How to spell the Greek name gorgippia in Russian. The ancient city of Gorgippia. Greek settlements and the war with the Persians

At the beginning of VI вtrf BC. On the territory of the Northern Black Sea region, the Greek city-states of Panticapaeum, Nymphaeum, Hermonassa, Kepa, Sindskaya Harbor or Gorgippia arose. At the end of the 5th century BC. e. On the Black Sea coast in the area of the modern resort of Anapa, the ancient Sind tribes settled and founded the city of Sind (Sindik, Sindskaya Gavan). Archaeological excavations showed that in the Sind harbor they minted their own with the image of a horse’s head and the inscription “ΣΙΝΔΟΝ”.

In the 4th century BC. e. The Greek city-polises of the Northern Black Sea region united under the rule of the Archeanactid dynasty, reigning in Panticapaeum, the powerful Sindian Harbor was also annexed to the Bosporan kingdom.
In the 430s BC. in the Bosporan kingdom, the Spartokid dynasty ascended the throne. The ruler of Sind was King Gorgippus, the son of Satyr I, brother of King Leukon I, from the Spartokid dynasty. The new ruler took care of the development of the city, a new layout, the construction of houses and the flourishing of trade with Heraclea, Chios, Sinope, Lesbos, and many other Greek provinces.

During the reign of King Gorgippus, roofing tiles with the round stamp “ΓΟΡΓΙΠΠΟΥ” were produced in the Sind harbor. Soon the city of Sind was renamed Gorgippia in honor of the ruler.

Greek colonists were engaged in viticulture and winemaking; wines from Gorgippia were exported to different countries peace. Archaeologists have discovered remains in Gorgippia in honor of the Greek gods, especially Hermes and Artemis.

In the middle of the 3rd century BC. e. the city of Gorgippia was completely destroyed during a strong fire. In the second half of the 3rd century BC. e. Gorgippium suffers losses in trade, as many Mediterranean countries refuse grain and bread from the Bosporus, and begin to buy grain from Egypt.
At the end of the 2nd century BC. Gorgippia minted silver drachmas, and in the 1st century BC. the city of Gorgippia is part of which is ruled by Mithridates 6 Eupator.

At the beginning of the 1st century AD, a king from the Sauromat dynasty ascended to the throne of Gorgippia. Thanks to successful trade with the Roman provinces, the heyday of Gorgippia began. King Sauromat restored the destroyed fortress walls of Gorgippia, built places of worship Greek gods and Bosporan kings.

At the beginning of the 3rd century AD. e. The territory of the Bosporan kingdom was invaded by hostile nomadic tribes of the Sarmatians, Alans, and Goths. After one of the raids of the Alan nomads, Gorgippia fell, the city walls were destroyed, the city was burned, the surviving inhabitants left it, and there was no one to rebuild the polis.

Tourists coming to hotels in Anapa, in the very center of the modern resort city, can visit the archaeological museum under open air, where the remains of the fortress walls of Gorgippia, stone-paved streets, remains of the foundations of ancient dwellings, craft workshops, religious buildings, ruins of wineries, with amphorae for wine and pottery are presented. In the temples of Gorgippia they prayed for healing and built terraces for sunbathing. Residents of the city threw an image of a diseased organ into the healing spring of the temple in the hope of healing.
On the territory of the open-air archaeological museum, marble slabs from tombstones with perfectly preserved inscriptions are stored.

In 1975, during construction work in Anapa, an ancient Greek crypt with the remains of a noble resident of Gorgippia was accidentally discovered. According to archaeologists, the unique monument of antiquity dates back to the 2nd – 3rd centuries AD. A bas-relief of Hercules was found in the crypt, so archaeologists called the find “Crypt of Hercules.” The crypt turned out to be intact, there were no signs of looting; gold jewelry was found in the burial, which is now kept in the Krasnodar Museum.

