Western New Guinea. Free Papua: how Papuans are trying to save their world and win independence West Irian

G., western New Guinea was formerly known as Dutch New Guinea And West Irian, and in 1973-2000 as Irian Jaya.

The territory of Western New Guinea was annexed by Indonesia in the year according to Act of Free Choice, the validity of which is not recognized by everyone. In the year, the Indonesian government announced that the territory of Irian Jaya, which had previously been a single province, would be divided into three provinces: Papua, Central Irian Jaya and Western Irian Jaya. However, this decision was met with significant protests among local population. As a result of the decision Supreme Court Indonesia, the creation of the province of Central Irian Jaya was cancelled. Western Irian Jaya had already been created by that time (02/06/2006), but its future is still unclear. On February 7, 2007 it was renamed a province West Papua(Papua Barat).

Geography

Western New Guinea is washed in the north by the Pacific Ocean, in the west by the Kerama Sea, in the south by the Arafura Sea, and in the east it borders Papua New Guinea. Territory of Irian Jaya - 421981 sq. km is 22% of the total land area of ​​Indonesia. Main city- Jayapura port. The province is located south of the equator and is dominated by mountainous terrain. The Maoke Mountains range, running from north to south, divides West Irian into two parts. Peak Puncak with a height of 5030 m is the most high point Indonesia. About 75% of Irian Jaya's territory is covered with forests, most of which are impenetrable tropical forests.

Topographic map of Western New Guinea

The climate is predominantly tropical, humid and hot on the coast; the rainy season lasts from December to March, the dry season from May to October; characteristic slight seasonal temperature fluctuations. The climate is hot and very humid almost everywhere. Summer temperatures range from +24 … +32 °C, in winter +24 … +28 °C. In the mountains the temperature is lower, and in some places there are snow fields that never melt. The rains are very heavy, especially in summer, with precipitation levels ranging from 1300 to 5000 mm per year. Irian Jaya boasts the longest rivers in Indonesia, such as the Baliem, Memberamo and Tariku. In the southwest, rivers have caused the formation of large mangrove swamps and tidal forests.

Nature

Considered a naturalist's paradise, Western New Guinea boasts an astounding diversity of flora and fauna. Flora has representatives of mountains, meadows, swamps and bogs, tropical, tidal, deciduous and coniferous forests, in which you can find an endless variety of grasses, club mosses, ferns, moss, vines, flowers and trees. The fauna of the province is also very diverse. A variety of plants form a living carpet here, intertwining with the overhanging rainforest canopy. Freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates are almost no different from animals found in Australia, including those from the marsupial family. In forests and open grassy areas you can find many varieties of snakes, turtles, anteaters, porcupines, opossums, bats and rats (including the world's largest tree-climbing water rats), as well as giant lizards, tree-dwelling kangaroos and marsupial cats. Irian Jaya is famous for its diversity of butterflies and many (700) unique species of birds, including 80 species of bird of paradise and the huge flightless cassowary. In coastal waters you can find sea turtles and sea cows.

East of Jayapura, on the shores of Yos Sudar So Bay, is located nature reserve Yotefa with many beautiful beaches, with the wrecks of several ships that were once sunk during hostilities at sea. From Sorong, Raja Empat Island Wildlife Sanctuary is easily accessible.

The waters off the Bird's Head Peninsula contain the highest concentration of hard corals known to science - more than 250 different species on one hectare. This is more than four times the number of coral species in the entire Caribbean Sea, but in an area approximately equal to two football fields. Two new species of epaulette sharks have been discovered, so named for the spots on their sides that resemble the shape of these military uniform accessories. These elegant fish grow up to 1.2 meters in length and, moving along the bottom, rely on their pectoral fins. As well as 8 new species of shrimp, 24 species of fish and 20 corals, many of which are endemic. These reefs are literally species factories. In the inner valley of the Foja ridge in several. hundreds of kilometers from the Bird's Head, many new species of animals and plants, previously unknown to science, have been discovered: giant flowers and a rare tree kangaroo; orange honey badger: first new look birds found on the giant island over 60 years ago. The Foja Range and the waters at Bird's Head are considered some of the most unique areas of biodiversity on the planet.

