How many circles does the plane make before landing? How to land a plane in an emergency? More "specialized" types of planting

The first thing the pilot does at the very beginning of movement onto the runway is to lower the landing gear and flaps. All this is necessary, including in order to significantly reduce the speed of the aircraft. The multi-ton vehicle begins to move along the glide path - the trajectory along which the descent occurs. Using numerous instruments, the pilot constantly monitors altitude, speed and rate of descent.

The speed and rate of its reduction are especially important. It should decrease as it approaches the ground. The speed should not be reduced too sharply, nor should it be exceeded. At a three-hundred-meter altitude the speed is approximately 300-340 km per hour, at a two-hundred-meter altitude it is 200-240. The pilot can regulate the speed of the aircraft by applying gas and changing the angle of the flaps.

Bad weather during landing

Directly near the ground, the aircraft's position should become horizontal. In order for the touch to be soft, the plane must descend slowly, without a sharp drop in speed. Otherwise, it may hit the strip suddenly. It is at this moment that bad weather in the form of wind and heavy snow can cause maximum problems for the pilot.

After touching the ground, the gas must be released. The flaps are retracted, and the plane is taxied to its parking spot using the pedals.

Thus, the seemingly simple process of landing actually requires great piloting skill.

“Hello, can modern airliners land completely on their own, without the participation of a pilot? This means if all the data was entered into the computer in advance. Or do the pilots release the mechanization (landing gear, flaps, etc.)??”

What motivated me to write this article was discussion on the aviation forum. Surely, some people will be interested in knowing some technical details of their flight from point A to point B. What is going on behind the closed front door in those minutes when half of the cabin is ready to forgive everyone and all any sins, become righteous and start losing weight on Monday?

Photo by Marina Lystseva photografersha

To many ordinary people, a modern airplane seems something akin to a starship - buttons, displays, levers. Therefore, it is no wonder that the belief in the unlimited design idea often exceeds the real capabilities of modern aircraft.

Indeed, why not a spaceship?

And this despite the fact that the B737NG was developed twenty years ago and already looks quite archaic compared to the most modern models:

Photo of the Airbus A350 cockpit from the Internet

Photo by Marina Lystseva photografersha

Does all this crap still need people? Moreover, in the amount of two?

Many people really believe that the airliner performs all landings automatically. That is, the pilot is needed there only to press the magic “LANDING” button or whatever its name is?

However, there are also skeptics who seriously believe that the achievements of modern technical thought can not implement the landing algorithm without a person:

inspit
“One should not confuse an automatic approach with the landing itself, i.e. the wheels of the landing gear touching the concrete runway. A fully automatic landing is possible only with the participation of ground-based hardware radio-technical landing systems. It is precisely because of their insufficient resolution that such a landing is associated with risk and not currently practiced."

So is it practiced or not? Who is right?

The ability to automatically land a plane is not something recently invented. This show is decades old. Many models that practically left the arena were perfectly able to do this 30 or more years ago.

However, contrary to popular belief, automatic landing is still not the main method of returning an aircraft to the ground. Until now, the vast majority of plantings are done the old fashioned way - by hand.

The most important thing is that automatic landing still requires certain conditions. Modern equipment(I note - certified equipment) does not yet allow automatic landing on any runway anywhere in the world. Important - the automatic landing system is not autonomous, that is, it requires external equipment, which must be installed for a given runway or airfield.

The most common type of landing today is an ILS precision approach with heading and glide path guidance (that is, the final straight-line descent before landing). They are formed by specially shaped beams emitted by ground-based antennas. Aircraft equipment recognizes these signals and determines the position of the aircraft relative to the central zone, i.e., the extended center line of the runway. Accordingly, someone (the pilot) or something (the autopilot) sees the deviation indication and does its best to always fly centered.

Automatic landing video - view of the main flight instrument. Below and on the right you can see “diamonds” (from 01:02) these are indicators of the position of the course and glide path relative to the aircraft. If they are in the center, it means the plane is flying perfectly.

A cross in the center of the instrument - director arrows, holding them in the center, the pilot or autopilot provides the necessary angular speeds of turn or angles of climb/descent in order to reach the desired flight path (not necessary during landing - they can provide trajectory guidance for almost the entire flight )

As a matter of fact, keeping the aircraft on the desired trajectory, the aircraft, controlled by the autopilot, flies to a certain altitude, measured relative to the surface of the earth (50-40 feet), after which the leveling maneuver (FLARE) begins according to a clever algorithm and after that, at an altitude of about 27 feet the automatic assistant smoothly reduces the engine operating mode (the pilot can do this as well), and soon the landing occurs.

