Grachevka Park. Grachevka. Brief historical background

In the north of Moscow there is a very unusual place for this metropolis - this is Grachevsky Park, or, as it is called local residents, Grachevka. Getting to this area of ​​the city is quite easy, you just need to get to the metro station " River Station", not far from it there is a famous park and an equally famous estate.

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The first mention of the Khovrino area and the owners of the estate

The first mentions of this area date back to the 15th century. In those days, the territory was owned by the Khovrin boyars. Information has been preserved that the Khovrins were not particularly favored by either their serfs or the people living near their family nest. According to historical information, at some point in time, the relationship between the owners of the Khovrino territory and the servants and peasants inhabiting it became tense to such an extent that it came to arson.

The tragic and in some ways even mystical history of the Khovrino region did not end there. The estate and the current territory of Grachevsky Park were transferred into the possession of a variety of nobles. The list of owners of this building included the Sheremetyevs, the Tretyakovs, and the Obolenskys. The last nobles to become owners of the estate were the Grachevs. It was thanks to them that the name Grachevka appeared, which has survived to this day.

Owner of the estate became famous for completely changing appearance Houses. Mitrofan Grachev loved to visit Monte Carlo; he liked the unusual and, at that time, somewhat provocative architecture of this city. Having decided to rebuild his house in Moscow, he asked the architect to make it similar to the buildings in Monaco. It is in this form that the estate has been preserved to this day.

The fate of Grachevka and the estate during communism and today

After the country experienced the revolution of 1917, all property of the nobility was transferred to the hands of the government. The territory of Khovrino did not escape this fate. The famous house, famous in Moscow for its unusual appearance and during the reign of Nicholas II , became a hospital. It is worth noting that the state tried to preserve this original and impressive building. That's why we can still admire it.

For a short time, buildings of the Timiryazev Academy were also located on the territory of the estate in Khovrino, but then the educational institution moved, and the hospital continued to function. Subsequently, the estate turned into a rehabilitation hospital. This institution remains there to this day. Therefore, those who want to inspect the interior of the house will not be able to do this. The furnishings of the rooms, utensils and furniture of the Grachev family have not been preserved.

The park had to be restored at the end of the 20th century.. Over the years of rather neglectful treatment, the area began to look abandoned and unkempt. In order to restore it to its former beauty and grandeur, the Moscow authorities had to spend considerable money on cleaning Grachevka Park and beautifying it. According to official data, more than 50 tons of garbage were removed during the work. In the photos from the 90s you can still see what the park was like at that time and clearly appreciate how much effort and labor was put into its restoration.

As for these days, anyone can take a walk along the green alleys, look at the facades of the estate, visit the monument to Panfilov’s man erected there - all this can be done. The official website of the Moscow park indicates its opening hours and visiting rules. There you can also look at photos of the estate and the park ensemble.

Attractions

In this area of ​​Mokva you can see:

All of these attractions have been fully preserved or have been restored. The park area often hosts various public events for children and adults, such as the celebration of Maslenitsa.

If we talk about unpreserved buildings and attractions, then these include:

• A church previously located on this territory. It was destroyed after the 1917 revolution;
• A dam, once made on the site of the Likhoborka River, which was buried.

Mysticism and urban legends

Moscow residents often call the Khovrino area and the park mystical. Sometimes you can hear the opinion that the estate itself is located between heaven and hell. The reason for this is the proximity of the Grachevs’ house and the park to the notorious Khovrinsky hospital. You can get to it from the park in only 20-30 minutes, which is very short by the standards of a metropolis. This institution began to be built back in 1980, but after 5 years the work was completely stopped. This was done despite the fact that the hospital buildings were almost ready. Moscow authorities explained this by insufficient funding, but residents believed that it was not a matter of money at all.

