Sea sailing ships. Classification of sailing ships (sailing weapons). Brigantine raises sails
Aak– (Dutch aak) - a single-masted flat-bottomed vessel,
used on the Lower Rhine for transporting wines. By design, it is a small clinker-built cargo ship with a semicircular hatch deck, flat-bottomed, without fore- or sternposts. By means of the bow and stern pieces, the ship's bottom at both ends was raised flat and obliquely, starting from the waist. It had no sideboards, carried a simple sprint sail and a foresail staysail. A short bowsprit made it possible to carry a jib, and usually the rigging of aaks was similar to that of coastal ships.
The oldest image of aak dates back to 1530.
Kölsche Aak, XVI.
Barque(Dutch bark) - a three- to five-mast large sea sailing vessel for transporting goods with straight sails on all masts, except for the stern (mizzen mast), which carries an oblique sailing equipment. The largest barges that are still in service are “Sedov” (Murmansk), “Kruzenshtern” (Kaliningrad).
Bark "Sedov"
Barquentine(schooner-bark) - a three- to five-mast (sometimes six-mast) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts except the bow (foremast), which carries straight sails. Modern steel barquentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.
Brig- (English brig) - a two-masted ship with straight sailing rigs of the foremast and mainmast, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - mainsail-gaff-trisail. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail a counter-mizzen, but it should be remembered that a vessel with the sailing rig of a brig does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-trisail is exactly the same the same as the frigate's counter-mizzen.
Brigantine(Italian brigantino - brig schooner, brigantina - mizzen) - a light and fast ship with the so-called mixed sailing rig - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and slanting sails on the rear (mainmast). In the 16th-19th centuries, two-masted brigantines were, as a rule, used by pirates (Italian brigante - robber, pirate). Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast rigged like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails like a schooner - a mainsail trysail and a topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.
Galleon- a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with fairly strong artillery weapons, used both military and commercial. Galleons became most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing ship that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and carracks (naves) and was intended for long ocean voyages. 
Reducing the tank superstructure and lengthening the hull led to increased stability and reduced wave resistance, resulting in a faster, more seaworthy and maneuverable vessel. The galleon differed from earlier ships in that it was longer, lower and straighter, with a rectangular stern instead of a round one, and the presence of a latrine at the bow, protruding forward below the level of the forecastle. The displacement of the galleon was about 500 tons (although for the Manila galleons it reached up to 2000 tons). The first mention of it dates back to 1535. Subsequently, the galleon became the basis of the fleets of the Spaniards and the British. The stem, strongly curved and extended forward, had decorations and was shaped like the stem of a galley. The long bowsprit carried a sail - a blind. The bow superstructure was moved back and did not hang over the stem, like a karakka. The stern superstructure, high and narrow, was placed on the cut-off stern. The superstructure had several tiers that housed living quarters for officers and passengers. The heavily canted sternpost had a transom above the load line. On the rear side, the aft wall of the superstructure was decorated with carvings and balconies. Galleons were used until the 18th century, when they gave way to more modern ships with full sails.
Junk - (Malay djong, distorted Chinese chuan - ship), a wooden sailing cargo ship with two to four masts for river and coastal sea navigation, common in Southeast Asia. During the era of the sailing fleet, ships were used for military purposes; Modern trucks are used to transport cargo, and they are often used for housing. D. have a shallow draft, load capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features are very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.
Iol- (Gol. jol), a type of two-masted sailing ship with oblique sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) distinguishes the Iol from the ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have sailing rigs of the Iola type.
Caravel(Italian caravella) - 3-4 mast, single-deck, universal sailing wooden ship, capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a forward sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus completed his transatlantic voyage on three caravels. In addition to being seaworthy, the caravels had a high carrying capacity.
Karakka(Spanish: Carraca) - a large merchant or military three-masted sailing ship of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The Karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. This type of vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 the carrack "Victoria" from Magellan's expedition made its first circumnavigation. On the karakka, cannon ports were used for the first time and guns were placed in closed batteries.
Carrack "Victoria", recreated according to Spanish designs of the 16th century
Ketch, ketch(eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small stern mast located in front of the rudder axis. Some fishing vessels and large sports yachts have sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or gaff).
Flutes- a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times greater than their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts, invented in 1570, were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make narrow and easy-to-maintain sails and reduce the total number of upper crew.
