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Main features of the development of architecture of the 18th century in Russia

The 18th century is important in the history of Russian architecture, the flowering of architecture in Russia:

Three trends are characteristic, which appeared successively throughout the century: Baroque, Rococo, Classicism. There is a transition from Baroque (Naryshkinsky and Peter the Great) to classicism of the second half of the 18th century.
Western and Russian traditions, modern times and the Middle Ages are successfully combined in architecture.
New cities are appearing, architectural monuments are being born, which today belong to the historical and cultural heritage of Russia.
St. Petersburg became the main center of construction: palaces with facades and ceremonial buildings were built, palace and park ensembles were created.
Special attention was paid to the construction of civil architecture objects: theaters, factories, shipyards, colleges, public and industrial buildings.
The transition to planned urban development is beginning.
Foreign masters are invited to Russia: Italian, German, French, Dutch.
In the second half of the 18th century, palace and park buildings became a landmark not only in the capital, but also in provincial and district cities.

Development of architecture Russia XVIII centuries can be divided into three time periods, each of which accounts for the development of one direction or another, namely:

First third of the 18th century. Baroque.
Mid-18th century. Baroque and Rococo.
End of the 18th century. Classicism.

Let us pay attention in more detail to each of the periods.

Main architectural styles of the 18th century in Russia

First third of the 18th century is inextricably linked with the name of Peter I. Russian cities during this period underwent changes in terms of architectural planning and in the socio-economic aspect. Associated with the development of industry is the emergence large quantity industrial cities, towns. Great importance is given appearance, facades of ordinary buildings and structures for residential purposes, as well as theaters, town halls, hospitals, schools, and orphanages. The active use of brick instead of wood in construction dates back to 1710, but concerns primarily capital cities, however, for peripheral cities, brick and stone belong to the forbidden category.

Simultaneously with the development of civil engineering, significant attention is paid to street improvement, lighting, and trees are planted. Everything was influenced by Western influence and the will of Peter, which was expressed by issuing decrees that revolutionized urban planning.

Note 1

Russia occupies a worthy place in urban planning and improvement, thereby catching up with Europe.

The main event of the beginning of the century was the construction of St. Petersburg and the Moscow Lefortovo Sloboda. Peter I sent domestic masters to study in Europe, inviting foreign architects to Russia. Among them are Rastrelli (father), Michetti, Trezzini, Leblon, Schedel. The predominant direction of this period is Baroque, which is characterized by a simultaneous combination of reality and illusion, pomp and contrast.

Construction Peter and Paul Fortress in 1703 and the Admiralty in 1704 marks the beginning of the construction of St. Petersburg. Thanks to the coordinated work of foreign and Russian masters, Western architectural features merged with native Russian ones, ultimately creating Russian Baroque or Baroque of the Peter the Great era. This period includes the creation of the summer palace of Peter the Great, the Kunstkamera, the Menshikov Palace, the building of the Twelve Colleges, and the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. A later period saw the creation of the ensembles of the Winter Palace, Tsarskoe Selo, Peterhof, the Stroganov Palace, and the Smolny Monastery. The Churches of the Archangel Gabriel and John the Warrior on Yakimanka are architectural creations in Moscow, the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Kazan.

Figure 1. Admiralty in St. Petersburg. Author24 - online exchange of student works

The death of Peter I was an irreparable loss for the state, although it essentially had no impact on the development of architecture and urban planning in the mid-18th century. There are strong personnel left in the Russian state. Michurin, Blank, Korobov, Zemtsov, Eropkin, Usov are the leading Russian architects of the time.

Rococo is a style that characterizes this period, a combination of Baroque and just emerging classicism. Gallantry and confidence are the main features of that time. The buildings of that time still have pomp and pomp, while at the same time displaying strict features of classicism.

Rococo period coincides with the reign of Peter's daughter Elizabeth and is marked by the work of Rastrelli (son), whose projects fit very organically into the history of Russian architecture of the 18th century. Rastrelli was brought up on Russian culture and understood the Russian character well. His work kept pace with his contemporaries Ukhtomsky, Chevakinsky, Kvasov. Dome compositions became widespread, replacing spire-shaped ones. In Russian history there are no analogues of the scope and pomp inherent in the ensembles of that time. The high art of Rastrelli and his contemporaries, with all their recognition, was replaced by classicism in the second half of the 18th century.

Note 2

The most grandiose projects period - a new master plan for St. Petersburg and redevelopment of Moscow.

In the last third of the 18th century In architecture, the features of a new direction begin to appear - Russian classicism - as it was later called. This direction Characterized by antique severity of forms, simplicity and rationality of designs. Classicism most manifested itself in Moscow architecture of that time. Among the many famous creations, it is necessary to note the Pashkov house, the Tsaritsyn complex, the Razumovsky palace, the Senate building, and the Golitsyn house. At that time, the construction of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, the Hermitage, the Hermitage Theater, the Academy of Sciences, the Tauride Palace, and the Marble Palace was taking place in St. Petersburg. Kazakaov, Ukhtomsky, Bazhenov were famous and outstanding architects of that time.

The changes affected many provincial cities, among them: Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma, Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl, Oranienbaum (Lomonosov), Odoev Bogoroditsk, Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin).

During this period, economic and industrial centers of the Russian state were born: Taganrog, Petrozavodsk, Yekaterinburg and others.

Plan:

1.) Introduction
2.) Main part.
I.) Architecture of the first half of the 18th century: Baroque
II.) Baroque architecture of the mid-18th century
III.) Prerequisites for the emergence and development of classicism
IV.) Architecture of early classicism (1760-1780)
V.) Architecture of strict classicism (1780-1800)
3.) Conclusion
4.) List of used literature

1.) Introduction.
For many centuries of Russian history, wood remained the main material in the construction of buildings and structures. It was in wooden architecture that many construction and compositional techniques were developed that met the natural and climatic conditions and artistic tastes of the people, which later influenced the formation of stone architecture.
Frequent fires accelerated the replacement of wood with stone in important urban structures such as city walls, towers and temples. The wooden walls of the Novgorod brainchild with an earthen rampart and moat are mentioned around 1044, and the first information about the stone fence dates back to 1302. The first information about the stone fence of Kyiv dates back to 1037, Staraya Ladoga - 1116, Moscow - 1367. Despite some differences in architecture in certain parts of Rus', it had a number of common features, determined by the same conditions of development. This allows us to talk about Russian architecture in general and its artistic manifestation in different regions countries throughout the history of the people.
Architecture is a phenomenon derived from a specific functional need, depending both on construction and technical capabilities (building materials and structures), and on aesthetic ideas, determined by the artistic views and tastes of the people, their creative ideas.
When perceiving works of Russian architecture, regardless of the time of their construction and size, the proportionality of the relationship between man and building is clearly visible. A peasant hut, a city residential building, a church or other building - they are all on a human scale, which gives Russian architecture a humanistic character.

