Air cargo transportation. Air transportation: concept, types, sources of legal regulation Tickets sold at preferential rates are valid for flights during the established expiration dates, but within the periods for which preferential rates are introduced

At one time, air transport was a curiosity and simply inaccessible to ordinary citizens. Nowadays, everything has changed dramatically; now airplanes are widely used not only for transporting passengers, but also various cargoes abroad. very quickly began to enjoy great popularity, thanks to the huge number of advantages with which they are endowed.

Advantages of air transportation

The most important advantage is high speed. This service is simply indispensable when transporting valuables, medicines and organs for transplantation, which must be in as soon as possible delivered to their destination.

Another advantage of this service is the ability to quickly cover vast distances. Oceans, mountains and deserts - all this can be overcome with ease; in flight, only air pockets can cause inconvenience. All other types of cargo transportation cannot compete with air transportation in this regard.

When sending cargo by air, there is no need to go through a control procedure at each customs office. Checks are carried out only upon dispatch and upon arrival of the cargo. It is also worth noting the high reliability of this method of transporting goods, since the risk of theft of goods in the air is as close to zero as possible. The transported goods can be damaged only during loading or during customs control.

And another quite important advantage is that it provides the opportunity to track the location of the goods using a special website. Air transportation provides the opportunity to transport a wide variety of goods, regardless of size and weight.

Transportation of perishable goods

The group includes all products with a short shelf life when kept under normal conditions. When transporting such goods, it is necessary to ensure a special temperature regime, and in some cases, humidity. If this is not done, the quality of the product may deteriorate, which, in turn, will bring losses to its owner.

This group includes fruits, vegetables, citrus fruits, fresh flowers, cosmetic products, medicines, meat and fish products. To ship such goods, the owner of the product must provide all necessary certificates issued on the day of shipment. Moreover, the certificate must be obtained separately for each batch of goods.

Typically, such cargo is delivered on direct flights, but if this is not possible, then one transshipment from one side to another is permissible. Fresh flowers can only be transported by direct flight. To transport such cargo, a request for transportation must be submitted at least ten days in advance.

If fruits and citrus fruits are to be transported, then at the time of loading you need to take into account the load on the boxes when placing them on top of each other. At the time of loading, you must also ensure that there is a certain distance between the boxes to ensure free air circulation. If fruits and fruits are transported on the same flight, they must be located in different compartments.

Air transportation of dangerous goods

The group of dangerous goods includes substances that, if loaded or transported incorrectly, create a danger to others and can also cause significant damage to the aircraft and environment. Cargoes of this type have their own classification according to the level of danger:

The first category includes various types of explosives.
The second category includes liquefied, dissolved, and compressed gaseous substances.
The third category includes liquids that are highly flammable.
The fourth category includes spontaneously combustible and solid substances that are easily ignited, as well as substances that emit flammable gases when in contact with water.
The fifth category includes organic peroxides, as well as oxidizing substances.
The sixth category includes infectious/poisonous substances.
The seventh category includes cargo that emits radiation.
The eighth category includes corrosive and caustic compounds.
The ninth category includes other dangerous goods that are not included in the eight classes mentioned above.

Air transportation of dangerous goods is carried out according to standards approved by a special UN commission. To transport cargo of this type, the following requirements must be met:

The cargo must be marked, a special sign warning of its danger, as well as instructions for handling it.
Dangerous goods must be accompanied by a Dangerous Goods Declaration, as well as an AWB air waybill.
must be carried out in strict accordance with IATA (ICAO) requirements.

Air transportation of heavy and oversized cargo

The load is considered heavy if its weight exceeds 80 kilograms. If the dimensions of the cargo exceed the dimensions of the loading hatches of aircraft, then it is oversized.

Transportation of heavy/oversized cargo is carried out on aircraft that are equipped to handle such tasks. Cargo of this type can be transported either with or without packaging, if the carrier allows it. Loads without containers that are heavy are transported on specialized pallets, under which wooden beams are placed to prevent the maximum pressure on the floor from being exceeded. Oversized/heavy cargo must be delivered to the loading location exactly within the pre-agreed time frame.

Heavy transport aircraft are used for air transportation of oversized cargo. Oversized cargo whose height or width exceeds 6.4 meters is not allowed for transportation by air. This is due to the fact that the size of the loading hatch is the largest transport aircraft An-124 "Ruslan" is 6.4 meters. Air transportation of oversized cargo is more expensive than transportation by other modes of transport. But at the same time only air transport is able to ensure high efficiency of cargo delivery.