The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Hoorn, the center of Dutch shipbuilding, in the Zsider Zee Bay. The sailing rig of the foremasts and mainmasts consisted of a foresail and mainsail and corresponding topsails, and later on large flutes and topsails. On the mizzen mast, a straight cruising sail was raised above the usual oblique sail. A rectangular blind sail, sometimes a bomb blind, was installed on the bowsprit. For the first time, a steering wheel appeared on flutes, which made it easier to shift the rudder. The flutes of the early 17th century had a length of about 40 m, a width of about 6.5 m, a draft of 3 - 3.5 m, and a carrying capacity of 350-400 tons. For self-defense, 10 - 20 guns were installed on them. The crew consisted of 60 - 65 people. Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.
Frigate- a three-masted military ship with a full sail rig and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes in terms of characteristics sailing ships. Frigates trace their origins to light and fast ships that were used for raids in the English Channel starting around the 17th century. With the growth of naval fleets and their range, the characteristics 
The Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the Admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light fast ship capable of independent action. Classic frigates the age of sail were created in France in the middle of the 18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with approximately two to three dozen 12-18 pound guns on one gun deck. Subsequently, the displacement and power of the frigates' weapons grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns. The largest of them could be included in the battle line and were called battle frigates, like the battle cruisers of the 20th century. Like today's cruisers, frigates were the busiest type of ship in the sailing fleet. IN peacetime frigates, as a rule, were not laid up, like battleships, but were used for patrol and cruising service, combating piracy and training crews. The reliability and speed of frigates made them popular vessels for explorers and travelers. For example, French traveler Louis Antoine de Bougainville circumnavigated the world on the frigate Boudeuse (Angry) in 1766-1769, and the famous frigate Pallada, on which Admiral E.V. Putyatin arrived in Japan in 1855 to establish diplomatic and trade relations, was built in 1832 as the personal yacht of Emperor Nicholas I. In the British Royal Navy, which, by many accounts, had the largest number of frigates in the world, they had ranks from four to six.
Frigate "Holy Spirit"
Sloop(small corvette) (Gol. sloep, from sluipen - to slide) - a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with a straight sail. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament: 10-28 guns. It was used for patrol and messenger services and as a transport and expedition vessel. In addition, a sloop is a type of sailing rig - one mast and two sails - a front one (a jib with a Bermuda rig, a jib with a straight rig) and a rear one (mainsail and foresail, respectively).
Soviet sloop "Enterprise"
Schooner(English schooner) - a type of sailing vessel with 
at least two masts with slanting sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and topsail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. Moreover, in some cases, topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a briefock) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (gaff or Bermuda), a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America. They had two masts with gaff sails and were used for coastal shipping. IN late XIX century, competition between steamships led to the need to reduce ship crews. Thanks to the simplicity of sailing equipment and ease of control, it was the schooners that were able to withstand this struggle. Basically, two- and three-masted schooners were built, less often four-, five- and six-masted ones. And in 1902, in the city of Quincy (USA), the world's only seven-masted schooner, the Thomas W. Lawson, was launched. The Thomas W. Lawson was designed to carry coal. Each of the seven steel masts, 35 m high, weighed 20 tons. They were continued by 17-meter wooden topmasts. The work of the sailors was facilitated by various mechanisms. The schooner, which had no engine, was equipped with a steam steering engine, steam winches, an electrical system and even a telephone network! After the First World War, when there were not enough merchant ships, the Americans, possessing excellent timber, built many wooden schooners of various sizes, having from three to five masts.
Yacht(Dutch jacht, from jagen - to drive, to pursue) - originally a light, fast ship for transporting important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or sail-motor vessel intended for sporting or tourist purposes. The most common are sailing yachts.
The first mentions of sports sailing yachts date back to the 17th century. Modern usage of the term Yacht In modern usage, the term Yacht refers to two different classes of vessels: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work ships mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or sailing at low speeds when there is no wind. 
Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising yachts, those with a cabin, those designed for long voyages and racing, pleasure yachts and racing ones - for sailing in the coastal zone. Based on the shape of the hull, a distinction is made between keel yachts, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting when sailing, shallow-draft yachts (dinghies), with a retractable keel (centerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and a retractable keel. There are double-hulled yachts - catamarans and three-hulled yachts - trimarans. Yachts can be single- or multi-masted with different sailing rigs.
