the strength of the mast.
h b = (0.07 ÷ 0.2) L kvl; the larger h b, the more seaworthy the yacht.
∆ ≈ 0,1L kvl - displacement of the CP to the nose from the central nervous system. A very important quantity that affects the handling of the yacht.
T total = (0.2 ÷ 0.3) L kvl; Tk ≈ 0.05 L kvl.
The fin, like the rudder feather, is hydrofoils. They act like a glider wing, only they are positioned vertically.
s k ≈ 0.6 L kvl × T k;
s p ≈ 0.6Sк = 0.036 L kvl × T k.
Much depends on the shape of the hydrofoil, i.e. on t, 1, b.
In cross section, the fin and rudder blade have the shape of a drop with a blunt end forward. t ≈ (1.8 ÷ 2.5)l = (0.18 ÷ 0.25) L kvl, where l ≈ 0.1 L kvl; b ≈ (0.012 ÷ 0.015) L kvl.
For the rudder blade, the relationship between t, 1 and b is similar, but for the rudder s p ≈ 0.25s p.
mpl ≤ (0.2 ÷ 0.4)V for cruising and keel yachts;
mpl ≈ 0 for light boats, dinghies, sailing boards and catamarans (in general for multihull yachts),
V = (0.0046 ÷ 0.007)L 3 kvl; S = (0.5 ÷ 0.75)L 2 kvl;
S st ≈ S gr, it is better when S st = 1.25S gr.
Bmax ≈ (0.3 ÷ 0.45) L kvl. V kvl ≈ (0.27 ÷ 0.4) L kvl.
B k ≈ B kvl.

Behind the diversity of designations, terms and numerical ratios, it is not easy to guess the charm of a classic cruising yacht. Therefore, we will formulate its advantages in a brief verbal form.

Firstly, and this is the main thing, a cruising Bermuda sloop of good proportions is a good tackler. The “dead zone”, where the helmsman cannot immediately and directly (except under the engine) steer the yacht, is only about 90° out of 360° (45° each to the right and left sides from the direction towards the wind). With sails of high aerodynamic quality and high similar characteristics of the fin and the underwater part of the yacht as a whole, this figure can be reduced to 80°.

Racing large superyachts even reach 60°. However, every degree into the wind costs more and more, which requires extremely expensive sailing fabric and, even more so, ready-made sails. The most modern masts, rigging, control devices and equipment are also more expensive than usual. The hydrodynamic qualities of the underwater part of the yacht are no less expensive: complex fin shapes, ultra-clean surfaces that do not allow the slightest adhesion of algae and other dirt, “narrow” gates of sailing modes: strict adherence to the angles of attack of the sails in relation to the variable wind, ultra-precise accounting of destabilizing factors ( waves, currents, etc., etc., etc.) require the use of expensive instruments and computers during navigation.

Secondly, a cruising Bermuda sloop of good proportions is easy to operate and does not require a large crew due to the well-organized wiring of the sheets and the mechanization of the controls: winches, blocks, stoppers, steering gear - are extremely simple.

Thirdly, on passing courses, where triangular (Bermuda) sails are not the most effective, it is possible to install an additional sail made of light fabric - a spinnaker or gennaker (a gennaker is an asymmetrical spinnaker, a spinnaker resembles a parachute and is comparable in area to the total area of ​​tacking sails). This gives a noticeable increase in speed and the maximum possible is achieved. The use of a spinnaker or gennaker requires good coordination from the crew in control. Fairness requires saying that on a Bermuda sloop, the sails set “butterfly” on a jibe course allow you to go on a cruise without any hassle.

Fourth, a wide and flat bottom of the stern in combination with a high power-to-weight ratio (i.e. S/V = 24 ÷ 30 m2/ton of displacement) allows the yacht to exit the displacement sailing mode into the surfing mode and reach a speed higher than what Froude’s law limits it in displacement mode (according to Froude or taking into account 1 knot = 1853 m/hour, or 0.514 m/s, 1 foot = 0.3048 m. ). A reliable Bermuda sloop-type cruising yacht can be built relatively cheaply.

