Streshnevo history. Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo, Ivankovsky ponds, Chernushka river, Khimka river. Fireplace in the White Hall
It is difficult to understand how such a large forest area has been preserved in a metropolis, surrounded by expressways and high-rise buildings. Squirrels chirp in the canopy of centuries-old trees and wild ducks splash. After wandering along the paths, you can come to dilapidated ancient buildings. You and I are at the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate in Moscow.
Noble nest
Once upon a time this area was called Podjolki. It was nothing particularly remarkable, like the succession of its owners - an unsuccessful diplomat, a governor, a clerk... Eight peasant households, a church, after which the village was later named. And who knows how his fate would have turned out if Pokrovskoye had not been bought by Rodion Mikhailovich Streshnev in 1664.
Rodion's star shone after his relative was taken as his wife by the first king of the Romanov dynasty. Busy and energetic, Streshnev zealously served the four kings who took turns on the throne. He carried out important missions, diplomatic and military, became a boyar, and was presented with gold and furs. At the end of his career, he became the tutor of the prince, and then of the young Tsar Peter, the future formidable Russian emperor.
Streshnev built a manor's courtyard in Pokrovskoye, and ponds were dug near the river, where they began breeding fish. For 250 years, the descendants of the boyar owned the estate, which became known as Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo.
Under Chief General Pyotr Streshnev, a luxurious stone house with art gallery(see photo). The general's daughter made the house three-story, collected a rich library, and bought a telescope. Greenhouses and a zoo appeared on the estate. Above a high cliff, surrounded by forest, an elegant house grew up, where Catherine II herself once had tea with the hostess.
Photos of the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate and its surroundings
Later, an elite holiday village arose near the estate. Here Leo Tolstoy visited the house of the court doctor, the doctor’s daughter became his wife. Meanwhile, Princess Shakhovskaya became the mistress of the estate. Under her, the estate turned into a semblance knight's castle. Towers were added to the manor house and surrounded by a red brick fence in the Kremlin style. The Shakhovskaya station appeared on the railway near the estate. Very convenient: the princess and her husband, the general, had their own salon carriage for traveling “to the south.” As well as a villa and a yacht on the Mediterranean Sea, an estate in the capital on Bolshaya Nikitskaya and much more.
Then its new owners came to Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo. They did not have pompous titles or family fortunes. The estate was modestly called the “Central Committee sanatorium.” As they say, a completely different story began...
From the past to the present
The estate and park were declared a protected area of the capital. The reconstruction of some structures began. Its prospects are still vague, but even in its current form, the abandoned Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate is impressive: stairs, a balcony, columns and bas-reliefs on the facade, figured walls of towers and the castle fence, a slender Church of the Intercession. Inside the building there are carved doors, family coats of arms, fireplaces, and a round living room.
The exterior of the building has retained its appearance, which cannot be said about the interior:
How to get to the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate? The easiest way is to take the metro. And from the Voikovskaya, Sokol, Shchukinskaya and Tushinskaya stations it’s a short walk to the park.
IN weekdays It's not crowded here. Moreover, the park is huge - almost 240 hectares. After wandering here, you can breathe in the resinous air of the taiga - spruce and pine, cedar and larch grow in the park. You won't believe it - beavers built their own dam on the river. Most likely, the only one in Moscow.
People come to the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate and park for picnics, bringing skateboards, badminton, and rollerblades. Adrenaline lovers spend time near the deep ravine: they ride down its steep slopes on bicycles, or in winter on skis and sleds.
Near the Khimki River there gurgles a spring, which local residents called "Swan". Take a sip from it crystal clean water, raise your head. At the top, near the cliff, there once stood a pavilion where the empress drank tea! Perhaps they collected water for him in the same place where you drink it?
Not everyone knows that in the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park there is a former noble estate near Moscow. Actually, the park itself is a former homestead.
The place where Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo is now located has been known since the 16th century: it was first mentioned in scribe books as the “village of Podjolki” (apparently, there was a spruce forest around it).
The village was resold many times and was successively owned first by the boyars Nestorovich, then by the family of the clerk Blagovo, then by the governor Andrei Fedorovich Palitsyn, then the clerk Mikhail Feofilatievich Danilov became the owner again. But all this time the name Podjolki was preserved. And only in 1629, when the stone Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin was built in the village (as a result of which the village acquired the status of a village), a second name appeared - Pokrovskoye. In the census books of 1946, the village is mentioned with a double name - Pokrovskoye-Podyolki (“Pokrovskoye village, Podyolki also”). At that time, the village had eight peasant households, where a total of three dozen people lived.
Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin today. Photo: Alexander Chebotar
After the death of clerk Danilov, thanks to whom our and neighboring districts still have “Pokrovskoye” in their name, the village passes to a new owner named Elizarov.
Many are surprised that it was the clerk who bought the village. But there is no need to confuse “deacon” (a junior church rank that does not have the degree of priesthood) and “deacon” (a Duma position in the Russian state of the 16th-17th centuries). The clerks in question are not ministers in the church, but government employees.
F.K. Elizarov owned the estate for only a few years, and in 1664 he sold it to his neighbor (the owner of the village of Ivankova) Rodion Matveevich Streshnev. From this moment the fun begins. Firstly, it is already clear why our district has such a name - Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo. The previous owners of the estate (with the exception of clerk Mikhail Feofilatievich Danilov, who built the Church of the Intercession) did not leave their mark on the name, since they did not own it for long. But the descendants of boyar Streshnev (who, by the way, was one of the educators of Tsar Peter I) owned the estate for the next 250 years.
Coat of arms of the Streshnev family
It is interesting that the Streshnev family was not always noble. Until 1626, the Streshnev family was considered ignorant, and then a significant event occurred - Evdokia Streshneva was married to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The marriage was successful, Evdokia gave birth to 10 children (including the future Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich), and the Streshnev family took a prominent place at court. One of the Streshnevs, Tikhon Nikitich, was the first Moscow governor (from 1709 to 1711). It is a known fact that when Tsar Peter I personally cut the beards of the Russian boyars, he spared Tikhon Nikitich from this humiliating procedure - “for his proven devotion.”
Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva (1608–1645)
Tikhon Nikitich Streshnev (1644–1719), 1st Moscow governor
Rodion Matveyevich did not pay special attention to his new estate - neither new buildings nor expansion of the farm occurred under him. But it is to him that we owe a favorite place for walks - park ponds: in 1685, Streshnev ordered to dig ponds in the upper reaches of the Chernushka River (the same river with a beaver settlement that is mentioned in the description of our blog) and raise fish in them. Fish, it must be said, is found to this day: according to local fishermen - crucian carp, carp, pike, perch, bream.
After the death of Rodion Matveevich (1687), the estate passed to his son Ivan Rodionovich, whose years of ownership of the estate were also not marked by anything remarkable for Pokrovsky-Streshnev. In 1738, Ivan Rodionovich dies, and the estate is inherited by his son, Chief General Pyotr Ivanovich Streshnev. And a period of prosperity begins for the estate.
Pyotr Ivanovich Streshnev (1711–1771)
In the 1750s, Streshnev rebuilt the church (the same one of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin, built by clerk M.F. Danilov, which gave the estate part of its name), in 1766 a new stone house was erected, and a collection of paintings was collected in the galleries of the mansion.
After the death of the general in 1771, the estate passed into the possession of his daughter, Elizaveta Petrovna. Elizabeth. Such disrespect for the memory of her father is not surprising - from childhood, Elizabeth (the only heir of the general-in-chief - his other 8 children died before they even reached adulthood) was capricious and spoiled. Contemporaries recalled that, while still a child, Elizabeth “traveled out in a gilded carriage, with four hussars accompanying her on horseback, two haiduks riding behind her, and a walker running in front carrying the Streshnev coat of arms on a staff.”
