What are natural monuments? Natural monuments of the Krasnodar region. North Pole of Cold

A unique geological outcrop, a cave or, for example, a rare tree. Sometimes territories of significant size are classified as natural monuments - forests, mountain ranges, areas of coasts and valleys. In this case, they are called tracts or protected landscapes.

Natural monuments are divided by type into botanical, geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, zoological and complex.

For most natural monuments, a regime close to that of nature reserves is established, but for particularly valuable natural objects, a regime of reserves can be established.

Security mode

General regime for the protection and use of this type of protected area (Specially Protected Natural Territory of Russia):

There are no zones with different regimes of protection and use on the territory of the Natural Monument. Within its borders, any economic activity that threatens the preservation and condition of protected natural complexes and individual species of animals and flora, including:

Allocation and unauthorized occupation of land for any type of use;

Conducting forest felling (with the exception of sanitary);

Construction of roads, power lines and other communications, as well as construction and operation of economic and residential facilities;

Parking and access vehicles off existing roads;

Travel and parking of motor vehicles;

Setting up tourist sites and camps, making fires outside specially designated areas;

Carrying out survey and geological exploration work, mining and blasting operations;

Excavation, disturbance of soil and vegetation layer

Burning of meadow vegetation;

Disposal of industrial and domestic waste, wastewater;

Storage of fuels and lubricants, waste storage, storage and use of fertilizers and pesticides

Grazing and driving livestock, obtaining objects of the animal world.

Harvesting and collection of non-timber forest products on an industrial scale (medicinal plants, pine nuts, picking mushrooms and berries, etc.);

Other activities that pose a threat to the preservation of a natural monument.

The following events are permitted on the territory of a natural monument without causing damage to protected natural complexes:

Environmental protection (carrying out the necessary environmental protection and fire prevention measures in accordance with forestry regulations and the forest plan);

Scientific (conducting research and environmental monitoring, including the removal of biological resources in small quantities);

Environmental and educational (conducting educational excursions, creating and arranging ecological educational trails, making videos, taking photographs for the purpose of producing printed products);

Recreational (excursion, tourism and recreational activities, including swimming in traditional places, amateur fishing);

Permitted in exceptional cases:

The use of pesticides and biological agents during an outbreak of mass reproduction of agricultural and forestry pests;

Shooting and trapping of animals in cases of epizootic plague, tularemia, rabies and other particularly dangerous diseases

The boundary of the Natural Monument must be marked on the ground along the perimeter of the boundaries with information and warning signs of the established type.

Violators of the regime of special protection of the territory of the Natural Monument are liable in accordance with federal legislation.

Certain unique natural monuments are declared natural objects And natural complexes, having relict, scientific, historical, environmental and educational significance and requiring special protection of the state.

Law of the RSFSR dated December 19, 1991 N 2060-I, art. 64

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Natural monuments

unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. Areas of land and water, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments, including: areas of picturesque areas; reference areas untouched nature; areas with a predominance of cultural landscape ( ancient parks, alleys, canals, ancient mines, etc.); places of growth and habitat of valuable, relict, small, rare and endangered species of plants and animals, including at the borders of their ranges; forest areas and forest areas that are especially valuable for their characteristics (species composition, productivity, genetic qualities, planting structure, etc.), as well as samples outstanding achievements forestry science and practice; small dendrological parks; natural objects that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime; unique forms of relief and associated landscapes (mountains, groups of rocks, gorges, canyons, glacial cirques and trough valleys, moraine-boulder ridges, dunes, barchans, carr fields, groups of caves, giant ice dams, hydrolaccoliths, etc.); geological outcrops of scientific value (reference sections, stratotypes, outcrops of rare minerals, rocks and minerals, known in an extremely limited number); geological and geographical polygons, including classic areas with especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, as well as detection of faults and folds in the occurrence of rocks; locations of rare or particularly valuable paleontological objects; sections of rivers, lakes, wetland complexes, reservoirs, marine areas, small rivers with floodplains, lakes, reservoirs and ponds; natural hydromineral complexes; thermal springs, deposits of medicinal mud; coastal objects (spits, isthmuses, peninsulas, islands, bays, lagoons, etc.); individual objects of living and inanimate nature (bird nesting sites, long-lived trees and those of historical and memorial significance, plants of bizarre shapes, single specimens of exotics and relics, volcanoes, hills, glaciers, boulders, waterfalls, geysers, springs, river sources, vaucluses, rocks, cliffs, outcrops, manifestations of karst, caves, grottoes, etc.). As of December 31, 2006, there were 28 natural monuments of federal significance total area 28.9 thousand hectares and 8942 monuments of regional significance with a total area of ​​4.15 million hectares.

