What are the names of the planes? Civil aviation aircraft. Physical education lesson for the little ones “The airplane spread its wings”

Knows very much large number aircraft of various types and types. It is unlikely that it will even be possible to list all the names of the aircraft. However, it is quite possible to cover the main models. Let's find out how aircraft are classified, their types, types, and names will also be considered.

Names

Let's take a look at the list of names of the main foreign aircraft manufacturers in alphabetical order. The list includes both currently existing companies and abolished ones:

• Aérospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (USA).
• British Aerospace (UK).
• British Aircraft (UK).
• Heinkel (Germany).
• Junkers (Germany).
• McDonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Germany).

Names of aircraft in alphabetical order, produced in the USSR and other countries post-Soviet space, are given below:

• An (Antonov).
• And (Polikarpov).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MiG (Mikoyan and Gurevich).
• Po (Polikarpov).
• Su (Sukhoi).
• Tu (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

How are airplanes classified?

First of all, let's find out what types of planes there are. The names of aircraft can tell a lot, but the classification will tell us even more. How are aircraft classified? This is done according to the following parameters:

• by appointment;
• speed;
• number of engines;
• type of engines;
• chassis type;
• mass;
• number of wings;
• fuselage size;
• type of management;
• takeoff form.

We will now dwell on some of the above points in more detail.

Classification by purpose

It is considered the most common. According to this indicator, all aircraft were divided into two major types: military and civilian. In addition, each of these groups has its own division into smaller categories.

In accordance with the specific functional affiliation, military aircraft are classified into the following specialized categories: bombers, interceptor aircraft, fighter aircraft, attack aircraft, military transport ships, fighter-bombers, and reconnaissance aircraft.

IN civil aviation Flight devices are divided into the following categories: passenger, agricultural, transport, postal, experimental, etc.

Bombers

The bomber's mission is to hit targets on the ground. They do this with bombs and missiles.

Now let's find out the names of military aircraft. Among the bombers, the following domestically produced models can be distinguished: Su-24, Tu-160, Su-34. During the Second World War, the domestic Pe-2 bomber was especially famous. But the very first can be called the famous “Ilya Muromets” - the creation of the great designer Igor Sikorsky. This device first took off in the air back in 1913. During the First World War, it was converted into a bomber. Ilya Muromets aircraft were also used during the Civil War.

Among foreign aircraft we can highlight modern American strategic bombers Northrop B-2 Spirit, XB-70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US aircraft of the 30s Boeing B-17 and Martin B- 10, World War II-era German bombers Junkers Ju 86 and Heinkel He 111.

Fighters

The main task of these devices is to destroy aircraft and other objects that are in the air.

The names of fighter aircraft will also tell a lot to a military connoisseur. The most famous Soviet models of the Second World War period are LaGG-3, I-15 bis, MiG-3, I-16, I-153, Yak-1. In the same era, the German Bf.109, Bf.110 and Fw 190 aircraft, as well as the Me.262, Me.163 Komet and He 162 Volksjager jets, gained world fame.

Among Soviet fighters of a later era, the MiG-31, Su-27 and MiG-29 should be highlighted. Nowadays the sky is filled with modern Russian planes. Their names are well known to aviation specialists. These are 4++ generation fighters Su-35 and Mig-35.

Modern American models include the world's first generation five fighter, the Boeing F-22, as well as the earlier F-4 and F-15 Eagle models.

Fighter-bombers

They combine the functions of the first two categories of aircraft we described. That is, they destroy both air and ground targets.

The first fighter-bombers are considered to be the German Me.262, a modified model of the British Supermarine Spitfire fighter, the De Havilland Mosquito, and the Soviet Yak-9.

The first of the above models was released in 1968, and today it is the most popular of all passenger aircraft. The Boeing 747, produced a year later, is a pioneer among wide-body airliners. Boeing 747-8 is the longest passenger aircraft. It was released in 2010. Today, the Boeing 777, produced since 1994, has gained the greatest popularity on the passenger aviation market. The most new model corporations on at the moment- Boeing 787 built in 2009.