According to urban legends of Moscow, The Khovrinskaya hospital is located on the so-called “cursed” place; some people include the park in the same zones. And everyone who was involved in its construction allegedly confirmed this fact. However, there is not much reliable data on the statistics of accidents during construction and after it. It is known that a sect of Satanists held meetings in the so-called Khovrinka, but the Moscow authorities called information about human sacrifices on its territory simple rumors that have no basis.

Now the park and estate near Khovrino are frightening and damn place. However, there are still people who claim that the excesses of the Khovrins (the first owners of the territory) contributed to the formation of a certain anomalous and negative zone. Historians deny the existence of facts confirming this. But everyone decides to believe or not to believe this urban legend independently. Various sites disseminating mystical information are replete with supposedly reliable information about the misfortunes that haunted the owners of the park in past centuries, and today the workers of the hospital located in the Grachev estate and, of course, those who dared to enter the abandoned Khovrinka.

Despite this, Thousands of people visit the park area every day who want to look at the unusual Grachev house, honor the memory of Panfilov’s men, or simply enjoy the magnificent park ensemble. Guests and residents of the capital claim that all mystical phenomena are nothing more than fiction and anyone can personally verify this.

Remarkably beautiful Grachevka estate bears a name that comes from a surname. The merchants Grachevs became the last owners before the nationalization of the estate. But the ancient history of the estate begins long before this, namely in the first half of the 15th century. During these times, after the Battle of Kulikovo and the defeat of the Mamaev hordes, a certain Stefan appeared in Moscow. His nickname sounded like Howrah or Komra. Subsequently, his descendants inherited the surname Khovrin.

In the second half of the 17th century, the owners of the estate replaced one another. These were V.B. Sheremetyev, and A.V. Golitsyna, and A.V. Pronskaya, and A.V. Pozharskaya.

By imperial decree in 1700, Khovrino became the property of an associate of Peter I, Field Marshal General Golovin. During these times, an orderly layout of the estate was laid out, a park area and an orchard appeared. During the war with Napoleon, Khovrino was plundered by the French, the estate was burned, and the temple was desecrated. At the end of the war, the owner, unable to restore the estate and not having the funds to do so, was forced to sell his possessions to Stolypin, who rebuilt the house, landscaped the park, and made a wide pond.

The manufacturer from Moscow, owner of millions, Evgraf Molchanov, began to live widely on the Khovrinsky estate after purchasing the estate in 1859. A huge number of trees of various species were planted here, a farm was erected, and a huge three-story house was rebuilt and renovated. The old temple was dismantled and a new Church of the Mother of God was erected. The small Church of the Sign embodies the architecture of different eras. After the death of the owner, the widow sold the estate, but took care of the church.

Khovrino became an attractive place for summer residents after a railway line was built here. The new owner, merchant Panov, who took over the estate from Molchanov’s widow, was a tyrant and did not get along very well with the local peasants. Driven to despair, they burned the house and plotted to destroy the tyrant himself.

The estate was purchased by Grachev, a merchant of the 1st guild, redesigned, and with the help of the famous architect of those times, Kekushev, built a luxurious house, similar to a gambling house in Monte Carlo. According to legend, Grachev, addicted to gambling, once won a huge fortune.

After the revolution, Grachev’s widow was escorted out of here and placed on the estate of the workers’ faculty of the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy. Then there was a sanatorium and a military hospital there. Now it is a rehabilitation hospital, already part of Moscow. The pond was drained, the local river was hidden in a pipe, and the once luxurious terrain was built up with multi-story modern houses. The church was abandoned, but was completely restored by 2005.

The manor house, the prototype of which was the casino in Monte Carlo, was built according to the design of the outstanding architect L.A. Kekushev in 1900 under the last owners of the Grachev estate. There are legends that the owner of the estate in Khovrino, merchant Mitrofan Semenovich Grachev, made his colossal fortune playing cards and roulette in one of the most expensive casinos in Monte Carlo.

