The Icelandic volcano has paralyzed air traffic. Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland Icelandic powdered curls Eyjafjallajökull 12 letters crossword puzzle

In Iceland, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano has awakened after a 200-year hibernation. The eruption began on March 21, 2010 and was so powerful that the country declared a state of emergency and evacuated hundreds of nearby residents. settlements.
On April 14, a new eruption began, accompanied by the release of a huge amount of ash into the atmosphere. The next day, a dozen European countries were forced to completely or partially close their airspaces - in particular, flights were canceled at the airports of London, Copenhagen and Oslo.

Eyjafjallajokull means "Island of Mountain Glaciers". The volcano is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik between the Eyjafjallajokull and Myrdalsjokull glaciers. These are the largest ice caps in the south of the northern island country, covering active volcanoes.

The Eyjafjallajökull volcano is a cone-shaped glacier, the sixth largest in Iceland. The height of the volcano is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.

Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where volcanic eruptions occur quite often. This country contains almost all types of volcanoes found on Earth. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of 11,900 square kilometers.

Since many of Iceland's volcanoes are covered by glaciers, they are often flooded from below. The tongues of glaciers break from their places, releasing millions of tons of water and ice that destroy everything in their path.

It was out of these fears that Iceland took such serious security measures after the Eyjafjallajokull awakening in 2010. In particular, after its March eruption, traffic on nearby roads was stopped and residents were evacuated. Local authorities feared that volcanic lava would melt the glacier and cause severe flooding.

However, after research, experts came to the conclusion that threats to local residents the eruption does not represent. A few days later, authorities allowed people to return to their homes.

Volcanologists were able to approach the crater at a distance of several meters and film the eruption; they saw that the crack from which the lava comes out is about 500 meters long. In addition, the filming was carried out from the air. Many were published on the popular video portal YouTube.

Icelandic scientists have been monitoring the volcano for a long time, tracking signs of seismic activity. In their opinion, the eruption may last about another year or even two. Last eruption Eyjafjallajokull was registered in 1821. Then it lasted until 1823 and caused a threatening melting of the glacier. In addition, due to the high content of fluorine compounds (fluorides) in its emissions, it created a threat to health, namely the bone structure of people and livestock.

If the current eruption continues for this long, the airspace over Europe will have to be closed and opened periodically, depending on the activity of the volcano, warns Professor Bill McGuire, an expert at the center for the study of natural disasters at University College London.