Elizaveta PetrovnaGlebova, née Streshneva(1751–1837), in childhood.
A year after the death of her father, Elizaveta Petrovna Streshneva married General Fyodor Ivanovich Glebov (1734–1792). A “bath house” (bathhouse) appears on the estate, built by Fyodor Ivanovich as a gift to his beloved young wife and named “Elizavetino” in her honor. The house was located not far from the manor's house, on the bank of the Khimki River. In addition, the owners started a menagerie, which contained not only animals, but also more than a hundred rare birds. The bathroom house has not survived to this day; it was destroyed by a bomb during the war.
Bath house "Elizavetino" above the Khimka River, view from the side descending to the river (now clearly visible from this point cottage village employees of the American Embassy "Green Hills")
"Elizavetino", facade
It is known that in July 1775, Empress Catherine II visited Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo and “deigned […] to have tea with its owner, Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva.”
After the death of Fyodor Ivanovich in 1799, Elizaveta Petrovna continued to live on the family estate. In 1803–1806, she rebuilt the house: instead of the old one, in the Elizabethan Baroque style, a new one was built in the Empire style, adjacent to which was a garden with ponds. Greenhouses are being built. Elizaveta Petrovna received a good education, loved literature and was interested in technical innovations, so the house had an excellent library, a telescope and a microscope. Elizaveta Petrovna was well acquainted and friendly with N.M. Karamzin (it is known that for some time he wrote “The History of the Russian State” in the Elizavetino house, presented to him by the owner of the estate for quiet work).
Greenhouses in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo today. Photo: Alexander Zaitsev
At the beginning of the 19th century, on the opposite side of the estate from the road from the village of Vsekhsvyatskoye to the village of Tushino (now on the site of this road is the Volokolamsk Highway) there was a holiday village - 22 summer houses. Dachas in Pokrovskoye were very expensive (from 100 to 2000 rubles per season - huge money by the standards of the early 20th century), and the most interesting people flocked there - N.M. Karamzin, the family of the court physician Bers (whose daughter Sophia later became the wife of Leo Tolstoy), L.N. himself. Tolstoy as a guest Bersov, doctor S.P. Botkin and many other famous and wealthy people of that time. By the way, Dr. Botkin rebuilt the Church of the Intercession with his own money.
In 1837, Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva died, and the estate passed to one of the heirs, E.P. Glebov-Streshnev, and then to his niece Evgenia Fedorovna Brevern. It is interesting that after their marriage to Prince M.V. Shakhovsky, both of them (Evgenia Fedorovna and her husband) began to bear the triple surname Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev. Due to the fact that the Glebov-Streshnev family was interrupted on Evgenia, and there were no male descendants, they decided to keep the family name in this way. And the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo estate increasingly began to be called Pokrovskoye-Glebovo (since the Glebov surname came first in the family’s full name). During this period, in the village of Pokrovskoye there were 10 peasant households, and a total of about 100 people lived. That is, since 1629, when the village of Podjolki became the village of Pokrovsky, the number of people increased only 3 times. But after 30 years, almost 3 hundred people already lived in the village.
Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva (1846–1924)
Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva turned out to be the last owner of the estate. During her management of the estate, she introduced many innovations into the structure of the house and the park: in 1880 it was built architectural ensemble in the form of a horseshoe, uniting everything outbuildings. Outbuildings in the form of medieval turrets were added to the ends of the house, and a wooden superstructure was made above the house, also in the form of a castle tower. A red brick wall with towers in the pseudo-Russian style was erected around the estate. The Church of the Intercession was rebuilt again.
The last mistress of Pokrovsky-Streshnevo took care of the estate with pleasure and sincere love: despite the fact that she owned a villa in Italy, had her own yacht on the Mediterranean Sea and a personal railway carriage for travel, the landowner still spent most of her time in her family nest.
Interesting fact: despite the fact that during the time of Evgenia Fedorovna, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo was visited by more guests than ever before, visitors were not at all free to move around the estate. The princess strictly divided the space into “personal”, “for special guests” and “ticketed”. A letter from Sofia Andreevna Tolstoy has been preserved, in which she complained to her husband Lev Nikolaevich: “In Pokrovskoye, it’s very sad that the hostess’s anger is visible everywhere: everything is fenced with barbed wire, there are evil guards everywhere, and you can only walk along dusty, big roads.”
The village of Pokrovskoye, meanwhile, continued to be the most popular dacha place. So much so that in the summer of 1908 a regular bus service was organized (a very rare event at that time) between Pokrovsky and Petrovsko-Razumovsky. Buses ran along the Petersburg highway (today's Leningradka).
This is what buses looked like at the beginning of the 20th century
Around the same time, dachas were being built at the other end of the park - in the Ivankovsky forest, above the Khimka River (in the vicinity of the Swan Princess spring). At one time, Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron rented a dacha in Ivankovo, and L.N. Tolstoy's story "The Storm" was written by Tolstoy.
After the revolution of 1917, the estate (as well as all the dachas) was turned into a sanatorium of the Central Committee, and a little later it became a rest home for textile workers. Surprisingly, in 1925, the furnishings of the manor house were completely recreated in the estate and a museum was created. True, it did not last long (and given the era, this is not surprising), it was closed and ruined. Later, in 1933, a rest home for military pilots was set up in the former estate. During the Great Patriotic War a hospital was located in the estate buildings. In the post-war period (since 1970) there was a research institute in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo civil aviation.
Then (in the 80s) the estate building belonged to the Aeroflot company. Aeroflot employees planned to set up a reception hall in the former estate, and in connection with this they began active restoration work, but the plans were disrupted by a fire that destroyed the attic floor and significantly damaged the halls of the second floor. Restoration of the palace began - the burned parts of the house were rebuilt, the state rooms on the second floor were partially restored, but the restoration was never completed.
In 2003, Aeroflot sold the estate to some dubious company, the transaction with which was later declared illegal.
Now the estate is formally on the balance sheet of the Higher School of Economics, but in fact it has been left to the mercy of fate, is slowly deteriorating, running wild and being destroyed.
On the other side it turns into a once magnificent pine park. But, apparently, before this area was dominated by spruce forest, after which the area received the name Podjolki. A wasteland under this name in the middle of the 16th century. belonged to Stepan and Fyodor Tushin and was first noted in a scribe book in 1584 after its acquisition by Elizar Ivanovich Blagovo, a prominent political figure in the second half of the 16th century. In 1573, he participated in the wedding ceremony of King Magnus with the niece of Ivan IV, Princess Marya Vladimirovna. In 1580 he was sent with peace proposals to Stefan Batory, but returned without achieving anything. Three years later, his name was mentioned among the participants in the reception of the British Ambassador Bowes in Moscow.
Perhaps this area experienced the most terrible and difficult years during the Time of Troubles. In the spring of 1608, False Dmitry II began his campaign against Moscow. The “Tushino thief,” as they would call him, set up his camp on the banks of Khimki, directly opposite Podyoloki. Up to 50 thousand people gathered in the camp. Marina Mnishek came here, who was persuaded to recognize another impostor and even marry him. Here, the impostor was elevated to the rank of patriarch Filaret Romanov, the father of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty. But the fall of False Dmitry II is also connected with these same places. After the unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, defeats near Tver and Pskov, the impostor was forced to flee from the Tushino camp to Kaluga, where Marina Mnishek followed him.