Bomber ship
Sailing 2-, 3-masted ship of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. with increased hull strength, armed with smooth-bore guns. They first appeared in France in 1681, in Russia - during the construction of the Azov Fleet. Bombardier ships were armed with 2-18 large-caliber guns (mortars or unicorns) to fight against coastal fortifications and 8-12 small-caliber guns. They were part of the navies of all countries. They existed in the Russian fleet until 1828
Brig
A military 2-masted ship with a square rig, designed for cruising, reconnaissance and messenger services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns, crew up to 120 people. It had good seaworthiness and maneuverability. In the XVIII - XIX centuries. brigs were part of all the world's fleets
Brigantine
2-masted sailing ship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with a straight sail on the front mast (foresail) and an oblique sail on the rear mast (mainsail). Used in European navies for reconnaissance and messenger services. On the upper deck there were 6- 8 small caliber guns
Galion
Sailing ship XV - XVII centuries, predecessor of the sailing ship battleship. It had fore and main masts with straight sails and a mizzen with oblique sails. Displacement is about 1550 tons. Military galleons had up to 100 guns and up to 500 soldiers on board
Caravel
A high-sided, single-deck, 3-, 4-mast ship with high superstructures at the bow and stern, with a displacement of 200-400 tons. It had good seaworthiness and was widely used by Italian, Spanish and Portuguese sailors in the 13th - 17th centuries. Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama made their famous voyages on caravels
Karakka
Sailing 3-mast ship XIV - XVII centuries. with a displacement of up to 2 thousand tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. It could accommodate up to 1200 people. Cannon ports were used for the first time on the karakka and guns were placed in closed batteries
Clipper
A 3-masted sailing (or sail-steam with a propeller) ship of the 19th century, used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. Displacement up to 1500 tons, speed up to 15 knots (28 km/h), armament up to 24 guns, crew up to 200 people
Corvette
A ship of the sailing fleet of the 18th - mid-19th centuries, intended for reconnaissance, messenger service, and sometimes for cruising operations. In the first half of the 18th century. 2-masted and then 3-masted vessel with square rig, displacement 400-600 tons, with open (20-32 guns) or closed (14-24 guns) batteries
Battleship
A large, usually 3-deck (3 gun decks), three-masted ship with square rigging, designed for artillery combat with the same ships in the wake formation (battle line). Displacement up to 5 thousand tons. Armament: 80-130 smoothbore guns along the sides. Battleships were widely used in wars of the second half of the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. The introduction of steam engines and propellers, rifled artillery and armor led in the 60s. XIX century to the complete replacement of sailing battleships with battleships
Flutes
A 3-masted sailing ship from the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries, used in the navy as a transport. Armed with 4-6 cannons. It had sides that were tucked inward above the waterline. A steering wheel was used for the first time on a flute. In Russia, flutes have been part of the Baltic Fleet since the 17th century.
Sailing frigate
A 3-masted ship, second in terms of armament power (up to 60 guns) and displacement after the battleship, but superior to it in speed. Intended mainly for operations on sea communications
Sloop
Three-masted ship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. with straight sails on the forward masts and a slanting sail on the aft mast. Displacement 300-900 tons, artillery armament 16-32 guns. It was used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as a transport and expedition vessel. In Russia, the sloop was often used for circumnavigation of the world (O.E. Kotzebue, F.F. Bellingshausen, M.P. Lazarev, etc.)
Shnyava
A small sailing ship, common in the 17th - 18th centuries. in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia. Shnyavs had 2 masts with straight sails and a bowsprit. They were armed with 12-18 small-caliber cannons and were used for reconnaissance and messenger service as part of the skerry fleet of Peter I. Shnyava length 25-30 m, width 6-8 m, displacement about 150 tons, crew up to 80 people.
Schooner
A sea sailing vessel with a displacement of 100-800 tons, having 2 or more masts, is armed mainly with oblique sails. Schooners were used in sailing fleets as messenger ships. The schooners of the Russian fleet were armed with up to 16 guns.
“Prussia” is a five-mast sailboat with an all-steel hull. Previously, she was the world's largest ship with square sails, as well as the only five-masted sailing ship of this class in the world merchant fleet. The sailing ship was built in 1902 by order of the Hamburg shipping company Lajes. Hamburg is the home port of the sailing ship. Unlike many others, the sailing ship Prussia was never equipped with auxiliary engines. The length of the ship is 147 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 11,150 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,081 rt (register tons), sail area - 6,806 square meters, years of operation - from 1902 to 1910.
France II is a French five-masted sailing ship. This sailboat is considered one of the largest in the history of shipbuilding. "France II" was laid down at the shipyards "Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde" in French city Bordeaux in 1911. The length of the sailing ship is 146.20 meters, width - 17 meters, displacement - 10,710 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,633 mercury, volume of sails - 6,350 square meters.