INTERNATIONAL INDEPENDENT

ECOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY

faculty ___ecological___

ABSTRACT

by discipline_____ Environmental journalism _____________________

______ Natural monuments ---__________________________

(title of abstract)

Student __ _ Mirnaya O.V._____

Well___________ III_gr.EL-32_____

Teacher_Dyozhkin V.V.______

Moscow 2005

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….. 3

2. Main categories of natural monuments …………………………… 3

3. The procedure for recognizing territories occupied by natural monuments, specially protected natural areas…….. 6

4. Ensuring a regime for the protection of natural monuments………….….…. 9

5. Use of natural monuments …………….……………………. 9

6. State registration of natural monuments ………………………… 9

7. Monitoring compliance with the security regime
   natural monuments ………...………………….…………….…………… 10

8. "On natural monuments in the city of Moscow" Resolution of the Moscow Government dated June 8, 2004 No. 383-PP………………. 10

9. Appendix 1 to the resolution of the Moscow Government of June 8, 2004 N 383-PP ……………………………………….……. 13

10. Conclusion …………………………...………….………………………..… 24

11. List of references used …………...…………...…………... 25

1. Introduction 1

Natural monuments are one of the forms of specially protected natural areas. The term “natural monument” appeared more than 170 years ago. This concept was introduced into science by the outstanding German naturalist and traveler Alexander von Humboldt, who understood the word Naturdenkmaler pieces of primeval nature. Since the time of von Humboldt, this expression has gained great popularity and has been widely introduced into practice. There are various forms of specially protected areas, such as reserves, national parks, natural parks, wildlife sanctuaries, dendrological and botanical gardens, resort areas, among which natural monuments are usually small in size (up to several hectares), and serve as a kind of “exhibition halls”, the main task of which is to preserve natural complexes and objects in their natural state. We can say that natural monuments are unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin, for which a special protection regime has been established.

2. Main categories of natural monuments 2

Land and water areas, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments, for example:

areas of scenic areas or reference areas of untouched nature;

areas with a predominance of cultural landscape (ancient parks, alleys, canals, ancient mines);

places of growth and habitat of valuable, relict, small, rare and endangered species of plants and animals;

forest areas and forest areas that are especially valuable for their characteristics (species composition, productivity, genetic qualities, plant structure), as well as examples of outstanding achievements of forestry science and practice;

natural objects that play an important role in maintaining the hydrological regime;

geological outcrops of particular scientific value (reference sections, stratotypes, outcrops of rare minerals, rocks and minerals);

geological and geographical polygons, including classic areas with particularly expressive traces of seismic phenomena, as well as exposures of faults and folds of rocks;

unique forms of relief and associated natural landscapes (mountains, gorges, groups of rocks, caves, moraine-boulder ridges, dunes, dunes, giant ice fields, gyrolaccoliths);

locations of rare or particularly valuable paleontological objects;

sections of rivers, lakes, wetland complexes, reservoirs, small rivers with floodplains, lakes, reservoirs and ponds;

natural hydromineral complexes, thermal and mineral water sources, deposits of medicinal mud;

coastal objects (spits, isthmuses, peninsulas, islands, lagoons, bays);

individual objects of living and inanimate nature (bird nesting sites, long-lived trees and those of historical and memorial significance, plants of bizarre shapes, single specimens of exotics and relics, volcanoes, hills, glaciers, boulders, waterfalls, geysers, springs, river sources, rocks, cliffs, caves, grottoes).