Population

The end of Dutch rule coincided with a campaign of confrontation launched by President Sukarno, who sent over 2,000 Indonesian troops into the province to provoke an anti-Dutch uprising that ended in failure. The western part of New Guinea, which received the new name West Irian, gradually came under the control of the Indonesian government and the issue of annexing the territory to Indonesia was to be decided through a referendum. In 1963 there was the first attempt to declare an independent Republic of West Papua, suppressed by force by the Indonesian authorities.

Links

• List of fauna in Western New Guinea

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Western New Guinea (Irian Jaya, West Irian) - the name of the western part of the island of New Guinea, belonging to Indonesia, consisting of two provinces: Papua and West Irian Jaya. Incorporated into Indonesia in 1969, western New Guinea was formerly known as Netherlands New Guinea and West Irian, and from 1973-2000 as Irian Jaya.

The territory of Western New Guinea was annexed by Indonesia in 1969 under the Act of Free Choice, which is not widely accepted. In 2003, the Indonesian government announced that Irian Jaya, previously a single province, would be divided into three provinces: Papua, Central Irian Jaya and Western Irian Jaya. However, this decision was met with significant protests among the local population. As a result of the decision of the Supreme Court of Indonesia, the creation of the province of Central Irian Jaya was canceled. Western Irian Jaya had already been created by that time (02/06/2006), but its future is still unclear. On February 7, 2007, it was renamed the province of West Papua (Papua Barat).

Geography

Western New Guinea in the north it is washed by the waters of the Pacific Ocean, in the west by the Kerama Sea, in the south by the Arafura Sea, and in the east it borders Papua New Guinea.

Irian Jaya Territory - 421981 sq. km is 22% of the total land area of ​​Indonesia.

Main city- Jayapura port.

Flag of Irian Jaya

The province is located south of the equator and is dominated by mountainous terrain. The Maoke Mountains range, running from north to south, divides West Irian into two parts. Peak Puncak at 5030 m it is the highest point in Indonesia. About 75% of Irian Jaya's territory is covered with forests, most of which are impenetrable tropical forests.

Climatepredominantly tropical, humid and hot on the coast; the rainy season lasts from December to March, the dry season from May to October; characteristic slight seasonal temperature fluctuations. The climate is hot and very humid almost everywhere. Summer temperatures range from +24 … +32 °C, in winter +24 … +28 °C. In the mountains the temperature is lower, and in some places there are snow fields that never melt. The rains are very heavy, especially in summer, with precipitation levels ranging from 1300 to 5000 mm per year. Irian Jaya boasts some of the longest rivers in Indonesia, such as the Baliem, Memberamo and Tariku. In the southwest, rivers have caused the formation of large mangrove swamps and tidal forests.

Today, Irian Jaya is considered the most isolated region from the rest of the world. Mangrove swamps make large sections of the coast impassable, and dense jungle and high mountains(some snow-covered peaks reach a height of 5000 m) completely isolate individual parts of this territory from each other. There are almost no roads and extremely undeveloped air and sea communications, as a result of which many remote villages sometimes have to take weeks to travel along narrow and dangerous paths.

Perhaps in part because of its territorial fragmentation, the province is incredibly diverse in its peoples and cultures. Isolated and very unique local tribes- many of whom are barely beyond the Stone Age - speak more than 100 languages ​​incomprehensible even to their neighbors.

Irian Jaya has an amazing diversity of flora and fauna. Ferns, orchids and climbing plants form a living carpet here, intertwining with the overhanging rainforest canopy. This dense bush is home to more than 700 species of birds, including the huge flightless cassowary and the famous birds of paradise (Paradisea apoda). In forests and open grassy areas there are also marsupials - tree and bush kangaroos, flying squirrels.

After oil was discovered in the west of New Guinea half a century ago, a port grew here. Sorong city(40 thousand inhabitants) with hotels and bars, where workers from other parts of Indonesia began to arrive. From Sorong you can easily take a boat to the Raja Empat Island Nature Reserve, where you can observe birds of paradise in natural conditions.