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RUBRIC: THE MATRIX
Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland has almost every type of volcano found on Earth. Actually, the country is one big “Vulcanland”. Icelandic volcanoes, overflowing with magma, can emit much larger volumes than their continental cone-shaped brothers. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of 11,900 square kilometers.
The Eyjafjallajokull volcano, translated as “Island of Mountain Glaciers,” is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik. The volcano is topped by a cone-shaped glacier, the fifth largest in Iceland. Its height is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.
The last eruption in this area occurred in 1821-1823, and before that in 1612.
ERUPTION - WRATH OF THE EARTH!
The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull woke up after 200 years of hibernation on March 21 this year. A violent eruption of a huge cloud of volcanic ash, rising to a height of 6 km, thanks to sunny weather, began on the night of April 14.
On Saturday, the 15th, a column of ash became visible above the volcano - a thick dark gray cloud 8.5 kilometers high. The wind improved visibility in the area of the ongoing eruption, and experts were able to assess the situation from the air for the first time in recent days.
The hot magma changed course and began to flow underground right in the area of the glacier, volcanologist Sigurún Hansdóttir, who, together with her colleagues from the University of Iceland, observed the activity of the volcano over the past three months, told reporters. The mixture of magma and ice is explosive, causing continuous explosions at the bottom of the crater. The ashfall layer is up to 3 cm. Volcanic ash is solid particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 microns. The volcano releases poisonous gases, the evaporation of which people may not even notice. Now the volcano releases sulfur, fluorine, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The last of these is odorless and is a deadly gas.
Thousands of hectares of land east of the crater are covered in a thick layer of ash.
For now, it is impossible to study what is happening with Eyjafjallajokull in close proximity. Scientific equipment cannot be delivered to the site, as the ash cloud prevents them from approaching the crater. It is not known exactly how much emitted substances enter the atmosphere. During the day, according to experts, approximately four million tons of volcanic substances are released
Nevertheless, brave volcanologists were able to come within a few meters of the crater and film the eruption. They saw that the crack from which the lava comes out is about 500 meters long.
On the 15th, Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson, professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland, noted that the volcano had intensified its activity.
Scientists will try to fly around the crater to find out how much ice has melted on it. This determines how long the volcano will spew out ash. These data are provided by the Republican Center for Radiation Control and Monitoring environment from the London Advisory and Accounting Centre. Information is updated every six hours.
Stormy correspondence began on the Internet - the Earth is angry with people and sends them a warning - come to your senses, live peacefully, destroy weapons, stop destroying nature, get rid of the unforgivable sins of murder, greed and pride!
AIRPLANES - THREATS
Once they enter the combustion chamber of the engine, they melt and solidify again in the cold parts, which can disrupt the operation of the turbine.
Ash, a mixture of glass, sand and rock particles, is extremely dangerous for aircraft engines, especially jet engines.
Volcanic ash consists of glass particles less than 2 millimeters in size, explains aircraft engineer Igor Vasenkov. - The particles are very hard. They act on parts like an abrasive. First, the compressor elements are damaged. They melt in combustion chambers, clogging them. And they further stick to the turbine blades. The engines may eventually stop. Peroclast, so-called glassy substances, which are present in the ash, are dangerous for working mechanisms.
Besides, large number ash settles on the wings and fuselage of the aircraft. The third big danger is that the Icelandic volcano is basaltic, and during its eruption a significant amount of sulfur and chlorine is released. Sulfur, as a low-melting element, when mixed with hot parts of an aircraft and mixed with ash, forms a mass that can even disrupt the movement of turbine blades.
The trajectory of the volcanic eruptive cloud coincides with the trajectory of the air corridors of aircraft movement. Therefore, airports were obliged to stop flights, as the situation could lead to disruptions in aircraft operations and airliner crashes.
If the wind direction had been north, then, by and large, no one except specialists would have noticed this eruption.
"This fine dust is a very nasty thing," Stuart John, a professor at the Royal Academy of Engineering and former chairman of the Royal Society of Aeronautics, told the BBC. "It clogs the cooling air vents and the engines stall."
PLANES - COLLAPSE
A transcontinental transport collapse occurred.
On April 15, a number of countries in northern Europe were forced to close airports due to emissions. And not by chance. Finnish Air Force F-18 Hornets were disabled after flying through a cloud of volcanic ash and dust shortly before Europe closed its airspace.
In the first days, according to the European Commission, the airline crisis affected over 10 million passengers; In the future, this number may grow exponentially.
Later, airports in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic countries and China were closed.
PROSPECTS
“The eruption may stop tomorrow, but it could continue and disrupt normal air transport for several more weeks or even months, or even years,” said Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson, a professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland.
A volcano can paralyze half the Earth.
In the Russian World Fund wildlife(WWF) warn that the spread of the ash cloud could lead to cooling on the ground for two to three years, followed by a sharp warming in temperatures.
In addition, ash particles suspended in the air interfere with the passage of sunlight to the surface of the earth, which can greatly affect future harvests by slowing down plant growth. But volcanic ash is an excellent fertilizer for the soil.
70 thousand years ago in Indonesia, the eruption of the super-volcano Toba almost killed the then wild humanity. The ash thrown into the air enveloped the entire planet and triggered the process of global cooling. According to scientists, no more than 15 thousand ancestors survived modern man, which laid the foundation of our entire civilization.
The eruption of Tambora in Indonesia in 1815 resulted in a decrease in average global temperatures by 3 degrees Celsius. Over the next year, both in Europe and in North America There was no summer, notes the head of the climate program world fund Wildlife (WWF) Russia Alexey Kokorin.
The ash cloud from the Krakatoa volcano, which exploded in 1883, circled the Earth twice. And for several years all over the planet average temperature dropped by several degrees.
The mechanism of “volcanic winter” is this: when the concentration of ash particles in the atmosphere is high, they become a screen - they reflect the sun’s rays and prevent them from heating the air.
IN in this case, another negative factor that can affect not only Iceland is the appearance of the so-called ashfall, as a result of which vast areas can be covered with a layer of ash. Forecasters predict that the ash could spread not only to the European part of Russia, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also further.
Icelandic geophysicist Einar Kjartansson says: "It is quite possible that ash emissions will continue at a similar intensity for several days, or even several weeks. However, whether this will interfere with transport will depend on the weather, on which direction the wind will blow ash"…
Alexey Kokorin is confident that the volcanic eruption in Iceland will slow down the rise in temperature in the world, for several years at once, but then a sharp warming will begin. After all, it will not reduce the anthropogenic increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.
WILL HEKLA VOLCANO REVOLT?
Icelandic volcanologists have proposed an even more frightening scenario: the activity of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano could awaken more large volcano, located next door. If Eyjafjallajokull continues to erupt for at least another month, it is very likely that its magma will fall into the craters of its “big neighbor” Katla, which is located somewhat to the east. “Katla volcano has been unusually quiet in recent decades. Therefore, we would not be surprised if an eruption much more powerful than what we are seeing now occurs in the near future. This will lead to real chaos,” said volcanologist Hansdottir
TAKE CARE OF YOUR HEALTH!
The UK Ministry of Health recommends that citizens not leave their homes - particles of volcanic mud have already begun to fall on the country.
WHO officials said they do not know for sure whether the ash poses a threat to public health. However, WHO spokesman David Epstein suggested that the microscopic particles of volcanic ash are potentially dangerous as they could cause problems in people with lung disease.
Deputy Director for Scientific Affairs of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkady Tishkov believes that there is nothing terrible in the eruption for Russia. Yes, emissions from the volcano entered the atmosphere, and they will affect the climate, and if they fall to the ground in the form of precipitation, they will weakly oxidize the rain and cause problems for people with diseases of the respiratory system and digestion. Tishkov says: “Acid rain may occur locally, but in the capital there are rains with higher acidity.” According to Tishkov, if Moscow falls into the zone of volcanic emissions, then it is necessary to use masks and carry out wet cleaning.
Scientists also fear that the cloud of volcanic ash, which has already covered Europe and paralyzed air traffic in a large part of it, may pose a danger to wildlife. As explained by specialists from the Institute of Geosciences at the University of Iceland, the cloud contains large concentrations of fluorite, a mineral that is used, in particular, in metallurgy and the chemical industry, as well as in ceramic production. This substance can be extremely dangerous for animals.