Among the impostor’s associates, Andrei Fedorovich Palitsyn stood out, a man who, in accordance with the morals and customs of that difficult time, served “both ours and yours.” His son Fedor later wrote in a petition addressed to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich: “My father served the former sovereigns and your sovereign father, sovereign... Mikhail Fedorovich, 40 years old, and my father was sent to your sovereign services many times with your sovereign military men, from the nobles and children of boyars, and with atamans and Cossacks as a commander against your sovereign enemies, Polish, and Lithuanian, and German people, and Russian thieves, and fought in many battles with Lithuanian and German people, and sat in sieges, and in those battles he was wounded and mutilated many crippling wounds. And the many services and blood of my father were known to your sovereign father, the sovereign... Mikhail Fedorovich, of blessed memory, and your sovereign boyars and Duma people: and for, sir, his many services and blood, your sovereign's salary, the local salary was 1000 rubles for my father, money out of 130 rubles.”
In 1622, documents refer to A.F. Palitsyn is the owner of Podielok. Andrei Fedorovich was the son of a boyar, he began his service with the okolnichy Ya.M. Godunov, after whose death in 1608 he “went off” to the “Tushino thief.” A year later, together with other Tush residents, he went to Totma to release disgraced people from prison and for this purpose, he wrote a “forged” letter on the spot, which aroused “doubt” among the authorities. During the “cruel” interrogation of A.F. Palitsyn showed everything he knew about the “Tushino thief”: about his origin and all those who served the impostor. Having received his freedom, the ambassador of the “Tushino thief” immediately went into the service of the Polish king and in 1610 received from Sigismund III a letter of appointment as a solicitor.
But already in 1611 he was among the military men of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. As soon as the abbot and cellarer learned about the interventionists’ attempts to burn Moscow, it was A.F. Palitsyn rushes to the aid of the city with 50 warriors. He also distinguished himself in 1614, when, as a governor in Ostashkovo, he fought with the Lithuanians, he took the “tongue” and sent him to Moscow. In 1618 he served as a governor in Murom, in 1629-1631. in distant Mangazeya, in 1633 he returned to Moscow with a drawing of the Lena River and a painting of “land and people”, “nomadic and sedentary” along its banks. Between his service in Murom and Mangazeya, Palitsyn sold his Tushino wasteland to clerk Mikhail Feofilatievich Danilov.
M.F. Danilov can well be called a successful official of his time. Starting his career at the beginning of the 17th century. During the Time of Troubles, he consistently climbed the entire career ladder, sometimes carrying out very important assignments, and it should be noted that he never went over to the side of the enemy. Immediately after the election of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom, clerk Danilov receives a diplomatic mission to bring the news of the emergence of a new Russian Tsar to the Turkish Sultan. The trip lasted until December 1614, and in September 1615 he became clerk of the Discharge Order. In 1622, having decided to acquire lands in Khimka, he turns the wasteland into a village, where he sets up a courtyard with business people. The Patriarchal State Order notes that in 1629 a stone “newly arrived church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin, and within the limits of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael, and Alexei the Wonderworker, appeared in the patrimony of the official clerk Mikhail Danilov in the village of Pokrovskoe - Podjolki.”
In 1641-1642 M.F. Danilov was listed as clerk of the Detective Prikaz, and in 1645-1646. copied the treasury and money in the Siberian Prikaz and the Prikaz of the Kazan Palace. And, apparently, the service was successful, since he managed to turn the wasteland into a village. The census book of 1646 reports: “...behind the Duma clerk, behind Mikhail Danilov’s son Fefilatiev, the village of Pokrovskoye, Pod’elki, also, and in it the Church of the Intercession Holy Mother of God stone, and in the courtyard of the church there is priest Simeon, and a cell of a mallow maker, and 8 peasant households, with 26 people in them.” But the main thing: instead of the original 29 and a half tens, the village of Pokrovskoye “pulled” about 300 dessiatines - Danilov increased the estate almost tenfold.
The only thing that was not going well for the clerk was his personal life, which can be judged by the rich contributions he made to monasteries in honor of the souls of his deceased relatives. For example, in 1639, he gave the Trinity-Sergius Monastery 100 rubles, and 100 gold Ugric and Moscow rubles, “and on the miracle-working coffins he put 3 velvet covers, gilded silver crosses and coffins, at a price of 90 rubles. And for his parents’ contribution, his 51 names were written in synodics and feed books.” Of the entire family, only his daughter survived him, and even then only by a year.
For a short time, the village was owned by Fyodor Kuzmich Elizarov, who began his service from the lowest position - tenant (1616). Over more than 40 years of leisurely advancement up the career ladder, in 1655 he reached the rank of okolnik and was subordinated to the Local Order, which he was in charge of until his death in 1664. During his service, he managed to amass a good fortune. Shortly before his death, he had 500 households, and earlier, “according to his name,” there were 220 households.
In 1664, Pokrovskoye was acquired by Rodion Matveevich Streshnev, and from that moment on, the estate belonged to the Streshnev family for almost 250 years. This surname came to prominence due to the fact that in 1626 Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich married the daughter of an ordinary nobleman (“of dark origin” - according to contemporaries) Evdokia Lukyanovna Streshneva, whose relatives quickly took a prominent place in the court hierarchy.
Rodion Matveevich Streshnev is a unique and very noticeable personality in Russian history. He had to serve all four of the first tsars of the Romanov dynasty throughout his life. He began his service as a steward and progressed rather slowly: from 1653 he was a okolnichy and only 23 years later (1676) he received the boyar rank. He had to carry out diplomatic assignments, fight, and lead various orders. Famous for his independence and steadfast character, he tried to resolve the conflict between Patriarch Nikon and Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. From the late 1670s until the end of his life, he served as the uncle of the future Emperor Peter Alekseevich, whom, in fact, he nurtured.
Under the first Streshnev, life in Pokrovskoye comes to a standstill. This Moscow region clearly did not promise him any special benefits. The main wedge of land remained under the forest. In 1678, in the village there were “9 bonded people, 10 families of workers, 30 people in them, a clerk’s yard, a peasant’s yard, 7 people in them, and a Bobylskaya yard, 3 people in them.” Particular importance in the economy was given to specially dug fish ponds on the Chernushka River.
Streshnev's son, Ivan, the only heir, inherited a huge fortune in 1687, amounting to a total of 13.5 thousand acres of land in different counties. Under him, in 1704, in the village of Pokrovskoye, Pod'elki, there were also: a votchinniki courtyard, with a clerk and a groom, a cattle yard, with 4 people in it, and 9 peasant farmsteads, with 34 people in it.
In 1739, Ivan Rodionovich passed away. Of his two sons, Vasily and Peter, Pokrovskoe was assigned to the latter by division. Pyotr Ivanovich's service was difficult. Goff-junker of Peter II, chamber-cadet of the sister of the young emperor Natalya Alekseevna, under Empress Anna Ioannovna he paid for his closeness to the children of Tsarevich Alexei by being sent as prime minister to the field regiments. Only towards the end of her reign he manages to reach the rank of major general, but this same circumstance causes the next empress Elizabeth Petrovna to distrust him. Only in the 1750s did he achieve the rank of general-in-chief. Then, taking advantage of the decree “On the freedom of the Russian nobility,” he retired and devoted himself entirely to economic affairs. It is with this circumstance that the construction of a new manor house in Pokrovskoye, completed in 1766, is associated.
Relatively small in size - only ten rooms on the ground floor, with a suite of state rooms characteristic of the Elizabethan era - the Streshnevsky house was a very successful, judging by the surviving drawings, building solution in the spirit of French Rocaille, moreover, made in stone. The furnishings were not particularly rich, but Pokrovskoye was famous for its extensive gallery of 25 family portraits and 106 paintings. The comfortable and hospitable Moscow region attracted numerous and very influential relatives of the owners. Peter Ivanovich's sister Marfa was married to Prince A.I. Osterman, the younger Praskovya - behind the famous historian M.M. Shcherbatov. The favorite of Catherine II A.M. was also here. Dmitriev-Mamonov, and the family of Admiral Spiridov, and the brothers Mikhail and Pyotr Yakovlevich Chaadaevs.