Jayapura, administrative center The province of Irian Jaya and its largest city (50 thousand inhabitants), was founded at one time by the Dutch, who laid claim to the middle part of the northern coast of New Guinea. East of Jayapura, on the shores of Yos Sudar So Bay, is the Yotefa Nature Reserve, with many beautiful beaches where you can see the wrecks of several ships that were once sunk during naval warfare. To the east, along the shore of the bay, there is a settlement of the Sepik tribe, famous for their primitivist painting of tree bark and the production of carved tribal figures. In the eastern suburbs of Jayapura is the building of the Chand Rawasih University with its magnificent Anthropological Museum. The most interesting in the museum's exposition is the collection of objects of material culture of the Asmat tribe, acquired thanks to a subsidy from the John D. Rockefeller III Foundation. The figures and weapons presented here, made by masters of this tribe, are distinguished by absolute harmony and aesthetic perfection and are highly valued by connoisseurs of primitivist art. Although the Asmat tribe lives on the southern coast of New Guinea, there is a specialty shop for Asmat handicrafts in Jayapura.

Irian Jaya - that's what it's called western part islands of New Guinea or Western New Guinea. This territory, formerly called Netherlands New Guinea or West Irian, was annexed by Indonesia in 1969 as a result of President Sukarno's border expansion campaign. Since 1973, West Irian began to be called Irian Jaya ("Victory Irian"). In turn, Irian Jaya at the moment is divided into two provinces - Papua (Papua) and West Papua (Papua Barat).
West Irian (Irian Jaya) is washed by the Pacific Ocean in the north, the Kerama Sea in the west, the Arafura Sea in the south, and borders Papua New Guinea in the east. The territory of Irian Jaya is 421,981 sq. km. This is 22% of Indonesia's total land area. The main city of West Irian is the port of Jayapura. Irian Jaya is located south of the equator and is dominated by mountainous terrain. The Maoke Mountains range, running from north to south, divides West Irian into two parts. At 5,030 m, Puncak Peak is the highest point in Indonesia. About 75% of Irian Jaya's territory is covered with forests, most of which are impenetrable tropical forests.

Today, Irian Jaya is considered the most isolated region from the rest of the world. Mangrove swamps make large parts of the coast impassable, and dense jungle and high mountains (some snow-capped peaks reach a height of 5,000 m) completely isolate parts of this territory from each other. There are almost no roads and extremely poor air and sea communications, resulting in sometimes weeks of travel along narrow and dangerous paths to reach many remote villages. Perhaps in part because of its territorial fragmentation, the province is incredibly diverse in its peoples and cultures. Isolated and very peculiar local tribes, many of whom barely survived the Stone Age. The most famous of the Irian Jaya tribes today are the Asmat tribe, headhunters. This tribe gained fame in 1961, when all the world's newspapers were full of reports about the disappearance of Michael Rockefeller, the son of New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, who went to Irian Jaya to buy household items of the Asmat tribe.

West Irian is the least populated area of ​​Indonesia, its population is approximately 1.56 million inhabitants, which gives an average density of 4 people. per 1 sq. km. More than 3/4 of the population lives in rural areas in small, scattered groups. All settlements are usually located in the coastal zone or in several fertile valleys, and there are also several border towns within the province. Large areas within the province are uninhabited. People travel between cities by plane or sea. Main settlements are Jayapura (pop. 149,618), Mankowari, Sorong, Merauke and Biak. Jayapura, the administrative center of the province of Irian Jaya and its largest city, was founded at one time by the Dutch, who laid claim to the middle part of the northern coast of New Guinea. About 300 languages ​​are spoken in West Irian, most of which are dissimilar and incomprehensible even to neighboring tribes. Bahasa Indonesia (the official language of Indonesia), along with local dialects, is used as a common language.

Climate Irian Jaya is predominantly tropical, humid and hot on the coast; the rainy season lasts from December to March, the dry season from May to October. The climate is hot and very humid almost everywhere. Summer temperatures range from +24-32°C, in winter +24-28°C. In the mountains the temperature is lower, and in some places there are snow fields that never melt. The rains are very heavy, especially in summer, with precipitation levels ranging from 1,300 to 5,000 mm per year. Irian Jaya boasts some of the longest rivers in Indonesia, such as the Baliem, Memberamo and Tariku. In the southwest, rivers have caused the formation of large mangrove swamps and tidal forests.