To the direct question: “What is the speed of the yacht?” The answer is: “It is always different.”

When the wind speed is zero (complete calm), the yacht will stand or float with the current or row with sails due to the oncoming waves and move slightly. In this case, a motor or oars come to the rescue. But this is a rare situation when there is no wind at all.

With a low wave (for each size of yacht this is its own value) with a wind of 3 ÷ 4 points (3.4 ÷ 7.9 m/s), a medium-sized yacht (≈ 6 ÷ 7 m by waterline) develops a speed according to the Froude formula of about 10 ÷ 13 km/h. For the same yacht, with a wind speed of 12 m/s, you can reach a speed of 25 km/h. Larger yachts go faster, smaller ones go slower.

In conditions of strong wind and storm (over 20 m/s), the fastest course is a gulfwind course along the wave or slightly obliquely. Courses counter to the wave at an acute angle to the wind slow down the speed greatly, and small yachts can no longer fight the elements and drift with the wind or stop at anchors.

Riding on a following wave puts the yacht in surfing and planing mode. The speed increases to wind speed and more!

The helmsman (captain) of the yacht has a large selection of different options: try to move in the chosen direction, hide in a shelter, anchor, try to use the motor, despite the fact that a cruising yacht is a self-righting yacht, even if it turns out to be with the mast down - this is for counting the mass of the fin.

When the wind force is excessive for your yacht, when a dangerous (large and jerky) list and strong drift occur, reduce the sail area, in nautical language: “take reefs”. This operation is greatly facilitated and accelerated if the yacht has devices for furling the sails: furling the jib around the luff, reefing the mainsail for furling it along the lower luff while simultaneously releasing the halyard.

The passion for speed-squeezing yachts in all possible ways, already at the design stage, leads to a deterioration in their habitability (i.e. living conditions) and, most importantly, to a decrease in reliability, since ultra-lightweight yachts often find themselves in conditions on the verge of their strength. Operating such yachts requires the highest qualifications of the crew.

Below we introduce newcomers to the names the main elements of the yacht, standing and running rigging, sails and simply yachting (marine) terms.

Sail

A sail is a special fabric or plate that is attached to the hull of a yacht in order to convert the energy of air currents into the energy of forward motion of the vessel. From the point of view of its design, the sail is a rather complex structure. Now let’s take a closer look at such elements as "Mast" "Boom", "Shrouds", "Masail", "Spinnaker", "Stay", "Jib" and others.

Mast

A mast is a vertically standing structure on a boat that provides the sail with shape, stability and flexibility. Usually, when we talk about single-mast sailing yachts (“sloop”, “tender”), they mean the main mast.

Geek armament: 1 – boom; 2 - mast; 3 – heel with slider; 4 - sail; 5 – topenant; 6 - knock; 7 – main sheet; 8 boom guy; 9 − boom heel guy

- This is a device used to stretch the lower part (luff) of the slanting sails on a yacht. It is presented in the form of a horizontal spar and can be fixed in relation to the mast, either movably or in a non-movable manner.

Guys

Guys- these are special gear (usually galvanized or steel cables) of the standing rigging of a yacht, with the help of which the mast is strengthened. The number of shrouds directly depends on the thickness of the mast itself and the area of ​​the sails.

Stay

Stay- this is a rigid steel cable of a ship's standing rigging that keeps the mast from falling backwards

Mainsail (sail)

As a rule, grotto on single-mast yachts it is called the rear sail. Actually, the mainsail is one of the most important components of a yacht’s sail, because how correctly the mainsail is configured in relation to the wind and the state of the water surface determines how the ship will behave in certain weather conditions.

Staysail

A jib is a sail triangular shape, which is placed on the forestay to support the mast at the front.

A racing sail that operates in a range of courses from halfwind to jibe. Unlike a spinnaker, it has a smaller area; in addition, it can be used not only in racing, but also in cruising voyages with a small crew on board.

Sheet

Sheet(Dutch. schoot) - running rigging gear designed to stretch the lower (clew) corners of sails along the yard or boom. Also using sheets they pull back the corners of sails that do not have a spar. Every sheet receives an additional name based on the name of the sail, for example: mainsail sheets(walk back and stretch the sail to the leeward side).