Features of air transportation of lightweight cargo

Light cargo includes cargo with a volume of more than 0.006 cubic meters per gross kilogram. The cost of transporting bulk cargo depends on its volumetric weight. Determining the exact volume required to transport a lightweight load is done by multiplying its width by its height and length. To calculate a gross kilogram, the volume it occupies in an aircraft is divided by its weight.

The cargo service dispatcher is responsible for calculating the volume of lightweight cargo. When calculating the cost, not only the volume of boxes in which bulk cargo is packed is taken into account, but also the gap between them. In order not to overpay for air transportation of lightweight cargo, it is packed in boxes as tightly as possible.

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✪ Legal regulation of air cargo transportation. International conventions

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Classification

Air transportation is usually classified by direction, cargo category and type of loading.

Simple transportation

Also called “general transportation” - they involve the transportation of general cargo to the destination, and the customer of such a service is the owner of the goods being transported. The main advantage of general transportation is high efficiency.

Associated transportation

Associated transportation involves the use of free transport traveling in the required direction. The advantage of this format of cargo transportation is its low cost.

Shuttle transportation

Main article: Shuttle transportation

In aviation, this format is accepted for transporting passengers. A distinctive feature of shuttle transportation is the return vehicle to the point of departure without passengers on board.

Groupage transportation

Groupage transportation is the most common format for transporting piece goods, in which goods from various senders are consolidated in a warehouse and sent as their optimal volume accumulates. They are characterized by low transportation costs.

Classification of special cargo

The current “Guide to Freight Transportation on Domestic Air Lines of the USSR” (RGP-85) contains references to special (special) conditions of transportation: “Some types of cargo (perishable, dangerous, radioactive, animals, etc.) are also accepted for transportation by air. ), which require special conditions transportation. (clause 2.4.3) In this document there are points: - Transportation of heavy and oversized cargo (clause 2.9), - Transportation of perishable goods (clause 2.16), - Transportation of dangerous goods and radioactive materials (clause 2.17), - Transportation living creatures (clause 2.18), - Transportation of self-propelled and tracked vehicles (clause 2.19), - Transportation of coffins with the dead (clause 2.20). Classification of special cargo. (undefined) .

Passenger air transportation

Passenger aircraft carry out transportation of passengers and mail, making regular (or irregular) flights.

Aircraft flying without passengers or cargo, the so-called Empty Leg, are rented at a price significantly lower than the cost of the flight.

Air cargo transportation

Rules for air cargo transportation

According to the rules for air cargo transportation (Federal Law “On Transport and Forwarding Activities” dated June 30, 2003 No. 87-FZ and the Warsaw Convention on International Carriage by Air (Montreal, May 28, 1999)), cargo is accepted for transportation only if available a correctly executed freight bill.

Cargo transportation on international airlines can be carried out on passenger and cargo aircraft.
Cargo exceeding the established limits in weight and dimensions may be accepted for transportation only with the consent of the carrier.
Cargo accepted for international transportation is subject to the following rules:

import and export, transit of cargo must be permitted by the laws and regulations of the country to, from, or through the territory of which transportation is carried out;
the dimensions of the cargo must ensure its free loading and unloading, placement in the luggage and cargo compartments of aircraft and its securing;
when transported on scheduled passenger aircraft, the weight and dimensions of cargo must not exceed the limits established by regulations;
all required documents must be attached to the cargo;
the cargo must not create a danger for the aircraft, people and property on it, and also, due to its properties, must not create inconvenience for passengers.

Legislation in the field of air transportation

Intercity and international air transportation is regulated by a number of regulatory documents, which can be divided into several groups.
The first of them is documents of state regulation of aviation, including relevant laws, certification standards and licensing rules.
The second category is aviation regulations operating at the federal level.
The third group of regulatory documents is the internal Russian rules for the transportation of passengers and cargo transportation using aircraft.

Separately, it is worth noting the Chicago Convention on International civil aviation 1944 and the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Rules for Air Transport of 1929. These documents have been ratified by most countries of the world and are mandatory for implementation in Russia. Also, legal settlement is made in accordance with Federal Aviation Regulations No. 136/42/51 of March 31, 2002 and the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (Geneva, May 19, 1956). Indirect payments for clearing goods at customs are fees for issuance of licenses, qualification certificates, storage of goods in a customs warehouse and their transportation.