VULCANOPSYCHOSIS
“The cloud just spread to the densely populated areas of Europe, that’s why there’s so much attention to it active volcano. We had more powerful volcanic eruptions in Kamchatka, but there was no such discussion or excitement - cloud emissions occurred in sparsely populated areas or in the oceans,” Tishkov said.
According to Tishkov, what is happening now in Europe cannot be called panic in the full sense of the word, but we can already talk about “a certain psychosis.”
According to Tishkov, although the volcano, in addition to ash, also emits toxic gases - chlorine-containing, sulfur, ammonia gases, they can only affect the immediate surroundings.
“There shouldn’t be any apocalyptic sentiment, this is an absolutely ordinary event,” Tishkov said. “This is not the most powerful volcano, and the emissions were in relatively low layers of the atmosphere.”
DO NAKED WOMEN CAUSE VOLCANO ERUPTIONS?
One of the leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Kazem Sediqi, said during traditional Friday prayers in Tehran that “debauchery and vicious attire give rise to earthquakes, eruptions and other natural disasters.”
According to the opposition newspaper Aftab-e Yazd, Sediqi said: "Many women dress in a way that shows off their assets. This leads to youth straying from the true path, sullying their chastity, initiating extramarital sex in society, which leads to an increase in the frequency of earthquakes . Disasters are the result of human actions. We have no choice but to turn to Islam for protection from all these misfortunes.
NORWEGIAN PILOT BELIEVES PARANOIA IS AVAILABLE
This is stated in an interview with the Norwegian Daglbladet with an experienced Norwegian aviation pilot Per-Gunnar Stensvåg from the polar Tromso. A pilot with 35 years of experience believes that the organizations that closed air traffic over Europe are paranoid and the flights are not in danger.
“We often get “black snow” in eastern Norway from industrial emissions in Germany, but we continue to fly,” says Siensvåg. The pilot does not see anything terrible or threatening in air pollution from volcanic ash.
FINANCE SINGS ROMANCE
Vulcan with difficult name caused conflicts in travel companies. Travelers are demanding a refund. However, most often they receive refusals - sorry, force majeure.
The same opinion is shared by Rospotrebnadzor of Russia: the head of the Consumer Rights Protection Department O. Prusakov confirmed that tourists whose flight was impossible due to the Icelandic volcanic eruption cannot demand a refund from the tour operator cash for unused days in hotels, since the change in tour dates occurred due to the occurrence of force majeure.
Airlines suffered billions of dollars in losses.
A BLOW TO THE ECONOMY OF THE “GOLDEN BILLION”
First of all, global corporations and cartels will suffer, transporting cargo that is especially valuable to them, the safety of which can be most firmly ensured by air transportation. Weapons, drugs, precursors, raw materials and equipment for them, antiques, money, securities, contracts, shares, bills, etc., electronic media with secret information - the results of state and industrial espionage, secret mail are not “going” anywhere now. , valuable metals, radioactive materials and devices, listening equipment, classified chemical materials, including GMOs and dietary supplements, various kinds of prestigious luxury items: crocodile skin, ostrich feathers, jewelry, gems, collections of fashionable clothes and shoes, furs, high-quality spices, anti-aging medications that are extremely necessary for the elderly rulers of the world, exclusive sex toys, expensive prostitutes, an agent network, members of the billionaires' club, high-ranking officials of states and the like.
The exploitative system of the world economy is threatened with total collapse.