"Airbus"

As mentioned earlier, Boeing's main competitor in the global market is the European company Airbus, whose central office is located in France. It was founded much later than its American rival - in 1970. The most famous names of the aircraft of this company are A300, A320, A380 and A350 XWB.

Introduced in 1972, the A300 is the very first wide-body, twin-engine aircraft. The A320, manufactured in 1988, was the first in the world to use fly-by-wire control. The A380 aircraft, which first took to the skies in 2005, is the largest in the world. It is capable of carrying up to 480 passengers. The company's latest development is the A350 XWB. Its main task was to compete with the previously released Boeing 787. And this airliner successfully copes with this task, outperforming its rival in terms of efficiency.

The Soviet passenger aviation industry was also represented at a decent level. Most of the models are Aeroflot aircraft. Names of the main brands: Tu, Il, An and Yak.

The first domestic jet airliner was the Tu-104, released in 1955. The Tu-154, which first took off in 1972, is considered the most popular Soviet passenger aircraft. The 1968 Tu-144 acquired legendary status as the world's first airliner that managed to break the sound barrier. It could reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km/h, and this record has not been broken to this day. At the moment, the last operating model of the airliner developed by the Tupolev design bureau is the Tu-204 aircraft produced in 1990, as well as its modification Tu-214.

Naturally, besides Tu, there are other Aeroflot aircraft. The names of the most popular: An-24, An-28, Yak-40 and Yak-42.

Airliners from other countries of the world

In addition to those mentioned above, there are worthy of attention models and other manufacturers of passenger aircraft.

The British De Havilland Comet, launched in 1949, is the world's first jet airliner. The French-British airliner Concorde, developed in 1969, became widely known. It went down in history due to the fact that it is the second successful attempt (after the Tu-144) to create a supersonic passenger aircraft. Moreover, these two airliners are still unique in this regard, since so far no one else has been able to produce a passenger aircraft suitable for mass operation that can travel faster than sound.

Transport workers

The main purpose of transport aircraft is to transport cargo over long distances.

Among the devices of this type, it is necessary to identify Western models of passenger aircraft, modified for transport needs: Douglas MD-11F, and Boeing 747-8F.

But the Soviet and now Ukrainian design bureau named after Antonov became most famous in the production of transport aircraft. It produces aircraft that constantly break world records for carrying capacity: An-22 1965 (carrying capacity - 60 tons), An-124 1984 (carrying capacity - 120 tons), An-225 1988 (carries 253, 8 t). The latest model still holds the unbroken record for carrying capacity. In addition, it was planned to be used to transport the Soviet Buran shuttles, but with the collapse of the USSR, the project remained unrealized.

IN Russian Federation With transport aviation, everything is not so rosy. The names of Russian aircraft are as follows: Il-76, Il-112 and Il-214. But the problem is that the IL-76 currently being produced was developed back in Soviet era, in 1971, and the rest are planned to be launched only in 2017.

Agricultural aircraft

There are aircraft whose tasks include treating fields with pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals. This type aviation technology called agricultural.

Among the Soviet models of these devices, the U-2 and An-2 are known, which, due to the specifics of their use, were popularly called “corn trucks”.

Division by speed

In addition to the classification of aircraft by purpose, which we studied in detail above, there are other types of ranking. These include classification by flight speed. Based on this criterion, aircraft are divided into the following categories: subsonic, transonic aircraft, supersonic aircraft and hypersonic.

It is not difficult to understand that subsonic aircraft move slower than sound. Transonic aircraft fly at speeds close to the speed of sound, supersonic aircraft exceed this speed, and hypersonic aircraft exceed this speed by more than five times.