The most modern aircraft They can also provide an automatic run until the plane stops - after all, landing is a simple matter, you still have to stop this colossus in complete fog! There are rumors that some planes are also trained to taxi in zero visibility, if the airfield would allow it. I don't know, I haven't checked. My B737-800 can only land automatically and (if there is an appropriate option on a particular aircraft) complete the run after landing.

Answering the question that started this thread ( Can modern airliners land completely on their own, without the participation of a pilot? This means if all the data was previously entered into the computer. Or pilots release mechanization), I’ll say “They can’t.”

The plane itself Not will begin its descent and approach and will not release the mechanization and landing gear. Theoretically, this is quite possible constructively, but today the person sitting in the pilot’s seat solves these problems. Modern computers are not yet ready to make decisions for humans, because... situations in each flight can develop very differently, and it is not yet possible to standardize the trajectories of all those thousands of aircraft flying in the skies. The person is still better at making decisions. Read more about this topic at the link at the very end of the post.

“So what’s the joke, Denis Sergeevich, if you say that autolanding was invented a long time ago and works great, why isn’t it still used in every flight?”

--==(o)==--

In addition, even with a HUD, automatic landing may not be permitted due to other restrictions. For example, in the mountainous Ulan-Ude we cannot perform an automatic landing, because The glide path angle exceeds the tolerance for its implementation. What can we say about Chambery, where the glide path is much steeper and the runway is only two kilometers!

That is, there are restrictions for automatic landing - on the maximum and minimum angle of the glide path, as well as on the value of the wind - mainly side and/or tailwind.

That is, oddly enough, if the weather is “terrible”, then the landing, like it or not, has to be done Chkalov’s way. Manually. And if the glide path is steep, as in Chambery, then as usual.

Besides

The weather may be good and the glide path is within normal limits, but a curved runway and an automatic landing may be a big risk in terms of a rough landing - yet the aircraft has not yet been trained to predict changes in the terrain ahead. Runways such as Norilsk (19), Tomsk (21), Rostov (22) are not very suitable for automatic landing due to the specific curvature of the runway, and each such landing turns into a decoding game.

On some runways there seems to be no profile, but due to some natural or technical phenomena, the glide path is unstable and the plane “walks”. Accordingly, a stupid autopilot tries to go along with the deviations, but a smart person does not do this. Example - .

Many manufacturers either directly indicate or recommend landing only on runways certified for Category 2 and 3 approaches (ILS CAT II/III). In this case, there is some guarantee that the glide path will not wander and the runway will not be curved. Although even when landing on such runways and any others in conditions where CAT II/III operations are not carried out, i.e., the HUD operates according to CAT I, the same Mr. Boeing recommends very attentive when performing automatic landings - because V good weather airfield services are not obliged to ensure the “cleanliness” of the beams, so interference is possible - both from the aircraft flying ahead of you, and from ground objects, which may well be located in the coverage area of ​​the course and glide path beams.

Therefore, oddly enough, good weather is not yet a reason to feel relaxed, trusting the autopilot.

ILS Performance

ILS Performance Most ILS installations are subject to signal interference by either surface vehicles

or aircraft. To prevent this interference, ILS critical areas are established near each

localizer and glide slope antenna. In the United States, vehicle and aircraft

operations in these critical areas are restricted any time the weather is reported less

than 800 foot ceiling and/or visibility is less than 2 statute miles.

Flight inspections of ILS facilities do not necessarily include ILS beam

performance inside the runway threshold or along the runway unless the ILS is

used for Category II or III approaches. For this reason, the ILS beam quality may

vary and autolands performed from a Category I approach at these facilities should

be closely monitored.

Flight crews must remember that the ILS critical areas are usually not protected

when the weather is above 800 foot ceiling and/or 2 miles statute visibility. As a

result, ILS beam bends may occur because of vehicle or aircraft interference.

Sudden and unexpected flight control movements may occur at a very low altitude

or during the landing and rollout when the autopilot attempts to follow the beam

possibility and guard the flight controls (control wheel, rudder pedals and thrust

levers) throughout automatic approaches and landings.

Be prepared to disengage the autopilot and manually land or go-around.