Depending on their uniqueness, ecological, scientific and other value, natural monuments can be classified as specially protected areas worldwide, federal O, regional or local meanings.

Natural monuments global significance included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, which is compiled by the Committee on world heritage UNESCO. Currently, this List includes 128 natural, 480 cultural and 22 natural-cultural sites in 118 countries. To the World List

heritage from Russia included, in particular, the virgin forests of Komi (1995), Lake Baikal (1996), the volcanoes of Kamchatka (1996), the Golden Mountains of Altai (1998), the Western Caucasus (1999), Curonian Spit (2000)

Natural objects are declared natural monuments of federal significance by the Government of the Russian Federation. They are federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies. There are 39 natural monuments of federal significance with a total area of ​​28.0 thousand hectares.

Natural monuments of federal significance 3

Rock Sail

Close to the beach resort village Praskoveevka in Krasnodar region There is an interesting monument, the creator of which is nature itself. It is a vertical layer of sandstone standing on the seashore, more than 30 m high and about 20 m wide. How exactly it happened that this rock rises in splendid isolation on the coast is not entirely clear: either it broke away from the coastal rocks and remained in the sand, or maybe she was in the same place. Among geologists, the second version is more popular. They say that the Sail is the only thing left after the softer sandy rocks were washed away by the sea. That is, once upon a time the Sail was part of the seabed, and the surface of the water was much higher.

At a height of approximately 2.5 meters there is a hole in the Sail, the origin of which is also unclear. Many guidebooks say that it was pierced by mountain artillery shooters during the Caucasian War. However, this version of the origin of the hole is questioned: S. Vasyukov, who examined Black Sea coast, wrote in 1903 after inspecting the rock that “... sailors fired at it from a battleship, fired 4 shells, but the wall remained unshakable, although traces of cannonballs were visible, which did not pierce the cliff anywhere...”.

Divnogorye

Divnogorye - reserve and plateau in the Liskinsky district Voronezh region, at the confluence of the Tikhaya Sosna and Don rivers. The land of fabulous chalk mountains, cave churches and picturesque nature. From a geological point of view, the reserve consists of chalk deposits on the surface of the earth. The top layer consists of 15-20% chalk. Below 80 meters there is a layer of pure chalk. The area received the name Divnogorye for the chalk pillars, called “divas” by the local population (from divo - miracle).

The first written evidence is the records of Ignatius Smolyanin, who accompanied Metropolitan Pimen in 1389: “I sailed to Quiet Pine and saw the pillars of a white stone, marvelously and redly standing side by side, like the pillars were small, white and bright, above the river above Pine.” On the territory of the reserve there are cave chalk churches of the 17th century (Church of the Sicilian Icon of the Mother of God, Church of John the Baptist and Divnogorskaya-3), Mayatskoye settlement of the 9th-10th centuries (remains medieval fortress and necropolis) and the Mayatsky pottery complex of the 9th-10th centuries, the Holy Dormition Divnogorsk Monastery (17th century).

Big Divas

Kostomarovsky Spassky Convent is one of the oldest Russian monasteries, founded even before the official adoption of Christianity in Rus'. Here is the icon of the Valaam Mother of God.

Blue Lakes

In the Chereksky region of Kabardino-Balkaria there are five unique natural lakes: Nizhneye Goluboe, Sekretnoe, Sukhoe and two Upper Goluboe. The most interesting is the Lower Lake, located at the northern foot of the Rocky Range at an altitude of 1492 m. Unique is the fact that despite its small size (its area is 2.6 hectares), it has a depth of 258 m (according to other sources 368). This is the sixth deepest lake in the former USSR. Not a single stream or river flows into the lake, but about 70 million liters flow out (into the Cherek River) every day. Due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, the water has a blue tint. The surface water temperature in winter and summer is 9.3°C.