The R.C. Rickmers was a German five-masted sailing ship and also served as a merchant vessel. The length of the sailing ship is 146 meters, width - 16.3 meters, displacement - 10,500 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,548 register tons, sail area - 6,045 square meters.
The schooner Thomas W. Lawson is the only seven-masted sailing ship in the world. It was launched in Quincy in 1902. The famous shipowner Deon Crowley really wanted to create the largest sailboat in the whole world, and therefore he became the inspirer and author of the idea of its construction. The length of the sailing ship is 144 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 10,860 tons, volume of the vessel - 5,218 rt, sail area - 4,330 square meters, gross tonnage The schooner Thomas W. Lawson was 5,218 (grt), which was 137 (grt) more than that of the five-masted bark Prussia, which was commissioned a few months before the schooner Thomas. W. Lawson.”
Royal Clipper is a five-mast, four-star cruising sailboat, which was built in the image and likeness of the Prussia (1902 - 1910). The model of the sailing ship was developed by Zygmunt Horen, a Polish specialist in ship devices, and the sailing ship itself was put into operation in 2000. The longest sailing ship in the world can accommodate 227 passengers. “Royal Clipper” can reach speeds of up to 20 knots. The length of the ship is 134.8 meters, width - 16.5 meters, displacement - 5,061 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,425 mercury, sail area - 5,202 meters square.
“Potosi” is a five-masted sailing merchant ship that was built in 1895 by order of the Hamburg shipping company “Lajes”. The sailboat's route passed between Germany and Chile. The length of the sailing ship is 132.1 meters, width - 15.1 meters, displacement - 8,580 tons, volume of the vessel - 4,026 rt, sail area - 4,700 square meters.
Copenhagen “Cobenhavn” is the last five-masted barque, which was built in 1921 by the Scottish shipyard “Ramage and Ferguson” by order of the Danish East Asia Company after the First World War in Copenhagen. The length of the barque is 131.9 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 7,900 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,901 mt, sail area - 4,644 square meters.
“France I” is one of the largest five-masted barques. The sailing ship was built in 1890. This was the first French sailing ship cargo ship and second in the world in this era. The length of the ship is 133 meters, width - 14.9 meters, displacement - 7,800 tons.
Wyoming is a six-masted, 125-meter, double-decker schooner that was built primarily from Canadian pine. At that time, this was the height of perfection in wooden shipbuilding. The Wyoming is the world's largest all-wood ship. The length of the ship is 137 meters, width - 15 meters, displacement - 8,000 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,731 mercury, sail area - 3,700 meters square.
The Great Republic is the largest wooden clipper ship of the 19th century. It was built by the famous American shipbuilder Donald McKay. The Great Republic clipper had no equal in size. Most American clippers of the 19th century were about 70 meters long and were considered the largest in the world; English clippers averaged about 60 meters. The length of the Great Republic was 101.5 meters, the width of the clipper was 16.2 meters, and the displacement was 4556 tons. The height of the Great Republic grotto reached 70 meters. The total sail area is 6070 square meters.
Viking is a four-masted steel barque that was built in 1906 in Copenhagen. This is the largest sailing ship ever built in Scandinavia. The Viking's length is 118 meters, width - 13.9 meters, displacement - 6,300 tons, vessel volume - 2,959 mercury, sail area - 3,690 square meters.
“Sedov” is four-masted barque, which was built in 1921 under the name “Magdalene Vinnen II”. Since 1936, the name has changed to “Kommodore Johnsen”. And in 1945, the barque was transferred to the USSR by Great Britain and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Today, “Sedov” is one of the largest sailing training ships in the world. Length - 117.5 meters, width - 14.6 meters, displacement - 7,320 tons, vessel volume - 3,556 mercury, sail area - 4,192 meters square.
Union is a training sailing vessel of the Peruvian Navy. The sailboat has a four-masted steel hull. Union was built in 2014 by Shipyard Marine Industrial Services of Peru, also known as SIMA. The length of the barque is 115.75 meters, width - 13.5 meters, displacement - 3,200 tons, sail area - 4,324 meters square.
“Kruzenshtern” is a four-masted barque, a Russian training sailing vessel. It was built in 1925-1926 in Germany. When launched, the barque bore the name Padua, but in 1946 it became the property of the USSR and was renamed in honor of the famous Russian navigator Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. The ship's home port is Kaliningrad. The length of the sailboat is 114.5 meters, width - 14.4 meters, displacement - 5,805 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,064 mercury, sail area - 3,900 square meters. The ship made repeated transatlantic and round the world expeditions. Mikhail Kozhukhov's travel club provides a unique opportunity not just to visit Kruzenshtern, but to go on a trip to.