Again, it is not necessary to perform an approach using the HUD (even in manual mode), because Usually the approach patterns are quite “sweeping”. In good weather, a visual approach is often preferable - the pilot will not carry out the entire procedure, but will choose a more optimal trajectory, a shorter one, which will save time, fuel, and relieve the controller.

True, in Russia such approaches are not very practiced for various reasons. In the West, especially in the USA - very, very often.

Of course not!

Gradual implementation is underway new system precision approach based on dead reckoning using satellite navigation. For more accurate dead reckoning, a special station is installed in the area of ​​the airfield (LKKS), and, as a result, we obtain a very, very accurate position of the aircraft in space. And, accordingly, the trajectory calculated from this position does not depend on snowdrifts on the ground or cars crossing the landing course. In addition, one such correction station allows you to cover several airfields (for example, for the Moscow air hub one is enough). It should be understood that maintaining the functionality of this system is much less expensive than maintaining the HUD.

Several dozen LKKS have been installed in Russia, however, officially (more recently) they operate only in Tyumen. Our company became the first passenger company to perform such a call in this city.

And this has been the situation with LKKS for several years now. Don’t ask me why - I’m at a loss myself, because this is a very stupid situation.

True, in order to carry out such approaches, the installation of special equipment on aircraft is required. Considering that this approach is still not very popular in Russia, operators are in no hurry to modify their aircraft.

However, sooner or later, such systems will displace HUDs from airports.

Will progress push pilots out of the cockpit?

Thank you for your attention!

Landing is the part of the flight in which the aircraft returns to the ground.
Landing can be: soft, hard, forced and emergency.

The landing stage of the aircraft begins from a height of 15 m above the end of the runway and ends with a run along the runway until the aircraft comes to a complete stop. For light aircraft, the landing phase can begin at a height of 9 m.
Landing is the most difficult stage of flight, since as the altitude decreases, the ability to correct errors by the pilot or automatic systems decreases.

In this video I filmed the approach and landing of a Pitts S-2C aircraft during the SUN n'FUN (Florida) air show in 2010

The landing is immediately preceded by the landing approach - a part of the flight that includes pre-landing maneuvering in the airfield area with the landing gear and flaps in the landing position.

The landing approach begins at an altitude of at least 400 m. The approach speed must exceed the stall speed for a given aircraft configuration by at least 30%. In an emergency, the approach speed may exceed the stall speed by 25%.

The approach ends with either a landing or a missed approach. The aircraft goes into the second circle when the permissible deviations of the trajectory parameters are exceeded when descending on the glide path from the nominal ones. The pilot must make the decision to land no lower than the decision altitude.

The aerial part of the landing lasts a few seconds and includes:
- leveling off is the part of landing during which the vertical speed of descent on the glide path is practically reduced to zero. Leveling begins at a height of 5-8 m and ends with the transition to maintaining at a height of 0.5-1 m.
- holding - part of the landing, during which a further smooth descent of the vehicle continues with a simultaneous decrease in speed and an increase in the angle of attack to values ​​​​at which landing and run are possible.
- parachuting - part of the landing that begins when decreasing lift wing and smooth approach of the aircraft to the runway surface.
- landing - contact of the aircraft with the earth's surface.
Airplanes with a nose gear land on the main gear, while aircraft with a tail gear land on all landing gear simultaneously (three-point landing);

Landing on struts located in front of the center of mass can lead to repeated separation of the aircraft from the runway - “goating”.
Based on Wikipedia materials

And now I bring to your attention three videos from the planting collector - TheHardLandings:
The first is the most dangerous airfields for landing aircraft.
The second two are rough landings.
The second video, starting from the 4th minute, shows historical footage of our Tu-144

Have beautiful takeoffs and soft landings in the New Year!!!

A seemingly harmless habit - clapping after a plane lands - can lead to personal tragedy. The other day, a young man from Atlanta named Greg posted a cry from his heart on Twitter.

Picture this: You’re 31. You just married your soulmate and are on your way to your beautiful honeymoon.The plane lands in Bora Bora, as it touches the ground your wife begins clapping. She's an airplane clapper. You get on a plane right back to America and you never speak again.

Imagine: you are 31. You just got married and went on a trip with your significant other to Honeymoon. The plane lands in Bora Bora and your wife starts clapping. She's an airplane clapper. You board a plane to America and don't talk anymore.

This post caused a strong response from Twitter users. “I don’t know who is worse: those who applaud after landing, or those who do it in the cinema after watching a movie,” “You will never know a person completely until you see how he behaves on an airplane,” they wrote People.