Mount Vottovaara

To this day, an inquisitive researcher can find monuments in the remote taiga corners of Karelia that do not fit into the system of logical ideas modern man. One of these monuments is the complex on Mount Vottovaara. Mount Vottovaara ( highest point western Karelia - height 417 m) in Karelia, superstitious people consider it a place of concentration of evil forces and a bridge to another world: ugly trees grow here, there is almost no fauna, the lakes are dead. Its name alone is worth something among the people: Death Mountain.

In recent years, Death Mountain has become a place of pilgrimage for followers of various mystical movements, who claim that it is the seat of evil forces and a bridge to another world. The peaks are a rocky plateau, covered in some places with trees weird shape and heights. For example, old, hundred- and two-hundred-year-old pines here are no taller than two meters. At the top of Vottovaara, on an area of ​​approximately six square kilometers, there are about 1,600 stones (“Karelian Stonehenge”), laid out in some mysterious order. A number of large multi-ton stones are placed on “legs”: several smaller stones.

Some researchers suggest that this is an ancient cult complex. However, in official science the prevailing version is about natural origin"Stonehenge". Geologists believe that the cracks and faults were formed as a result of a strong earthquake about 9 thousand years ago. The even planes of the stones are the result of the properties of the local rock - quartzite, the structure of which determines such even planes when split.

"Stairway to Heaven"

Weathering pillars Man-Pupu-Ner

Weathering pillars on the Man-Pupu-Ner plateau in the Komi Republic (Mansi boobies). About 200 million years ago, in place of the stone pillars there were high mountains. Millennia passed. Rain, snow, wind, frost and heat gradually destroyed the mountains, and especially weak rocks. The hard sericite-quartzite shales, from which the remains are composed, were destroyed less and have survived to this day, while the soft rocks were destroyed by weathering and carried by water and wind into depressions of the relief. In the past, it was a place of religious worship for the Mansi people. Man-Pupu-Ner in the Mansi language means “ Malaya Gora idols"

Lake Shaitan and floating islands

One of the most unique lakes in Russia, Lake Shaitan, is located 39 km from the city of Urzhum. The lake is of karst origin, depth up to 25 meters. The lake is fed by underground groundwater and precipitation. A unique phenomenon is the islands drifting across the lake, on which bushes and small trees grow. Some of the islands can support the weight of several people. One more unique feature Shaitan lakes in the upward ejections of fountains and columns of water. The pillars come in different heights (up to 10 m), the emissions are irregular and very fast, and seeing them is a great success. Locals they claim that blowouts also occur in winter, leaving thick ice floes rearing up and sticking up.

In a clearing near the lake there used to be a large two-story wooden house that belonged to the owner of the forest - landowner and large industrialist Mosolov. Since his serfs were cutting down the forest without permission, Mosolov ordered the forest rangers to punish poachers not with a ruble, but with a swim in Shaitan. The culprit was taken out by boat and allowed to swim to the shore. The felling of the forest stopped immediately - the people were terribly afraid of the lake.

Camel Mountain

Camel Mountain is located in Orenburg region 9 km southeast of the village of Vostochny on the left bank of the drying Aschisu stream. It is a quartzite rock outcrop up to 20 meters high. The camel is one of the most original natural sculptures and a unique symbol of the Orenburg dry-steppe Trans-Urals. Long time the wind blew away the soil, and the mountain, made of hard rocks, turned into a twenty-meter quartz block, reminiscent of a lying camel.

There are many legends about the rock. One of them talks about how one day a camel that came from the desert wanted to measure its strength with the Ural ridge. I got ready for battle and froze for centuries.