Antique city(4th century BC. 3rd century AD) Bosporan state on east coast Chernogo metro station (modern Anapa). City blocks, ceramics, household items, burials... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Gorgippia- Anapa Geographical names world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 ... Geographical encyclopedia

Gorgippia- an ancient city (IV century BC, III century AD) of the Bosporan state, on the eastern shore of the Black Sea (modern Anapa). City blocks, ceramics, household items, burials. * * * GORGIPPIA GORGIPPIA, ancient city (4th century BC. 3 ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Gorgippia- (Greek Gorgippia) ancient city on east coast Black Sea (modern Anapa). The city arose on the site of the Sind settlement that existed here (See Sinds) (Sindian harbor) with the advent of Greek colonists (6–5 centuries BC).… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

GORHYPPIA- (Greek Gorgippia) antique. city to the east coast of the Black Sea (modern Anapa in the Krasnodar Territory). On the site of the Sind settlement that existed here (Sind Harbor), with the advent of the Greek. colonists (6-5 centuries BC) the city of Sind (Sindika) arose; entered... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Gorgippia- antique city to the east coast of the Black Sea (modern city of Anapa in the Krasnodar Territory). In place of the creatures. here are the settlements of the Sinds (Sind harbor) since the appearance. Greek colonists (6-5 centuries BC) the city of Sind (Sindika) arose; entered the Bosporus... ... Ancient world. Encyclopedic Dictionary

Gorgippia- Anapa... Toponymic dictionary

Museum name = Archaeological Museum "Gorgippia" original = file = size = signature = founded = location = Anapa, nobr|st. Embankment, 4 visitors = director = passage = link = Commons = “Gorgippia”... ... Wikipedia

Archaeological Museum "Gorgippia"- Coordinates: 44°53′46″ N. w. 37°18′39″ E. d. / 44.896111° n. w. 37.310833° E. d. ... Wikipedia

Archaeological Museum "Gorgippia"- ... Wikipedia

Books

The ancient city of Gorgippia, E. M. Alekseeva, Illustrated edition on the history and art of the ancient city of Gorgippia, one of the largest centers of ancient civilization in the south of Russia, which played a significant role in the economic… Category: History Publisher: Editorial URSS, Manufacturer: Editorial URSS, Buy for 882 UAH (Ukraine only)
The ancient city of Gorgippia, E. M. Alekseeva, The book is dedicated to the history of Gorgippia, one of the largest centers of ancient civilization in the south of Russia, which played a significant role in the economic and cultural life Northwestern... Category: General works on the history of the ancient world Publisher:

The main attraction of Anapa ( Krasnodar region, Russia) is an open-air archaeological museum" Ancient city of Gorgippia", where you can see the excavated part of the ancient Greek city, which for eight centuries (4th century BC - 4th century AD) was part of the Bosporan kingdom, which extended over the territory Crimean peninsula and modern Krasnodar region.

The ancient city of Gorgippia from a bird's eye view:

On the territory of Anapa since the 6th century BC. there was a Greek city of Sind harbor. In the 4th century BC. the city entered the Bosporus Kingdom and was renamed Gorgippia in honor of Gorgippus, who, being the brother of the king of the Bosporan Kingdom, became the governor of the annexed region.
Gorgippia became an important trade and craft center (there was a whole quarter of potters in the city), and in the second century BC. the city even receives the right to mint its own coin (silver drachma).

For some time (107-63 BC) Gorgippia found itself part of the Pontic state, after the fall of which it again became part of the Bosporan kingdom. The city experienced a new period of prosperity in the second century AD, when temples were built in Gorgippia, statues were erected, magnificent tombs were erected, and defensive walls were built.

Reconstruction of the temple in Gorgippia

Remains of the Ionic temple at Gorgippia:

In the 30s of the 3rd century AD, Gorgippia was destroyed by barbarians (Goths, Sarmatians and Alans), but several decades later the city was restored, although not completely. Gorgippia finally ceased to exist after the invasion of the Huns in the 70s of the 4th century.

Ancient Greek stele in Gorgippia:

Archaeological excavations of Gorgippia began in the mid-19th century. Now the Gorgippia Museum includes 1.6 hectares of territory, of which 0.7 hectares have been explored and exhibited (in ancient times the city occupied an area of more than 40 hectares). In the open-air museum you can see residential areas, roads, wells, drains, wine-making complexes, and defensive structures. There are exhibitions of bronze, ceramics, glass, architectural details, and sarcophagi.
The Gorgippia Museum is visited annually by more than 150 thousand people.

At the end of the 6th century BC on the Black Sea coast modern Russia The ancient Greek polis of Sind (Sindic) was founded. It was located on the territory of modern Anapa, and was built on the ruins ancient city Sindhi tribe. At the end of the 5th century BC, the polis even minted its own silver coins, which depicted a horse’s head and the inscription “ΣΙΝΔΟΝ”.

