Ice worlds. Ice caves that do not melt even in summer (10 photos) Where are the ice caves
Moscow often hosts various events where you can see ice sculptures. Whatever they are called: and ice sculpture exhibitions, and ice sculpture festivals, ice sculpture competitions, in different ways. Such exhibitions and competitions always attract many visitors. Both adults and, most likely, children are interested in seeing, examining, looking at various scenes embodied in ice. The flights of fancy of the creators of ice sculptures are wide, and their artistic abilities are at a high level, so sometimes real masterpieces are carved out of ice, which they then regret to part with in the spring. At least put it in the refrigerator!)
Ice sculpture festivals are held annually in many Moscow parks. On some of them you can not only see ice sculptures, but also see how they are created, and perhaps even learn how to make them. Master classes are held for those interested.
But there are places where you can see ice sculptures not only in winter, but all year round. In the park on Krasnaya Presnya there is ice sculpture exhibition, which is open to visitors both in the cold and warm seasons. A constant temperature of -10°C is maintained here, thanks to which the ice does not melt and all sculptures are preserved in the form in which they were created.
The ice sculpture gallery is located at the Vystavochnaya metro station. Address- st. Mantulinskaya, 5. I have never been to Vystavochnaya, and I must say, it’s quite interesting station. Coming out of the metro, we find ourselves on the embankment of the Moscow River with a view of one of the Stalin's skyscrapers and the building of the Government of the Russian Federation. The weather was cloudy, the photo also turned out sad. On the right is a bridge across the river, not an ordinary one, but some kind of shopping bridge. The skyscrapers of Moscow City are right there. I didn’t take a photo because... It started to rain, so I didn’t take out my DSLR. But I want to come here in the summer and take a walk along the embankment. It’s a pity that they don’t depart from here, although there seems to be a pier. Maybe someone local, write in the comments, do water buses go from here?
From the metro to the ice sculpture exhibition, walk a maximum of 10 minutes, along the embankment, past the Expo Center and the tennis court (see map above). We go into the park, there are signs where to go, but... in the park we see only one building, suitable in size, it is already clear where the gallery is located.
On Krasnaya Presnya, the ice sculpture museum is open daily from 11:00 to 20:00. Ticket price for adults – 350 rubles, for schoolchildren, students, pensioners – 250 rubles, for children – 50 rubles, for disabled people and WWII participants, admission is free, photography is also free, which is good, because This is not as common as we would like. But on the other hand, there is a suspicion that its cost is simply included in the ticket price)).
On Saturdays at 12:00, the gallery also hosts a free master class on carving ice sculptures. I managed to film it; the sound, although not very good, was still filmed with a camera and not a video camera. And the video weighs 2 gigs, so if anyone has a slow Internet, sorry, it will take a long time to load.
A few photos from the master class.
How to do that, you say?
Haa, now I’ll make you a flower!
Finally, we go into the room itself with ice sculptures.
The ice sculptures in the gallery are based on Russian fairy tales. To my shame, I realized that I did not recognize some of the plots and did not remember the names of the fairy tales. It’s good that a family with children came with us, and the grandmother told her grandchildren, and for one, me, who was who and where.
A squirrel gnawing on precious nuts and servants guarding it from the fairy tale about Tsar Saltan. The pink color in the photo is a special highlight. Since all the ice sculptures in the Gallery are transparent, backlighting adds glamor.
The Little Humpbacked Horse, the Firebird and Ivan Tsarevich.
The crow and the fox from Krylov's fable. A fox, in my opinion, is more like a marten. Only in the photo did I notice that it was broken in two places and glued together.
Nightingale the Robber.
Baba Yaga on the stupa. Her head is a little too big.
Emelya and pike.
Serpent Gorynych and... I don’t remember who fought him, but Gorynych had already knocked out his teeth, judging by the photograph.
A plot from the fairy tale "Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf."
A hut with snacks for a rainy day.
This is probably the swan princess.
A mosquito, truly a piece of jewelry.
About 10 minutes later, my friend couldn’t stand the cold, despite the fact that we were wearing autumn clothes, and ran away from the gallery. I looked at and photographed the sculptures alone. I accidentally found a grandmother with a broken trough. She was so small that hardly anyone paid attention to her. 
The Golden Cockerel. I didn’t see him right away either.
Transparent, hard ice, playing in the sun's rays, freezes our rivers and lakes every winter, freezes on the ridges of roofs in long icicles, and turns autumn puddles into smooth, slippery skating rinks for children.
You can make ice in the freezer compartment of your refrigerator even in the middle of a hot summer. It may look like clear glass or cloudy white plastic. Almost everyone knows what ice is and how it is formed - it is just frozen water. But what do we really know about this amazing substance?
What is ice?
First of all, it should be said that the statement that ice is formed from water is not entirely accurate. In addition to water ice, there is also ammonia, methane, and so-called “dry” ice, which is formed when carbon dioxide is frozen. They called it dry because when it melts it does not form puddles: carbon dioxide instantly evaporates directly from its frozen state.