Pamir is a multi-masted sailing ship. At one time, multi-masted sailing ships, which received the unofficial name “flying “P””, gained worldwide popularity. This series of sailing ships was built at the end of the 19th century by order of the German shipping company “F. Laeisz.” The bark “Pamir” is one of them. The length of the vessel is 114.5 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 3,910 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,020 mercury, sail area - 3,800 square meters.
“Juan Sebastian de Elcano” is a training ship Navy Spain. It is used as a training base for cadets of the Naval Academy. Elcano is the largest of the world's training schooners. According to the type of sailing equipment, “Elcano” belongs to the topsail (topsail) schooners; on the foremast it carries four straight sails and three oblique sails, on the other three masts there are only oblique sails. The ship was designed and built at the Echevarieta y Larinaga shipyard in Cadiz and launched on March 5, 1927. The schooner was named after Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), the first sailor to circumnavigate the world. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,670 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,464 mercury, sail area - 3,153 square meters.
“Esmeralda” is a training sailing ship of the Chilean Navy built in the mid-20th century. She was laid down at the Cadiz shipyard in 1946, and six years later the ship was sold to Chile as part of the repayment of Spain's debt to that country. On May 12, 1953, the ship was launched, and on June 15, 1954, the Chilean flag was raised. The length of the vessel is 113 meters, width - 13 meters, displacement - 3,673 tons, volume of the vessel - 2,400 mercury, sail area - 2,935 square meters.
“Mir” is a three-masted training ship, a frigate according to the accepted classification of training ships, or a “ship” according to sailing equipment - a ship with full sailing equipment, which belongs to State University maritime and river fleet named after Admiral S. O. Makarov (St. Petersburg), and since 2014 - “Rosmorport”. Mir was built at the Gdansk shipyard in 1987. Vessel length - 109.6 meters, draft 6.6 meters, total area the sails are 2771 meters square, the height of the middle mast is 49.5 meters. Accommodates up to 200 people.
“Nadezhda” is a three-masted training ship. The ship is fully rigged and is listed in the register as a frigate. Currently it belongs to the Federal State Unitary Enterprise of the Far Eastern Basin Branch "ROSMORPORT". The length of the vessel is 109.4 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,297 tons, sail area - 2,768 meters square.
The training sailing ship “Dar Molodezhi” is a Polish three-masted training sailing ship, frigate. It was built at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard and launched in 1982. Heir legendary sailing ships“Lwоw” (“Lviv”) was launched in England in 1869, one of the first steel sailing ships. Length - 108.8 meters, width - 13.94 meters, displacement - 2,946 tons, vessel volume - 2,384 mercury, total sail area - 3,015 square meters.
“Pallada” is a training three-masted ship (a ship with a full sail, listed as a barque in the register, sometimes called a frigate in the press), owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok). Length - 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,284 tons, total sail area - 2,771 square meters.
“Khersones” is a training three-masted frigate (a ship with full square sail), the training base of the Sevastopol branch of the State Maritime University named after. Admiral F.F. Ushakova (port of registry - Sevastopol). The length of the frigate is 108.6 meters, width - 14 meters, displacement - 2,987 tons, total sail area - 2,770 square meters.
Libertad is a training sailing vessel of the Argentine Navy. She was built in the 1950s at the Rio Santiago shipyard near La Plata and became one of the largest sailing ships in the world. The first trip to sea was made in 1962. Traveled more than 800 thousand nautical miles (1.5 million kilometers), visited about 500 ports in more than 60 countries. The length of the vessel is 103.7 meters, width - 13.8 meters, displacement - 3,765 tons, total sail area - 3,652 meters square.
“Amerigo Vespucci” is an Italian training sailing vessel. The three-deck sailing ship “Amerigo Vespucci” is a reminiscence of the linear steamship-sailing ship of the 50-60s. XIX century. It was launched in February 1931 in Naples. The length of the vessel is 100.6 meters, width - 15.56 meters, displacement - 4,146 tons, volume of the vessel - 3,545 mercury, total sail area - 2,580 square meters.
“Stadsraad Lehmkuhl” is a three-masted Norwegian sailing ship, barque, built in 1914. Registered at the port of Bergen. She is the oldest and largest sailing ship in Norway. The length of the vessel is 98 meters, width - 12.6 meters, displacement - 1,516 tons, volume of the vessel - 1,701 mercury, total sail area - 2,026 square meters.