2.) Main part.
I.) Architecture of the first half of the 18th century: Baroque.
The seventeenth century marks the end of the 700-year period of ancient Russian stone construction, which has written more than one remarkable page in the chronicle of world architecture. The sprouts of new monetary and trade relations and a rational worldview are breaking through the ossified forms of Domostroevsky life and scholastic* dogmas of theology. The sound views of the serving nobility and the economically prosperous merchants affect many aspects of public life and its material shell - architecture. Trade expanded, especially at the end of the 17th century, with Germany, Flanders, and England. Cultural ties with Poland and Holland are becoming closer. The broadening of horizons and the penetration of elements of Western European artistic culture into art and architecture was facilitated by the joint creative work of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian craftsmen. The historical unity of three fraternal peoples, largely based on common architectural trends, mutually enriched their skills. Life urgently demanded the construction of guest courtyards, administrative buildings, industrial enterprises, posed new practical problems, and obliged architects to look for technical and artistic solutions. The centralization of state power was accompanied by regulation in the field of construction. Architectural and technical documentation is being normalized. Design and reporting materials are being improved, large-scale drawings are being mastered, and architectural and construction details are being unified.
The end of the 17th century is a connecting link between ancient Russian architecture and architecture of the XVII century, a time that prepared the ground for a new artistic worldview, promoting the creative perception of the order tectonic system and the formation of masters of architecture for the transition to regular civil construction.
At the beginning of the 17th century, St. Petersburg became the main construction center. In 1700, Russia began the Northern War against Sweden to liberate Russian lands and return the Neva banks to Russia. On May 1, 1703, Russian troops entered the Nyenschanz fortress (at the confluence of the Okhta and Neva rivers). The main task of the northern war was solved by the capture of the fortress. Access to the Baltic Sea was open for Russia. It was only necessary to secure it and secure it. At the branching of the Neva into three branches, on a small Hare Island approximately 750 by 350 meters long and wide, on May 27, 1703, according to the drawings of Peter I and military engineers, a fortress of a new bastion type was founded - the Peter and Paul Fortress. To cover the mouth of the Neva from the sea, the construction of the naval base Kronshlot (Kronstadt) began on Kotlin Island in 1703. On the southern bank of the Neva, almost opposite the Peter and Paul Fortress, in 1704, according to the drawings of Peter I, a shipbuilding shipyard-fortress was founded - the Admiralty. Under the protection of three interacting fortresses, the construction of St. Petersburg began, which in 1712 became the new capital of Russia, proclaimed an empire in 1721.
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*Scholasticism (from the Greek scholastikos - school, scientist), a type of religious philosophy characterized by a combination of theological-dogmatic premises with rationalistic methodology and interest in formal-logical problems.

State and cultural transformations during the Peter the Great period brought to life industrial and public buildings and structures - fortifications, shipyards, factories, industrial and hospitality yards, colleges, hospitals, educational and museum premises, theaters and residential buildings. The development of St. Petersburg was carried out mainly along the banks of the Neva, its branches and channels, due to the severe swampiness of the soil and access to waterways.
The placement of city-forming structures was carried out according to the instructions of Peter I himself. Initially, settlements were grouped according to tradition into settlements. They were built in the form of peasant huts or city mansions with facades, sometimes
painted to resemble brickwork. The only example of the early period is the later recreated log house of Peter I on the banks of the Neva on the Petrograd side, the outside was painted to look like brick.
Since 1710, only brick houses began to be built. Despite forced resettlement measures in St. Petersburg, construction proceeded slowly. The ideological and political importance of the rapid construction of the capital put forward important tasks for architecture. The city had to be created based on advanced urban planning principles, ensuring its prestigious and representative character not only in its external architectural and artistic appearance, but also in its planning structure. There was a shortage of qualified architects. And in 1709, the Chancellery was established, which was in charge of all construction matters. A school for the initial study of architecture was created under it. It was hoped that the students of this school would gain deeper knowledge in architectural teams in the process of practical cooperation between experienced architects. However, the school and teams could not support the expanding capital construction. Peter I invited experienced architects from Western countries, which made it possible to almost immediately involve them in the construction of the city. They also select talented young people and send them to study engineering and architectural arts in Western European countries.
IN new capital in 1710 the following were invited: Italians N. Michetti, G. Chiaveri, C. B. Rastrelli, Frenchman J. B. Leblon, Germans G. Matornovi, I. Schendel, A. Schlüter, Dutchman G. Van Boles. They had to not only build, but also train Russian architects from the students who worked with them. Italians came from Moscow - M. Fontana and fortification engineer and architect Domenico Trezzini. Gifted Russian architects I.P.Zarudny, D.V.Aksamitov, P.Potapov, M.I.Chochlakov, Ya.G.Bukhvostov, G.Ustinov and others successfully worked in Moscow. At the same time, the art of architecture was comprehended by those sent abroad who later became major architects: Ivan Korobov, Mordvinov and Ivan Michurin, Pyotr Eropkin, Timofey Usov and others. Thus, architects of different national schools worked in the new capital, but they created differently than in their homeland, obeying the tastes and requirements of customers, as well as adapting to the specific conditions of the city under construction. As a result of their activities, the architecture of St. Petersburg at that time became a kind of fusion of native Russian artistic traditions and formal elements brought from Western European countries.

Russian, Italian, Dutch, German and French architects erected mansions, palaces, temples and government buildings in the Russian capital, the architecture of which had common artistic features that defined the architectural style, usually called Russian Baroque of the 18th century or Peter's Baroque.
All the diversity of individual creative views of various architects in practice was softened under the influence of two main factors: firstly, the influence of centuries-old Russian traditions, the carriers and conductors of which were the executors of architectural designs - numerous carpenters, masons, plasterers, sculptors and other construction craftsmen. Secondly, the role of the customers, and above all Peter I himself, who extremely carefully and demandingly examined all the design proposals of the architects, rejecting those that did not correspond, from his point of view, with the appearance of the capital, or making significant and sometimes decisive changes. Often he himself indicated where, what and how to build, becoming an architect. On his initiative, master plans for St. Petersburg were developed. The artistic commonality of St. Petersburg buildings of Peter the Great's time is also explained by the peculiarities of building materials. Houses in the capital were built of mud-dove type and brick, plastered in two colors (the walls were red, light brown or green, and the blades, pilasters, platbands, and rustications on the corners were white). To attract masons to St. Petersburg, Peter I in 1714 issued a decree prohibiting construction with stone and brick throughout Russia, except the capital. The features of the architectural style can be clearly seen when considering the surviving architectural works of that time, such as "Monplaisir" and "Hermitage" in Petegof, the building of the Kunstkamera and the Twelve Colleges in St. Petersburg, etc.
At the direction of Peter I, Domenico Trezzini (1670-1734), for the first time in Russian architecture, developed in 1714 exemplary designs of residential buildings intended for developers of different incomes: one-story small ones for poorest population, more for nobles. The French architect J.B. Leblon (1679-1719) developed a project for a two-story house “for eminent people.” The exemplary project “reminiscent of the well-preserved summer palace of Peter I, which was built by D. Trezzini in 1710-1714 in the summer garden.
Despite the simplicity of the “exemplary” residential building projects, they are all distinguished by the character of the facades with rhythmically placed openings, framed by platbands of restrained outlines and figured gates on the side. Unlike the medieval development of Russian cities, where residential buildings stood behind fences in the depths of plots, all houses in the capital had to face the red lines* of streets and embankments, forming the front of their development and thereby giving the city an organized appearance. This urban planning innovation is reflected in the development of Moscow. Along with residential buildings In St. Petersburg and its suburbs, palaces with representative facades and vast, richly decorated state rooms were built.
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* Conditional boundary in urban planning, separating the roadway of the street from the building area