The estate in Pokrovskoye was the direct opposite of another Streshnev estate - Znamenskoye-Raek, near Torzhok, two miles from the St. Petersburg road, which was built for show, “for the parade.” The house in Pokrovskoye was built specifically for one’s own needs as a country residence for recreation. But still, during the celebrations dedicated to the celebration of the Kyuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace, the Empress visited Pokrovskoye. In any case, local historian A. Yartsev, who visited here at the beginning of the 20th century, saw a sign with an inscription that said that on July 10, 1775, Catherine II “ate tea” with Elizaveta Petrovna Glebova-Streshneva.
Elizaveta Petrovna was a colorful figure even for her time. Already in childhood she showed her unbridled temper. Her father lost his wife early, and out of 9 children, only one daughter survived, whom he loved very much and spoiled immensely. Not only her father, but also everyone at home bowed before her, and it is quite possible that it was precisely this circumstance that developed in her the despotism and intransigence that distinguished her from other ladies of that time. She forced her father to fulfill all her whims. One day her uncle, Prince M.M. Shcherbatov, the envoy in London, gave her a doll. A special dwarf was assigned to the toy, nicknamed Katerina Ivanovna. The most memorable was the festive departure of little Elizabeth with a doll: “The carriage was all gilded and enameled, with gold tassels; four hussars accompanied her on horseback, two haiduks rode behind her, and in front ran a walker wearing the Streshnev coat of arms on his staff. The whole house was in a state of excitement: the footmen were powdering their hair and braiding their hair. Everyone was fussing, and preparations continued for at least two hours. Finally, Katerina Ivanovna and the dwarf were put into the carriage, and the people who came across them bowed to the ground.”
No matter how much her father indulged her, he still opposed her desire to marry Fyodor Ivanovich Glebov (1734-1799), a widower with a daughter in his arms. However, a year after the death of her father, Elizaveta Petrovna achieved her goal: “I was never in love with him, but I realized that this is the only person over whom I can rule, while at the same time respecting him.”
Of Elizaveta Petrovna’s four children, only two survived. The successor of the eldest son, Peter, was Catherine II herself. But if the eldest managed to marry against the will of “mama,” then the youngest, Dmitry, she did not allow either to marry or serve. After his death and after the widow remarried, Elizaveta Petrovna kept the children of her eldest son with her. “The education that these unfortunate children received occupied the whole of Moscow for a long time. Their grandmother’s severity was so great that they hardly dared to open their mouths in front of her.” Her granddaughters wore shabby dresses and used children’s cutlery at the table almost until they were 20, asking the “grandmother” for permission to take this or that piece. Not wanting to marry them off, she called all the suitors boys, and sometimes just fools, ordering the lackeys to drive them out of the house. She did not allow her grandson Fyodor to enter the service because of a simple whim: suddenly she would need to look for some “pieces of paper” to prove her origin. They say that Nicholas I, having learned about this, ordered the necessary papers to be straightened out to Fyodor Petrovich without the usual formalities, which strengthened the old woman in her rightness. After all, everyone already knows the Streshnevs.
Her granddaughter, Natalya Petrovna Brevern, without holding a grudge against her grandmother, in her old age said about her that this is “one of the last examples of ancient tyranny, only without the outbursts and eccentricity that usually accompany it: this is the personification of some kind of systematic tyranny.” And indeed, Elizaveta Petrovna spoke the most cruel words without raising her voice (“only men and women scream”). But her gaze at the same time, according to the recollections of those around her, became “stunning.” And the manager called him “like a log on the back.”
Her character softened only in her declining years. And she justified her severity in raising her children and grandchildren by the fact that she herself was greatly spoiled as a child, which brought her so much harm. “I feel like I’m a monster and I don’t want them to be the same.” Nevertheless, she also had her attachments. In particular, the Kalmyk boy Pavlov was sent to her as a gift by Prince Volkonsky, to whom she became very attached and even begged for an officer’s rank for him.
Her brothers died at an early age, and it seemed that the Streshnev family would be interrupted. Elizaveta Petrovna collects family heirlooms and creates a gallery of family portraits. She buries her mother in the Kremlin’s Chudov Monastery along with the “real Streshnevs.” Family coats of arms also appear in her manor house, and in main hall hanging family tree. After the death of her cousin (the last of the Streshnevs), who, as they said, was in love with her in his youth, and subsequently hated her just as passionately, in 1803 she sought the right to be called Glebova-Streshneva and passed on this surname to her offspring.
Under Elizaveta Petrovna, the estate was also renovated. In place of the old house, a new three-story house appears in the spirit of late classicism. It has a regular garden, on the edge of which there is a fish pond and six greenhouses with fruit trees. To the side of the garden there is a menagerie with deer, Šlö goats and rams, Chinese, Persian and Cape geese, geese, swans, blue turkeys, cranes, and peacocks. A model for E.P. Glebova-Streshneva served as the farm for the palace village of Izmailova. A mile from the estate, on the steep bank of the Khimki River, a magnificent and cozy summer house is being built, called “Elizavetino” - a tribute to the passing age of the estate.
As for Pokrovsky agriculture itself, its scale has hardly changed over the past hundred years. In 1813, these were the same as in Peter’s time, 300 acres of land and seven peasant households, in which there were 57 (instead of 34) people.
The manor house was built and rebuilt, finally taking shape by the beginning of the 19th century. The internal layout and interior remained almost unchanged until 1928. The author of the project, unfortunately, remained unknown, but it was executed well. Of course, the house in Pokrovsky was inferior to such country palaces as Kuzminki, Ostankino and Kuskovo, but such magnificent festivities were not held here: the house in Pokrovsky served as a family summer residence. It is quite characteristic of its era and therefore it makes sense to take a closer look at it.
In the lobby, where guests first entered, attention was drawn to the portrait gallery of the Romanov dynasty, with whom Elizaveta Petrovna was proud of being related. Among the royal portraits, a plaster bust of the owner herself, painted bronze, stood out. He depicted a rather elderly woman, or rather an old woman with sharp features in a corrugated cap. At the top, the lobby was decorated with a balcony-gallery: a wide main staircase, framed by four columns, led upstairs. In the corner stood two tall staves, decorated with silver knobs with coats of arms. They were intended for ceremonial exits. According to the customs of that time, walkers with staves and maces ran in front of the carriage of the eminent nobleman and cleared the road. Among the Streshnev walkers, the black Pompeii stood out.
When the museum was created in the estate after the October Revolution, almost all the family portraits that were somehow related to the owners were hung in one room. Not equal in their artistic merits, they nevertheless gave a complete picture of the Streshnev family and the time in which they lived. According to the inventory of 1805, the number of paintings reached 328, including 76 royal portraits and images of the Glebovs and Streshnevs. Among them, portraits painted by Jan (Ivan) Ligotsky, an artist of the “Polish nation,” stood out. For five years he studied with the famous K. Legrain, from whom he mastered not only drawing and painting, but also learned “pillow writing” (i.e., the ability to paint ceiling lamps), decorate interiors, and paint images. I. Ligotsky was certified by prominent St. Petersburg artists of the Elizabethan era - Caravaque and Perezinotti. The latter testified “that Yagan Ligotsky, who studied with the master Karl Legrain in the science of painting in ornaments, figures, etc., has the dignity of being in the service of Her Imperial Majesty.” Since the mid-1760s, Ligotsky specialized in portrait painting, and among his works one could see the appearance of Pokrovsky’s owners and their relatives. Among them is a 1776 portrait of Kyiv Governor-General P.I. Streshnev, father of Elizaveta Petrovna. An elderly man with a flabby face, but with surprisingly lively black eyes, confident in himself, looks at us from the canvas. And next to it is a portrait of his wife, a young woman with her hair up high, who took monastic vows during her husband’s lifetime and dedicated herself to God, perhaps due to the death of almost all her children. Nearby hung a portrait of a girl dressed as a flower girl. This is Lisa captured at a tender age, in the future Elizaveta Petrovna.