But we will only talk about the ice that is formed from water. Its crystals are characterized by the so-called hexagonal system, when all water molecules are arranged in a regular volumetric lattice, with one molecule connected to the four closest ones. This structure is common to many precious stones and minerals - diamond, quartz, tourmaline, corundum, beryl, etc. The crystal lattice keeps the molecules at a distance from each other, so the density of ice is less than the density of the water from which it is formed. Pieces of ice float on the surface of the water rather than sinking to the bottom.
According to research, there are now about 30 million square kilometers of ice on our planet. The main amount is concentrated on the polar caps - there the thickness of the ice layer in some places reaches 4 kilometers.
How is ice formed?
Getting ice is very simple: you just need to lower the temperature of the water, dropping it below zero degrees. At the same time, the process of crystallization begins in water: its molecules are arranged in an ordered structure, called a crystal lattice. This process occurs equally in a freezer, in a puddle, and in the ocean.
Freezing always starts from the top layer of water. First, microscopic ice needles form in it, which then freeze together, forming a kind of film on the surface of the water column. In large bodies of water, the wind vibrates the surface of the water, forming waves on it, so freezing takes longer than with still water.
If the disturbance continues, the films are churned into ice pancakes up to 30 centimeters in diameter, which are then frozen into a single layer at least 10 centimeters thick. New ice subsequently freezes onto this layer, called young ice, from below and sometimes from above, forming a fairly strong and thick cover. 
The strength of ice depends on its type: transparent ice is one and a half times stronger than cloudy white ice. It is believed that a 5-centimeter layer of ice can already support the weight of a person, and a 10-centimeter layer can support the weight of a passenger car. But it is still undesirable to go out on the ice of the reservoir until its thickness reaches 12-15 centimeters.
Properties of ice
The most famous and important property of ice for us is the ability to melt relatively easily, turning into water at zero temperature. From a scientific point of view, it also has other qualities:
— transparency, the ability to transmit light well;
— colorlessness– ice itself has no color, but can be colored by color additives;
— hardness, the ability to maintain its shape without an outer shell;
— fluidity- but this property is inherent in it only in some modifications;
— fragility– a piece of ice breaks even with little force;
— cleavage, i.e. ability to split along crystallographic lines.
The composition of ice is characterized by a high degree of purity, since there is no room for foreign molecules in the crystal lattice. When water freezes, it displaces impurities that were dissolved in it. But many substances dissolved in water inhibit freezing - for example, in sea water, ice forms at a lower temperature than usual, and when freezing, salt is forced out of the water, forming small salt crystals. When they melt, they dissolve again in water. In fact, the process of annual freezing of water maintains its self-purification from various impurities for millions of years in a row.
Where is ice found in nature?
On our planet, ice can be found wherever the temperature is environment falls below zero degrees (Celsius):
- in the atmosphere in the form of small crystals - snow or frost, as well as larger granules -;
- on the surface of the planet in the form of glaciers - centuries-old accumulations located in the Northern and South Poles, as well as on the tops of the highest mountain ranges;
- underground in the form of permafrost - in the upper layer of the earth's crust around. 
In addition, according to research by astronomers, ice, i.e. Frozen water has been discovered on many planets in the solar system. It is found in small quantities on Mars and on a number of dwarf planets, as well as on the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn.
Ecology
Many of these natural wonders Only scientists can see them, since they are located in cold, sparsely populated areas of our planet.
Here 10 Most Beautiful Ice Formations nature ranging from glaciers, frozen waterfalls to ice caves and icebergs.
1. Blue River, Greenland glaciers
This amazing blue river was formed by melting Peterman Glacier in Greenland, which filled low-lying areas with blue water. Places filled with water change seasonally, which changes the shape of the river each time. The bright blue color comes from glacial silt.
2. Glacier waterfalls, Spitsbergen archipelago (Svalbard)
Svalbard, or as it is also called Spitsbergen, is archipelago in the Arctic, located in the northern part of the kingdom of Norway. Despite the proximity to North Pole, Svalbard is a relatively warm place due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. This is a large area of islands, which 60 percent covered by glaciers.
Some of these glaciers form small waterfalls from melting snow and ice, which can be seen in the warmer months. Huge Broswelbryn Glacier located on the second most big island– The 200 km long North-East Land is covered with hundreds of such melting waterfalls.
3. Ice cave, Iceland island
This amazing cave at Svínafellsjökull lagoons in Iceland was created by the volcanic ice cap Vatnajökull V national park Skaftafel. The beautiful blue color was formed as a result of the ice compacting over many centuries, squeezing out all the air. Because there is no air in the ice, it absorbs a lot of light, giving the cave a unique texture and color.
Safest visit an ice cave in winter, and for better visibility - after a period of rain. Many of those lucky enough to be inside the cave heard cracking sounds. However, these sounds do not occur because the glacier is about to collapse, but because it is constantly moving.
4. Briksdalsbreen Glacier, Norway
Briksdalsbreen- one of the most famous arm glaciers of Jostedalsbreen- the largest glacier located in Norway.
It ends small glacial lake, located 346 meters above sea level.