FAL

False(Dutch val (from vallen- fall, let down) - gear designed for raising and lowering sails (mainsail, staysail and others), individual parts of the spar (for example, yards, topmasts, gaffs), flags, pennants, etc. Halies, used on ships and ships, refer to running rigging.

ends

End(s)- the name of any rope or cable in the navy. For example, when mooring, the mooring end is tied with one side to the pier (pier) to a bollard and the other to a cleat on a yacht.

Fenders

Fender- a lining, which is placed between the ship and the pier, so as not to damage the side, serves to reduce contact loads on the ship’s hull. Previously, fenders were woven from ropes, but later they were replaced by rubber balls or cylinders inflated with air. Due to their cheapness and practicality, old car tires are most widely used as fenders.

Here are some more important terms

Leeward side- the side of the object facing the direction the wind is blowing.

Windward side- the side of the object facing the direction from which the wind is blowing.

Latrine- just a toilet. Previously, this was the name of the platform, in the form of a balcony, in the bow of a sailing ship, under the bow decoration. Served as a latrine for the crew.

Galley- just a kitchen

Overstay- a turn during which the ship's course crosses the direction of the wind, while the ship crosses the wind line with its bow. Turning from a southeast course to a southwest course at south wind it will be a tack. Often used when moving on tacks. Any turn of a sailing vessel (tacking or jibe[see]) is accompanied by a change of tack. Any other maneuver of a sailboat is not considered a turn.

Fordewind- 1) the ship’s course relative to the wind: the wind blows directly astern (tailwind); 2) turn the ship ( jibe, through jibe) when the wind line is crossed by the stern. Any turn of a sailing ship is associated with a change in tack. Other maneuvers of a sailing vessel are not considered a turn.

And finally - Admiral's hour

Admiral's hour- a pre-lunch break at 11 o'clock, which was announced daily in the fleet and in the Admiralty Board so that sailors and officers could "drink and eat" before lunch. Introduced by order of Peter I.

A yacht is a vessel intended for sports or tourism. There are extremely many types of yachts. In the world of yachts there are as many types, sizes, as well as tastes and affections of people. After all, a yacht, being an object of entertainment, is often a symbol of a dream come true. And people very often dream and realize dreams in different ways.

When classifying yachts, you should first of all divide them into motor and sailing yachts. These are yachts from different ideological camps, from different ideas about the dream. And although both are ultimately united by one element, the sea, each of them should be discussed separately. In this article we will pay attention to the classification sailing yachts.

1. Purpose.

First of all, it is worth dividing sailing yachts according to their main characteristic, for which they are actually built. By appointment. Since yachts are intended for two main types of entertainment: travel and racing, then yachts, as a first approximation, should be divided in exactly this way. Yachts for travel and yachts for racing. Of course, you can travel and race on both of them, but we are talking specifically about the purpose intended by the designer. So, first of all, let's divide the yachts into:

• Travel yachts

Yachts for travel have a durable, sometimes heavy construction. The designer’s task in this case is to ensure comfort and reliability.

Racing yachts are designed to win races. Therefore, less attention was paid to the convenience of crew accommodation and safety margins. The designers, counting on the more highly qualified crews, reduce the weight of the yacht and increase the voltage in its components in order to achieve maximum power output. On the other hand, racing yachts are equipped with elements that expand the range of adjustments, settings, and sails so that the yacht sails quickly in the entire range of winds.

2. Moving away from the shore

Based on the ability of yachts to move away from the shore, yachts can be divided into those that are designed for sailing near the shore, in the bay, and those that can make long, autonomous voyages at a considerable distance from ports of refuge. That is, yachts can be divided into:

• Walking
• coastal yachts
• and seaworthy, that is, cruising yachts.

• Pleasure yachts have a lightweight design, they do not have significant supplies of water and food for the crew, navigation equipment designed for the crew to see and know the water area for walking.
• Cruising yachts have a robust design capable of carrying supplies (water, fuel, food, etc.). Windy rooms give the team the opportunity to fully relax. Such yachts have no restrictions on distance from the shore.
• Coastal yachts(day cruiser) has limited amenities and a small supply of supplies, allowing you to spend a day exploring the bay.