Park façade:

Side façade:

Main facade:

The name of the estate “Grachevka” was fixed only under the last owners; before that there was another name - “Khovrino”, the history of which dates back to the beginning of the 15th century. At that time, the Sourozh merchant Stefan, nicknamed Komra, came to Moscow. His son was also nicknamed Komra, or Khovra, and his grandson already had the surname Khovrin. We do not know who was the first of them at the beginning of the 15th century to take possession of the estate on the Likhoborka River, but it is known that at the end of the 16th century a church was built here in the name of the Great Martyr George. It was built by Stefan's descendant Vasily Tretyakov-Khovrin. This church was burned by apostates during the Time of Troubles.

The Tretyakovs owned the estate until the first half of the 17th century. Then the owners changed: 1646-1682 - steward V.B. Sheremetyev, end of the 17th century. - A.V. Golitsyna, A.V. Pronskaya, A.V. Pozharskaya, 1700-1758. - Golovins.

In 1700, Khovrino, by decree of Peter I, was donated to his associate, Field Marshal Count Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin, a descendant of the Khovrins. After the death of the count, the village was inherited by his widow Sofya Nikitichna, who built the stone Church of the Sign on the old Khovrinsky churchyard.
The Golovins laid the foundations for the regular axial layout of the Khovrino estate, planted a linden park and a “fertile garden”. The estate was flanked on both sides by rural streets. The church stood to the right of the manor's buildings, on the banks of the Likhoborka River, surrounded by a cemetery where local peasants were buried from the end of the 15th century.
In 1811, the estate was acquired by Prince Obolensky. Soon the Patriotic War began, which did not bypass Khovrino. In 1812, the estate was burned and the temple was desecrated. Unable to restore the burnt estate, Obolensky sold it in 1818 to N.A. and G.D. Stolypin, who changed the terrain (a long wide pond appeared on Likhoborka), built new home.
Years passed, owners changed. Stolypins (1818-1851), Zhemchuzhnikovs (1851-59)…
When Nikolaevskaya railway cut off the estate park, opening the way for summer residents to Khovrino . Peasants turned into gardeners, cab drivers, workers of a neighboring factory and “cast iron workers”. But the estate was preserved without falling into the hands of resellers.
And when in 1859 the Moscow manufacturer Evgraf Vladimirovich Molchanov became the owner, estate blossomed. Molchanov lived and built on a grand scale. Journalist A. Yartsev wrote about the construction of the estate under him in “Walks near Moscow”: “Almost naked, but beautiful place, thanks to the beautiful ponds and river, a park was laid out. On troikas they brought here huge trees of different species: cedars, firs, larches, pines, poplars, all kinds of shrubs, etc. The flower beds were full of flowers, beautiful gazebos, bridges, and grottoes grew. The huge three-story house was redecorated, several new outbuildings were built... A large farm was established, utility services and a water pump were built." Molchanov rebuilt the estate, inviting a famous architect to Khovrino. It was decided to demolish the old temple on the shore of the pond. For construction For the new church, Bykovsky chose a dry, elevated place, now this is the turn from Klinskaya Street to Festivalnaya. It is documented: the project for the construction of a new church was signed by Bykovsky on May 14, 1868.
Molchanov did not live to see the opening of the church; he died in 1869. In 1879, his widow, Elizaveta Iosifovna, sold the estate, but continued to take care of the Znamenskaya Church.

The temple, despite its small size, did not look like an ordinary rural church. The appearance of the temple merged the features of Moscow Baroque, Italian Renaissance, and Byzantine ornament. The high quadrangle on the basement is completed with an octagon, which is surrounded by four bell towers. The five domes of the temple are crowned with gilded domes. The facades were decorated with a white stone arched frieze. The axes of the facades are accentuated by four high reliefs with images of the Mother of God ("The Sign"), the Savior, Nicholas the Wonderworker and Molchanov's heavenly patron - the martyr Evgraf. The western porch with a Venetian window and arcade resembled the galleries of the Ivanovo Monastery, which Bykovsky built in the same years.