Tourists from all over the world come to admire the Briksdalsbreen glacier, located among waterfalls and high mountains.
5. Ice Canyon, Greenland
This Ice Canyon in Greenland 45 meters deep was created by meltwater as a result of global warming. Along the edge of the canyon you can see lines that show layers of ice and snow that have formed over many years.
The dark deposits at the bottom of this channel are cryoconite, dusty material formed as a result of weathering. It is deposited on snow, glaciers and ice caps.
6. Elephant's Foot Glacier, Greenland
This huge glacier, called the Elephant's Foot, is located in northern Greenland. The gray area at the bottom of the glacier is the melting zone, which was formed from the meltwater of the channels. The almost ideal round shape of the glacier has diameter about 5 kilometers.
7. Frozen wave, ice floes of Antarctica
Although at first glance it may seem that in front of you huge wave, which froze, it was not formed from a wave of water.
Actually it's blue ice, which is formed when compressed air bubbles are forced out. Ice appears blue because when light passes through its thick layer, blue light is reflected and red light is absorbed.
The ice itself formed over time, and repeated melting and freezing gave the formation a smooth appearance.
8. Striped Icebergs, Southern Ocean
This phenomenon is most often seen in the Southern Ocean. Striped icebergs may have blue, green and brown stripes and are formed when large chunks of ice break off ice shelves and fall into the ocean.
For example, the blue stripes formed when the ice sheet filled with meltwater and froze so quickly that bubbles did not have time to form. Salty sea water containing algae may cause green streaks. Other colors usually appear when sediment is caught by a sheet of ice as it falls into the water.
9. Ice towers of Mount Erebus, Antarctica
Constantly active volcano Erebus is perhaps the only place in Antarctica where ice and fire meet. Here at an altitude of 3800 meters you can find hundreds ice towers reaching up to 20 meters in height. They often emit steam, some of which freezes inside the towers, expanding and lengthening it.
10. Frozen waterfall
For example, Fang Falls in the city of Vail in the USA turns into a huge column of ice in especially cold winters, reaching 50 meters high and 8 meters wide.
The day Niagara Falls froze
During prolonged winter frosts, a crust of ice may form on some parts of the waterfall. Several years ago, photographs appeared on the Internet that showed frozen Niagara Falls , presumably taken in 1911.
In fact, the photographs were most likely taken in March 1848, when water flow stopped due to ice jam for a few hours. The entire waterfall did not freeze completely, and some streams of water still broke through. Niagara Falls froze for the second time in history in 1936 due to severe frosts.
11. "Penitent Snows", Andes Mountains
Calgaspores or as they are also called “penitent snows” or “penitent monks” - these are amazing ice spikes that form on the plains in the highlands, such as the Andes mountains, which are located at an altitude of 4000 meters above sea level.
Calgaspores can reach heights from a few centimeters, resembling frozen grass, and up to 5 meters, giving the impression of an icy forest.
It is believed that they were formed due to strong winds in the area and sunlight, which causes the ice to melt unevenly and lead to the appearance of strange shapes.
12. Kungur Ice Cave, Russia
Kungur Ice Cave – one of the most large caves peace and the most amazing wonders of the Urals, which is located on the outskirts of the city of Kungur in Perm region. It is believed that the cave is more than 10 thousand years old.
Its total length reaches 5700 meters, inside the cave 48 grottoes and 70 underground lakes, up to 2 meters deep. The temperature inside the ice cave varies from -10 to -2 degrees Celsius.
Kungur Ice Cave has gained popularity among tourists due to its ice formations, stalactites, stalagmites, ice crystals and ice columns. The most famous grottoes: Diamond, Polar, Meteor, Giant, Ruins, Cross.
Money has no meaning now. People pay with feelings. Some earned them handsomely, while others took advantage of the feelings that nature gave them. In particular, they were all right that it disrupted the functioning of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.
John was too lazy. He didn’t want to work, but at the same time he wanted to roll around like cheese in butter. Living in luxury is his dream. He wanted to buy a car for this purpose. He came to a car dealership. And he looked sideways at the price tag - joy and happiness. Contradiction seethed within him; live in luxury or live like a man. Noticing the client's interest, the consultant approached him.
- Would you like to purchase? The consultant asked.
- Excuse me, do you have a cheaper one? John asked tensely.
- It’s cheaper in my grandfather’s garage, and it’s retro style, titanium wheels, a 10-year warranty, gasoline consumption is 5 liters per 100 km. Radio tape recorder, complete stuffing. Then the consultant tried, using facts about the car and various jargons, to understand what social status John might have.
- Well, will you take it?
- Don't rush me! Since I bought an apartment out of confidence and pride, I can’t be sure of anything.
John looked at the car.
- Can I have something for my conscience?
- Pfft, baby, now what you can buy for your conscience is a maximum of matches. The consultant leaned on his shoulder as if they were old friends.
- Oh, what the hell is not joking!
- Let's! He closed his eyes and held out his hand to pay.
the consultant took out a payment terminal, smiled sarcastically and said slyly;
- You have happiness and joy.
Now John drives around in a beautiful car. He wants to be happy, but he can't.
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