3. Number of buildings.

If the width of the hull creates stability, then why not widen it as much as possible? At one time, designers thought about this and began to design wide buildings. Such housings have a high initial straightening moment. However, they have a major drawback. Such a hull has high frictional resistance to water and poor seaworthiness. To resolve this conflict, multi-hull yachts were created: catamarans (two hulls) and trimarans (three hulls). Despite the fact that the capsize of a multihull, unlike the capsize of a keel yacht, is a fatal event, it is impossible to put it back on an “even keel” without outside help, they are very popular. The fact is that a number of design measures have reduced the risk of capsizing some multihull yachts, such as cruising ones, to almost zero.

Catamarans have two identical, narrow, long hulls spaced apart to provide greater stability. The resistance of such hulls is much less than the hull of a regular yacht, so a catamaran in tailwinds, as a rule, develops higher speeds than keel yachts. Cruising catamarans, which are successfully used for ocean voyages, can have very high speed and stability.

Trimarans have three hulls: a middle one (wider than catamarans, but much narrower than yachts) and two spaced apart and slightly raised side hulls, very narrow. The side hulls are essentially floats that provide stability. When heeling, the trimaran moves on the middle hull and one of the side hulls. Trimarans gained great popularity at one time as cruising yachts. However, currently the most widely used trimarans are trailer-mounted trimarans, that is, trimarans that can be transported on a trailer behind a passenger car. Thus, according to the number of hulls, sailing yachts are divided into:

• Single-hull
• Multihulls (catamarans and trimarans)

4. Method for creating stability of monohull yachts

Sailing yachts use wind energy for propulsion. The wind transfers its energy to the yacht through the sails. Sails and sailing equipment in general are installed on the yacht, and under the influence of the wind (especially when it is directed towards the side) it tends to capsize the entire yacht. To create stability, that is, the ability of a yacht to resist capsizing, there are two main ways. Firstly, using ballast, located as low as possible in the hull or in a special fin (false fin). Secondly, with the help hull stability when the body itself, due to its characteristics, primarily its width, creates a straightening, that is, a restoring moment.

The first way to create stability, that is, using ballast, is used by keel yachts. Thanks to ballast, the design of a keel yacht has very stable stability. These yachts are very reliable because, for example, they “forgive” many of the crew’s mistakes and can adapt to different wind and wave conditions. This is a real “hit” in the world of sailing yachts. The dual purpose of the false keel - placing ballast and creating hydrodynamic force that prevents drift - makes these yachts, no less than, unique inventions of mankind.

The second way to create stability, using shape stability, is used by yachts in which the hydrofoil is light and does not have ballast. Such a wing is called a “centerboard,” and a yacht with such a wing is called a “dinghy.” Daggerboards do not have ballast, and can easily raise the centerboard when approaching shallow water. They also actively use the weight of the crew itself. It is moved, depending on wind conditions, to one place or another on one side or another of the yacht, or even taken overboard on special suspensions - trapezoids.

There is also an intermediate option. These are the so-called yachts - "compromises". These yachts have a so-called “heavy” centerboard. That is, the ballast in such a centerboard is involved in creating stability. Its weight, however, is not enough, since the weight of the centerboard must be such that the crew can lift it quickly enough, for example, when approaching the pier. To create the necessary stability, “compromises” can also use the weight of the crew or ballast installed in the fixed, lower parts of the hull. Thus, according to the method of creating stability, monohull yachts can be divided into:

• Keeled
• Dinghy boats
• Compromises

5. Case material.

Yachts can be made from a variety of materials. The most common materials: plastic, metal, wood. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages. Wood is beautiful, wooden yachts are a real spiritual story of the owner and his crew. Metal yachts are considered one of the most durable. They are popular where conditions are the most difficult, for example, where it is not uncommon to encounter ice while walking. Plastic yachts are the most popular. Mainly due to the low maintenance costs of caring for their hulls. Also, plastic yachts can be considered the lightest when using industrial technologies.