Decorative sculpture began to be used in combination with architecture, and picturesque decoration began to be used in interiors. Country and suburban residences with gardens are being created. The largest public buildings created by D. Trezzini that have survived to this day are the Peter and Paul Cathedral and the building of the Twelve Colleges. From under the arch of the Peter's Gate, the Peter and Paul Cathedral (1712-1733) clearly appears. The dynamic silhouette of the cathedral's bell tower, crowned with a high gilded spire and a weather vane in the form of an angel, rises from behind the walls of the fortress to 122 meters, becoming one of the most expressive dominant features in the panorama of the city on the Neva. The cathedral marked a complete departure from the compositional traditionalism of Russian temple construction. The cathedral was an innovative phenomenon for Russia. In its plan and appearance, it is not similar to Orthodox, cross-domed, five-domed or hipped churches. The cathedral is a rectangular building, elongated from west to east. The interior space of the cathedral is divided by powerful pylons* into three almost equal and identical in height (16 meters) spans. This type is called hall, in contrast to churches, in which, with the same plan, the middle span is higher and often wider than the side ones. The layout and silhouette composition of the cathedral were based on the structure of Baltic Lutheran hall-type churches with a bell tower topped with a spire. It was he who was supposed to become a symbol of the establishment of Russia at the mouth of the Neva and a symbol of the creative power of the Russian people. The spire, the prominent end of church bell towers, was a typical phenomenon for Peter's Petersburg, determining the silhouette character of the city's development in the first third of the 18th century. The interior decoration should also be noted - a wooden carved gilded iconostasis in the Baroque style. The iconostasis was made under the direction of the architect and artist I.P. Zarudny (1722-1727) by an artel of Moscow craftsmen.
On Vasilyevsky Island The political center of the capital was formed and, according to the project of D. Trezzini, a building of twelve colleges was erected (10 colleges - government bodies; the Senate and the Synod). The three-story building, 400 meters long, consists of twelve identical buildings with separate roofs and porticoes, connected at the ends. All buildings are united by an open arcade** with a long corridor on the second floor. According to the tradition of Peter the Great's time, the building was painted in two colors: brick red and white. The original decoration of the interiors in the form of stucco decoration has been preserved only in the Petrovsky Hall. The architectural value of that time should be noted for the palace of A.D. Menshikov (1710-1720). The three-tier order system of the facade with tiered rhythmic rows of pilasters was based on the artistic principles of Italian Renaissance architecture. The most remarkable architectural heritage is the state rooms, lined with Dutch tiles and the main staircase with columns and pilasters of the Baroque order.
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*Pylon (from the Greek pylon, lit. - gate, entrance), massive pillars that serve as a support for ceilings or stand on the sides of entrances or driveways.
**Arcade (French arcade), a series of identical arches supported by columns or pillars.

The use of orders in the architecture of St. Petersburg was a continuation of the traditions embodied in many buildings in Moscow of an earlier time. A special place The original silhouette of the Kunstkamera building occupies the panorama of the banks of the Neva. The two wings of the three-story building on the ground floor are united by a four-story tower. The angles of the projections* and the fractures of the tower walls, combined with the two-tone coloring of the facade, give the building an elegant look. The silhouette of the tower clearly shows the continuity of the traditional stepped multi-tiered buildings of Moscow at the beginning of the 18th century. After the fire, the façade was simplified during restoration.
In 1710, Peter I issued a decree obliging construction south coast Gulf of Finland. Palace and park ensembles are being built in Peterhof. By 1725, a two-story Nagorny Palace was erected. Subsequently, the palace underwent reconstruction and was expanded in the middle of the 18th century. Architect Rastrelli.
During the same period, a small palace was built near the bay itself, consisting of several rooms for Peter I and a state hall - the Monplaisir Palace. The Hermitage pavilion for privacy and the small two-story Marly palace were built.
In addition to St. Petersburg, construction was carried out in Moscow and other cities Russian Empire. As a result of the fire in Moscow in 1699, it was forbidden to erect wooden buildings in fire areas.
At the same time, the formal artistic convergence of the architecture of stone buildings in Moscow with Western European architecture, which began at the end of the 17th century, became even more noticeable at the beginning of the 18th century. An example of this is: the palace of F.Ya. Lefort on the Yauza (1697-1699); Old Mint (1697); Church of the Assumption on Pokrovka (1695-1699); Church of the Sign in Dubrovitsy (1690-1704). This indicates that domestic architects knew the order tectonic system and could skillfully combine order and other elements with Russian traditional techniques. An example of such a combination is the Lefortovo Palace in Nemetskaya Sloboda, built by one of the Moscow architects. The facades of the palace are divided by the measured rhythm of pilasters of the great Corinthian order. On the sides of the entrance arch their rhythm changes and they form a pilaster portico with a pediment. The planned system at the same time is a composition of a closed square, adopted in Rus' for trading and other yards.
In the 18th century, the order system became a common decorative technique for giving various buildings an elegant appearance.
This is evidenced by the artistic design of the main entrance to the courtyard
Arsenal (1702-1736) in the Kremlin, which represents a skillful transformation of orders combined with an abundance of decorative relief details. Remarkable in its architecture and artistic significance in Moscow architecture is the Church of the Archangel Gabriel (1701-1707), created by the architect I.P. Zarudny (1670-1727). The architect showed excellent skill in using order systems. The load-bearing part of the church volumes is designed using a large order, which is combined with elegant compositions of porticoes at the entrance made of two light columns
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*Rizalit (from Italian risalita - protrusion), part of the building protruding beyond the main building. façade line; usually located symmetrically relative to to the central axis of the facade.