Kungur cave

Kungurskaya ice cave- one of the largest karst caves in the world and one of the most popular attractions in the Urals. The cave is located in Perm region, on the right bank of the Sylva River on the outskirts of the city of Kungur in the village of Filippovka, (100 km from Perm). The length of the cave is about 5700 m, of which 1.5 km is equipped for visits by tourists. The cave contains about 50 grottoes, 70 lakes, 146 so-called “organ pipes” (the highest is in the Ethereal Grotto, 22 m) - high shafts that reach almost to the surface.

Coral Grotto

Hanging stone blocks in Dante's grotto

Meteorny Grotto

Stone Rat in Custer's Grotto

Organ pipe in the Grotto of Friendship of Peoples

underground lake

Stone mushrooms

Approximately 1.5 km below the confluence of the Chulchi River on the right bank of Chulyshman in the Altai Republic, the Akkurum tract begins, where stone mushrooms are located - curious landforms formed as a result of selective washing out (in scientific terms - denudation) of heterogeneous rocks. They look graceful and very unusual. You can only be glad that this is unusual natural phenomenon has survived to this day in all its glory. Unfortunately, these mushrooms continue to gradually deteriorate. They say that during the earthquakes in Altai in 2003, several “hats” fell. There is an opinion among geologists that our grandchildren may never see them again.

Chara Sands

Chara Sands - a tract in the Kalarsky district Chita region, which is a sandy massif measuring approximately 10 km by 5 km. Located in the Chara Basin, in the foothills of the Kodar ridge, between the valleys of the Chara, Middle Sakukan and Upper Sakukan rivers. Surrounded by larch taiga and swamps. The length of individual dunes is 150-170 m. Height is up to 80 m.

A desert with dunes with an area of ​​100 square kilometers rises to a height of one hundred meters among the swamps. No one can really explain its origin. They say that these are grains of sand eroded from the rocks and carried from the Middle Sakukan valley to the plain. But why then are the mountains made of sedimentary rocks, and the sand is pure quartz? There are no analogues of such a desert in the world.

The desert begins with a sharp transition from forest, larch or peat bog to sand. There is no intermediate zone, no “no man's land” - nature does not recognize neutrality here. You can stand with one foot in the desert and the other in the taiga. In the inter-barchan depressions there are forested areas - larch forests, dwarf birches, even moisture-loving dwarf cedar. You can see such a surreal landscape as ice on the sand (not necessarily in winter, but also in summer).

Along the edges of the desert, streams flow out from under the sand in many places. The water is clean.

Chara sands under the snow

Patomsky crater

Patomsky crater in Irkutsk region is a cone-shaped hill consisting of crushed limestone, with a diameter of up to 180 m and a height of 40 m. At the top there is a funnel of either meteorite or volcanic origin. Among local population It is called "Fiery Eagle's Nest". The mysterious crater was discovered in 1951 by geologist Vladimir Kolpakov and is still one of the most mysterious natural objects in the world. By size and appearance it looks like a lunar crater.

It is still unclear how it appeared on the surface of the earth. There are several dozen hypotheses about its origin. The two main ones are: volcanic origin(but no traces of lava were found) and a trace from a huge meteorite falling to the ground (but the crater is not similar to those known to science meteorite craters). There are more fantastic versions, for example, the result of Tesla’s experiment or the crash site of an alien ship.

Lena pillars

Lena Pillars - geological formation and national monument of the same name natural park in Russia, on the banks of the Lena River in the Khangalassky ulus of Yakutia, 104 km from the city of Pokrovsk. The Lena Pillars are a complex of vertically elongated rocks stretching for many kilometers, intricately piled up along the bank of the Lena, cutting through the Lena Plateau with a deep valley. The pillars reach their greatest density between the villages of Petrovskoye and Tit-Ary. Rock formations, the height of which reaches 100 meters, are composed of Cambrian limestones.