Air traffic volume statistics

At the end of 2011, the air cargo transportation market in Russia amounted to 5.9%, transportation amounted to 981 thousand tons of cargo and mail, the increase in cargo turnover was 5%, which amounted to more than 4.9 billion ton-km. Comparing the first quarter of 2012 with the same period in 2011, data from the statistical agency showed positive dynamics in air cargo transportation, with an overall increase in cargo turnover amounting to 10.2%. The volume of cargo transportation was 224,742.52 tons, an increase of 8.9%.

In 2013, according to data from global analytical agencies, in particular IATA (International Air Transport Association statistics), a decline in the growth of air cargo traffic was recorded. According to experts, the decline is caused primarily by the general decline in the global economy. Accordingly, airlines are reducing capacity, trying to normalize load factors and maintain the planned profitability of air cargo, despite rising fuel prices.

Classification

Air transportation is usually classified by direction, cargo category and type of loading.

Simple transportation

Also called “general transportation” - they involve the transportation of general cargo to the destination, and the customer of such a service is the owner of the transported goods. The main advantage of general transportation is high efficiency.

Associated transportation

imply the use of free transport moving in the required direction. The advantage of this format of cargo transportation is its low cost.

Shuttle transportation

Main article: Shuttle transportation

In aviation, this format is accepted for transporting passengers. A distinctive feature of shuttle transportation is the return of the vehicle to the point of departure without passengers on board.

Groupage transportation

Classification of special cargo.

The current “Guide to Freight Transportation on Domestic Air Lines of the USSR” (RGP-85) contains references to special (special) conditions of transportation: “Some types of cargo (perishable, dangerous, radioactive, animals, etc.) are also accepted for transportation by air. ), which require special transportation conditions. (clause 2.4.3) In this document there are points: - Transportation of heavy and oversized cargo (clause 2.9), - Transportation of perishable goods (clause 2.16), - Transportation of dangerous goods and radioactive materials (clause 2.17), - Transportation living creatures (clause 2.18), - Transportation of self-propelled and tracked vehicles (clause 2.19), - Transportation of coffins with the dead (clause 2.20). Classification of special cargo. . Archived from the original on March 28, 2012.

Legislation in the field of air transportation

Intercity and international air transportation is regulated by a number of regulatory documents, which can be divided into several groups. The first of them is documents of state regulation of aviation, including relevant laws, certification standards and licensing rules. The second category is aviation regulations operating at the federal level. The third group of regulatory documents is the internal Russian rules for the transportation of passengers and cargo transportation using aircraft.

Separately, it is worth noting the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 and the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Rules for Air Transport of 1929. These documents have been ratified by most countries of the world and are mandatory for implementation in Russia.

Consolidated cargo and customs clearance

International transportation of goods by air requires mandatory customs procedures. Customs clearance is carried out by declaring goods and paying all necessary fees. Mandatory payments for customs clearance of imported goods include excise tax, value added tax and duty. Indirect payments for clearance of goods at customs are fees for the issuance of licenses, qualification certificates, storage of goods in a customs warehouse and their transportation.

Links

History of air transportation development and current trends
Federal Law “On Freight Forwarding Activities”

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Air transportation” is in other dictionaries:

air transportation- air travel ozki, zok, units. ch. zka, and... Russian spelling dictionary

Commercial air transportation- Commercial air transportation transportation of passengers, cargo and mail, carried out by flights available for public use for a fee and for hire... Source: Order of Rosstat dated 08/18/2011 N 365 (as amended on 09/06/2012) On approval... ... Official terminology

Local air transportation- Local transportation transportation performed on flights when the points of the flight being performed are located in the territory of one subject Russian Federation(republics, territories, regions)... Source: Order of Rosstat dated August 18, 2011 N 365 (as amended on September 6, 2012) About... ... Official terminology

Air transportation is irregular- Irregular transportation transportation performed on irregular (charter) flights, i.e. on aircraft flights operated outside the published schedule in accordance with the air transportation agreement concluded between the customer and... ... Official terminology

Regular air transportation- Regular transportation transportation carried out on regular flights, i.e. on aircraft flights operated in accordance with the schedule published in the prescribed manner, including transportation on additional flights, i.e. on flights... ... Official terminology

Approval of flight operation of organizations performing air transportation- Flight approval is the process of technical inspections and assessments of organizations engaged in commercial passenger or cargo air transportation, carried out by a Contracting Party using standards agreed upon by the Contracting Parties... ... Official terminology

Perth International Airport ... Wikipedia

Contents 1 Passenger transportation 1.1 Regular routes (total volume) ... Wikipedia

Ile de France region on the map of France ... Wikipedia

The rights of an airline to carry out international air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail for a fee. The granting of commercial rights is the prerogative of the state to or from whose territory air transportation is carried out.… … Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

International air transportation can be: commercial (carried out by civil aircraft for a fee) and non-commercial (free).