Corinthian order supporting a decoratively designed entablature with a balustrade. The order in the building expresses the tectonics of the exhibition.
A new direction in the church architecture of Moscow, clearly expressed in the architecture of the Church of the Archangel Gabriel (Menshikov Tower), consisting in a harmonious combination of traditional Russian volumetric-spatial composition with formal elements of the new style, left an interesting example in Moscow - the Church of John the Warrior (1709-1713) on Yakimanka.
Architects I.A. Mordvinov and I.F. Michurin (1700-1763) were sent from St. Petersburg to Moscow. They were involved in drawing up plans for the Kremlin, Kitai-gorod and partly White City in connection with the move of the royal court to Moscow and the construction of palaces of the court nobility along the banks of the Yauza. Michurin in 1734-1739 drew up a plan for Moscow, which represents a significant urban planning document of Moscow in the 18th century. It depicted the development of the city at that time. Other Russian cities continued to develop. An interesting example of the durability of national architectural traditions in the province is the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Kazan (1726).

II.) Baroque architecture of the mid-18th century.
During the period described, V.N. Tatishchev and M.V. Lomonosov laid the foundations of Russian historical science. Russian science and culture are of a high level, not inferior to European ones. Thanks to this, the first university was opened in Russia in 1755, and the Academy of Arts was opened in St. Petersburg, which played a major role in the development of the art and architecture of classicism.
Russia in the middle of the 18th century became one of the most developed European countries. All this determined the solemn and decorative appearance of palaces and temples - the main types of monumental buildings in Russia during this period. The most outstanding architects of that time included students of I.K. Korobov-S.I. Chevakinsky and D.V. Ukhtomsky. The largest architect of the mid-18th century was F.B. Rastrelli. At the same time, many unknown serf architects, painters, sculptors, carvers and other masters of applied art were working with him.
In the middle of the 18th century, the Baroque style in Russia had pronounced original features due to the continuity of decorative compositional techniques of Russian architecture of the early 18th century. One cannot help but emphasize the specific national feature of Baroque architecture in the mid-18th century - the polychromy of facades, the walls of which are painted blue, red, yellow and green. This is complemented by beams of columns, pilasters, and framed windows. Characteristic feature architectural works is that groups of buildings or buildings often form a closed architectural ensemble, revealing itself only when one penetrates inside it. In palace and church premises, along with stucco picturesque decoration of walls and ceilings, multi-colored patterned floors were made from different types of wood. The ceiling painting creates the illusion of the infinity of the rising hall, which is emphasized by figures of different proportions floating in the sky, clearly separating their different distances from the viewer. The walls of the front rooms were framed with complex profiled gilded rods. The techniques for planning the halls are interesting. In palaces they are located according to the principle that the doors of passage halls are on a common axis, and their width illusorily increases.
Imperial and estate palaces were created in unity with gardens and parks, which were characterized by a regular planning system with straight alleys, trimmed tree vegetation and ornamental flower beds. In this section, special mention should be made of the works of Rastrelli's chief architect Francesco Bartolomeo (1700-1771), whose work reached its apogee in 1740-1750. The main works include: the ensemble of the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg; palaces in Courland (Latvia), in Rundava and Mitava (Jelgava); palaces of the Elizabethan nobles M.I. Vorontsov and S.G. Stroganov in St. Petersburg; imperial palaces- Winter in the capital, Bolshoi (Catherine) in Tsarskoe Selo (Pushkin), Grand Palace in Peterhof, St. Andrew's Church and Mariinsky Palace in Kyiv. All of them characterize the Baroque style of the mid-18th century in Russia. The architect S.I. Chevakinsky worked simultaneously with F.B. Rastrelli. (1713-1770). The most remarkable creation of Chevakinsky S.I. surviving to this day was the design and construction of the huge two-story St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral (1753-1762) in St. Petersburg. Chevakinsky’s student was the future architect V.I. Bazhenov.
The largest representative of the Moscow Baroque of the mid-18th century was the architect D.V. Ukhtomsky. (1719-1774). His work developed under the influence of the artistic views and works of F.B. Rastrelli, in particular in Moscow and the Moscow region: palaces in the Kremlin, Annegof and Perov. Only one work by Ukhtomsky has survived to this day - the five-tiered bell tower in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in Zagorsk.

III.) Prerequisites for the emergence and development of classicism.
In the 1760s, a change in architectural and artistic style occurred in Russia. Decorative Baroque, which reached its apogee in the work of the greatest representative of this trend - the architect F.B. Rastrelli, gave way to classicism, which quickly established itself in St. Petersburg and Moscow, and then spread throughout the country. Classicism (from Latin - exemplary) is an artistic style that develops through the creative borrowing of forms, compositions and examples of art from the ancient world and the Italian Renaissance.
The architecture of classicism is characterized by geometrically correct plans, logic and balance of symmetrical compositions, strict harmony of proportions and the widespread use of the order tectonic system. The decorative style of the Baroque ceased to correspond to the economic capabilities of the circle of customers, which was increasingly expanding to include small landed nobles and merchants. It also ceased to respond to changing aesthetic views.
The development of architecture is determined by economic and social factors. The country's economy led to the formation of an extensive domestic market and increased foreign trade, which contributed to the productivity of landowners' farms, crafts and industrial production. As a result, the need arose for the construction of government and privately owned structures, often of national importance. These included commercial buildings: guest courtyards, markets, fairgrounds, contract houses, shops, and various warehouse buildings. As well as unique public buildings - stock exchanges and banks.
Many government administrative buildings began to be built in cities: governor's houses, hospitals, prison castles, barracks for military garrisons. Culture and education developed intensively, which necessitated the construction of many buildings, educational institutions, various academies, institutes - boarding houses for noble and middle-class children, theaters and libraries. Cities grew rapidly, primarily due to estate-type residential development. In the conditions of enormous construction taking place in cities and estates, increased construction needs, architectural techniques and busy forms of Baroque, exquisitely complex and magnificent, turned out to be unacceptable, since the decorativeness of this style required significant material costs and a large number of qualified craftsmen of various specialties. Based on the above, there was an urgent need to revise the fundamentals of architecture. Thus, deep domestic preconditions of a material and ideological nature determined the crisis of the Baroque style, its extinction and led in Russia to the search for economic and realistic architecture. Therefore, it was the classical architecture of antiquity, expedient, simple and clear and at the same time expressive, that served as a standard of beauty and became a kind of ideal, the basis of classicism emerging in Russia.