The God of Fire showed his face.
The Icelandic volcano is currently erupting from three vents. They appeared in contrast in the photograph taken in the heat rays, and formed a kind of nightmarish physiognomy - either the devil, or the god of fire. View from space.

Based on materials from Internet media
Olga Olenich

Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption(also "Eyjafjallajok" at dl"; isl. Eyjafjallajökull) in Iceland began on the night of March 20-21, 2010 and took place in several stages. The main consequence of the eruption was the release of a cloud of volcanic ash, which disrupted air traffic in Northern Europe.

First eruption.

Since the end of 2009, seismic activity has increased in Eyjafjallajökull. Until March 2010, about a thousand tremors with a force of 1-2 points occurred at a depth of 7-10 km under the volcano.

At the end of February 2010, GPS measurements carried out by the Icelandic Meteorological Institute in the area of the glacier recorded a movement of the earth's crust of 3 cm in a south-easterly direction. Seismic activity continued to increase and reached a maximum on March 3-5 (three thousand tremors per day).

Temperature map

About 500 local residents were resettled from the area around the volcano (since the intense melting of the glacier under which the volcano was located could cause flooding of the area). Keflavik International Airport (Keflavik city) was closed.

On March 19, shaking began east of the northern crater at a depth of 4-7 km. Activity then began to spread eastward and rise toward the surface.

The volcanic eruption began on March 20, 2010 between 22:30 and 23:30 GMT. At this time, a 0.5 km long fault formed in the eastern part of the glacier (at an altitude of about 1000 m above sea level, in the direction from northeast to southwest). During the eruption, no large ash emissions were recorded; the cloud rose to a height of about 1 km.

On March 25, due to water from a melted glacier entering the crater, a steam explosion occurred in the crater, after which the eruption entered a more stable phase.

On March 31, at about 19:00 (Icelandic time), a new crack (0.3 km long) opened, which is located approximately 200 m northeast of the first.