At international air traffic Passengers, luggage, cargo and mail can be carried. The carriage of passengers, baggage and cargo is regulated by bilateral and multilateral agreements, as well as the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air (Warsaw Convention 1929). International air transportation of mail is carried out in compliance with the rules of international postal agreements.

Flights on international airlines can be classified according to the form of their execution:

On a regular basis (carried out in accordance with the terms of air services agreements between states);

For irregular flights (operated on the basis of special permits for one-time flights):

a. additional,

b. special,

c. charter.

Regular flights - these are flights operated in accordance with the published schedule on contractual airlines. The schedule indicates the flight route, intermediate landing points, departure and arrival times at each route point, frequency and type of aircraft. Changes to these conditions for the operation of scheduled flights can only be made with the mutual consent of the contracting states.

Scheduled air transportation is paid at international aviation tariffs, published and unpublished.

Published (end-to-end) tariffs are tariffs and charges from the departure airport to the destination airport, placed in tariff books. If there is a published (through) tariff between two points, then transportation should be carried out only at this tariff.

2. in the absence of a proportional tariff - by adding up the sectional tariffs of individual through sections of transportation in compliance with the relevant rules for constructing tariffs.

Most existing tariffs are not published, they are not in tariff directories and other official tariff publications. Moreover, each airline develops its own unofficial tariffs, which are mostly closed and constitute a commercial secret of the airline.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) regulates international aviation fares. Official international air fares are published in directories .

The APT Passenger Fares Guide publishes all official international passenger air fares, as well as the rules that govern the construction and application of fares, discounts, fees and transportation routes.

The rates and fees contained in this directory, as well as excursion rates, including the inclusive tour (ART-IT), are indicated per passenger and are applicable to air transportation on the routes specified in the directory, from the airport of departure to the airport of destination. In addition, they include rates for transit fees, ground transportation fees, and other fees imposed by government agencies.

The ACT Air Cargo Tariff Guide contains all the rules for constructing and applying cargo tariffs on global airlines. In addition, the “Rules by Country” section indicates the specifics of freight transportation in each country of the world.

Freight tariffs specified in the directory apply only for transportation from the point of departure to the point of destination and do not include fees for the delivery of goods to the airport of departure, storage of goods, their insurance, customs formalities, etc.

Typically, international air fares are set bilaterally through agreements between airlines operating the same routes. But many airlines operate on the same route. In addition, tariffs established between certain points affect the interests of airlines operating flights on adjacent airlines. Therefore, international tariffs go beyond bilateral agreements between airlines and form a complex system that includes various types tariffs for transportation between two points or more.

The system of international air tariffs is also influenced by a number of factors: the distance between points, the demand for transportation, tariffs offered by other modes of transport, the availability of charter transportation, the imbalance of air transportation by destination, the different interests of carriers, agents, senders and passengers.

All these factors are taken into account by IATA when developing the international air fares system. The tariff system and the rules for their construction and application are developed by IATA member airlines at air transportation conferences, which are usually held once every two years.

International aviation fares can be divided into:

Passenger;

Baggage;

Freight.

The system for determining passenger tariffs will be discussed further.

Baggage rate- norm free transportation baggage, both checked and unchecked, which is determined by the class of service. For first class it is 30 kg, for economy class- 20 kg. Depending on the class of service, this rule applies to all passengers who have a ticket paying at least 50% of the fare.

Baggage carried in excess of the free baggage allowance is subject to payment by the passenger. The baggage fare per 1 kg is determined as 1% of the direct normal through fare of first class in one direction applied on a given route, regardless of the class the passenger is traveling on.

There are also special baggage rates for certain categories of luggage (sports equipment, diplomatic luggage, etc.).

Freight rates on international air routes are divided into three types:

Basic: normal (up to 45 kg), quantitative (more than 45 kg), minimum collection;

Class;

Special.