The question of whether to clap or not to clap after landing is still controversial. There is a community called Planeclappers on the Reddit forum, where users share their opinions about applause on an airplane and talk about their experiences. Here are some of them:

• “We were flying over the mountains in Southern California, and I thought we were going to die because of a crazy woman. Apparently we fell a couple of times and one lady practically hit the ceiling because she wasn't wearing her seatbelt. When the plane landed, everyone clapped except me and her.”
• “Yesterday, my boyfriend and I went to the park, which is located next to the airport. We looked at the runway. And every time the plane landed, he stood up and greeted it!”
• “I was on a plane and experienced extreme turbulence for 20 minutes before we landed. To my surprise, no one clapped. Although a collective sigh of relief was heard.”

Why do passengers applaud?

The reasons are different. Those who return to their homeland after a long absence often clap, including for a number of economic or political reasons. People also show joy from a successful landing in difficult situations. weather conditions or in cases where there was some kind of technical malfunction on board.

It happens that passengers clap for no reason, even if the flight and landing went as usual. It has been noticed that those who fly frequently usually do not applaud. But passengers who go on vacation a couple of times a year prefer to “thank” the pilots.

According to flight attendants, passengers often applaud at international flights. Much less often - after landing in European cities, where flights are cheap and residents fly very often.

By the way, landing is not a guarantee that all dangers are behind. In 2005 in Toronto during a plane landing airlines Air France, with several hundred passengers, experienced severe thunderstorms and rain. The aircraft landed with difficulty Passengers tell of arrowing escape, and people started clapping. But they quickly realized that this was premature: the plane left the runway. runway into a ravine and caught fire. No one was killed, but those passengers who applauded were also among the injured.

How others feel about applause

Pilots don't hear passengers clapping. The flight attendants can inform the pilots that the landing was accompanied by applause. But this is not always perceived positively.

There are pilots What do airline pilots think of passengers who applaud after a landing? who are pleased or indifferent to being applauded.

It doesn't matter much to me. Passengers are not air travel experts and cannot determine how well the landing went. But I will never refuse applause. It is always pleasant, even if sometimes undeserved.

Peter Wheeler, pilot from Australia

But many pilots are offended by applause. They consider themselves professionals of the highest category, and therefore landing is not something out of the ordinary, but an ordinary job that they always try to do flawlessly. It is insulting to a pilot when passengers think that flying an airplane is a game of roulette.

Passengers themselves view the tradition of clapping differently. Somebody

Have you ever wondered what to do if, due to the prevailing circumstances (loss of consciousness, injury, shock, death), the pilot cannot land the plane on his own? Agree, this is a very sensitive question, but most likely there is nothing left to do but land the plane yourself. However, here the question will probably arise about whether the passengers on board survive and are not harmed. Of course, not everyone can be a pilot, especially since most are not even remotely familiar with what how to land a plane in an emergency situation, but it is worth emphasizing that with the help of the dispatcher’s manual, this can be done, albeit not as professionally as pilots with hundreds of hours of flight time do, but, nevertheless, thanks to your actions, you can save more than one hundred passengers.

How to land a plane

1. To begin with, since you are the only one who decided to take on this difficult task, you will need to go into the cockpit, where you will need to take the seat of the aircraft commander. As a rule, the chief pilot's seat is the most loaded with all kinds of buttons, control handles and levers, so you can hardly make a mistake here. However, and this is important, do not touch the aircraft controls, because if the aircraft is in automatic pilot mode, then you are this moment you are completely safe, and try to understand that in a complex machine there are no extra buttons - each is responsible for its own action, and sometimes for several, and pressing any one can lead to the most unpredictable results. If the pilot of an aircraft is unconscious right in the cockpit, then when taking his place, make sure that in the future parts of the pilot’s body will not block the controls - the control wheel, buttons and levers, so how to land a plane In the future, if unexpected problems arise, it will be impossible.

1. When sitting in the pilot's seat, first of all, make sure once again that the plane is in autopilot mode. To do this, you will need to look at the control panel, usually located on the front panel, and if the indicator light on it is on, then autopilot is in action mode.

If, when landing in the pilot’s seat, you nevertheless touched the controls of the airliner, then most likely this led to the automatic disabling of the autopilot, and this mode will need to be turned on by pressing the corresponding button, which may be called differently in different aircraft models, but more often In general, the following names are found on Russian aircraft: “Autopilot”, “Auto flight”, “ANF”, “AR”, etc. In aircraft of foreign air carriers, the functional name of the automatic piloting mode will be called “Autopilot”.