The portrait room was decorated with chairs upholstered in fabric with embroidered coats of arms, mirrors in carved gilded frames, and ornaments on the walls.
From the portrait room one could enter the dining room, decorated in antique style. The ceiling was decorated with a plafond on which, in an ornamental setting, two chariots are depicted, driven by female figures holding torches in their hands. The medallion in the center of the ceiling represented the profiles of the famous ancient Greek painters Apelles and Zeuskis. The paintings on the walls of the dining room depicted landscapes, battle scenes, ruins, etc. The room was decorated with porcelain sets, tea and dining rooms, and bronze sculptural miniatures. The short indoor Offenberg grand piano went well with the walnut furniture. The 18th century buffet was of great interest. with sliding doors.
The second door from the “portrait room” led to a large white hall. Decorated with white columns of the Corinthian order, it was built in the form of an octagon, inscribed in an oblong room. English furniture decorated the white room - light armchairs with pointed slits in the backs, two card tables, two “bobby” tables (i.e. made in the shape of beans), decorated with marquetry - mosaic paintings with views of seaside cities, attracted attention. A bronze chandelier with crystal pendants was suspended from the ceiling.
Interesting in the white hall and in the adjacent blue living room were the stacked floors, lined with multi-colored pieces of wood, and marquetry that harmonized well with the furniture. The blue living room got its name from the color of the walls, reminiscent of the color of the paper in which they were wrapped. sugar loaves. The parquet flooring in this room radiated in circles from a central outlet. Eight Corinthian columns formed the internal rotunda. The walls were decorated with panels, and on the backs of chairs and sofas there were copies of antique bas-reliefs. The room was illuminated by a lantern suspended on chains. Perhaps this room was the most austere in style.
From the white hall one could enter the library, where books from the 18th century were stored in tall bookcases. And family archive Streshnev, which was of considerable interest to researchers of everyday life and socio-economic life in an estate near Moscow in the 18th-19th centuries.
A whole series of “quiet” rooms began from the library, overlooking the garden. Among them is an office decorated with furniture from the Catherine era: armchairs upholstered in colored fabric, console tables with the finest carvings, painted in fawn tones, a card table with a tabletop made of pieces of multi-colored wood and depicting medieval castle with a moat and a drawbridge. The empire chandelier went well with the furniture.
Through a small restroom one could get into the “front” bedroom, divided by arches into two parts, between which there were fake (painted) doors. The bedroom was filled with furniture from Pavlovian times - a table with beveled corners and a sphinx on the bottom shelf, armchairs with high backs. Among the portraits that decorated the room, the portrait of M.I. stood out. Matyushkina by F.S. Rokotova. The painting, which dates back to the 1780s, showed a middle-aged woman in a white dress trimmed with lace at the neckline and closed, fashionably, with a light, transparent gauze.
Nearby there was a second office, furnished with furniture from the Alexander era (Jacob style) - armchairs, tables, bureaus. The room was decorated with an English clock in a case. In the corner of the office, in a special rack, there were long shanks and canes. French and English color prints hung on the walls, and the room was illuminated by a chandelier suspended from the ceiling by chains; on her hoop were attached horns for candles in the form of caryatids. In this office one could notice a drawing of a woman's head inserted into the frame. It is notable for the fact that it was performed by the already mentioned Natalya Streshneva (married Brevern), granddaughter of Elizaveta Petrovna. Nearby hung a portrait of her father, a hussar who died during the Napoleonic invasion.
The bedroom adjacent to the office was furnished with soft quilted furniture, the walls and ceiling were covered with fabric with lace trim.
The manor park consisted of two parts: regular - French, and landscape - English. It was formed mainly in the 19th century. For many years, deciduous trees were harvested here and conifers - pine, spruce, and larch - were cultivated. In the “Memorial Book for Planting Various Plants in the Village of Pokrovskoye” one could read: “Take out deciduous trees everywhere near the main house, do not allow wild plants to grow, so that the character of the crop is coniferous.” Once a regular part of the park, its parterres, alleys, and curtains were decorated with sculpture, which was mostly handicrafts. But there were also marble statues by Antonio Bibolotti, made especially for Pokrovsky in Italy.
Winding paths through an English park led to a steep, steep bank of the Khimki River, on which stood a small, toy-like house - “Elizavetino”. Legend has it that it was built as a gift to F.I.’s wife. Glebov. Two-story, with small rooms, it was connected by columns with small wings, forming a cozy courtyard. Unfortunately, it was not possible to find the name of the architect, but the impeccable taste and high artistry of execution undoubtedly speak of his great talent. Great view opened from the balcony-terrace onto the Khimki valley.
Pokrovskoye was a family nest, but all efforts to support the male line of the family were in vain. After the death of Elizaveta Petrovna, one of her granddaughters married the merchant Tomashevsky, after which her name was no longer mentioned in the family. The second, Natalya, became the wife of General V.F. Brewerna. The estate passed to the grandson of Elizaveta Petrovna, Guard Colonel Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshiev, to whom it was registered in 1852. Then in Pokrovskoye there were 10 courtyards, where 40 male and 42 female souls lived, a church and a manor house with 10 courtyard people. But Evgraf Petrovich died without male offspring, and in 1864 he younger brother Fyodor Petrovich, who had no children, filed a petition to transfer his surname to Evgraf Petrovich's son-in-law. The State Council allowed Colonel F.P. Glebov-Streshnev to transfer his surname to the captain of the Cavalry Regiment, Prince Mikhail Shakhovsky, and henceforth be called Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev. Only the eldest in the family could inherit a triple surname in the future.
His wife, the last mistress of Pokrovsky, is a very rich woman, a millionaire, whose name has never left the pages of gossip columns (the owner famous villa Demidov San Donato, their own yacht worth over a million rubles for trips around Mediterranean Sea, a personal carriage for trips to Italy) and which was heavily involved in charitable affairs - this is the Ladies' Prison Trustee Committee, and the Moscow Council of Orphanages, and the orphanage named after Prince V.A. Dolgorukov (former governor of Moscow), and the Alexander Shelter for crippled soldiers. For the Moscow Society of Vacation Colonies, headed by her, she donated two of her dachas near Ivankov. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. she provided her estate as an infirmary for the wounded for 25 people.
During her reign, the manor house was rebuilt, which art historians now call an “architectural paradox.” A fantastic mixture of all conceivable and inconceivable styles and fake architecture fit into it. The house was decorated with high brick towers in the Romanesque style, Russian towers, and the wooden end of the house was painted to look like brick. But from a distance it makes a solid impression and looks like an ancient castle, especially when brick walls light and shadows play. The reconstruction of the manor house was carried out according to the project of academician of architecture A.I. Rezanova. The estate is surrounded by a brick wall with towers.
Great lovers of art in general, and stage art in particular, Prince and Princess Shakhovsky-Glebov-Streshnev almost simultaneously built two theater premises - one in Moscow, at (now the Mayakovsky Theater), and the other in Pokrovsky. The theater in the estate was significantly different from the usual summer theaters near Moscow. The solid theater building, attached to the main house, was small but cozy. It could also be accessed from the palace. The extensive front and two round staircases along which the audience ascended to the hall provided a spectacular entrance to the theater. The impression was enhanced by the luxurious Gothic windows with multi-colored glass, giving refracted light. The hall consisted of a stall and a small box in the middle of the right wall, which was occupied by the hosts and their guests. There was a direct passage from the box to the inner rooms. The small stage was quite suitable for the performances that were staged here. The hall was lit with candles, and on special occasions the electricity was turned on. The troupe and theater were managed by the provincial actor Dolinsky. Performances took place once a week, on Sundays. The owners granted all summer residents living in Pokrovsky the right to visit the theater, and the princess took direct part in the performances.