Basic tariffs - these are standard tariffs established for payment for transportation of 1 kg of cargo from the point of departure to the point of destination. They are the most common when transporting all types of cargo, with the exception of some cases when preferential special and class tariffs are applied.

Normal rates are basic for determining discounts or surcharges when creating class, quantitative and special tariffs. Their advantage is ease of use.

Quantitative tariffs mainly used by airlines operating large-capacity aircraft. They provide a discount for additional weight categories. For example, for a weight category of 45 kg a discount from the normal tariff of 25% is provided. The number of weight categories varies in different transportation zones. For Europe, only one weight category is established - 45 kg, and on routes in the direction North America weight categories of 100, 300, 500 kg are allowed, for which discounts are provided in the amount of 50, 60 and 70%, respectively, of the normal tariff.

Minimum fee represents the minimum payment for shipment of cargo, charged for one shipment in the event that the transportation fee at the normal freight rate is lower than the minimum fee. The minimum fee varies on different routes. In many cases, it is equal to the cost of transporting a cargo weighing 5 kg at the normal rate. The minimum fee is indicated in tariff directories with the designation “M”.

Class tariffs used to transport goods of a certain class. They are expressed as a certain percentage of the normal freight rate up to 45 kg. Class tariffs are established for types of cargo that require special conditions for transportation: live animals; animal cages; valuable cargo; human remains in a coffin; unaccompanied baggage; printed materials, etc.

Class rates are calculated based on the normal through rate up to 45 kg, which is multiplied by the appropriate percentage surcharge, then the rounded result is multiplied by the weight of the shipment.

The percentage surcharge depends on the class of cargo and transportation zone and ranges from 150 to 300% of the normal freight rate up to 45 kg. For example, for the transportation of valuable cargo (gold, platinum, precious stones, banknotes, securities, etc.) will be charged 200% of the normal freight rate up to 45 kg for all association zones.

Special rates (koreits) - These are preferential discounted freight rates. They are used to transport certain categories of cargo from/to certain points in one direction only. Koreyts have an advantage over all other tariffs. They are published along with the main freight rates in the ACT Yellow Pages and are coded numerically to identify the nature of the load. The koreyt code number consists of a four-digit number next to the name of the cargo, for example: koreyt 4499 - machines and parts, 0007 - vegetables and fruits, etc.

Discounts provided for the use of coreite vary depending on the area of application. So, in Europe they range from 40 to 70% of the normal tariff up to 45 kg, and for North Atlantic transportation - up to 90%.

The application of special cargo tariffs is agreed upon between the airlines jointly operating a given airline. All proposals for establishing a core are submitted to the IATA Core Committee, which considers these proposals at its core meetings three times a year.

Special airline marketing services monitor the state of global aviation tariffs and issue recommendations on their application to commercial directors and their representative offices abroad. Based on these recommendations, a tariff policy is developed aimed at ensuring the load and profitability of international airlines. Practical recommendations are also being developed for the construction and application of all types of passenger and cargo air tariffs, especially special and preferential ones, in order to increase load on airline flights, primarily during off-season periods, when there is a decline in traffic.

Thus, special freight tariffs (korates) are used to attract additional freight traffic, which would not be feasible without their use, as well as to attract additional categories of cargo. Since, as already noted, rates are established for a certain type of cargo between certain points, they mainly activate additional demand. This is their elasticity compared to other types of tariffs.

An important feature of special freight tariffs is that they can be set at any time of the year and for any period, without waiting for decisions of the IATA conference, so their use helps to ensure additional load.

The use of discounts on freight tariffs is also one of the tools for influencing the market. The size of the discounts is set depending on the IATA zones, for example in Europe they range from 40 to 70% of the normal tariff. Their size depends on factors such as the nature and value of the cargo, potential demand for transportation, the size of individual shipments, processing costs, and the degree of impact on the ratio of income and transportation costs. The carrying capacity of the aircraft operated by the airline and the expected flow of cargo that may occur if preferential tariffs are established are also taken into account.

Non-scheduled air services are carried out on the basis of permits for one-time flights and are divided into additional, special and charter.

Additional flights - These are flights operated on the same airlines as regular ones, but on a special schedule. An additional flight may be carried out with the consent of the partner, provided that commercial transportation cannot be carried out on regular flights. An additional flight, as a rule, is operated on the same day as the regular one, but in any case not later and not earlier than 24 hours from the time of the regular flight indicated in the flight schedule.