It is worth noting that in some cases, it may be necessary to adjust the position of the aircraft in space. To do this, you will need to look at the attitude indicator, which is usually always easily recognized even by those people who have never been in the cockpit. Please note that the indicator has a static bar indicating the normal attitude of the aircraft - an artificial horizon.

If the plane has noticeably deviated from plane, then you will need to correct its movement - raise or lower, or correct its roll. If the plane is tilted below the normal plane, then you will have to pull the yoke towards you; if it is tilted higher, you will have to push it away from you. If the plane is banking to the left, then you need to turn the rudder to right side, if, on the contrary, it is tilted to the right, then turn to the left.

Once the plane is aligned with the artificial horizon, you will need to enable the autopilot function, and both a button and a toggle switch can be used as a control element. It is worth noting that the automatic piloting function of an aircraft is used to maintain the normal planeness of the aircraft relative to space, and it itself was created with the purpose that in the event of a critical situation, even a person who does not have any piloting skills could keep the aircraft in the air, however, this how to land a plane the autopilot cannot do it on its own, then in the future you will still have to take the helm into your own hands.

1. It is worth noting that the plane will not be able to stay in the air all the time, and sooner or later, you will have to land it, and here the question of whether how to land a plane on one's own. First, you will definitely need to contact the nearest air tower to report an emergency on your plane. To do this, you will need to take the pilot’s headset, press and hold the corresponding “PTT” button on the helm, and broadcast the call sign “Mayday” three times, and then report what happened on board. In the event that the plane has left the air tower coverage area and you cannot contact the air traffic controller, you will need to switch to the 121.50 MHz frequency. After you broadcast your emergency message, be sure to release the button to receive a response.

If there are any problems with the operation of the radio station, then you can use the transponder, in which you will need to enter the digital code “7700”, which will allow dispatchers to understand that there is an emergency situation on board your aircraft.

In order for the dispatcher to understand which aircraft is currently in communication, when sending each message, precede it with the call sign of your aircraft.

1. Guided by the help of the dispatcher, do not forget that in an airplane there is such a thing as a minimum speed, that is, at which the airplane is still in the air. You can determine the speed by looking at the same attitude indicator - as a rule, on the left side there is an indicator with numbers, and you should make sure that its readings are in the “green zone”.

A spontaneous decrease or increase in speed indicates that the plane is either losing altitude or, conversely, gaining it. In the first case, the speed will increase, and in order to bring it to normal, you will have to move the steering wheel slightly towards yourself, in the second case, the plane will gain altitude, and you will need to move the steering wheel away from you.

1. Before landing, the air traffic controller will inform you about all the necessary actions on your part, so how to land a plane correctly not so simple.

First, you will have to reduce the power of the plane's engines - to do this, lower the throttle a few centimeters until you hear the sound of the plane become quieter. Please note that at this moment you should not perform any actions with the helm - the plane will level out on its own, however, if the plane’s speed drops below the “green zone”, then the throttle will have to be pushed forward a little so that the airliner does not fall.

According to the dispatcher's instructions, you will need to take the required altitude, for which pay attention to the same attitude indicator sensor, on the right side of which the flight altitude is indicated, and using manual control, go to specified height, after which you can turn on the autopilot again.

1. Before, how to land a plane, the tower controller will tell you how to operate the flaps and bars, which are usually located near the throttles, and as you prepare to land yourself, you will need to lower the aircraft's landing gear. To do this, find the corresponding lever, usually located on the right side of the central control panel, which also usually has a corresponding signature.

Before landing, the plane will need to be aligned in the direction of the landing strip, but only the controller can tell you about this. Then, in preparation for landing, you will need to raise bow aircraft at an angle of about 7-15 degrees (depending on the type of aircraft).

When landing, you will need to use reverse thrust, the control bars of which are located immediately behind the throttles. If reverse thrust is not provided in the aircraft, then pull the throttle towards you as quickly as possible, thereby reducing its speed to a minimum.

Finally, in order for the plane to start braking, you will need to press the top of the pedal - it is responsible for the brake, however, keep in mind that you should brake in such a way that the plane does not skid on the runway.

Naturally, in reality the solution to the question of whether how to land a plane, may not be as simple as indicated, but, nevertheless, the principle will not change at all.