When was the railway platform built? Khovrino , these places have become real dacha place. Molchanovsky dachas were rented by richer audiences, in rural houses In the summer, petty officials, artists, and intellectuals lived.

Since 1947, a rehabilitation hospital has been located in the main house of the estate. The church building was completely abandoned for a long time, then it housed a warehouse. And only in 1991 the Church of the Icon of the Mother of God “The Sign” was returned to the believers and parish life in Khovrino was revived. The restoration of the temple lasted a whole decade, and now it has acquired its original appearance. The belfries have domes and gilded crosses.

During the time Grachev owned the estate, dacha life flourished in Khovrin. It was a favorite vacation spot for writers, artists, and poets. On September 28, 1897, the poet Valery Bryusov and Ioanna Runt were married in the Church of the Sign. Inviting his then-fiancée Runt to the wedding, Bryusov, as always intriguing and mystifying, remarked: “And we will get married in Monte Carlo itself...” Ioanna Runt: “How is that possible? Did you speak at the Temple of the Sign in Khovrino?” Bryusov: “Near Moscow there is a “gambling resort”, and there is a church there...” This is approximately what the dialogue between Valery Bryusov and Ioanna Runt looked like. And the “gambling resort” is the beautiful Grachevka estate with the Temple of the Sign.

The Grachevka estate in Khovrino is an architectural ensemble in the style of merchant eclecticism. Located on the territory of Grachevsky Park.

The name of the estate is associated with the name of its last owner - merchant Mitrofan Grachev. He was a rich and ambitious man who built himself a real palace with turrets, statues, stucco, verandas, and an abundance of colored glass.

The first noble estate in Khovrino appeared in the 15th century. At that time, these lands belonged to the famous boyar family of the Tretyakovs. At the beginning of the 16th century. The Tretyakovs sold the estate to the Sheremetev counts, then the estate changed owners several more times.

In the 18th century by order of the new owner, N.P. Obolensky, the estate was completely rebuilt, the park was landscaped in the English style. In the center architectural ensemble there was a large wooden house, similar to a Russian tower. Well-groomed paths led to the house on all sides.

In 1812, a fire destroyed most of the buildings of the Khovrinskaya estate, including the manor house. From that moment on, endless resales of the plot began, ending in 1895, when Mitrofan Grachev paid a very large sum for it at that time. So it began new life estates in Khovrino.

To build a new manor house, Grachev hired the most talented architects - L. Kekushev and G. Kaiser. The work was completed in 1900, but the merchant was not destined to see his house in its finished form: Mitrofan died in 1899.

The main feature of the main house of the Grachevka estate is that it is very similar to the famous Monte Carlo casino in Monaco - the oldest casino in Europe. Mitrofan Grachev considered the gambling house building, built by the famous architect C. Garnier, to be the highest manifestation of architectural art. The similarity between the estate and the casino gave rise to a popular legend that the merchant won his money in Monaco.

Just like the building of the Monte Carlo casino, the manor house of the estate in Khovrino is decorated with towers, statues, risalits, flowerpots, and stucco moldings. Kekushev and Kaiser fully realized a very bold idea: the mansion was built according to the “sea wave” principle. The building begins with a marble staircase with statues of lions and caryatids, the first two floors protrude deep forward, like a huge portico, the third floor consists of two rotundas, and the composition is completed by an elegant tower with balconies and a sharp spire.

After Grachev's death, his family owned the estate. At this time, the house in Khovrino became one of the centers cultural life Moscow. The Grachevs gladly invited representatives of the intelligentsia to relax in the lap of nature. A. Tolstoy, V. Gilyarovsky, P. Tchaikovsky stayed here. The wedding of the poet V. Bryusov and the translator I. Runt took place in the Znamenskaya Church located on the territory of the estate.

