Analysis of promising technologies for servicing airfield runways. City within a city: how a passenger airport works How ground transport works at the airport
Runways (runway, “Maslyul Ha-Tisa”) - central part Air Force base infrastructure. These strips require constant (daily) maintenance. The runway is the responsibility of the Runway Sector (“Mador Maslulim”, commander with the rank of lieutenant colonel) of the Technical Directorate (“Lahak Tsiyud”) of the Air Force Headquarters, and at the Air Force bases themselves - the Operational Airfield Department (“Gaf Sade Mivtsai” or “Gaf Sade Teufa Mivtsai”, in the past - “Gaf Sherutey Maslyul”, i.e. WFP Services Department, commander with the rank of major) consisting of . The control tower and fire station of the air base are subordinate to the same department.
The cleanliness of all runways and taxiways at the base is checked twice every day. There should be no stones, screws, plastic bags, plants or other debris on the runway, so-called. "foreign objects" It is worth remembering that any such object can be sucked into the aircraft's air intake and lead to the destruction of the engine compressor, fire and loss of the aircraft (FOD - Foreign Object Danger).
Along the runway there are marking lights for night flights. They must be in working order, i.e. It is necessary to constantly replace burnt out light bulbs and replace damaged plastic lamp covers. It is necessary to monitor the condition of the runway surface, immediately eliminating cracks and other types of destruction of asphalt or concrete.
In case of breakdowns of aircraft braking systems, the runways are equipped with emergency braking means: arrester cables (“Atsira Cable”) and a stopping network (“Atsira Sieve”). They should be inspected regularly, preventive maintenance carried out and damaged parts replaced.
Availability water sources and vegetation along the runway may attract animals and birds. They (and especially birds) can also be sucked into the air intake, i.e. also pose a threat to aircraft.
The actual construction of runways and their repair is the responsibility of the Construction Direction (“Anaf Handasa Ezrahit”) of the Technical Directorate of the Air Force Headquarters, and at the bases - the Air Base Construction Units (“Yehidat HaBinui”). Depending on the type of soil and the weight of constantly operating aircraft, the runways of different bases have different coating thicknesses. The condition of the runway is constantly monitored and, depending on various factors, decisions are made to repair a particular section of the runway. Fuel leaks, rains and floods, earthquakes, flight intensity - everything affects the condition of the runway; repair decisions are individual for each case.
One of the central tasks of the Air Base Construction Units (and the Engineering Department within it, “Gaf Handasa”) is to maintain runways in working order in the event of war and damage to the runways from bombing and rocket attacks. There are proven methods for quickly eliminating craters and restoring runway surfaces. R&D is constantly underway to develop new technologies in this area. Exercises are regularly conducted to practice the skills of these works at each base.
UDC 338.47
ANALYSIS OF PROMISING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MAINTENANCE OF AERODROME RUNWAYS
S. L. Parshina*, I. O. Knyazeva, D. V. Makarenko, M. V. Safronov Scientific supervisor - G. A. Karacheva
Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev Russian Federation, 660037, Krasnoyarsk, prosp. them. gas. "Krasnoyarsk worker", 31
*E-shaI: [email protected]
The most difficult and responsible period of airport operation civil aviation In many countries it is winter. This article discusses promising technologies for cleaning airfield runways, as well as an analysis to identify the most promising method of cleaning runways.
Key words: runway, cleaning technology, airfield maintenance.
ANALYSIS OF PERSPECTIVE AERODROMES RUNAWAY MAINTENANCE
S. L. Parshina*, I. O. Knyazeva, D. V. Makarenko, M. V. Safronov Scientific supervisor - G A. Karacheva
Reshetnev Siberian State Aerospace University 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russian Federation *E-mail: [email protected]
Winter is the most difficult and responsible period of operation civil aviation airports in many countries. This article represents prospective technologies for cleaning runways of airfields, also the analysis is made to identify the most promising method for cleaning the runway.
Keywords: runway, cleaning technology, airfield maintenance.
Almost throughout the entire territory of Russia, negative temperatures prevail in winter, which are a potentially dangerous factor for civil aviation. During this period, the basis of flight safety is the preparation of airfield surfaces, namely the elimination of snow and ice formations on airport runways. In order to ensure the safe landing and departure of aircraft, it is necessary to make a large number of strength and money.