IV.) Architecture of early classicism (1760-1780).
To guide widespread urban planning activities, a commission on the stone construction of St. Petersburg and Moscow was established in December 1762. Created to regulate the development of both capitals, it soon began to manage all urban planning in the country. The commission functioned until 1796. During this period, it was successively led by prominent architects: A.V. Kvasov (1763-1772); I.E. Starov (1772-1774); I. Lem (1775-1796). In addition to regulating the planning of St. Petersburg and Moscow, the commission over 34 years created master plans for 24 cities (Arkhangelsk, Astrakhan, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Tomsk, Pskov, Voronezh, Vitebsk and others). The main city-forming factors were considered to be water and land routes, established administrative and retail space, clear city boundaries. Streamlining urban planning based on a geometrically regular rectangular system. The construction of city streets and squares was regulated by height. The main streets and squares were to be lined with model houses, placed close to each other. This contributed to the unity of street organization. The architectural appearance of the houses was determined by several approved exemplary facade designs. They were distinguished by the simplicity of their architectural solutions; their planes were enlivened only by the figured repeating frames of the window openings.
In Russian cities, residential buildings usually had one or two floors, only in St. Petersburg the number of floors rose to three or four. During this period, A.V. Kvasov developed a project for the improvement of the Fontanka River embankment. The formation of through passage embankments and bridgehead areas turned the Fontanka into an important arc-forming highway. For Moscow in 1775, a new master plan was drawn up, preserving the radial-ring structure and outlining a system of squares in a semi-ring covering the Kremlin and Kitay-Gorod. For consideration and approval of privately owned development projects in 1775-1778. a special Stone Order functioned. In the 1760s, features of classicism began to appear more and more noticeably in Russian architecture. The earliest manifestation of classicism was the project of the "Pleasure House" in Oranienbaum (now does not exist). Compiled by the architect A.F. Kokorin and the so-called Boat House of A.F. Vista (1761-1762) in the Peter and Paul Fortress.
During this period, famous architects worked in Russia: Yu.M. Felten and K.M. Blank, the Italian A. Rinaldi, the Frenchman T.B. Wallen-Delamont. Considering this period in the chronological sequence of construction of buildings, it should be noted that classical forms and clear compositional techniques increasingly replaced excessive decorativeness. Here it is necessary to consider the main creations of architects that have survived to this day. Antonio Rinaldi (1710-1794) - Chinese palace(1762-1768) in Oranienbaum. The interior of the palace testifies to the high artistic skill of the architect. The whimsical outlines of the palace were in harmony with the surrounding park composition, with an artificial reservoir and beautifully decorated vegetation. The environment of the ceremonial premises of the one-story palace is especially distinguished by its majestic beauty - Great Hall, Oval Hall, Hall of Music. Chinese cabinet with elements of decoration, Glass bead cabinet. The Rolling Hill Pavilion (1762-1774) is a well-preserved three-story pavilion with colonnades of bypass galleries on the second and third floors. The pavilion in Lomonosov is the only surviving reminder of folk entertainment. The Marble Palace (1768-1785) is one of the unique phenomena of St. Petersburg and Russia, thanks to the multi-colored cladding of the facades. The three-story building is located on the site between the Neva and the Field of Mars and has a U-shaped composition with wings forming a rather deep front courtyard. The palace in Gatchina (1766-1781) is three-story with a passage gallery, at the bottom the main building is complemented by pentagonal six-tiered view towers and arched two-story wings covering the front courtyard. After the transfer of the palace to Tsarevich Pavel (1783), it was rebuilt inside and supplemented with closed squares at the ends of the original composition by V.F. Brenna.
The restrained plasticity of the facades is complemented by the nobility of the local stone - light gray Pudost limestone. The ceremonial interiors are located on the second floor, of which the most significant White Hall, Antechamber, marble dining room and others. The palace was destroyed during the years of fascist occupation. Now restored. In addition to those mentioned above, A. Rinaldi built several Orthodox churches, the peculiarity of which is the combination in one composition of a five-domed structure, newly established in the Baroque period, and a high multi-tiered bell tower. The artificial use of classical orders, their tiered arrangement on bell towers and the delicate layout of the facades testify to the stylistic reality of artistic images, which corresponds to early classicism. In addition to monumental buildings, A. Rinaldi created a number of memorial structures. These include the Oryol Gate (1777-1782); Chesme Column (171-1778) in Pushkin; Chesma obelisk in Gatchina (1755-1778). The establishment of the Academy of Arts in 1757 brought about new architects, both Russian and foreign. These include A.F. Kokorinov (1726-1772), who came from Moscow, and J.B. Vallin-Delamont (1729-1800), invited from France by I.I. Shuvalov. The creations of these architects include the palace of G.A. Demidov. A special feature of the Demidov Palace is the cast-iron external terrace and cast-iron stairs with arched diverging flights connecting the palace with the garden. The building of the Academy of Arts (1764-1788) on the Universitetskaya embankment of Vasilyevsky Island. The buildings clearly show the style of early classicism. This should include main building Herzen Pedagogical Institute. Northern façade of the Small Hermitage; Construction of a large Gostiny Dvor, built on foundations laid along the contour of the entire block. A.F. Kokorinov and J.B. Wallen-Delamont created in Russia palace ensembles, which reflected the architecture of Parisian mansions and hotels with a closed front courtyard. An example of this could be the palace of I.G. Chernyshev, which has not survived to this day. In the middle of the 19th century, in its place near the Blue Bridge, the Mariinsky Palace was erected by the architect A.I. Stackenschneider. During the same period, the architect Yu.M. Felton launched a large construction activity. His work was formed under the influence of F.B. Rastrelli, and then he began to create within the framework of early classicism. The most significant creations of Felten are: the building of the Great Hermitage, the Alexander Institute, located next to the ensemble of the Smolny Monastery. The institute building with three courtyards has well preserved its original appearance, consistent with early classicism. The most perfect work of Yu.M. Felten is a fence Summer Garden from the side of the Neva embankment (1770-1784). It was created with the creative participation of P.E. Egorov (1731-1789); the iron links were forged by Tula blacksmiths, and the granite pillars with figured vases and the granite base were made by Putilov stonemasons. The fence is distinguished by simplicity, amazing proportionality and harmony of parts and the whole. The turn of Russian architecture towards classicism in Moscow was most clearly manifested in the huge ensemble of the Orphanage, erected in (1764-1770), not far from the Kremlin on the banks of the Moscow River according to the plan of the architect K.I. Blank (1728-1793). In the Kuskovo estate near Moscow, K.I. Blank erected the impressive Hermitage pavilion in 1860. In accordance with the emergence and development of classicism, the regular French system of gardening art was replaced by the landscape (English system), which spread to Western Europe and above all in England.