The main house stood on the outskirts of a pine park. The dachas of Pokrovsky-Streshnev were surrounded by its greenery. Elizaveta Petrovna, who was not without a commercial spirit, profitably used her Moscow region, especially since the beautiful and healthy area had long attracted Muscovites. Already at the beginning of the 19th century. “houses for summer housing, with all their accessories,” were rented here. In 1807, an eminent summer resident, Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, lived in Elizavetin, who worked here on the “History of the Russian State.” Pokrovskoye is also connected with the name of L.N. Tolstoy. May 25, 1856 Lev Nikolaevich together with K.A. Islavin (“Kostenka”) goes to Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo to visit his sister Lyubov Aleksandrovna Bers, who had three daughters: the second of them, Sofya Andreevna, later became the writer’s wife. And at that time she was only 12 years old. From his apartment in Moscow, on the corner of and, Tolstoy went to the Berses in Pokrovskoye and back almost every day.
Dachas in Pokrovskoye were always considered fashionable and were very expensive. Only people with high incomes could take them off. To protect them from other people, all roads leading to the estate were blocked off with barriers and guards were posted. The road to neighboring Nikolskoye was also blocked and because of this, Nikolsky peasants sued the owners for almost 10 years, eventually winning the lawsuit.
By the mid-1880s, Pokrovskoye began to increase in size - there were already 15 courtyards, in which 263 people lived, two shops, 22 dachas, and not only the master's, but also the peasants. The opening of the Moscow-Vindavskaya road in 1901 not only revived dacha life in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo, but also contributed to the emergence and development holiday village, who grew up in literally 3-4 years. Already in 1908, a stone station building of original architecture was built on the railway platform according to the design of the architect Brzozovsky.
Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo was a success not only among permanent summer residents, but also among temporary vacationers. In the summer of 1908, a bus was launched here to Petrovsky Park, and there were so many passengers that, as the newspapers wrote, “sometimes there are disputes among them about the queue, which even required the intervention of the police.” The price was set at 30 kopecks, and holidays- 40 kopecks. That year, furnished dacha-mansions, with all amenities, were sold from 100 to 2000 rubles per season.
After the revolution, a children's labor colony of the People's Commissariat of Railways was established in Pokrovsky-Streshnevo. Raising children through labor was in accordance with old traditions. The children were engaged in farming - they raised pigs, rabbits, poultry, worked in the garden, and planted an orchard. Gradually, a whole children's town was formed here, since 1923 bearing the name of M.I. Kalinin, which included a sanatorium for 70 children, a commune of 35 people, kindergarten for 35 kids. They were joined by children's institutions of other departments. By the summer of 1923, the time of the town’s heyday, there were 26 orphanages, 2 kindergartens, 2 children’s colonies, and a detachment of young pioneers. In the children's town of about a hundred buildings, 1,509 children and 334 adults lived.
In 1925, an attempt was made to establish a general art museum in the main estate house, similar to the museum in Arkhangelskoye. But it didn't last long. Gradually, its building began to be used for housing. In 1928, the museum was closed and essentially ruined. Part of the situation was saved. The palace soon became completely inhabited. But in 1933 Aeroflot liked it, and a rest home for pilots was created here. In the 1970s, the civil aviation research institute was located in the estate, and later it was given over to the reception house of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Since 1949, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo has been within the boundaries of Moscow, and since the early 1970s it has become a mass housing development.
Ivankovo
The fate of the village of Ivankovo, located on the right bank of the Khimki River, is closely connected with the history of Pokrovsky-Streshnev and the names of some of its owners. The scribal book of 1584 reports: “Behind Elizar, for Ivanov’s son Blagovo, in the patrimony, that formerly, for Stepan and for Fedor, for the Tushins, purchases: ... the village of Onosino at the mouth of the Khinki River, arable land plowed in the middle of the earth 6 chety, and I will fall 4 chety in the field , and in two because, hay 100 kopecks, wood timber 4 dessiatines.”
During the Time of Troubles, these places were greatly devastated, and in 1623 it was already “a wasteland that was the village of Onosin on the river in Khimka,” which was owned by the Duma clerk Ivan Tarasevich Gramotin.
A prominent official of the first half of the 17th century, at the beginning of his career he was written as Ivan Kurbatov - after the nickname of his father, also a clerk, Taras Kurbat Grigorievich Gramotin. The first information about him dates back to the end of the 16th century, when in 1595 he traveled with the embassy of M. Velyaminov to the Roman Caesar, and four years later he visited him again with ambassador A. Vlasyev. With the beginning of the Time of Troubles, he served in various orders. In 1604, he went over to the side of False Dmitry I, was granted the position of clerk in the Duma, and in 1606 negotiated with the Poles. Gramotin also served Vasily Shuisky, but, having betrayed him, he ran over to Tushino, to False Dmitry P. From there he went to the Trinity Monastery, persuading the monks to surrender to the enemies besieging the monastery. In 1610, he was sent as an ambassador to the Polish king Sigismund, who elevated Gramotin to the Duma clerk and appointed him to the Ambassadorial and Local orders, thus distinguishing him from the other traitors, because Ivan Gramotin began to serve him “above all.” In addition to positions, he is also awarded estates. During the occupation of Moscow by the Poles, Gramotin was perhaps the most zealous accomplice of the interventionists. About him and others like him in the “New Tale of the Orthodox Russian Kingdom” it was said: “... our adversaries who are now among us are at one with our traitors-co-religionists, new apostates and bloodsheds, and destroyers of the Christian faith, satanic relatives, brothers of Judas, the traitor of Christ, with our leaders and with their other servants, accomplices and like-minded people who, due to their evil deeds, are not worthy to be called by their true name (they should be called soul-destroying wolves).”
The Polish governor in Moscow, Gonsevsky, formally held meetings with the Boyar Duma, but in fact seated Gramotin, Saltykov, Mosalsky, Andronov next to him, and the offended boyars more than once reproached Goisevsky: “But we can’t even hear what you’re saying to your advisers.” Historian Dm. Baitysh-Kamensky said about the Competents that he was “a statesman, a clever, cunning courtier, who disgraced his name with vile betrayal and shameful selfishness.”
In 1612, Gramotin participated in the embassy of Moscow boyars who asked for the kingdom of Prince Vladislav. Then he returned to Rus', persuading the Moscow commanders to submit to Vladislav. And although the document on the election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the kingdom speaks of him as a traitor, nevertheless, he, who appeared in Moscow at the beginning of 1618, quite quickly managed to rehabilitate himself, receiving an appointment to the Novgorod church, and then the Duma dyacques. A big role in this was played by his friendship with Patriarch Filaret, the father of the new tsar, which arose during their joint stay in Poland. And the clerk himself was no slouch: he knew how to show off his eloquence, and had the trust of the sovereign. In 1626, he attended the wedding of Mikhail Fedorovich and Evdokia Streshneva and, among the boyars, followed the poezzhans before the sovereign. And yet, in the winter of the same year, for self-will and disobedience, at the insistence of the patriarch, he was exiled to Alatyr. Only in 1634, after the death of Filaret, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich returned him to Moscow and brought him closer to him, favoring Gramotin as a printer, i.e. custodian of the state seal, with the command to write with “vich”, i.e. Ivan Tarasevich.
The clerk was very selfish. So, in 1607, taking advantage of his position, he took the best palace villages on his estate, while in Pskov, plundered the surrounding villages, tortured, as the chronicle says, “many Christians,” tortured them and “released them for a great reward.”