Barque
A bark is a three- to five-masted large sea sailing vessel for transporting cargo with straight sails on all masts except the stern mast (mizzen mast), which carries oblique sails. The largest barges that are still in service are “Sedov” (Murmansk), “Kruzenshtern” (Kaliningrad).
Barquentine
Barquentine (barque schooner) is a three- to five-masted (sometimes six-masted) sea sailing vessel with oblique sails on all masts except the bow (foremast), which carries straight sails. Modern steel barquentines have a displacement of up to 5 thousand tons and are equipped with an auxiliary engine.
Brig
A brig is a two-masted vessel with a straight sail rig of the foremast and mainmast, but with one oblique gaff sail on the mainsail - the mainsail-haff-trisail. In literature, especially fiction, authors often call this sail a counter-mizzen, but it should be remembered that a vessel with the sailing rig of a brig does not have a mizzen mast, which means there are no accessories for this mast, although the functional load of the brig's mainsail-trisail is exactly the same the same as the frigate's counter-mizzen.
Brigantine
A brigantine is a light and fast ship with the so-called mixed sailing rig - straight sails on the front mast (foremast) and slanting sails on the rear (mainmast). In the 16th-19th centuries, two-masted brigantines were usually used by pirates. Modern brigantines are two-masted sailing ships with a foremast rigged like a brig and a mainmast with slanting sails like a schooner - a mainsail trysail and a topsail. A brigantine with a Bermuda grotto apparently does not exist in our time, although references to the very fact of their existence are found.
Galleon
A galleon is a large multi-deck sailing ship of the 16th-18th centuries with fairly strong artillery weapons, used both military and commercial. Galleons became most famous as ships carrying Spanish treasures and in the battle of the Great Armada, which took place in 1588. The galleon is the most advanced type of sailing ship that appeared in the 16th century. This type of sailing ship appeared during the evolution of caravels and carracks (naves) and was intended for long ocean voyages.
Junk
A junk is a wooden sailing cargo vessel with two to four masts for river and coastal sea navigation, common in Southeast Asia. During the era of the sailing fleet, ships were used for military purposes; Modern trucks are used to transport cargo, and they are often used for housing. D. have a shallow draft, load capacity - up to 600 tons; characteristic features are very wide, almost rectangular in plan, raised bow and stern, quadrangular sails made of mats and bamboo slats.
Iol
Iol is a type of two-masted sailing ship with slanting sails. The position of the stern mast (behind the rudder axis) distinguishes the Iol from the ketch, in which the stern mast is located in front of the rudder axis. Some large yachts and fishing vessels have sailing rigs of the Iola type.
Caravel
Caravel is a 3-4 mast, single-deck, universal sailing wooden ship, capable of ocean voyages. The caravel had a high bow and stern to resist ocean waves. The first two masts had straight sails, and the last one had a forward sail. The caravel was used in the XIII-XVII centuries. In 1492, Columbus completed his transatlantic voyage on three caravels. In addition to being seaworthy, the caravels had a high carrying capacity.
Karakka
Karakka is a large merchant or military three-masted sailing ship of the 16th-17th centuries. Displacement up to 2 thousand (usually 800-850) tons. Armament: 30-40 guns. The ship could accommodate up to 1200 people. The ship had up to three decks and was designed for long ocean voyages. The Karakka was heavy on the move and had poor maneuverability. This type of vessel was invented by the Genoese. 1519-1521 The carrack "Victoria" from Magellan's expedition circumnavigated the world for the first time. On the karakka, cannon ports were used for the first time and guns were placed in closed batteries.
Ketch
Ketch, ketch (eng. ketch), a two-masted sailing vessel with a small stern mast located in front of the rudder axis. Some fishing vessels and large sports yachts have sailing rigs of the K type (Bermuda or gaff).
Flutes
Flute is a type of sailing vessel that had the following distinctive features:
* The length of these ships was 4 - 6 or more times greater than their width, which allowed them to sail quite steeply to the wind.
* Topmasts, invented in 1570, were introduced into the rigging
* The height of the masts exceeded the length of the vessel, and the yards became shortened, which made it possible to make narrow and easy-to-maintain sails and reduce the total number of upper crew.
The first flute was built in 1595 in the city of Hoorn, the center of Dutch shipbuilding, in the Zsider Zee Bay.