V.) Architecture of strict classicism (1780-1800)
The last quarter of the eighteenth century was marked by major socio-historical events (Crimea and north coast Black Sea). The state's economy developed rapidly. An all-Russian market, fairs and shopping centers were formed. The metallurgical industry developed significantly. Trade with Central Asia and China. Activation economic life contributed to the quantitative and qualitative growth of cities and landowners' estates. All these phenomena are noticeably reflected in urban planning and architecture. The architecture of the Russian province was characterized by two features: most cities received new general plans. The architecture of cities, especially urban centers, was formed on the basis of techniques of strict classicism. Along with the types of buildings previously known, new structures began to be built in cities. In cities that still retained traces of defensive structures, they increasingly disappeared as a result of the implementation of new plans, and these cities acquired urban planning features characteristic of most Russian cities. Estate construction expanded, especially in the south of Russia and the Volga region. At the same time, a system was developed for the placement of various outbuildings depending on natural conditions . In the provincial estates of noble owners, manor houses were stone buildings of the palace type. The ceremonial architecture of classicism with porticoes became the personification of social and economic prestige. During the period under review, outstanding Russian architects created architectural creations that are the property of not only Russia, but the whole world. Some of them, namely: Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov (1737-1799) - construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace and college buildings on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin. Despite the fact that the outstanding plan was realized, its significance for the fate of Russian architecture was not great, first of all, for the final establishment of classicism as the main stylistic direction in the development of Russian architecture. Creation of a country royal palace and park residence in the village of Tsaritsyno near Moscow. All the buildings of the ensemble are located on rough terrain, parts of which are connected by two figured bridges, resulting in a single, unusually beautiful panorama that has no analogues in the history of architecture. Pashkov House (1784-1786), now the old building of the V.I. Lenin Library. Consisting of three different parts, the silhouette composition of the house crowning a green hillock is still one of the most perfect works of all Russian classicism of the late 18th century. The culmination of Bazhenov’s work was the project of the Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg (1797-1800). The castle was built without the participation of an architect; the managing builder was V.F. Brenna, who made significant changes to the interpretation of the main facade. Kazakov M.F.: Petrovsky Palace - he gave the appearance of the palace a pronounced national character, the ensemble of the Petrovsky Palace is an outstanding example of a harmonious architectural synthesis of classical principles and Russian national painting. The Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin - the Senate rotunda is recognized in the architecture of Russian classicism as the best ceremonial round hall and is the first example of a composition of this type in Russia. This hall is an important link in the development of Russian classicism. Church of Philip Metropolitan (1777-1788). A classic Russian composition was used in relation to an Orthodox church. In the second half of the 18th century, the rotunda began to be embodied in the architecture of Russian classicism when creating religious buildings; it was also used in the construction of the Baryshnikov mausoleum near Smolensk (1784-1802). Golitsyn Hospital (now the first city hospital of Pirogov). University building (1786-1793). The University building was damaged in 1812 and was rebuilt with changes in 1817-1819.
The approval of a new general plan for Moscow in 1775 stimulated privately owned residential development, which developed widely in 1780-1800. By this time, two space-planning types of urban estates had finally been developed - the first main residential building and outbuildings located along the red line of the street, forming a three-part system that forms the development front; the second is a residential estate with an open front courtyard surrounded by wings and outbuildings. Since the 1770s, the development of classicism based on the ancient Roman principles of the Renaissance has been clearly visible in St. Petersburg construction. Some of them, namely: architect Starov I.E. (1745-1808) erects the Tauride Palace (1883-1789) with a landscape garden; Trinity Cathedral (1778-1790) in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. The construction of the cathedral had an important ideological and patriotic significance, since under the arches of the temple there is the tomb of Alexander Nevsky. In addition to the greatest buildings mentioned above, Starov was engaged in design for the southern provinces, developed plans for the new cities of Nikolaev and Yekaterinoslavl; in the latter, the architect built the palace of the governor of the region - G.A. Potemkin.
Architect Volkov F.I. (1755-1803). By 1790, he developed exemplary designs for barracks buildings, subordinating their appearance to the principles of classicism. The largest works are the building of the Naval Cadet Corps (1796-1798) on the Neva embankment. Ensemble of the General Post Office (1782-1789).
Architect Quarenghi and Giacomo (1744-1817). Quarenghi's creations clearly embody the features of strict classicism. Some of them: the dacha of A.A. Bezborodko (1783-1788). The building of the Academy of Sciences (1783-1789), the Hermitage Theater (1783-1787), the building of the Assignation Bank (1783-1790), the Alexander Palace (1792-1796) in Tsarskoye Selo, the Arc de Triomphe in 1814 - Narva Gate.
Important landscaping work continued in St. Petersburg. Granite embankments of the Neva, small rivers and channels were created. Remarkable architectural monuments were erected, which became important city-forming elements. On the banks of the Neva, before the unfinished construction of St. Isaac's Cathedral, one of the best equestrian elements in Europe was unveiled in 1782 - a monument to Peter I (sculptor E.M. Falcone and M.A. Collo; the snake was made by sculptor F.G. Gordeev). A wonderful bronze hollow sculptural composition on a natural granite rock. The size of the rock (10.1 meters high, 14.5 meters long, 5.5 meters wide) corresponded to a spacious coastal area. Another monument to Peter I was installed in the ensemble of the Mikhailovsky Castle (1800). A bronze equestrian statue was used (sculptor K.B. Rastreli - father, architect F.I. Volkov, bas-reliefs - sculptors V.I. Demont-Malinovsky, I.I. Terebinov, I. Moiseev under the direction of M.I. Kozlovsky) . In 1799, a 14-meter obelisk “Rumyantsev” was erected on Tsaritsyn Meadow (Field of Mars) (architect V.F. Brenna); in 1818 it was moved to Vasilyevsky Island to the First Cadet Corps, where the outstanding military leader P.A. Rumyantsev studied. In 1801, on Tsaritsyn Meadow there was
A monument to the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov was opened (sculptor M.I. Kozlovsky, moved closer to the bank of the Neva.

3.) Conclusion.
The most important progressive traditions of Russian architecture, which are of great importance for the practice of late architecture, are ensemble and urban planning art. If the desire to form architectural ensembles was initially intuitive, then later it became conscious.
Architecture was transformed over time, but nevertheless, some features of Russian architecture existed and developed over the centuries, maintaining traditional stability until the 20th century, when the cosmopolitan essence of imperialism began to gradually erase them.

4.) List of used literature .

Arkin D.E. Russian architectural treatise-code of the 18th century. Architectural expedition position. - In the book: Architectural archive. M., 1946.

Belekhov N.N., Petrov A.N. Ivan Starov. M., 1950.

Pilyavsky V.I. History of Russian architecture. L., 1984.

Associated with the work of the architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1700-1771).

Buildings built in this style are characterized by extraordinary pomp and elegance. The walls of palaces and temples are richly decorated with intricate stucco moldings, sculptures, columns that do not support anything. There are practically no horizontal lines in the architecture. The ideal of Baroque is a smoothly curved curve. The line of the façade is dynamic: the protrusions of the buildings are constantly replaced by recesses. The multi-colored coloring gave the baroque buildings a unique charm: the ends of the columns and sculpture shone with gold, and the snow-white columns clearly stood out on the blue, turquoise, yellow or pink surface of the walls.