Ancient Greek city of Gorgippia, excavations

In the 4th century BC. e. Sindh falls under the beginning, during this period the Greek city-states united and were created, which they ruled. In the 430s BC. The ruling dynasty in the Bosporus changed, Gorgippus ascended the throne, and Gorgippus was appointed to rule Sindom. Gorgippus was the son of the king's brother. The new ruler had a beneficial effect on the polis, he took care of the new layout of the growing city, helped the flourishing of trade, and under Gorgippus, tiles with the round stamp “ΓΟΡΓΙΠΠΟΥ” began to be produced. As a result, the policy receives a new name, in honor of the ruler - Gorgippia.

Polis trades with Heraclea, Sinope, Chios, Lesbos, and many other Greek provinces. The colonists began to master the production of wine, which was also exported to different countries. In Gorgippia, archaeologists discovered the remains of religious buildings in honor of the Greek gods, especially revered local residents Artemis, Hermes.

In the middle of the 3rd century BC. e. A major disaster occurred in Gorgippia - a fire, in the heat of which all the houses were destroyed. In the second half, problems again arise in the rebuilt policy, this time in the field of trade. Mediterranean markets no longer need Bosporan bread, as they receive it from Egypt. At the end of the 2nd century BC, Gorgippia began minting its drachma from silver. In the first century, the city was part of the rulers.

What followed was a time of troubles, when Gorgippia was shaken by restructuring and fires; only at the beginning of the 1st century AD a king from the new Savromatian dynasty ascended to the throne of Gorgippia. This dynasty was friendly to the Romans, so life in the policies became peaceful for some time. King Savromat restored the destroyed fortress walls of Gorgippia and developed trade with the Roman provinces. The heyday of the polis has arrived, religious buildings are being built, trade is brisk, statues are being installed.

At the beginning of the third century AD, hostile barbarian tribes appeared on the territory of the Bosporan kingdom (). Gorgippia fell under one of the raids, the city burned down in another major fire. After this, the policy was no longer rebuilt.

Today, while relaxing in the sanatoriums and boarding houses of Anapa, you can take a walk to the city center, where an open-air museum has been created. There you can see the remains of ancient dwellings, the foundations of houses, the remains of walls, paved streets, the ruins of wineries and workshops. Ancient sarcophagi from crypts and marble slabs with inscriptions are also kept here.

Nowadays, Anapa looks like such a stylish and modern resort that tourists who are not particularly interested in history do not even suspect that there used to be a ancient greek city Gorgippia, one of the richest cities of the Bosporan kingdom. It was erected in the second half of the 6th century BC. and flourished successfully for about ten centuries, until during one of the raids the enemies burned it to the ground, and life in it slowly faded away.

Gorgippia is located in Anapa on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea in the center of one of the most famous resorts Russia in the west of the Krasnodar region.

At first, the settlement had a different name - Sind Harbor (at first, representatives of the Sind tribe lived here, and only then the Greeks settled) and it existed as an independent city-state, having well-established connections with nearby settlements - Panticapaeum, Bata, Hermonassos, Phanagoria.

It is not surprising that some time later, in Art. IV. BC, Greek colonies located along north coast Black Sea, decided to unite into one state - the Bosporus Kingdom. As a result of this, the Sind harbor was renamed in honor of the king's brother Gorgippus, who was appointed governor here.

Gorgippia turned out to be not just the trade and craft center that it had been until now, but also a border fortress, and soon became one of the most important and richest cities in the region (the city was so successful that it even had the right to mint its own coins - silver drachmas ).

City-museum

The remains of this ancient settlement can now be seen in the Anapa Museum, which covers an area of about 2 hectares. First of all, these are the foundations of ancient quarters, dated to the II-III century. AD, highway, wells, winery, remains of defensive fortifications. Here you can see fragments of the facing materials of the sanctuaries and columns of the fort, sarcophagi and tombstones.

There is also an indoor museum, in the exhibition halls of which found figurines, marble sculptures, painted dishes, amphorae, coins, and weapons are stored.

Appearance of the city

Despite the fact that at present only basements remain of the residential buildings of the city, scientists and historians still managed to more or less establish what Gorgippia looked like several thousand years ago. The work of archaeologists turned out to be difficult, since Anapa is very densely built up, and excavations can only be carried out where construction is underway or in the courtyards of modern houses.