At the moment, the fastest experimental one in the world is considered hypersonic vehicle from USA X-43A 2001. It can reach a speed of 11,200 km/h. In second place is his compatriot X-15, released back in 1959. The speed is 7273 km/h. If we talk not about experimental devices, but about those aircraft that perform specific tasks, then the American SR-71, capable of reaching speeds of up to 3530 km/h, takes the lead. Among domestic aircraft, the supersonic MiG-25 should be highlighted. Its maximum speed can reach 3000 km/h.

In passenger aviation, things are much worse with speed. To date, only two supersonic airliners have been produced: the domestic Tu-144 (1968) and the French-English Concorde (1969). The first of them can reach speeds of up to 2.5 thousand km/h, which is a civil aviation record, but among aircraft of all purposes this is only the tenth place. It should also be noted that at the moment there is not a single supersonic airliner that is in operation, since the use of the Tu-144 was abandoned back in 1978, and the use of the Concorde was stopped in 2003.

Hypersonic passenger aircraft never existed at all. True, there are now several projects from both domestic and foreign design bureaus for the production of a hypersonic airliner. Among them, the most famous is the European ZEHST. This aircraft will be capable of reaching speeds of up to 5.0 thousand km/h, but the timing of its creation is unclear. There are two similar projects in Russia - Tu-244 and Tu-444, but at the moment both of them are frozen.

Other types of classification

Based on the number of engines, aircraft have a ranking from one to twelve engines.

Based on engine type, aircraft are divided into the following categories: electric, piston, turboprop, jet, rocket, and combined engine.

Based on the type of landing gear, aircraft are classified as follows: wheeled, ski-mounted, hovercraft, tracked, float-mounted, amphibious. Naturally, aircraft with wheeled landing gear are most common.

By weight, aircraft are divided into super-light, light, medium-weight, heavy and super-heavy aircraft.

According to the number of wings, in the direction of decreasing their number, aircraft are divided into polyplanes, triplanes, biplanes, sesquiplanes and monoplanes.

There is also a classification based on fuselage size: narrow-body and wide-body.

According to the classification of control type, aircraft are divided into manned and unmanned.

According to the take-off form, all aircraft can be divided into the following categories: vertical take-off, horizontal take-off and short take-off.

Manifold

We learned what the classification of aircraft is, their types, types, and names were also considered. As you can see, there are a very large number of models that perform different functions and have very different technical specifications. The world of aviation is truly multifaceted, and one review cannot describe absolutely all its aspects.

However, the general idea is that we this issue We can give by describing the most famous aircraft that have gone down in history. The types and names, despite their numerousness, can still be systematized in a certain way in order to clarify the essence of this topic.

Aviation as a mode of transport appeared relatively recently, its history goes back only a hundred years. Airplanes have firmly entered the everyday life of mankind, and now it is impossible to imagine traveling to another continent without using the services of one or another airline.

Initially, airplanes were shaky structures made of flammable materials, and movement in them was associated with a certain risk to life. But over time they evolved into convenient and safe look transport. More than 100 design companies produce passenger airliners for the needs of civil aviation. This industry is one of the most profitable in mechanical engineering. So what types of aircraft are there, which are considered the best, and how many of them are produced per year?

Types of aircraft are divided into several classifications:

• by purpose,
• speed,
• quantity,
• type of engines,
• size of wings and body,
• management.

This article will look at what passenger aircraft are made in different countries world (including in Russia): both new and older generation models.

Boeing Company

It is one of the leading manufacturers in the aviation industry, specializing in the production of passenger and cargo airliners for commercial aviation, as well as military and space equipment. The best US civil aircraft are produced by Boeing, due to which the company's products occupy a leading position in the country's exports.

Since its founding in 1916, the corporation confidently declared itself and until the end of the Second World War it produced mainly fighters and bombers. With the onset of peacetime, it quickly retrained for passenger aircraft and by the end of the 20th century became the progenitor of the most numerous model used by airlines - the Boeing 737. Now the aviation giant produces up to 500 aircraft per year and is constantly working on the development of the latest aviation and space technology.