Elimination of weather precipitation must take place very quickly and efficiently, which is why snow removal equipment works without stopping during a snowfall and after it. In any weather, the runway must have good grip on the aircraft, so the surface runway must be thoroughly cleaned before the aircraft takes off and lands.
Various technologies are used to clear snow on the runway, such as: cleaning the runway mechanically; runway cleaning by thermal method and runway cleaning by chemical method using chemical reagents. Next, we will conduct a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of existing runway cleaning technologies, which are presented in Table 1.
The first technology for clearing a runway is mechanical snow removal. This method is used as soon as the surface of the runway begins to
Section “Innovative Economics and Management”
snow begins to accumulate. As noted in the order: “Snow is removed from the entire width of the runway with snow plows and brushes. Their work should be organized in such a way that the machines move sequentially one after another at a distance of 30-35 meters, overlapping the previous row by 30-40 centimeters.”
Table 1
Comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of existing cleaning technologies
runway
Methods for cleaning a runway Advantages Disadvantages
Mechanical method 1. Rotary milling machines are capable of clearing a large layer of snow. 2. Special equipment operates up to - 40 C. 3. Inexpensive special maintenance. technology. 4. Safe for the environment. 1. Cleaning can only be done after the snowfall has ended. 2. Cleaning only freshly fallen snow.
Chemical method 1. Chemical reagents prevent ice from forming again. 2.Fast melting of ice. 3. Ability to fly in any weather conditions. 4. Long-term preservation of the effect of chemical reagents. 5. High melting ability. 1. Chemical reagents cannot be used on new (up to 2 years old) surfaces. 2. Reagents in a liquid state can lead to even more icing.
Thermal method 1. Thermal machines melt ice. 1. Expensive maintenance of heat engines. 2. There is a danger of overheating the coating and blowing out the joint filler. 3. High energy intensity. 4. Very slow. 5. High fuel consumption.
In parallel with plow-brush snow plows, milling-rotor clearers operate, which are used to move snow banks to a distance away from the airstrip. Further, snow collected in shafts and heaps must be removed in a timely manner. As stated in the instruction manual civil airfields: “Snow is loaded into dump trucks using snow loaders or rotary snow blowers equipped with a volute. To increase the volume and load-carrying capacity of the dump truck body, it is recommended to equip it with removable sides with a height of at least 600-1200 mm.” The disadvantage of this cleaning technology is that cleaning can only be done after the snowfall has ended, and it is carried out only on freshly fallen snow.
The next technology is to clean the runway using the thermal method. This technology requires high costs for equipment maintenance and has many technical problems, so it is not very common. Thermal melting of ice formation in comparison with the mechanical cleaning method is also uncompetitive, since their productivity is relatively low. Fuel costs are high and it is believed that installation costs cannot be reduced until such a system becomes more widely used with a consequent reduction in manufacturing costs.
In some countries, military airfields use exhaust jets from turbine engines. This method of clearing the runway from winter weather conditions is extremely slow and requires high fuel consumption and heat loss to maintain airfield equipment. Using this cleaning method in most cases results in damage to the artificial turf due to careless exposure to heat.
The latest technology for cleaning the runway is to remove snow using a chemical method, using chemical reagents in solid and liquid states. Extreme caution must be exercised with this method, since many chemicals
The rolls are highly corrosive to metals or have a detrimental effect on materials used in the manufacture of aircraft.
To distribute chemical reagents, special equipment is used - spreading and trailed machines. Fuel consumption for such units is not very high and depends on the speed and adjustment of the spreading or spraying device. Solid reagents are stored in special bins. Aqueous solutions of chemical reagents are prepared in tanks of special or watering machines.
Based on the analysis of runway cleaning technologies, it is clear that this moment There is no cleaning technology that would fully meet 100% of the technological and functional requirements for runway cleaning, but nevertheless, the method of removing ice and snow with chemical reagents, in our opinion, is the most effective compared to other technologies. The speed of means of distributing chemical reagents and removing ice melting residues is 5-6 times higher than that of heat engines.