Immediately after the revolution, the estate was transferred to the workers' faculty of the Agricultural Academy. The façade and interiors of the main building were rapidly falling into disrepair. The structures of Grachevsky Park were also destroyed: numerous gazebos, benches, flower beds and fountains.

In 1928, the Agricultural Academy transferred the estate to the sanatorium. Unfortunately, this did not lead to the restoration of the architectural monument and the surrounding area. On the contrary, during this period the ponds were pumped out, and several dozen hundred-year-old trees were cut down in the park.

During the Second World War, a military hospital was located in the estate; after the war, the Moscow Regional Rehabilitation Hospital moved here. This institution continues to occupy the mansion now (data as of November 15, 2018).

In 1972, the Grachevka estate was given the status of an object cultural heritage of national importance. The main building, outbuildings and outbuildings were partially restored.

To get to the estate, you must go through the security point of the Moscow Regional Hospital. Architectural monument clearly visible through the lattice fence.

Grachevsky Park

Around the Grachevka estate there is a park of the same name. Total area land - 19 hectares. The park is divided into two parts – regular and landscape. Regular is a well-groomed space with linden, oak and larch alleys. There are many flower beds, gazebos, and benches. There are bridges across streams and rivers.

The landscape part of Grachevsky Park is particularly beautiful. A spruce-deciduous forest is located on the banks of the picturesque Likhoborka River. A small pond is hidden in the thickets of the forest: the landscape seems to have come out of Vasnetsov’s famous painting “Alyonushka”.

In the summer, children's playgrounds with attractions, fields for playing football and volleyball open in the regular part of Grachevsky Park. In winter, the Health Path runs through the park - one of the longest ski runs in Moscow.

For many years, Grachevsky Park has been very popular among representatives of youth subcultures, lovers of abandoned and mysterious places, post-apocalyptic aesthetics, stalkers and roofters. The fact is that at one of the ends of the park there was an unfinished building. This huge multi-story building with many buildings was supposed to become the pride of Soviet medicine. However, in 1985, the construction of the hospital was stopped. huge complex began to decline. Among the residents of Khovrino, the high-rise building enjoys a bad reputation: over the past 30 years, many tragic incidents have occurred here. In November 2018, demolition of the Khovrinskaya hospital began.

In 1870, the architect M. Bykovsky erected a small elegant church on the territory of the Grachevka estate, illuminated in honor of the Orthodox icon “The Sign”. The temple was erected on the foundation of an ancient wooden church that burned down in a fire in 1812.

In 1991, the Church of the Sign was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. Currently, the church hosts a traditional Orthodox service, an evening school and the Lampada gymnasium.

The church houses two ancient icons – “The Sign” and “The Quick to Hear”.

Video about the estate:

The Grachevka estate (original name Khovrino) begins its history in the distant 15th century, when the Sourozh merchant Stefan Khovra (Khovrin) took possession of the estate on the Likhoborka River.

There are practically no details of what happened in Khovrin in those distant times. It is only known that at the end of the 16th century, the Church of the Great Martyr George was built on the estate by Vasily Tretyakov-Khovrin. This church has not survived to this day; it was burned during the Great Troubles. Then the estate passed from one owner to another several times. From 1646 to 1682 it was the property of the steward V.B. Sheremetyev; at the end of the 17th century, Khovrino belonged to A.V. Golitsyna, then A.V. Pronskoy, A.V. Pozharskaya.
In 1700, by decree of Emperor Peter I, the Khovrino estate was presented to Field Marshal General Count Fyodor Alekseevich Golovin. Golovin was a descendant of the Khovrin family, and was also one of the tsar’s associates. After the count's death, the estate was inherited by his widow, who built the stone Znamenskaya Church on the old Khovrinsky cemetery.