The long-lived model has been produced since the mid-1960s of the last century and is one of the most frequently used by various air carriers. More than 6,000 aircraft were produced with successful launch original modification. Initially, aircraft of this series were intended for short- and medium-range domestic flight routes, but with the installation of innovative engines on the 737 family aircraft, starting in 1984, the Boeing 737 “Classic” model with a significantly increased capability for long-distance flights began to be produced.

Since the late 1990s, a modified Boeing 737 “Next Generation” model has appeared with more advanced energy-hungry engines, larger wings and a new passenger cabin with up to 210 seats. This model is currently being produced.

The airline giant is working on developing a new series designed to replace previous models. The first deliveries of the Boeing 737 Max are scheduled for the second half of 2017.

The first 747 aircraft was tested in 1968 and was designed to meet the demand for intercontinental transport, which was gaining popularity at an incredible rate at that time. The two-deck model remained the largest passenger aircraft on the planet for more than 30 years.

The aircraft is currently being produced; to date, more than 1.5 thousand models have been produced. In the late 1970s, powerful engines began to be installed on these airliners, and the weight of the hull was increased, increasing the possible flight distance.

The modern modification of the model compares favorably with its predecessors and surpasses them in reducing noise during flight, resource saving, overall efficiency and safety. Passenger capacity is up to 581 people.

Developed during the global fuel crisis of the second half of the 20th century, the aircraft consumes many times less resources, while maintaining all the standards of safe and successful flight.

Due to breakthroughs in aerodynamics, innovative aircraft design, the use of the latest materials and only two engines, the aircraft is an alternative to more resource-consuming models.

However, the reduction in the number of engines entailed a reduction in the range of non-stop flights, the upper limit of which is 7000 kilometers. The aircraft's cabin layout has also undergone changes compared to previous Boeing models, with only two aisles and between 200 and 295 seats in early versions.

Currently, production of the model has been discontinued due to a decrease in orders for it. As of 2004, more than 1,000 aircraft were produced, and most leading airlines continue to operate them.

The aircraft was developed in parallel with the Boeing 757, it was intended to replace much more energy-intensive models, consuming 32% less fuel.

Due to the reduced passenger capacity, the model initially did not cause much excitement among airlines, but after a series of modifications and an increase in the cabin, its market competitiveness was proven and it was especially often used for air crossings Atlantic Ocean. Initially, the passenger cabin of the airliner consisted of 181 seats, but then the number was increased to 224.

The model is very popular among American airlines operating on domestic flights, and is often used when flying with east coast countries to the west. The interest of airlines in the model allowed the Boeing Company to continue its production at the present time.

Boeing 777

The aircraft has two engines and is designed for long-distance intercontinental flights from 10 thousand to 21 thousand kilometers. A distinctive feature can be considered jet engines, whose diameter has no analogues in the world.

The model is equipped with the latest technology; its creation was carried out using computer technology. Today the aircraft is the most successful and best-selling aircraft for Boeing; its production has only been increasing in recent years.

The world's leading air carriers operate the model on their flights, carrying from 300 to 550 passengers per flight.

Airbus S.A.S

The largest manufacturer in Eurasia, producing various types civil and cargo aircraft, created by the merger of several European aircraft concerns in the late 1960s. The company's main offices are in France, Spain, Germany and the UK.

Airbus immediately focused on developing low-cost, lightweight, fuel-efficient models. This decision paid dividends. The company is now a direct competitor to Boeing, although in recent years it has been receiving more orders and producing more aircraft (up to 550 per year) than its American rivals. Modern models of this brand enjoy the constant trust of passengers and various air carriers.

Additional information. The decision to unite European aircraft manufacturing companies has more than once been called a saving grace for the local aviation industry and the economy of the European Union.

The brainchild of the Airbus aviation concern first saw the light of day in the mid-1980s, and began flying in 1987. The design of this aircraft was carried out using the latest aircraft manufacturing technologies available at that time; for the first time, an electronic remote control system was built into it.