Special flights - These are flights carried out with a special mission, both along the route of regular flights and on a special route. As a rule, permission to operate special flights is requested through diplomatic channels.

Charter flights - These are flights operated in accordance with a special contract between the carrier and the customer.

Currently, non-scheduled traffic accounts for about 18% of total international traffic. The total volume of international regular transportation worldwide is made up of the volume carried by charter carriers and the volume carried by scheduled carriers. Like regular, international non-scheduled transportation is divided into passenger and postal cargo.

The largest international market for non-scheduled (charter) flights in the world operates between 22 Western European countries that are members of the European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC). In this case, the volume of irregular traffic is comparable to the volume of regular traffic. Charter services in Europe operate over longer distances than scheduled services, so the volume of charter services in passenger kilometers is about 60% of the total. passenger air transportation in Western Europe. Second in capacity after Western Europe considered to be the international charter market across the North Atlantic.

Irregular transportation is carried out as specialized charter airlines, and regular airlines.

All charter flights are performed on the basis of a special agreement (contract) between the customer and the carrier. As a rule, the customer purchases the entire capacity of the aircraft on certain stages of transportation and under certain conditions. He has the right to use the capacity of the chartered aircraft at his discretion. Orders for charter transportation are used both for individual flights and for a series of flights for targeted transportation, for example, for transportation between points not connected by regular airlines.

According to the method of organization, air charter transportation is classified into the following types.

Closed charter - non-commercial transportation, the customer of which is, as a rule, an organization to deliver its employees to their place of work, business meeting or recreation. The customer directly contacts the airline and the trip is organized at prices agreed upon between them. The share of this type of charter transportation is currently declining.

Efinity charter - semi-commercial (semi-closed) targeted trip organized for its members by clubs or associations that unite people of the same profession or a certain community of interests (sports clubs, veterans’ unions, etc.). The management of the club or association independently or through travel agency enters into an agreement with the airline, acting as a legal entity with financial responsibility and the obligation to comply with the rules established by IATA for the formation of groups of passengers.

Inclusive tour charter - commercial tourist transportation (charter transportation on an inclusive tour), the cost of which includes payment for round-trip transportation and the cost of excursion and personal services during the tour. A special feature of an inclusive tour charter is that the entire aircraft is rented and, at the same time as transportation, ground handling must be paid for for a certain period, usually at least 7-14 days between departure and return.

At block charter transportation Not the entire plane is rented, but only a certain part of it - an established block of seats (usually 30-40 seats). As a rule, a block of seats is sold on an aircraft operating a scheduled flight, but the charter price of each seat in this case is significantly lower than the minimum published fare. The block of seats on each flight and the price of one seat are negotiated confidentially between the carrier and the travel agency. The travel agency pays for the block of seats in full, regardless of whether it is all used or not. Block charter transportation is organized mainly in the off-season (autumn-winter period) in order to provide additional load on scheduled aircraft.

Non-purpose commercial charter (non-efinite charter) - new type charter (introduced in 1972 in the USA). In contrast to an eternity charter, in which persons are grouped according to common interests, in in this case It is allowed to unite in a group for transportation any persons wishing to travel, regardless of their affiliation with any organization or club. The group must be at least 50 people. Flight participants pay 25% of the cost of charter transportation 6 months before the start of transportation, and 30 days before departure, the travel agency organizing charter transportation must fully pay the cost of the flight for a group consisting of 40 passengers. Currently, non-efinity charter has become widespread, especially in transatlantic transport due to the lifting of strict restrictions on the formation of groups transported by charter flights.

Pro rate charter, or split charter, - a type of charter in which transportation is carried out in stages. On the first leg of the flight, transportation is carried out on scheduled aircraft in accordance with IATA rules; on the second or subsequent leg, charter transportation itself begins on the terms of a block charter or inclusive tour charter. With a split charter, it is possible to combine different groups of passengers, and the final destination of their route may be different.