Vessels of this type were distinguished by good seaworthiness, high speed, large capacity and were used mainly as military transport. During the 16th-18th centuries, flutes occupied a dominant position on all seas.
Frigate
A frigate is a three-masted military ship with a full sail rig and one gun deck. Frigates were one of the most diverse classes of sailing ships in terms of characteristics. Frigates trace their origins to light and fast ships that were used for raids in the English Channel starting around the 17th century. With the growth of naval fleets and their range, the characteristics of the Dunkirk frigates ceased to satisfy the Admiralty, and the term began to be interpreted broadly, meaning, in fact, any light fast ship capable of independent action. Classic frigates of the sailing age were created in France in the mid-18th century. These were medium-sized ships with a displacement of about 800 tons, armed with approximately two to three dozen 12-18 pound guns on one gun deck. Subsequently, the displacement and power of the frigates' weapons grew and by the time of the Napoleonic wars they had about 1000 tons of displacement and up to sixty 24-pound guns.
Sloop
A sloop (small corvette) is a three-masted warship of the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries with a straight sail. Displacement up to 900 tons. Armament: 10-28 guns. It was used for patrol and messenger services and as a transport and expedition vessel. In addition, a sloop is a type of sailing rig - one mast and two sails - a front one (a jib with a Bermuda rig, a jib with a straight rig) and a rear one (mainsail and foresail, respectively).
Schooner
A schooner is a type of sailing vessel that has at least two masts with forward sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into gaff, Bermuda, staysail, topsail and topsail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. Moreover, in some cases, topsail and topsail two-masted schooners (especially with a briefock) can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails (gaff or Bermuda), a schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America.
Yacht
A yacht was originally a light, fast vessel for transporting important people. Subsequently - any sailing, motor or sail-motor vessel intended for sporting or tourist purposes. The most common are sailing yachts.
Modern use of the term Yacht.
In modern usage, the term Yacht refers to two different classes of vessels: sailing yachts and motor yachts. Traditional yachts differed from work ships mainly in their purpose - as a fast and comfortable means of transporting the rich. Almost all modern sailing yachts have an auxiliary motor (outboard motor) for maneuvering in port or sailing at low speeds when there is no wind.
Sailing yachts
Sailing yachts are divided into cruising yachts, those with a cabin, those designed for long voyages and racing, pleasure yachts and racing ones - for sailing in the coastal zone. Based on the shape of the hull, a distinction is made between keel yachts, in which the bottom goes into a ballast keel (more precisely, a false keel), which increases the stability of the yacht and prevents it from drifting when sailing, shallow-draft yachts (dinghies), with a retractable keel (centerboard) and compromises that have a ballast and a retractable keel. There are double-hulled yachts - catamarans and three-hulled yachts - trimarans. Yachts can be single- or multi-masted with different sailing rigs.
Currently, the phrase “sailing ship” is used to refer to any vessel that has at least one sail, but from a technical point of view, a sailing vessel is a ship that uses wind energy converted by sails to propel it.
The types of sailing ships have been varied at all times. In addition to the original design, the sailboat could undergo changes at the request of the owner, depending on sailing conditions or local traditions. As a rule, such reconstructions were created with the aim of improving seaworthiness, using a smaller crew. Until the mid-19th century, sailing ships were the main means of maritime transport and warfare at sea. Currently, they are used only as training, sports and pleasure vessels. Due to rising fuel prices and stricter security requirements environment in a number of countries the development and construction of experimental sailing ships, equipped with modern sailing weapons. The voyage of sailing ships can take from one day to several months, but long voyages require careful planning with calls at ports to replenish supplies.
There are various types sailing ships, but they all have common basic characteristics. Every sailing vessel must have a hull, spar, rigging, and at least one sail.
Spar - a system of masts, yards, gaffs and other structures designed to accommodate sails, signal lights, observation posts, etc. The spar can be fixed (masts, topmasts, bowsprit) and movable (yards, gaffs, booms).
Rigging - all the gear of a sailing ship, consists of stretched cables. The rigging is divided into standing and running. The standing rigging serves to hold the spar in place and plays the role of guy wires. Standing rigging cables on modern sailing ships are usually made of galvanized steel. Running rigging is designed to control the sails - raising them, retracting them, etc.
The sail - the propulsion device of a sailing ship - is a part of fabric, on modern sailboats - synthetic, which is attached to the spar using rigging, which allows you to transform wind energy into the movement of the vessel. Sails are divided into straight and oblique. Straight sails have the shape of an isosceles trapezoid, oblique sails have the shape of a triangle or unequal trapezoid. The use of oblique sails allows sailing ship move steeply into the wind.