The model compares favorably with its direct competitors due to its more spacious cabin and luggage compartment dimensions, as well as the reduced cost of operation and preventative repairs, which has led to great demand for the airliner among low-cost airlines. It can travel non-stop over distances of up to 6.5 thousand kilometers and carry from 140 to 180 passengers.

Currently, the aircraft is in great demand and occupies a leading position in the ratings as the best-selling and most produced model in the world. Up to 40 airliners are built at Airbus factories per month.

The largest aircraft in the world in terms of size and number of passengers carried today appeared in the early 2000s through the efforts of the aircraft manufacturing corporation EADS, commissioned by Airbus, and its commercial operation began by 2007.

The model is designed for intercontinental communication (up to 15,000 kilometers) of the world's largest modern airports, but not every one of them is capable of hosting such a huge airliner with four engines, capable of carrying up to 1,000 passengers at a time.

Due to its size, the aircraft consumes quite a lot of fuel, so the designers had to cover the fuselage of the aircraft with the lightest but most durable materials in order to lighten its weight as much as possible.

Production of the model continues to this day, and its popularity remains unchanged among the world's leading airlines.

Airbus A319

The characteristics of this model are very similar to the A320, but with a smaller body, passenger capacity and fuel consumption. The aircraft itself is designed for short and medium-range flights and is not capable of covering more than 6.5 thousand kilometers without refueling, but in its segment this is more than a decent indicator.

Despite some limitations, the aircraft has found its niche in the industry and is used for flights between European countries and is actively operated by airlines economy class for transporting passengers on less popular routes (from 125 to 156 people).

The aircraft with a wide fuselage is designed for long-distance intercontinental flights and is capable of covering up to 13.5 thousand kilometers. The model was created to compete with the Boeing Company and their 767 modification aircraft.

Since the early 1990s, more than a thousand airliners have been produced, and their production continues to this day. The aircraft is capable of carrying between 240 and 440 passengers and is the largest twin-engine model produced by Airbus.

The airline is currently planning to release a new generation model that will reduce the fuel consumption of the A330 by 15% and significantly reduce the cost of operating aircraft for airlines.

One of the most popular models in the past, now discontinued. The aircraft, with a shorter fuselage than other models of the concern at that time, was put into operation starting in 1983, its flight range was 5.5 thousand kilometers.

Since then, the model has been improved several times: the modification of the wings has changed, the braking ability of the chassis has been improved, and a vertical tail made of carbon fiber has been added. A lot of attention was also paid to the interior design of the cabin - the distance between the seats, the depth of the shelves, accessibility individual funds in the event of an emergency, they were at the highest level and met all standards accepted at that time. At present major airlines no longer use this model, but mid-segment carriers and low-cost airlines still actively use it.

Domestic aircraft manufacturing

Models of passenger aircraft in the history of Russian and Soviet aviation are numerous and varied. The construction of the first domestic aircraft began under Emperor Nicholas II; quite successful aircraft “Russian Knight” and “Ilya Muromets” were created, which proved to be excellent bombers on the fronts of the First World War. Epic heroes were specially chosen to name Russian aircraft in order to maintain morale in regular army units.

After the October Revolution, many private commercial companies producing aviation equipment were abolished, and instead, state-controlled design bureaus appeared with a clearly defined plan: to work only for the military-industrial complex.

With the onset of peacetime, types of passenger aircraft began to be developed with special zeal, and air transport were gaining more and more popularity. Now the Russian aviation industry largely depends on Western partners, but it also has its own developments, and the number of models produced per year is gradually growing.

Additional information. At the dawn of the Soviet aviation industry, a curious tradition was born: any aircraft model is called after the design bureau that created it.