Second eruption.

Second eruption, view from the north, April 2, 2010.

On April 13 at about 23:00 seismic activity was recorded under central part volcano, west of two erupting fissures. About an hour later, a new eruption began at the southern edge of the central caldera. The ash column rose 8 km. A new crack about 2 km long (in the direction from north to south) has formed. Water from the active melting of the glacier flowed both north and south, into inhabited areas. About 700 people were evacuated. During the day, the highway was flooded with meltwater, causing destruction. Volcanic ash fallout has been recorded in southern Iceland.

The trace of the volcanic eruption on April 15 in a high pressure area over the Norwegian Sea. Aqua satellite image.

On April 15-16, the height of the ash column reached 13 km. When ash reaches a height above 11 km above sea level, it enters the stratosphere with possible transport over significant distances. Significant spread of ash cloud in east direction contributed to the anticyclone over the North Atlantic.

Traces of the volcanic eruption on April 15. Aqua satellite image.

On April 17-18, the eruption continued. The height of the ash column was estimated at 8-8.5 km, which means that the erupted material stopped entering the stratosphere.

Impact on air traffic in Europe.

On April 15, 2010, due to the intensity of the eruption and ash emission, air traffic was suspended in northern Sweden, Denmark, Norway and the northern regions of Great Britain.

Due to the high concentration of volcanic ash in the air on April 15, 2010 (the ash cloud rose to a height of 6 km), all UK airports ceased operations from noon, and Danish airports were closed from 21:00 Moscow time. In total, between 5 and 6 thousand flights were canceled across Europe on April 15, 2010.

At the same time, the airspace of Iceland itself and its airports remained open.

Flights to Europe from America and Asia (USA, China, Japan) were postponed indefinitely.

According to estimates of the International Association air transport airlines' daily losses from flight cancellations amounted to at least 200 million USD.

On April 19, the European Airlines Association called for an “immediate review of restrictions and bans” on flights in EU airspace. According to test flights conducted by some European airlines, the ash does not pose a risk to air traffic. The International Air Transport Association criticized governments European countries for lack of forethought when introducing flight bans. " European governments made a decision without consulting anyone or adequately assessing the risk,– said ICAO head Giovanni Bisignani. – It is based on theoretical calculations, not facts».

According to the director general of the EU Transport Organization, Matthias Root, the flight ban was caused by a computer program of dubious scientific value that simulates the spread of volcanic ash. He called on EU leaders to consider adopting US safety rules. " On the other side of the Atlantic, airlines would be given one piece of advice - don't fly over a volcano. Otherwise, all necessary precautions would be left to the carriers themselves to determine.", said Matthias Root.

The volcanic eruption prevented many heads of state from flying to the funeral of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and those killed in a plane crash near Smolensk on April 10, 2010.

Distribution of volcanic ash in Russia.

According to information from the Met Office, Great Britain, as of 18:36 on April 18, 2010, volcanic ash in Russia was recorded in the area Kola Peninsula, in the south of the Central Federal District, parts of the Volga, Southern and North Caucasus federal districts, as well as in the northeast of the Northwestern Federal District. St. Petersburg was on the border of the expected spread of ash; according to forecasts, the ash was supposed to reach the city on the night of April 18-19. Volcanic ash was not registered on the territory of Moscow, and its spread was not expected in the next 24 hours (April 19).

According to other information, the first particles of volcanic ash reached Moscow on April 16, 2010. On the night of April 16-17, small particles of ash could be collected on a sheet of paper placed on the windowsill. Examination of the particles under a microscope showed the presence of fragments of plagioclase crystals and foamed volcanic glass.

As Marina Petrova, general director of the weather agency Roshydromet, said on April 19, Russian experts do not observe volcanic ash over Russian territory. Director of the Federal Information and Analytical Center of Roshydromet Valery Kosykh said that data on ash over Russia is based on information London Center tracking volcanic ash. “The main problem is that no one in Russia can measure the concentration of this ash,” he noted.

Volcanic ash distribution patterns.