CLASSIFICATION OF SAILING SHIPS AND VESSELS
The most common classification of sailing ships is by type and number of masts. This is where the name of the type of sailing ship comes from. Thus, all sailing ships can carry on their masts various types sails in varying quantities, but they are all divided into the following categories:
single masted sailing ships
yal- light ratite sailing boat (dinghy). The yawl has one mast, often removable, and is called the foremast.
kat- a sailing vessel characterized by the presence of one mast placed far forward, that is, near the bow of the boat.
sloop- a single-mast sea sailing vessel.
tender- a single-masted sea sailing vessel with three types of sails on the mast - staysail, trysail and topsail.
cutter- a sailing ship with one mast with a slant, usually gaff armament with two staysails.
two-masted sailing ships
yol- a two-masted vessel in which the mizzen mast is located in the stern near the rudder head, and has an oblique sail rig.
ketch- a two-masted sailing ship, differing from the iola by a slightly larger mizzen mast. In addition, the sail area of the aft mast is about 20 percent of the total sail area of the sailboat. This feature provides advantages in controllability in strong winds.
schooner (Bermudian schooner)- a sea sailing vessel with two masts with oblique sails.
brigantine- a two-masted sailing vessel with a combined sailing rig, having a straight sail rig on the foremast and oblique sails on the mainmast.
brig- a two-masted sailing vessel with a straight rig.
three-masted sailing ships (multi-masted sailing ships)
caravel- has three masts with straight and oblique sails.
schooner- a type of sea sailing vessel that has at least two masts with forward sails. According to the type of sailing rig, schooners are divided into: gaff, Bermudian, jib, topsails And front-sail. A topsail schooner differs from a topsail schooner by the presence of a topmast and another additional straight sail - a topsail. At the same time, in a number of cases, Marseille and top two-masted schooners, especially with a briefock, can be confused with a brigantine. Regardless of the type of slanting sails - gaff or Bermuda, the schooner can also be topsail (topsail). The schooners have a shallow draft, which allows them to enter even shallow waters.
barque- a large sailing vessel with three or more masts, having direct sails on all masts, except for the stern mast, which is equipped with forward sails.
barquentine (barque schooner)- as a rule, this is a sailing vessel with three or more masts with a mixed sailing rig, and has direct sails only on the foremast; the remaining masts have oblique sails.
frigate- a sailing vessel with three or more masts with straight sails on all masts.
In addition to the above types of sailing ships, in the history of navigation there were large number other names, many of which have disappeared over time, but thanks to enthusiasts, some ships have survived to this day in the form of fully functional copies or replicas: corvette, flute, galleon, lugger, clipper, xebec, karakka, windjammer.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS SAILING VESSELS
Sailing originated in countries that have always been famous for sailing - England and the Netherlands. Its origins are closely connected with professional sailing on small sailing ships, where the advantage in speed made it possible to successfully compete, for example, in fishing or pilotage service. The sporting interest that arose as a result of the improvement in the performance of such sailing vessels, as well as the holding of races between them, led to the emergence of special vessels intended exclusively for amateur sailing, which began to be called yachts. This name comes from the Dutch word “jagie” - this is how small high-speed single-masted ships were called in the Netherlands in the 17th century. The widespread use of exciting water competitions has also led classifiers to divide sport sailing yachts into types.
Classification of sailing sports vessels (yachts)- this is the division of sailing, sports, vessels into classes depending on the sizes and their ratios, affecting the performance and seaworthiness of these sailing vessels. There are four main classes of sailing and sports vessels (yachts): free classes; formula classes; monotypes And handicap classes.
Classes of sailing vessels (yachts) are constantly being improved and changed and can be national and international. International classes of sailing vessels attracted to Olympic regattas are called “Olympic”. As of 2012, there are six classes of monohull racing yachts: Finn class boats, 470 class boats, 49er class boats, 49erFX class boats, Laser-Standard class boats, Laser-Radial class boats.
Stands out separately from the group class of multihull sports boats, called Nacra 17. And also competitions on surfboards with sails (windsurfing) have their own class - RS:X.
In addition to the above, there is the concept of sailing-motor vessels - these are vessels with sailing weapons and an auxiliary diesel power plant used for the movement of the vessel in calm conditions, entering (exiting) ports, passing narrows (straits, canals) and the like. Most sailing and motor vessels are small fishing, educational and pleasure craft.