An-24

The aircraft was developed by the Antonov Design Bureau; over 17 years of production, approximately 1,200 models were produced. During the Soviet period, the airliner was used on domestic flights and coped well with various weather conditions. Some air carriers in the Russian Federation still operate this model, capable of carrying up to 52 passengers at a time. The aircraft has two turboprop engines and is capable of non-stop flight of up to 2 thousand kilometers.

Tu-134

It was created as a safer, faster and less noisy version of the An-24 at the Tupolev Design Bureau. First released in the mid-1960s, about 900 vehicles were put into operation over 18 years. The aircraft cabin can accommodate up to 75 passengers, and the non-stop flight distance is 2 thousand kilometers.

To understand how popular it was in its time this model, just open any book where Russian aviation is considered in a historical context. Suffice it to recall that the aircraft was produced until 2013 and for a long time invariably occupied first place in the list of the safest airliners in the world.

Since 1968, just under a thousand medium-haul airliners have been produced, capable of flying almost 4 thousand kilometers without refueling. A significant number are still in operation and constitute a significant part air fleet Russian air carriers.

IL-62

By the mid-1950s, civil aviation of the USSR did not have a single design bureau making aircraft capable of flying between continents. The Ilyushin Design Bureau developed the Il-64, in the first assemblies capable of carrying 164 passengers (later the number increased to 186) over a distance of more than 11 thousand kilometers.

IL-96

Wide-body aircraft in Russia have been produced since the late 80s. It is this model that currently transports the President of the Russian Federation. It is capable of carrying up to 300 passengers over a distance of up to 9 thousand kilometers. Since the spring of 2014, the airliner has been completely taken out of service and is currently used only by the national carrier of Cuba.

Currently, Russia can boast of the products of the Sukhoi company, which produces medium-haul airliners capable of non-stop flight over a distance of 4.5 thousand kilometers and transportation of almost 100 kilometers. Since 2008, 89 aircraft have been produced and are operated by such air carriers as Aeroflot, Utair and Interjet.

MS-21

The brainchild of the Irkutsk aircraft plant in the form of a mid-fuselage civil aircraft, capable of flying at a distance of up to 6.4 thousand kilometers, was released in June 2016, and the first test flight took place at the end of May 2017. The airliner can carry up to 180 people and is designed primarily for domestic flights.

Video

Thanks to the enormous competition among the largest airline companies, passengers and air carriers are in a winning situation. Every year, passenger aircraft become more technologically advanced, comfortable and safe for people who choose this type of transport for travel.

What is an ultralight aircraft?
Ultralight aircraft are relatively new in private aviation and offer an alternative to piston and turboprop aircraft that are used for short duration budget travel until five o'clock. Examples of ultralight aircraft include the Cessna Citation Mustang, Raytheon Hawker 400XP, and Embraer Phenom 100.

When is an ultralight aircraft most appropriate?
The ultralight aircraft is cheaper to operate than its private counterparts and can make do with shorter runways. Such aircraft are popular both for personal use and as an air taxi from one point to another.

What is the flight range over light aircraft?
Depending on the type of ultralight aircraft, you can expect a range of up to 1,000-1,500 miles, approximately London to St. Petersburg or Dallas to New York.

Ultralight aircraft Cessna Citation Mustang

Light Jets

What is a light aircraft?
Light aircraft accommodate up to 8 passengers and are designed for short local flights. Most light ships have limited movement in the cabin, and the bathroom is located in a compartment or closed with a curtain. Some of the most popular models for business travel are the Bombardier Learjet 35, Cessna Citation CJ2 and Dassault Falcon 10.

When is a light aircraft most appropriate?
Most of these aircraft seat up to eight passengers, and the baggage compartment may vary from one light aircraft to another. They are more economical than their larger counterparts, although they fly an impressive distance.

What is the flight range of a light aircraft?
Most light aircraft can travel distances of up to 1500-2000 miles - this is the approximate distance from Palm Beach to Teterboro or from London to Rhodes.