The beginning of the formation of the rocks that formed this natural monument is usually dated to the Early Cambrian - 560-540 million years ago. The formation of the Lena Pillars as a relief form is dated to a much later period - about 400 thousand years ago, that is, relatively recent geological time.

On the rocks rising along the banks of the Lena and Sinaya rivers, numerous rock paintings were discovered, made with yellow mineral paint by the ancient inhabitants of these places. These are stylized images of animals preserved to varying degrees, fragments of inscriptions of ancient Turkic runic writing, rock compositions depicting a person.

Decembrist A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky spoke enthusiastically about the Pillars: “Some kind of holy silence lies on the virgin creation, and the soul merges with the wild but majestic nature.”

Cape Stolbchaty

Cape Stolbchaty on the Kuril Island Kunashir ( Sakhalin region) is a unique geological formation in the form of a solid stone ledge rising on the very shore of the sea like a high sheer wall. The erupted volcanic rocks formed narrow 4-, 5- and 6-carbon basalt columns, the so-called columnar units. At the foot of the columnar wall, polished bars lie in disarray, like sawed-off firewood.

The coastal platform, leveled by sea waves, creates the illusion of a pavement, and the single pillars that have been preserved from destruction look like the remains of a broken fence. It is amazing that such an ideal composition was created by an accident of nature; it is impossible to believe that the columnar structure was formed by lava flows that flowed here once upon a time.

If you look at the “pavement” from above, you will notice that the rock is simultaneously divided not only into columnar sections, but also into larger similar segments with smooth sides.

Valley of Geysers

The Valley of Geysers is one of the largest geyser fields in the world and the only one in Eurasia. Located in Kamchatka in the Kronotsky State Biosphere Reserve. At the confluence of the Geysernaya and Shumnaya rivers, on an area of ​​about 2 sq. km, there are about 20 large geysers and many springs that periodically emit fountains of almost boiling water (over 95C) or hot steam. Currently, part of the valley is filled with a large landslide.

The valley was discovered only in the spring of 1941. The discovery was made by a young female geologist Tatyana Ustinova with Itelmen guide Anisifor Krupenin. They climbed the bed of the Shumnaya River and, entering a narrow passage between the rocks, stopped not far from the mouth of an unknown tributary. There was still snow in April. Having somehow settled down on a steep snow-covered slope, the exhausted travelers decided to have a snack. On the opposite bank of the river one could see a thawed rocky platform, over which a light park curled. And suddenly - from this thawed area a stream hit them straight hot water! Tatyana Ustinova realized that in front of her was a real geyser - the first one discovered in the USSR.

North Pole of Cold

The North Pole of Cold is located in the Tomtor area of ​​the Oymyakon region (ulus) of Yakutia. Here in 1924 the lowest temperature in the Northern Hemisphere was recorded -71.2°C (according to other sources -77.8). Average monthly temperature January is minus 61 degrees Celsius, and on the coldest days it can reach minus 68. There are no other places in the world where at such low temperatures people live and work constantly.

Temperatures below 60 degrees Celsius occur here almost every January, and in August it can be either plus 30 or minus 15. The Pole of Cold tourist festival is held annually in the village of Tomtor, where Santa Claus from Lapland traditionally comes. In March 2004, the residence of Santa Claus opened here.

The pole of cold was “discovered” by Sergei Vladimirovich Obruchev, geologist, son of the author of the famous “Sannikov Land” and “Plutonia” V.A. Obruchev. While exploring the Indigirka valley and heading towards the Chersky ridge, Obruchev noticed a strange noise that accompanied him all the time along the way. “It’s as if they are pouring grain or the wind is shaking dry snow from the trees. Wherever you turn, there is this noise everywhere, and yet there is no wind and the trees do not move,” he later wrote. Finally, the traveler realized that it was his frozen breath rustling. This characteristic noise appears at temperatures below minus 50 °C. The Yakuts call it the whisper of the stars.

Local walrus Andrey bathes at -50. Fortunately, for this purpose there is a river that does not freeze due to warm springs.