Thus, the best method is not to fight ice, but to try to prevent its occurrence by distributing chemical reagents that have a number of the most important advantages and disadvantages in our opinion: high melting ability; minimal impact on environment; efficiency at low temperatures. Spreading chemicals before ice forms is the safest and most effective method of deicing runways.
1. Order of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation No. 1215 “On approval of normative methodological documents regulating the functioning and operation of experimental aviation airfields // dated December 30. 2009
2. Operation manual for civil airfields Russian Federation// P. 9.
3. Guide to airport services // 2016. P.7-3.
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Frequency of winds, %, in direction |
|||||||||
The airfield is open for flights when, where is the lateral velocity component.
where is the maximum permissible value of the angle between the direction of the runway and the direction of the wind blowing at speed.
You can fly in any wind. This means that it is necessary to choose the direction of the LP that ensures longest time its use.
The concept of wind load factor () is introduced - the frequency of winds at which the lateral component of wind speed does not exceed the calculated value for a given class of airfield.
where is the frequency of directional winds blowing at speeds from 0 to;
Recurrence of directional winds blowing at higher speeds.
Based on Table 1 that we have, we will construct a combined table of the wind regime, adding up the frequency of winds in mutually opposite directions:
table 2
repeatability %, in directions |
Repeatability by speed, % |
by speed, degrees |
|||||
By directions |
|||||||
Since the airfield is class E, then W Brasch = 6 m/s, and K inc = 90%.
Let's calculate using formula (43) for winds blowing at speeds of 6-8 m/s, 8-12 m/s, 12-15 m/s and 15-18 m/s:
Highest wind frequency high speed() have in direction E-W, therefore, the LP must be oriented close to this direction.
Let's find it for the E-W direction.
First, let's determine the frequency of winds blowing at a speed of 0-6 m/s:
Let us determine the frequency of winds that contribute to K blowing at speed:
Let's find it using formula (44):
K in = 53.65+11.88+7.17+4.759+1.182 = 78.64%.
Since it is less than the normative one (= 80%), it is necessary to build an auxiliary LP in a direction close to the north-south.
CONCLUSION
In this work, the required length of the runway for the B-727 and B-737 aircraft was found. The airfield capacity values for these aircraft have been determined. The direction near which it is necessary to build an airstrip has been found, and it has also been concluded that it is necessary to build an auxiliary air strip in a direction close to the north-south.
All final values are shown in Table 5.
LIST OF SOURCES USED
1. Course of lectures "Airlines, airports, airfields"
APPENDIX A
Aircraft characteristics
Table 3
Aircraft characteristics
Maximum take-off weight, t |
Landing weight, t |
Required runway length for takeoff under standard conditions, m |
Run length under standard conditions, m |
Lift-off speed under standard conditions, km/h |
Landing distance under standard conditions, m |
Run length under standard conditions, m |
Landing speed, km/h |
Gliding speed, km/h |
Circular flight speed, km/h |
Climb speed, km/h |
Group VS |
||
Table 4 - Characteristics of aircraft groups
APPENDIX B
Table 5
Summary table of received data
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It is no secret that a fairly large amount of forces and resources are used to ensure the flight of each aircraft.
Airports are an important part of air transportation - from the smallest to huge international hubs.
And in each of them, life is like an anthill. It’s just that the anthills are also different in size and the number of worker ants in them.
Such working ants at each airport are a huge fleet of equipment - plane buses, tractors, ramps, deicers, snow blowers, fuel tankers, fire trucks, etc. All of them scurry around the clock on runways and in hangars to ensure the speed of aircraft service and ensure safe flight for passengers.
My story will be about some of the working ants who are on duty at the airport today.
2. Standing in the terminal of almost any airport waiting to board our flight, we often observe the operation of certain machines on the runways or taxi pads. Most often this is the movement of various passenger vehicles of technical services, as well as clearing the strip from snow or ice.
Any weather precipitation for an airport is a potentially dangerous factor that must be eliminated as quickly and effectively as possible.
That is why during a snowfall, as well as after it, snow removal equipment on the runway works almost non-stop.