The interiors of Baroque palaces were particularly splendid. The walls of the halls were covered with silk fabric, decorated with mirrors and carved gilded stucco. The floors were finished with parquet with a complex pattern. The ceilings were painted by skilled painters. Crystal chandeliers, exquisite door handles, intricate fireplaces, clocks, vases, luxurious furniture complemented all this splendor. The palace premises were built into a long row of passage rooms and halls so that the doorways were located along the same axis. Such a layout corresponded to the theme of parade processions, which certainly manifested itself not only in the famous “exit of the monarch,” but also in all rituals, even dances.

Urban planning

During the reign of Catherine, a grandiose urban planning program was carried out. New cities were built and old cities were rebuilt. Settlements were founded in the Urals, Siberia, and New Russia. Petersburg with its regular layout served as an example of urban planning art.

In 1762 it was created Commission on the stone structure of St. Petersburg and Moscow. It was supposed to not only deal with urban planning problems of the two Russian capitals, but also develop master plans for provincial and district cities. By 1775, the Masonry Commission had approved plans for 216 towns. It should be noted that, while rebuilding old cities, architects tried to preserve the monuments of ancient Russian architecture: temples, bell towers, fortifications.

In the second half of the 18th century. The number of public (non-residential) structures erected in cities has increased significantly. Buildings are being built for institutions of city government (city councils, noble assemblies, etc.), hospitals, schools, hotel courtyards, public baths, and warehouses. In large cities, in addition to palaces and mansions, the first apartment buildings appear in which apartments are rented.

Classicism

The architectural style is changing: classicism is replacing the lush baroque. “Noble simplicity and calm grandeur” - this is how they characterize the new style that established itself in Russia at the end of the 18th century. It is dominated by straight horizontal and vertical lines. All parts of the buildings are symmetrical, proportional, and balanced. Columns not only serve as decoration, but also have a structural purpose - they support the floors. Roofs are made flat. Architects prefer to paint the facades of buildings in restrained colors - yellow, coffee, gray, fawn... Material from the site

Representatives in St. Petersburg

The largest architects of classicism in St. Petersburg were Jean-Baptiste Vallin-Delamott(Academy of Arts, Gostiny Dvor on Nevsky Prospekt), Ivan Egorovich Old(Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra, Tauride Palace), Charles Cameron(Pavlovsk Palace, Cameron Gallery of Tsarskoe Selo), Giacomo Quarenghi(Hermitage Theatre, Assignation Bank), Nikolai Alexandrovich Lvov(St. Petersburg Post Office, Nevsky Gate of the Peter and Paul Fortress, Kulich and Easter Church).

N. A. Lvov (1751 - 1803) was known not only as a talented architect, but also as an outstanding scientist, writer, graphic artist, and musicologist. He created the first art salon (circle), which included outstanding writers, composers, and artists. Lvov was considered a genius of taste.

Representatives in Moscow

Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov (1737/1738-1799) worked in Moscow (Pashkov’s house, palace complex Tsaritsyno) and Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov (1738-1812/1813) (buildings of the Senate in the Kremlin, the Noble Assembly - now the Column Hall of the House of Unions, the Golitsyn Hospital - now the 1st Gradskaya).

Pictures (photos, drawings)

Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. 1750-1762
Cathedral of the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. 1748-1764
The Great Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo near St. Petersburg. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. 1752-1756
Picture hall in the Great Peterhof Palace. Watercolor by L. O. Premazzi. 1855
Enfilade of state rooms in the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. 1750s
The main staircase in Winter Palace. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. Watercolor K.A. Ukhtomsky. XIX century
Plan of St. Petersburg 1776
The building of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. Architects A.F. Kokorinov and Jean-Baptiste Vallin-Delamot
Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg. Architect I. E. Staroe

In the first half of the 18th century, such famous buildings as the Menshikov Tower, as well as the subsequently destroyed Red Gate, were built in Moscow.

The most significant achievements in Moscow architecture of the second half of the 18th century are associated with the works of such architects as Vasily Bazhenov and Matvey Kazakov. Both of them are known primarily for the architectural complex at Tsaritsyno and Petrovsky Castle. Bazhenov built the famous Pashkov house. The Noble Assembly, the Palace of the Governor General, the Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin, the Eliseev House and many other Moscow buildings were built according to Kazakov’s designs.

Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov (1738 -1812) - Russian architect, who during the reign Catherine II rebuilt the center Moscow V Palladian style . One of the largest representatives Russian pseudo-Gothic. Developer of standard development projects.

1 Biography

2 Works

3 Notes

Biography

Matvey Kazakov was born in 1738 in Moscow, in the family of the sub-office clerk of the Main Commissariat Fyodor Kazakov, who came from serfdom. The Kazakov family lived near Kremlin, in the area Borovitsky Bridge. In 1749 or early 1750, Kazakov’s father died. Mother, Fedosya Semyonovna, decided to send her son to the architectural school of the famous architect D. V. Ukhtomsky ; in March 1751, Kazakov became a student at Ukhtomsky’s school and stayed there until 1760. From 1768 he worked under the direction V. I. Bazhenova V Expeditions of the Kremlin building; in particular, in 1768-1773. he participated in the creation of the Grand Kremlin Palace, and in 1775 - in the design of festive entertainment pavilions on Khodynka field. IN 1775 Kazakov was confirmed in the rank of architect.

Kazakov’s legacy includes many graphic works - architectural drawings, engravings and drawings, including “Pleasure buildings on Khodynskoye Field in Moscow” (ink and pen, 1774-1775; GNIMA), “Construction of the Peter’s Palace” (ink and pen, 1778; GNIMA).

Kazakov also proved himself as a teacher, organizing an architectural school during the Kremlin Building Expedition; his students were such architects as I. V. Egotov, A. N. Bakarev, O. I. Bove and I.G. Tamansky. IN 1805 the school was transformed into the School of Architecture.

During Patriotic War of 1812 relatives took Matvey Fedorovich from Moscow to Ryazan. There the architect learned about fire in Moscow- this news accelerated the death of the master. Kazakov died October 26 (November 7) 1812 in Ryazan and was buried in a cemetery (now not preserved) Ryazan Trinity Monastery .

The former Gorokhovskaya street in Moscow. His ex is also named after him. Dvoryanskaya street V Kolomna. In 1959 in Kerch, on the initiative of the chief architect of the city A.N. Morozova, the newly formed street began to bear the name of Kazakov in honor of his 225th anniversary.

Works

Many monuments of Cossack Moscow were badly damaged during fire of 1812 and were restored with deviations from the original plan of the architect. Kazakov's authorship of many Palladian buildings, especially those built according to standard designs outside of Moscow, is speculative and extremely controversial (despite statements contained in local history publications).