Gramotin died on September 23, 1638, having taken monastic vows before his death according to the custom of that time (in monasticism - Joel) and indicating as his executors the boyar Prince I.B. Cherkassky and Okolnichiy V.I. Streshnev, although in the deposit book of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, where the clerk made rich contributions and where he was buried, other persons are indicated.
The clerk died childless, leaving behind a huge fortune, in the assessment of which the executors differed, quite possibly not without intent. In any case, in the reply from boyar F.I. Sheremetev addressed to the Tsar said: “...And about Ivan’s bellies, Gramotin Danila and Ilya Miloslavsky and Ivan Opukhtin told us that the clerks of Ivan’s soul Gramotin are your sovereign boyar Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky and the okolnichy Vasily Ivanovich Streshnev, and after Ivan there were thousands of money left with three, more like junk; and clerk Dmitry Karpov told us that after Ivan there was 5,000 rubles of money left, otherwise it was junk, but he told him, Dmitry, about that money.
Ivan Azeev is the son of Opukhtin, and he, Dmitry, saw that money; and 500 rubles were taken out of that money when Ivan passed away, and Ivan Azeev’s son Opukhtin took out that money, and de Ivan Gramotin ordered the clerks to build their souls with that money, to give forty-earths for three years for forty churches, and to feed the poor for three years " And although the clerk lived far from sinless, his money went to a good cause. Sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich “having listened to this reply, indicated ... the Polonyanik money according to the decree and that the patriarch and metropolitans and nearby Moscow monasteries are giving, from Ivan’s belly Gramotin, and then send it to repay the slaves.”
After the death of Ivan Tarasevich, the village, which received a new name after the clerk, passes to the Streshnevs, and in the future its entire history is connected with Pokrovsky-Streshnev. The census book of 1678 reports that the boyar Rodion Matveevich Streshnev, in addition to Pokrovsky, also included “the village of Onosin, and Blazhenki Ivanovskoe, too, on the river on the Khinka, which was before this for Ivan Gramotin, and in it in two mill yards business people 20 people, 5 peasant households, 12 people in them, and 2 bobyl households, 6 people in them.”
Until the middle of the 19th century. Ivankovo is developing as if in the shadow of Pokrovsky-Streshnev. According to the directory of K. Nystrem, in the village, which belonged to the guard Colonel Evgraf Petrovich Glebov-Streshnev, there were 8 households, where 43 male souls and 44 female souls lived. After the reforms of the 1860s, newly minted merchants and yesterday's peasants flocked here. The paper spinning factory was also set up by the merchant of the 2nd guild, Ivan Nikandrovich Suvirov, and a local resident of Ivankovo, who also registered as a merchant, Alexander Dorofeevich Dorofeev, located a dyeing establishment nearby, who before opening his own factory in 1871 worked for Suvirov for almost 8 years.
Having rented about two acres of land from Princess Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, he erected 11 small buildings on the banks of Khimki. His factory produced dyeing and finishing of paper fabrics. We painted about 90 pieces a day. The colors were simple - wild (as gray was called then) and black. The number of workers rarely exceeded fifty, and they were mainly peasants from neighboring provinces and a small part from the Ruza district of the Moscow province. There were no locals at all. They worked only during the day, 14 hours a day. The working conditions were extremely difficult: in the dryer the temperature did not drop below 50°; in the dyeing room the steam was so dense that it was difficult to see a figure a meter away. Among the workers, it was not uncommon to include young children who worked mainly in pounding work, under tokmaks, with the help of which they pounded and pressed the goods folded into pieces. Tokmaks were long iron bars, weighing 9 pounds each, which were raised and lowered using a drive and, with all their weight, struck a copper board placed under them, on which a piece of fabric was placed flat before the impact. After the blow, when the tokmak rose again, the goods were quickly pulled out, turned around and again exposed to the blow. The boys sat on the floor, each in front of their own tokmak, of which there were 10-15 or more on each beating machine. Safety precautions were not held in high esteem by Dorofeev, as, indeed, by the majority of industrialists of that time.
HELL. Dorofeev, who died in 1895, bequeathed his entire small fortune to charitable causes. 8,000 rubles were intended “for the establishment” of four beds in the Alexander Shelter for the terminally ill and crippled of all classes by the Christian Aid Committee. He bequeathed the money received from the sale of property to the city government to issue interest on it to the poor before Easter and Christmas.
Next to the dyehouse, downstream, on the site of the former cloth factory of I.N. Suvirov, transferred to Bratsevo, in August 1880 the nail establishment of Bartholomew Petrovich Mattar, a French subject, arose. The factory produced wire nails and gratings, hand presses, and sofa springs, for which they used old telephone wire. The lack of ventilation, metal and wood dust in the workshops greatly undermined the health of the workers, although Mattar’s earnings were several times higher than those of Russian entrepreneurs. The owner even showed some concern for labor safety - all drives and gears were closed or inaccessible. The working day was a little shorter - 11 hours.
The owner of Pokrovsky and Ivankov, Princess E.F. Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, like many ladies of high society, was involved in charity work. In particular, she took an active part in the work of the Moscow Society of Vacation Colonies and was elected its lifelong chairman. She provided summer cottages on her estate for the society's summer camp. On May 30, 1884, the grand opening of the camp took place. The society existed on charitable donations, which, however, were few. The entire camp was located in two small dachas, which stood on a hill in a large shady garden. The Society reached its greatest prosperity before the First World War.
Most of the people who came here were students from girls' high schools between the ages of 9 and 18. As a rule, these were children of insolvent parents in need of treatment. Two months of life in a pine forest, under the supervision of Dr. Ya.I. Zenkin, who worked in the colony since 1892, increased nutrition bore fruit and improved the health of the children. In the last pre-war years, the colony was led by K. S. Buyanova, who, when she was a high school student, spent 6 years there and, naturally, knew everything that the students needed, not from the outside.
Ivankovo, along with Pokrovsky, became famous as a summer cottage area. Moscow local historian S. Lyubetsky noted it in his notes: “... the village of Ivankovo, beautiful in its mountainous terrain and convenience: Moscow settlers live there in large numbers in the summer.” Perhaps there was not a single village in the area that was so popular. The beautiful area also attracted the staff of the Moscow Art Theater. One of the first to settle here was Viktor Andreevich Simov (1858-1935), a talented decorative artist who occupies a worthy place in the history of the Moscow Art Theater. Thanks to his innovative works, perhaps, the Moscow Art Theater style was created. On the northern outskirts of the village, he built a dacha-workshop, where “everything was original, comfortable and, although pretentious, was talented. The inside is like a steamship. Clean as everything is made of wood and removable cushions. Instead of curtains on the terrace there are sails. The fountain hits the bells and makes harmonies.” He named his dacha “Seagull”. During Soviet times, it was nationalized and a government holiday home was set up in it.
The leading actor of the theater, Vasily Vasilyevich Luzhsky, settled nearby. At his dacha he planted a magnificent garden in which he grew amazing roses and developed new varieties of lilacs. An all-brick chapel, built at the beginning of the 20th century, was preserved in the village, destroyed in the late 1920s. by architect V. Borin in the form of a “chapel” with intricate columns and patterned arches.
After the revolution, the dacha-mansions were confiscated: they housed sanatoriums and rest homes for party and Soviet workers. In 1920, V.I. visited here. Lenin, visiting children I. Armand.