6. Status.

According to their purpose, or rather according to their relationship between the yacht and the owner, sailing yachts are divided into charter yachts, that is, yachts intended for the owner to make a profit, and private yachts, when the owner builds or purchases a yacht for his own use. Charter yachts, as a rule, have a maximum number of cabins that can be placed in the hull. Then the tenant will be able to invite more guests and reduce their yachting costs. Private yacht As a rule, regardless of size, it has no more than three cabins. One for the owner and a maximum of two for guests. The number of cabins for the crew, if the owner of the yacht intends to use one, is not limited.

7. Sailing equipment

Sailing weapons are very diverse. Designers are constantly improving it, using ever newer materials and technologies. Let's look at them very briefly.

Single mast yachts:

There are a huge number of types of sailing rigs that use one mast, but only one of them, namely the “Bermuda Sloop,” absolutely dominates the world of single-mast yachts, moreover, perhaps even the entire world of yachts.

Bermuda sloop. This is a type of sailing rig where, with the help of an installed mast and standing rigging, two main sails can be installed. The sail in front of the mast is called the jib. There is a huge variety of staysails. They can have different shapes and sizes. The need to have large number staysails are due to the fact that they are poorly adjustable and are adjusted for use in different wind conditions.

Jib sails are distinguished by the density of the material (the denser the material, the more difficult conditions it is designed for) and by the size of the lower luff (edge) of the sail. There are staysails with a short lower luff that does not extend beyond the mast and "Genoa" staysails, these are staysails that "extend behind the mast. A second sail is attached to the mast with the luff. It is called the "mainsail." The mainsail is adjustable in a wide range of winds and, as a rule, does not require changing when the wind parameters or the yacht's course change.

There are Bermuda sloops with “top” and “fractional” rigs. Fractional rigging is the rigging of a Bermuda sloop when the front cable securing the mast (“forestay” or simply “stay”) is attached to the very top (top) of the mast

Two-masted yachts:

Two-masted yachts are distinguished by a huge variety of sailing equipment. Let's list just a few of them.

– has a main front mast (“Main Mast”) and a much smaller rear mast (“Mizzen Mast”). The Yola mizzen mast does not create pulling force, but only balances the yacht. This quality of the yoke is very much in demand in fresh weather, when the main sails are greatly reduced ("reefed") or at anchor, when the operation of the sail standing on the mizzen mast significantly reduces the load on the anchor.

– compared to the yol, the mizzen mast is comparable in size to the mainsail. Thus, the mizzen of the ketch is involved in creating traction. This type of sailing rig is also very practical in fresh weather. It is especially loved by yacht owners who are in old age, when the strength to work with one huge mast and large sails is no longer enough. It's easier for them to destroy total area sail of the yacht on two similar masts. In addition, this option significantly increases the overall reliability of the yacht

- this type of weapon can be considered obsolete, since its mass use was once based on technologies that made it possible to unfasten the largest mast - the “mainsail”, only in the widest part of the hull. From the point of view of aerodynamic efficiency, this is an illogical, one might even say erroneous, decision, since most of the sails on the largest mast, the main mast, begin to work in the wind shadow of the forward mast. The front mast in this case is called the "fore mast". More or less, schooner-type weapons are justified only in tailwinds.

However, if you need to stylize the yacht as antique, which is often quite justified, or equip it in a special way, then why not! Your romantic dreams are a good reason to realize them in sailing equipment!

Conclusions

So, we can classify sailing yachts according to a number of parameters:

1. Purpose (racing, travel yachts)
2. Ability to move away from the shore (recreational, cruising)
3. Number of cases (single case, multi-case)
4. Status (charter - private)
5. Body material (plastic, wood, metal, reinforced cement)
6. Sailing equipment (Bermuda sloop, yol, ketch, schooner, etc.)
7. And monohull yachts can be divided according to the method of creating the leveling moment (Keel boats, dinghies, compromises). Considering that this is not a complete list, therefore, from the entire variety of yachts, you can always choose or design a yacht that most closely suits your request.