Under the Golovins, the foundation for a regular axial layout of the estate was laid. They also planted a linden park and an orchard. The estate was bordered on both sides by village streets. The church was located to the right of the manor's buildings. The cemetery that surrounded the church was where local residents were buried since the late 15th century.
In 1811, Prince Obolensky acquired the Khovrino estate. When war broke out in 1812, Khovrino was plundered and burned. The Church of the Sign, like many Moscow churches, was desecrated by Napoleonic soldiers.

After the end of the war, Obolensky was unable to restore the estate, and in 1818 he sold Khovrino to N.A. and G.D. Stolypin. The Stolypins revived the estate, slightly modifying the original architectural plan. They built a large pond on the Likhoborka River, and the park around the house became more compact.
In 1851, the Zhemchuzhnikovs became the owners of the estate. The pre-reform time was approaching, changing the usual order of things. Khovrinsky Park was divided by the Nikolaev railway, which gave summer residents access to the village of Khovrino. The estate was lucky, it did not fall into the hands of resellers, and it was not sold in parts; in 1859 it was acquired by Moscow millionaire Evgraf Vladimirovich Molchanov. After a railway platform was built in Khovrino, it began to turn into a classic holiday village. More wealthy people lived in the Molchanovs' dachas, while artists, minor officials and the poor intelligentsia lived in the peasant huts in the summer. P.I. rested here. Tchaikovsky, there were V.A. Gilyarovsky and A.N. Tolstoy. Many artists loved to work in Khovrin.

The most fertile time in the entire history of its existence began for the estate. Molchanov launched a grandiose construction project here, which was written about in the newspapers: “In an almost bare, but beautiful place, thanks to beautiful ponds and a river, a park was laid out. Huge trees of different species were brought here in troikas: cedars, fir, larch, pine, poplar, all kinds of bushes and so on. Flower beds were full of flowers, beautiful gazebos, bridges, grottoes grew. The huge three-story house was redecorated, and several new outbuildings were built... A large farm was established, utility services and a water pump were built."
The reconstruction of the estate was carried out by the famous architect Mikhail Bykovsky. Now Klinskaya and Festivalnaya streets meet here at an angle.
The new owner of the estate was the merchant S.E. Panov, a cruel tyrant who mercilessly oppressed the peasants, nicknamed the “wild master.” It almost got to the point where the villagers almost killed him. The archive preserves Panov’s complaint against the priest Ioann Pomortsev, who defended local peasants who, being on the verge of despair, set fire to the manor’s house.

After Panov’s death, the estate was acquired by the merchant of the first guild, Mitrofan Semenovich Grachev, from whose surname the second name of the estate came, by which it is still known. Grachev redeveloped the territory and rebuilt the estate. In 1900, an amazing palace appeared on the estate, built by the outstanding architect L.N. Kekushev. The prototype of the building was the famous casino in Monte Carlo. From that time on, the estate began to be called Grachevka. Grachev died in 1899, and his widow Varvara Nikolaevna remained the mistress of Grachevka until the October Revolution.
In 1918, the owners were kicked out of the estate, and in the palace and outbuildings The workers' faculty of the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy was located. Then, in 1928, a sanatorium operated on the territory of the Grachevo estate, and during the Great Patriotic War Patriotic War- hospital.

From 1947 to the present time, there has been a hospital in the main house of the Grachevka estate. In 1947, Grachevka and the park were transferred to the Moscow Regional Clinic for Physical Treatment Methods. In 1952, the hospital was renamed the Moscow Regional Hospital with the same physiotherapeutic profile, and after 2004 the hospital was called the Moscow Regional Clinical Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Rehabilitation.

Since 1960, Khovrino and the Grachevka estate have been located within the city limits. Private houses were demolished, the cemetery was liquidated, and the Likhoborka River was enclosed in a pipe. The estate pond was drained and significant damage was caused to the park. Only the main house and other buildings were lucky - they were preserved quite well, which is greatly facilitated by the management of the Moscow Center for Military and Cultural History, taking care of the unique historical and architectural monument.