From the point of view of aircraft use, air charter transportation can be divided into three types:

1. one-time “round trip” transportation - a type of charter transportation in which a travel agency or organization rents an aircraft to transport one or more groups of passengers related by type of occupation or interests, in certain time. In this case, in the interval between charter flights, the airline leasing the aircraft can use this aircraft for its own needs;

2. time charter - a type of operation in which an aircraft is rented for a certain period, coming at the full disposal of the lessee. In this case, the organization, concluding an agreement with the carrier, pays in full for the entire time during which the aircraft will be at its disposal, based on the norms of flight hours, the cost of a flight hour and an hour of aircraft downtime. Currently, time charter operations are becoming increasingly common in mass tourism, since when they are carried out, both the requirements of carriers, who do not have to use the aircraft between individual flights and are provided with guaranteed payment for the aircraft, are satisfied, as well as the requirements of lessees who strive for the most economical use of aircraft;

3. charter chain - type of targeted transportation large quantity passengers to and from their destination; In this case, flights are carried out using a shuttle system. The customer travel agency, as a rule, sends one of its groups of tourists in advance to the point where the tour is conducted, so that by the time the charter chain begins, the tour of this group will end and it can be transported by charter flight in the opposite direction. With a charter chain, the number of idle runs is reduced and the economic efficiency of transportation increases.

There is literally no charter rate. The customer is announced the charter price of an aircraft for transportation on a certain area or, in the case of a time charter, the price of chartering an aircraft for a certain time. The charter price of an aircraft is calculated based on the cost of a flight hour for a given type of aircraft. Some Western airlines use the cost of 1 km (mile) of flight as a basis. In addition to the cost of a flight hour or mile, when determining the charter price of a flight, existing normal preferential tariffs, transportation routes chosen by the customer, urgency of transportation, as well as the season and time of day, operating conditions are taken into account. regular airlines, if they exist in the area, the passenger market conditions of the country from which the application was received, and the possibility of competition from other airlines. Based on all these factors, the preliminary charter price of the aircraft is established, which is offered to the customer, and the cost of one seat on the charter aircraft, which is not announced to the clients.

In the case of selling for charter transportation not the entire capacity of the aircraft, but part of the seats on a scheduled aircraft (block charter), the number of seats sold at the charter price (block of seats) and the price of one seat in the block (block charter tariff) are established. Block charter rates are used to sell available aircraft capacity on scheduled flights, especially in the off-season (autumn-winter period). The block of seats is set depending on the line load within the range of 30-40 seats per flight.

The block of seats is sold as a whole, regardless of whether it is completely filled by the customer or there are still empty seats. Block charter rates are the lowest rates. They are determined depending on the passenger market conditions and, as a rule, are revised annually. Block charter rates are not announced to anyone: for each company organizing tourist transportation, they are set confidentially, specifically in each case, depending on the number of seats required by this company.

The block charter rate is usually set for transportation in both directions (“round trip”).

In the international system that has developed over the past decades, the transportation of goods occupies a significant place. Compared to other common methods of transporting them - by means of iron, highways, river, maritime transport– international air cargo transportation is the youngest: it appeared only in the 20s of the last century and has its own unique specificity, depending on many factors.

How to properly carry out international air transportation.

What are the benefits of international air cargo transportation?

Compared to other formats of cargo transportation, their international transport is not the largest due to high tariffs. According to statistics, it accounts for only 1% of the total weight of transported goods and 10% of their value. However, it has a number of advantages that are often unique to it. The main ones of these advantages are the following:

Air transportation has become the fastest mode of cargo transportation. The time of their movement through the air cannot be compared with any of the other traditional options used by people. Only thanks to air transportation, for example, many types of food products, other perishable products, fresh flowers, etc. would be practically absent from the markets of many countries. The enormous speed of cargo transportation makes it possible to very quickly move medical supplies from one place to another, which are often in dire need of seriously ill patients. .
Due to the speed of air transportation, the risks of transporting rare goods - such as jewelry, works of art, etc. - are minimized.
The amount of insurance premiums for air transportation is usually 2 times less than for sea transportation. For comparison: they constitute, respectively, 0.3% and 0.7% of the cost of the transported cargo.
Customs duties may be levied on the gross weight of the cargo, which is lower for air transport than for sea transport.
When transporting by air, the lightest, cheapest packaging options are almost always used.
Such transportation is almost always more profitable than sea or rail from a warehouse point of view. Often, with this method of transportation, cargo does not need to be stored at all - after unloading, it is sent directly from the airport to its destination, which avoids unnecessary costs for paying for warehousing of goods.

These and other advantages of air transportation make it possible to save significant amounts of money on cargo transportation, significantly compensating for the higher cost of this type of transportation.

How does air transportation work?