Ash cloud spread by April 17, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 19, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 21, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Ash cloud spread by April 22, 2010 18:00 UTC.

Impact on the environment.

During volcanic eruptions, huge volumes of aerosols and suspended particles are released, which are carried by tropospheric and stratospheric winds and absorb part of the solar radiation. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines threw so much ash 35 km into the air that average solar radiation fell by 2.5 W/m2, corresponding to a global cooling of at least 0.5-0.7° C, but, according to IGRAN Deputy Director for Science Arkady Tishkov, “ what rose into the air in Iceland has not yet even reached the volume of one cubic kilometer. These emissions are not as large as, for example, those noted as a result of recent eruptions in Kamchatka or Mexico" He believes that " this is a completely ordinary event", which may affect the weather, but will not cause climate change.

Eyjafjallajökull is a volcano in Iceland, located under the glacier of the same name, the name of which only 0.005 percent of the world's population can pronounce. In 2010, the small northern country of Iceland decided to remind Europeans of its existence. And she did it in such a way that the message was impossible to ignore.

The excessive activity of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano and the powerful release of ash into the atmosphere led to the cancellation of tens of thousands of flights. This eruption can rightfully be considered one of the most remarkable events of the past year.

For two hundred years now, Eyjafjallajökull has been considered fast asleep. Its previous eruption was recorded between 1821 and 1823. – in two years the volcano caused enormous damage to the nearby territory. However, Icelanders are accustomed to such disasters. There are several active volcanoes, which periodically remind of their existence. So the Eyjafjallajökull eruption did not cause panic local population, on the contrary, provoked a real tourism boom. People from all over the world came to admire the impressive spectacle.

In fact, the volcano that attracted so much attention from tourists to Iceland did not even have its own name. Previously, the Eyjafjallajökull glacier was known, located 125 km from Reykjavik and hiding a conical volcano underneath it. For simplicity, they began to call him by the same name. Eyjafjallajökull translated into Russian literally means “glacier of the island mountains.” The height of the peak is 1666 meters, and the diameter of the crater, which was hidden under ice for many years, is 4 km.

Naturally, scientists monitored Eyjafjallajökull, but could not predict the full scale of the upcoming eruption. The volcano located 12 km to the east, Katla, has always attracted much more attention from scientists. In the 20th century it was particularly active. Consequently, it was popular among tourists visiting the island.

All types of travel are available to exotic lovers in Iceland: car, walking, and helicopter excursions by air. Only from above can one fully appreciate the power of volcanoes. In addition to evidence of the Earth's fiery breath, Iceland is famous for its rivers, waterfalls and geysers. Getting to know them is included in the mandatory tourist program. At the foot of the Eyjafjallajökull glacier is the village of Skógar and the most visited waterfall in the country, Skógafoss on the Skógau River. Famous tourist routes pass by it, leading to the Fimmvurduhauls pass between the Eyjafjallajökull and Myrdalsjökull glaciers.

Photo of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland.

On April 14, a new eruption began, accompanied by the release of a huge amount of ash into the atmosphere. The next day, a dozen European countries were forced to completely or partially close their airspaces - in particular, flights were canceled at the airports of London, Copenhagen and Oslo.

Eyjafjallajokull(Eyjafjallajokull) means "Island of mountain glaciers". The volcano is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik between the Eyjafjallajokull and Myrdalsjokull glaciers. These are the largest ice caps in the south of the northern island country, covering active volcanoes.

However, after research, experts came to the conclusion that the eruption does not pose a threat to local residents. A few days later, authorities allowed people to return to their homes.

Here is one such filming - a sight that is bewitchingly beautiful and terrifying at the same time.

Icelandic scientists have been monitoring the volcano for a long time, tracking signs of seismic activity. In their opinion, the eruption may last about another year or even two. The last eruption of Eyjafjallajokull was recorded in 1821. Then it lasted until 1823 and caused a threatening melting of the glacier. In addition, due to the high content of fluorine compounds (fluorides) in its emissions, it created a threat to health, namely the bone structure of people and livestock.