Light aircraft Cessna Citation CJ2

Mid-Size Jets

What is a midsize aircraft?
The typical capacity of a midsize aircraft is from 7 to 8 passengers, with plenty of space to move around the cabin and a fully enclosed bathroom, while a midsize aircraft is designed for 4-5 hours of travel.

When is a midsize aircraft most appropriate?
A more cost effective alternative to large heavy aircraft. They are chosen for their low operating costs along with high luggage compartments, folding sofa and closed bathrooms.

What is the flight range of a midsize aircraft?
The flight range of a midsize aircraft is approximately 2000-3000 miles, the same as the distance between Teterboro and Van Nuys or between Munich and Dubai.

Mid-sized aircraft Hawker 800XP

Heavy Jets

What is a heavy jet aircraft?
WITH maximum capacity With 18 passengers and a flight range of over 6 hours, the heavy superjet is the ideal aircraft for transcontinental flights. High ceilings allow free and comfortable movement around the cabin. Airplanes of this class are equipped with a completely enclosed toilet. In addition, there is a flight attendant on board to attend to any request during the flight. This is the ideal aircraft for private air travel.

When is it appropriate to choose a heavy jet?
These aircraft offer luxurious high-rise cabins, large passenger and luggage capacity, plus lie-flat seats and a private bathroom. You will be accompanied on board by a flight attendant who will take care of your every whim.

What is the flight range of a heavy jet aircraft?
Airplanes of this class can easily cover transcontinental distances, since their cruising speed is much higher than that of more compact and lighter aircraft. On an aircraft of this class you can fly from Miami to Ibiza without transfers.

Falcon 2000 heavy jet aircraft

Ultra-Long Range Heavy Jets

What is a long-haul aircraft?
Long-haul aircraft are the flagships of charter air travel. Aircraft of this class are the pride of manufacturers, as they demonstrate exceptional speed and power on transcontinental flights and can connect two almost any city in the world.

When is it appropriate to choose a long-haul aircraft?
Comfortable meeting rooms and personal apartments, a well-equipped kitchen, a multimedia system and high-tech communications allow you to enjoy every moment of the flight on board such an aircraft.

What is the flight range of a long-haul aircraft?
The very name of such an aircraft suggests that it is designed for those flights that require much longer time in the air, for example, from San Francisco to Hong Kong or from London to Kuala Lumpur.

Bombardier Global XRS 6000 long-range aircraft

Business liners

What is a business jet?
The business liner confirms the high quality of its class, serving the most eminent clients on long intercontinental routes.

Why choose a business jet?
Meeting rooms, relaxation areas, separate bedrooms with showers and a kitchen with the latest technology meet the highest demands of functionality and comfort. Taking care of a private space for passengers to work and relax, business liners are often equipped with corridors and completely separate rooms.

What is the flight range of a business jet?
The business jet can make unlimited flights and easily travel transatlantic distances, for example, from London to Los Angeles.

Business airliner Airbus A319/ACJ

*Please note that maximum flight time depends on passenger weight, cargo capacity, wind speed on the day of flight and other factors. The stated flight times are based on passengers traveling light.

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Flight geometric and weight characteristics, general layout, equipment used, as well as the design of individual parts are largely determined by the purpose of the aircraft. According to their purpose, all aircraft can be divided into two large groups: 1) civil and 2) military.

Civil aircraft
Civil aircraft are used to transport passengers, cargo, mail and serve various sectors of the national economy. They, in turn, can be divided into the following main types.

1. Passenger aircraft designed for transporting passengers, luggage and mail. Depending on the flight range, the number of passengers carried, the size and type of runways, these aircraft are divided into mainline and local airlines.

Long-haul aircraft, depending on their flight range, are divided into:
a) short-range ones with a flight range of 1000…2000 km;
b) medium ones with a flight range of 3000...4000 km;
c) long-range with a flight range of 5000...11,000 km.

Local airlines are divided into:
a) heavy with the number of passengers 50...55;
b) medium ones with the number of passengers 24...30;
c) light with the number of passengers 8...20.