Whatever the weather, the asphalt surface must be clean and provide sufficient traction during takeoff, landing and taxiing of the airliner.
3. To remove large amounts of snow during heavy snowfalls, an auger machine is used. Its device allows, without damaging the concrete surface, to quickly and effectively remove large masses of snow in a short period of time. Special support wheels and a lower ski position the auger rotor as close to the ground as possible.
4. Snow is ejected from the side snail at a distance of about 50 meters. In this way, the snow is quickly removed from the strip, and then graders (as in photo No. 2) sweep away the snow, and trucks take it out.
5. Another extremely important worker ant in winter time is a deicer - an anti-icing machine that applies a special alcohol-based anti-icing liquid to the aircraft fuselage. Anti-icing treatment is needed to prevent the flaps and other moving elements of the fuselage from freezing during takeoff, landing and flight. The process is carried out in semi-automatic mode - near the fire protection nozzles there are ultrasonic radars that control the distance to the fuselage and at a critical moment stop the rod with the nozzle. First, remove any remaining ice, and then apply anti-icing fluid.
6. The deicer, despite its apparent “ordinariness,” is actually a computer monster—five different embedded computer systems are responsible for its operation.
To treat one Boeing 737-500 type airliner, 400 to 700 liters of anti-icing fluid are typically required.
The cost of one such machine, according to a representative of the technical service of the Surgut International Airport, is about 20 million rubles (approximately 650 thousand dollars)
7. The runway must be kept in perfect condition not only in winter, but also at any other time of the year. For these purposes, there is a machine that combines the functions of a washer, floor polisher and sweeper
8. None today international Airport cannot do without an airfield tractor. This short, but powerful and angry gnome is capable of towing aircraft weighing 60 tons or more.
9. White plates on the stern of the towing vehicle are weighting materials.
10. Firefighting equipment at the airport is always on alert, because in the event of a fire, seconds count.
11. Please note that in the cabin of the fire truck there are people ready for immediate response. All cars are necessarily equipped with powerful water cannons
12. Filling of fuel into the aircraft is carried out by special vehicles - fuel tankers. It is known that during flight, an aircraft consumes a fairly large amount of fuel - from 700-800 liters per hour for small models to several thousand liters per hour for large airliners. In addition, there must be a sufficiently large supply of fuel on board the aircraft in case of various unforeseen situations - a flight to another airport in the event of the destination airport refusing to accept the board for various force majeure reasons ( weather, accidents, etc.), additional time in the air awaiting a command to land, etc.
Modern tankers have a fuel tank capacity of 10 thousand liters or more and provide an accurate dosage of the fuel being poured.
13. The filling of fuel tankers takes place at a special fuel warehouse, where the quality of the fuel is monitored, as well as the introduction of special additives into it depending on various current needs.
14. To transport passengers from the terminal to the aircraft (if it is impossible to deliver the aircraft to the jet bridge), special buses are used, called platform buses.
As a rule, these are low-floor buses with high capacity - more than 100 people
15. To deliver passengers directly to the aircraft cabin, they are used different kinds self-propelled ladders. One of the world's largest manufacturers of ladders - French company Sovam. Self-propelled ladders are equipped with Perkins, Deutz or VW engines. The minimum docking height is 2.2 m (Boeing 737), the maximum is 5.8 m (Airbus A340). The gangway can support up to 102 people.
16. But modern airports they are gradually switching to the maximum possible use of special boarding bridges, allowing passengers to immediately get from the terminal to the plane without going through the street
17. Convenience and safety on your face
18. Another interesting ant is a car that provides the aircraft with drinking water, as well as its drainage after the flight.
There are two containers in the car - one with fresh water, the second for stale water. When the plane arrives, drinking water, located on board, is already considered stale and must be drained. Even if the plane is scheduled to take off in a short time on a return or another flight, the water on it is still replaced with fresh water
19. Having completed the inspection of the technical park of the Surgut airport, we again returned to the runway, where snow removal equipment continued to work, removing slowly falling snow from the surface...
20. But no matter how powerful a technical park modern airports are equipped with, the main functions are still performed by ordinary people - managing this equipment, logistics, communications, dispatching, etc...