The industrial boom of the 1930s did not bypass Ivankovo. In 1931, a factory of children's educational toys and thermometers opened here. It provided employment to almost 350 people. But the lack of housing (there weren’t even enough barracks) and low wages led to a huge turnover of personnel. So, in 1934, 206 people were hired at the factory, and 237 left. With the start of construction of the Moscow-Volga canal, part of the factory territory was occupied by the Dmitrovlag system camp, in which prisoners who built the canal were kept. Its channel passed through the lands of Ivankov, and the Khimka River was blocked by a dam, which formed the Khimki Reservoir. Later, the village became part of the capital, and its name was preserved in the names of the street, driveway and
The Pokrovskoye-Glebovo Forest Park is one of the most beautiful green spaces in Moscow, located on the territory of a former estate. Here, in the north-west of the Russian capital, the village of Podjelki was located in the Middle Ages, and in 1629 the magnificent Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built. The built Pokrovskoye estate was later named after the name of the church. It belonged to the noble Streshnev family, who were relatives of the Romanov dynasty. Evdokia Streshneva was the wife of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the mother of Alexei Mikhailovich Quiet. From that time on, the estate began to be called Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo.
At the beginning of the 19th century, it received a new name: Glebovo-Streshnevo, or Pokrovskoye-Glebovo. This is due to the peculiarity of the double surname of the new owner of the estate, Elizaveta Streshneva-Glebova. WITH late XIX– beginning of the 20th century. Small residential dachas began to appear one after another near the estate. At one time they lived here famous people of that era: historian N.M. Karamzin is the author of the immortal volumes “History of the Russian State”, doctor A.E. Bers, whose daughter met her future husband L.N. Tolstoy in Pokrovskoye. Another wealthy philanthropist, a doctor by profession, S.P. Botkin allocated large funds for the reconstruction of the Intercession Church.
In the post-revolutionary period, the estate, together with the dachas, became state property and was turned into a Central Committee sanatorium, and then became the property of a rest home for textile workers. In 1925, a museum was organized on the territory of the estate, which was soon ravaged and completely destroyed.
Currently, the green area around the former estate is divided into two main parts. The forest park was divided by the Volokolamsk highway and the ring road. railway. Most well-groomed southern part plantings, located near the Shchukinskaya metro station. It is called the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo Park. The northern part is the Pokrovskoye-Glebovo park. In addition to the usual Russian birch, pine, ash, maple, elm and oak trees, the forest park contains larches, majestic cedars and decorative willows, bending over the banks of ponds that overgrow in the summer. The linden alley is especially attractive, fragrant with its unique aroma.
A favorite vacation spot for Muscovites is beach area parka. On the banks of the Khimki River there is a spring bearing the symbolic name “Swan Princess”. It is recognized as the only environmentally friendly source within Moscow, the water of which not only quenches thirst in dry summers, but also has healing properties. Now the Pokrovskoye-Glebovo-Streshnevo area, in accordance with the architectural plan of the capital, has been declared a protected area. Active restoration of the manor's estate is underway, and the temple is being restored. In addition, thousands of people come here to breathe in the fresh park air and take a break from the hustle and bustle of the dusty metropolis. After all, this is precisely what a person sometimes lacks for true and genuine happiness!
How to get from the metro:
You can get to the Pokroveskoye-Streshnevo-Glebovo park as follows: from the station. m. "Voikovskaya" by trolleybus No. 6 or 43 to the stop "Cinema and Concert Hall "Swan", then walk 5 minutes.
In recent years, unfortunately, the parks have not enjoyed serious popularity. However, green corners still remain in the Russian capital. For example, the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park. The map of Moscow does not contain many recreational areas like this. Most of these resources are located in rather than closer to the center. So it’s definitely worth visiting the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park at least once. How to get there and what to see there?
Location
The park is located in the district of the same name in the north-west of Moscow. You can get to it from one of the three “Sokol”, “Schukinskaya” or “Tushinskaya”. It lies between the Leningradskoye and Volokolamsk highways.
So, when the village was acquired by a new owner, ponds were dug on its territory, in which they began to raise fish, some economic services were built, etc. Over the next 250 years, the Streshnev family equipped their family nest - a mansion, a refectory, and a church were erected , greenhouses.
The Glebovs appeared in the name of the estate after Rodion Streshnev’s great-granddaughter, Elizaveta, got married and took a double surname. The last owner of the estate, Evgenia Fedorovna Shakhovskaya-Glebova-Streshneva, once again rebuilt the mansion, and in this form it has been preserved to this day. After the revolution, all this land and buildings were requisitioned and turned into a sanatorium. At various times there was a museum, a holiday home and even a research institute here! Now the mansion itself is abandoned, it is not being restored, it is only being guarded.
Attractions on site
In addition to the mansion itself, located in the eastern part of the green area, the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park is interesting for other things. So, it is here that a spring called “Swan” is located, which is one of the few sources of pure drinking water in Moscow. It is well-maintained and popular with local residents living nearby.
In the clearing above the springs you can find the remains of old buildings. Until 1942, the Elizavetino pavilion stood here, built by one of the owners for his wife. During the war it was destroyed.
In addition, not long ago a dam on the Khimka River, built by beavers, was discovered on the territory. Oddly enough, it is also very popular among park visitors, because such things have long become rare within Moscow.
Flora and fauna
Of course, one of the most interesting attractions that the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo natural and historical park has is its inhabitants. Essentially, this is a forest, so the inhabitants here are appropriate. The flora includes more than 200 species of various plants, including those listed in the Red Book. As for animals and birds, squirrels, moles, beavers, hedgehogs, owls, as well as jays, nightingales, blackbirds and many other representatives of the fauna live here. So observant visitors can discover a lot of new things by visiting the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park. Photos of rare animals and plants taken within Moscow will certainly delight you for a very long time. You won't regret this walk.
Routes
There are few green areas in Moscow as large as the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo Park. The diagram shows a huge number of paths suitable for both cyclists and those who prefer roller skates, and for pedestrians and mothers with strollers.
The longest route covers the entire park and passes by ponds, a ravine, and a spring, so you can see all the interesting things in one go. Those who tire of this path venture deeper into the forest and explore smaller trails, so there are plenty of options.
It’s convenient for cyclists that it’s easy to get to Strogino and Serebryany Bor, so the walk can be continued a little further west. In addition, it is easy to go to the Moscow Canal and even look at the operation of the locks. True, it is better to do this not alone, but with an experienced guide.
What to do?
It seems that Muscovites have long forgotten what parks are for. Of course, you can just walk along them or ride a bike or rollerblade, enjoying the clean air, surrounding greenery and birdsong.
However, the Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo park is also great place in order to sunbathe, play volleyball or badminton. For lovers extreme sports There is a ravine here that is popular with cyclists. A huge number of amateur athletes train in the park; there are sections for cross-country skiing, hiking, mountaineering and many other activities. But, unfortunately, you can’t swim in Ivankovsky Ponds.
For those who prefer picnics in nature, special covered gazebos with benches are equipped. Although you need to take into account that there are a lot of people interested, so you may have to look for free places. The gazebos are located mainly near the pond, but there are also some in the depths of the park. There are also cafes, but it is quite strange to come to the park to visit them.
"Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo" is perfect for both regular and active recreation. Near the ponds it is almost always crowded, but if you go a little away from the paths, you can forget that the park is located within the borders of Moscow, and just listen to the silence and fall out of the crazy metropolitan rhythm of life.
There are also disadvantages, mainly related to infrastructure. Water and food can only be purchased at the entrance from Voykovskaya. There are also no equipped and clean toilets, which becomes a serious problem if the picnic is planned for the whole day.
Parks nearby
It is probably impossible to find recreational areas comparable in area and resources within walking distance, except perhaps the already mentioned Serebryany Bor. From here you can get to Aleshkinsky and Timiryazevsky parks, River station with its public gardens, recreation center "Northern Tushino" and the well-known Skhodnensky bucket. However, it would be better to use transport for this, since hiking over such long distances along busy highways can hardly be called useful.