2. Cargo aircraft, the main purpose of which is the transportation of various goods.

3. Special purpose aircraft used in various areas of the national economy. These are polar, agricultural, and ambulance aircraft, aircraft for geological aerial reconnaissance, for protecting forests from fires, for aerial photography, etc.

4. Training aircraft, serving for pilot training. They are divided into initial training and transitional aircraft. Initial training aircraft are two-seater aircraft that are quite simple to learn and pilot. Transitional aircraft are used to train pilots to fly production aircraft in service.

Military aircraft are used to carry out air strikes against military installations, communications, manpower and equipment of the enemy in the rear and in the front line, to protect friendly installations and troops from enemy aircraft, for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and cargo, for intelligence, communications, etc.

Depending on the specific purpose, military aircraft can be divided into the following types.
1. Bombers whose purpose is to carry out bombing attacks on the most important objects, communications nodes, places of concentration of enemy equipment and manpower in his rear.

2. Fighters that serve to combat enemy aircraft. They, in turn, can be divided into several types:
a) escort fighters, designed to protect their bombers performing a combat mission from enemy aircraft;
b) front-line fighters, providing protection for their troops from
enemy aviation over the battlefield and in the front line;
c) anti-aircraft fighters - interceptor fighters, the purpose of which is to intercept and destroy enemy bombers.

3. Fighter-bombers equipped with bombs, missiles and cannon weapons and used to strike targets in the area of ​​forward positions and in the near rear of the enemy and to destroy his aircraft.

4. Military transport aircraft used for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and various cargoes.

5. Reconnaissance aircraft designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance behind enemy lines and over the theater of military operations.

6. Auxiliary aircraft, which include spotter aircraft, communication aircraft, ambulance aircraft, etc.

The main parts of the aircraft and their purpose
The main parts of an aircraft are the wing, fuselage, tail, landing gear and power plant.

A wing is the load-bearing surface of an aircraft, designed to create aerodynamic lift.

The fuselage is the main part of the aircraft structure, which serves to connect all its parts into one whole, as well as to accommodate the crew, passengers, equipment and cargo.

The tail is a load-bearing surface designed to provide longitudinal and directional stability and controllability.

Landing gear is an aircraft support system used for takeoff, landing, movement and parking on the ground, the deck of a ship or on the water.

The power plant, the main elements of which is the engine, serves to create thrust.

In addition to these main parts, the aircraft has a large number of different equipment. It is equipped with main control systems (control of control surfaces: ailerons, elevators and rudder), auxiliary control (control of mechanization, retraction and release of landing gear, hatch doors, equipment units, etc.), hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, electrical equipment, high-altitude, protective equipment, etc.

Classification of aircraft according to the scheme
The classification of aircraft according to the scheme is carried out taking into account the relative position, shape, number and type of individual components that make up the aircraft. The aircraft layout is determined by the following features:

1) the number and location of wings;
2) type of fuselage;
3) the location of the tail
4) chassis type;
5) type, number and location of engines.

It is possible to fully characterize the design of an aircraft only on the basis of all these five features. Classification according to only one or several of them cannot give a complete picture of the scheme.

Based on the number of wings, all aircraft are divided into biplanes and monoplanes, and the latter, depending on the relative position of the wing and fuselage, are divided into low planes, midplanes and high planes. Based on the type of fuselage, aircraft are divided into one fuselage and two-boom. Depending on the conditions of takeoff and landing, airplanes may have wheeled, ski, or float landing gear. For seaplanes, the fuselage can also serve as a boat. There are mixed designs: wheeled ski chassis, amphibious boat.

Piston and gas turbine engines are used as the main engines on modern aircraft. The most widely used engines at present are gas turbine engines, which, in turn, are divided into turboprop, turbojet, turbojet with afterburner and turbojet bypass. The choice of the type of engines, their number and location is determined to a large extent by the purpose of the aircraft and has a significant impact on its design.