Flora and fauna. Western New Guinea is considered a paradise for naturalists. It has an amazing diversity of flora and fauna. The flora of Irian Jaya is a diversity of mountains, grasslands, swamps and bogs, tropical, tidal, deciduous and coniferous forests, in which one can find an endless variety of grasses, ferns, moss, vines, flowers and trees. The fauna of the province is also very diverse. A variety of plants form a living carpet here, intertwining with the overhanging rainforest canopy. Irian Jaya is famous for its diversity of butterflies. The dense bush is home to more than 700 species of birds, 80 varieties of the famous bird of paradise (Paradisea apoda) and the huge flightless cassowary. Freshwater and terrestrial vertebrates are almost no different from the animals found in Australia, including those from the marsupial family, including tree and bush kangaroos and flying squirrels. In the forests and grassy open meadows you can find many varieties of snakes, turtles, anteaters, porcupines, possums, bats and rats (including the world's largest tree-climbing water rats), as well as giant lizards, kangaroos, tree-dwelling and marsupial cats.

In coastal waters You can see sea turtles and sea cows. East of Jayapura, on the shores of Yos Sudar So Bay, lies the Yotefa Nature Reserve, with many beautiful beaches, and the remains of several ships sunk during naval warfare. In the inner valley of the Foja ridge, several hundred kilometers from the Bird's Head, many new species of animals and plants, previously unknown to science, were discovered: giant flowers and a rare tree kangaroo; orange honeyeater: the first new bird species found on the giant island in more than 60 years. The Foja Range and the waters at Bird's Head are considered some of the most unique areas of biodiversity on the planet.

zap. part o. New Guinea, belonging to the Republic of Indonesia. Area 412.8 thousand km 2, pop. St. 700 t.h. (1962). Basic population - Irians, including Papuans, Melanesians, Indonesians; there are also Europeans. Indigenous people engages in farming, collecting wild fruits, fishing, and hunting. Communal tribal land use predominates. The administrative center is the city of Kotabaru (former Holland). The story of ZI is part of the history of Indonesia. In the Middle Ages, ZI was controlled by the Srivijayan rulers (7th-13th centuries), and later became part of the Majapahit Empire (13th-16th centuries). There was a fierce struggle for influence in Zimbabwe between the sultanates of Tidore and Ternate, which ended in the 17th century. the victory of Tidore, who subjugated Z.I. After the colonial expansion of Holland spread to Z.I., it became at the beginning of the 20th century. part of the so-called Netherlands East Indies.

According to the conditions of the Dutch-Indonesian agreements (see "Round Table" conference) signed in November. 1949, Holland formally recognized Indonesian sovereignty over the entire territory. b. Goll. East Indies with the proviso that ZI will temporarily remain under its control and the issue will be resolved through bilateral negotiations within one year from the date of transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia. However, the negotiations (Apr. 1950 - Feb. 1952) were disrupted by the Dutch. In Feb. 1952 Goals The government passed a constitutional amendment declaring Z.I. part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. At the 9th (1954), 10th (1955), 11th (November 1956 - March 1957) and 12th (1957) sessions of the General. At the UN Assembly, which considered the issue of Z.I., the fair demands of Indonesia were not satisfied due to the opposition of Westerners. powers

In 1962, preparations for Indonesia began. armed strength to possible war. operations against the Dutch in Z.I.; several hundred Indonesian. parachutists started there fighting. Goll. the production was forced on August 15. 1962 sign an agreement in New York on the transfer of Z.I. to the control of Indonesia. On May 1, 1963 ZI became part of Indonesia.

Lit.: Kesselbrenner G., Zap. Irian, M, 1960; Jamin M., Kedaulatan Indonesia atas Irian Barat, Bukittinggi-Djakarta-Medan, 1956.

V. V. Gordeev. Moscow.

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