Powerful modern air transport has made international air cargo transportation quite commonplace, characteristic of most operating airports, and their scale and intensity are growing every year. More and more air transport routes are constantly opening, and cargo transportation practices are being improved. Clear algorithms for such transportation have been developed everywhere, among the features of which are the following:

air cargo is delivered by passenger plane along with the luggage of those flying on the plane;
The practice of moving cargo using combined aircraft equipped with special cargo compartments is also widespread;
a large volume of transportation, especially if carried out by powerful cargo aircraft, among them there are many real giants (for example, the famous Boeing 747 F is capable of taking on board and taking off with cargo weighing 100 tons or more);
if necessary, special cargo flights are organized, including charter and group flights: this technique is widespread when it is necessary to provide assistance to victims of a natural disaster or epidemic, in force majeure situations, military operations, and in other urgent cases.

International air transportation standards

The key international guidelines for air cargo transportation are flight safety, reliability and guaranteed delivery of any cargo to the required location. Each aviation country practicing this business has its own system developments, the purpose of which is to harmonize with similar standards in other countries. To bring all these numerous formats, which often have many serious differences from each other, to a common denominator, specialists from IATA - the International System air transport– we had to resort to creating a unified safety audit system for aviation structures in 2003.

It is known among air carriers as the international IOSA standard, the requirements of which must be met by every member of the association, without exception. This standard compares favorably with similar systems in many countries due to its consistency, minimization of risks depending on the personal factor, a clear feedback system, reduction in insurance and leasing costs, a noticeably reduced number of various checks, audits, strict requirements for employees, and their remarkable skill and other aspects.

Accompanying documents

To move cargo by air transport and receive it in each specific case, a set of special documents relating to these cargoes and accompanying them is required. Without such documentation they will not be accepted at any airport. This group of main target documents is drawn up in the form:

Invoices. This is what is called an invoice indicating the cost of the goods. Often the invoice also acts as a delivery note. Most often, it is issued to the buyer by the seller of the goods. There is also a proforma invoice containing data on the price of the goods; however, this format does not represent, as in the first case, a payment document.
Packing lists. Here they indicate each position of the cargo, the diagram of its location in transport places, the weight of each of such places, dimensions, and other information.
Freight bills. The prerogative to issue them belongs to the sender of the cargo, confirming his agreement with the one who acts as the carrier of the cargo. The important legal role of the cargo waybill is evidenced by the fact that if disagreements or disputes arise regarding the responsibility of the shipper and the carrier, it is the basic one, and penalties are assessed on its basis.
Cargo manifests. The purpose of this document is to optimize the unloading process in transit airports. Here we provide data on the cargo transported on each specific flight, obtained from the waybills for each cargo shipment. Moreover, a separate cargo manifest is required at each unloading point.
Safety data sheets, which are issued when transporting dangerous goods (chemicals, bulk substances, liquids, etc.).
In post-Soviet countries, when sending goods outside their borders, export invoices are also issued.

In each specific case, the international air carriage agreement in force in the modern aviation space regulates the responsibility of the carrier. The content of such an agreement stipulates the fundamental aspects of transportation in real conditions, taking into account the specifics of different countries.

Which cargoes predominate?

Due to the specifics freight transportation By air transport, the predominant types of goods in practice are the following:

general;
dangerous;
valuable;
perishable;
heavy and large-sized;
requiring urgent delivery in a short time (for example, medicines);
animals that are not accompanied.

Process nuances

Despite well-established practice, which often provides for all important nuances, air transportation of cargo is sometimes accompanied by emergency situations, the solution to which has to be sought in the operating mode. Then a lot depends on the professionalism of those specialists who carry out these transportations, starting from the flight crew of the cargo board and ending with the control room, engineering, and other personnel who remotely help him carry out the flight. In recent decades, noticeable adjustments have emerged on a political basis due to the deterioration of the international situation in a number of regions of the planet.

Legal regulation and rules

The fundamental regulatory documents defining the legal framework for international air cargo transportation are the provisions of the Warsaw and Montreal (1999) conventions. These documents create the basis for the unification of the basic norms of international air transport. On their basis, many other normative documents of an international nature have also been created and are in force. They regulate the bulk of typical cases of cargo transportation, the extent and range of liability of their carriers and customers, etc. In particular, the carrier is released from liability for loss or damage to cargo if he can prove that this happened through the fault of the person who is demanding compensation for losses from cargo transportation.

One of key rules is that international air travel should not transport cargo that contributes to global terrorism, violence against humans and similar things: very strict legal penalties are provided for this.