Gorgippia was small - its area was 38 hectares (0.38 sq. km.), and the width of the main street was about eight meters. The main highway of the city stretched along the coast, came close to the city gates, and beyond Gorgippia it led to a wide trade route that united Crimea with the Caucasian Pass.

For the first six centuries of its existence, the streets of Gorgippia were paved with cobblestones and fragments of clay jugs (traces of passing carts were preserved on the pavements of this type found).

Roads of a later period, dating back to the I-III century. AD were made of huge flat stones, laid on a layer of clay and rubble. This coating turned out to be so durable that dump trucks loaded with earth driving along it during excavations did not cause the slightest harm to it.

Residents built houses mainly along the coast. The houses of ordinary city residents were built from clay. The richer inhabitants used stone, baked bricks and tiles to build their homes. The windows of the houses were covered with bull bubbles.

The houses of the nobility were located in the city center, on main square. Gorgippia contained small buildings. The buildings were low, had no more than two floors and consisted of three or four rooms. On the first floors there were most likely shops or craft workshops.

It is interesting that the ancient architects, when building Gorgippia, provided a system of water pipes and drains - one of such canals was discovered during excavations: it ran along one of the streets, approached a settling well in which water was filtered, as a result of which garbage remained at the bottom, and purified water was discharged into the sea.

Gorgippia was divided into quarters, in each of which lived a certain category of population - the potters' quarters were the best preserved: during the excavations, numerous amphorae, dishes, and figurines were found.

A number of industrial complexes were also discovered in the city (almost all the items found can be seen on the territory of the museum set up here):

tanks in which fish were salted;
rooms with pressing platforms in which wine was made, and in them - barrels with a capacity of about 6 tons;
pottery kilns;
traces of metallurgical production were even found.

Crypts

In the seventies of the last century, during construction in Anapa, a unique monument of Hellenic culture was found - a painted tomb of Greek aristocrats, which researchers called the “Crypt of Hercules”. It was carved out of rock and was located a meter from the earth's surface (the height of the walls was more than three meters).

The walls of the tomb were made of solid stone blocks, and the vault was designed in such a way that it could easily withstand the heavy ceiling. It was possible to get into the tomb through a well (the sarcophagi were lowered down through it). After which the entrance to the stone well was securely closed and covered with pebbles (unfortunately, this did not stop the robbers, who were able to get into the crypt, pull out and rob the deceased, and also remove everything valuable from the tomb).

The only thing they couldn’t take with them were the unique wall frescoes made with natural paints. Most of them are now in Moscow for restoration, but the sarcophagi are kept in the Anapa Museum.

The walls above the floor along the entire perimeter of the tomb were surrounded by a red stripe, and above the entrance various vegetation, colorful circles and hunting scenes were painted. Above is another strip with large red ovals or zigzags. Columns with decorated capitals were drawn between the ovals. Above this strip hung a drapery fabric with fringes and tassels, and above the fabric were painted paintings telling of the 12 labors of Hercules, from which the crypt got its name.

Next to the stories about the life of the Greek demigod is a drawing depicting a meal: a bearded man was sitting at the table, flanked by two women in veils and two young men. Also in the tomb there was another drawing depicting a woman and a man sitting next to whom a young man stood. Around these figures are trees, peacocks, turtles, and above the heads of the couple you can see a circle with a snake. On the ceiling of the tomb there is a circle with an ornamental border, in the center of which there is a multi-colored six-petalled rosette.

It is interesting that this tomb was not the only one: next to the “Crypt of Hercules”, researchers discovered another tomb with two sarcophagi (the robbers did not know about it, and therefore did not rob it). A noble Gorgippian was buried in the first sarcophagus, and two girls were buried in the second (their social status was evidenced by gold jewelry and other decorative funerary objects found there).

Crash

No written evidence has reached us about who destroyed Gorgippia, Hermonassos and other cities of the Bosporan kingdom. In the second century, after fierce battles, the city came under the rule of the Roman Empire for some time, then the Goths invaded at the beginning of the third century, and the city itself almost completely burned down in a fire after 238.

Despite the fact that the local residents who survived the disaster were able to restore their destroyed homes, they were unable to build the destroyed defensive walls: they had no money and strength left for construction work after numerous raids. A hundred years later, the Huns came to this territory, and the story of the life and prosperity of the cities of the Bosporan Kingdom was completed.