Monument Vasily Bazhenov And Matvey Kazakov(in the foreground) in Tsaritsyn work Leonid Baranov

Prechistensky Palace V Moscow (1774-1776);

Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin (1776-1787);

University buildings on Mokhovaya(1786-1793, rebuilt after the fire of 1812 Domenico Gilardi);

Novo-Ekaterininskaya Hospital (1774-76);

Noble Assembly (1775);

House of Archbishop Plato, later Small Nikolaevsky Palace (1775);

Petrovskoye-Alabino, house-estate of the Meshcherskys (1776);

Church of Philip Metropolitan (1777-1788);

Travel Palace (Tver);

Kozitsky House on Tverskaya (1780-1788);

Temple of the Ascension on the Pea Field (1790-1793);

Church of Cosmas and Damian on Maroseyka (1791-1803);

Demidov's estate house V Gorokhovsky Lane (1789-1791) ;

Gubin's house-estate Petrovka(1790s);

Golitsyn Hospital (1796-1801);

Pavlovsk hospital (1802-1807);

Baryshnikov's estate house (1797-1802);

General plan of Kolomna 1778;

Church of the Savior in the village Raisemenovskoe, completed in 1774-1783

Petrovsky entrance palace (1776-1780);

Governor General's House (1782);

Attributed

Tikhvin Church, bishop's house, towers Staro-Golutvina Monastery(1780s)

Mausoleum in Nikolo-Pogorelom(Smolensk region, 1784-1802).

House Musina-Pushkin on Razgulyae

22. Urban development of St. Petersburg in the 1760s - 1790s. Bridges and embankments.

The second half of the 18th century brought a lot of new things to Russian architecture. The growth of industry, trade, the expansion of cities, as well as major successes in Russian science led to changes in construction. Advanced architects of this time developed issues related to city planning and created new types of public buildings. The changes in the appearance of the buildings were radical. The forms used in the mid-18th century for free-standing unique palace and church buildings naturally turned out to be unsuitable for construction on a larger scale. The new content also determined the forms that corresponded to it. The architects turned to the heritage of ancient, primarily Roman, classics. From the latter they took orders, which were reproduced extremely accurately, observing the correct relationships and details. Orders became the main means of tectonic and plastic solutions for facades and interiors. Another requirement for architectural structures of this time is the harmony of proportions, both in relation to the overall volumes and individual elements of buildings. Architectural techniques developed on the basis of a creative appeal to antiquity later received the name of Russian classicism.

From the beginning of the 1760s, large-scale urban planning work began - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and a number of other Russian cities. Of great importance in the construction of St. Petersburg were the works on regulating the banks of the Neva and small rivers, laying new canals, building granite embankments, and constructing the first stone bridges. “The Neva was dressed in granite, the bridges hung over the waters,” A. S. Pushkin would later aptly and accurately characterize these works. At the same time, the development of a system of large squares was underway on the territory of the city center that had finally been determined by this time near the Admiralty. Squares were created near the Fontanka; its banks were connected by seven monumental drawbridges. In Moscow, on the site of the old fortress walls of the White City, a ring of wide, beautiful boulevards arose, defining the appearance of many streets. Significant construction work has been carried out in a number of other cities. Thus, in Tver (now the city of Kalinin), after the fire of 1763, the entire city center was reconstructed on a new basis. Considerable construction took place in Yaroslavl.

At the same time, separate large structures for new purposes were also built. On the banks of the Neva A. F. Kokorinov(1726-1772), who studied with Korobov, Ukhtomsky, and J.-B. Ballen-Delamotme(1729-1800) the huge building of the Academy of Arts was erected (1764-1788, ill. 33). Near the Smolny Monastery, which during these years was turned into a closed privileged educational institution, Yu. M. Felten built a new large building specifically for educational purposes. A vast building of the Orphanage was erected in Moscow. IN general schemes Their solutions still differ greatly from previous palace buildings, but at the same time, the architects boldly developed new techniques and created convenient, rational plans. The appearance of these buildings is also designed differently - in strict and simple forms.

Il. 33. A. F. Kokorinov, J.-B. Wallen-Delamot. Academy of Arts. 1764-1788. Leningrad

Simplicity and restraint are also characteristic of other buildings of this time. The Marble Palace (1768-1785), built by the architect A. Rinaldi (c. 1710-1794) in the central part of St. Petersburg, is indicative; its facades are distinguished by their clarity of composition and harmonious proportions.

What was outlined in the works of the 1760s later received a particularly vivid and consistent revelation in the works of the leading architects of that time - Bazhenov, Kazakov, Starov, Quarenghi.

V. I. Bazhenov(1737-1799). Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov began studying at Ukhtomsky’s school, then studied at Moscow University with Chevakinsky and finally graduated from the Academy of Arts. After a business trip abroad, he settled in Moscow, with which his largest buildings and projects are associated. A particularly prominent place among them belongs to the project of the Kremlin Palace and construction in Tsaritsyn near Moscow.

Il. 49. V. I. Bazhenov. Entrance pavilions of the Mikhailovsky Castle. 1798-1800. Leningrad

In 1768-1773, Bazhenov headed a design workshop - the so-called Model House, where work was carried out on the project of a grandiose new Kremlin palace. It was assumed that the palace would cover the entire Kremlin hill. In its courtyards and squares there should have been ancient monuments of the Kremlin. In contrast to the typical techniques of palace buildings of the mid-century, Bazhenov puts in the first place the solution of general planning problems. He plans to create a whole system of squares and passages connecting them on the territory of the Kremlin hill and plans the entire palace, taking into account the general layout and specific features of the area. In close connection with the new palace building (the main building of which was oriented towards the Moscow River), large buildings of the main administrative institutions of Moscow were also conceived. The entrance from Red Square through the Spassky Gate led to the main square (courtyard) in the form of a grandiose open-air hall with amphitheater-like seating for large gatherings. There should have been a nearby main entrance to the palace. The project of Bazhenov (1767-1775) was not implemented, but the grandiose model he created (now in GNIMA, ill. 51) had a strong impact on the development of architecture of that time.

Il. 51. V. I. Bazhenov. Model of the Kremlin Palace in Moscow. Fragment. 1773

In the construction of the ensemble in Tsaritsyn, Bazhenov also approached the task assigned to him boldly and in a new way. In contrast to the palace buildings of the mid-century, he created here a picturesque landscape park with small pavilions placed in it, organically connected with the specific areas on which they were built. In the unique architectural forms of Tsaritsyn buildings, Bazhenov tried to develop the traditions of ancient Moscow architecture. Abandoned at the end of the 18th century, these buildings have reached us in a dilapidated state.

Of Bazhenov’s buildings in Moscow, the former Pashkov House (1784-1786), now the old building of the V. I. Lenin Library, is of particular importance. The architect made good use of the terrain of the site and took into account the location of the building in close proximity to the Kremlin.

Bazhenov was not only a remarkable practical architect, he also belonged to the largest representatives of Russian artistic culture of the late 18th century. If many of his undertakings were not realized in the difficult conditions of that time, then his attempts to create a public art gallery in Moscow, the organization of an art school, the publication of a huge engraved work on Russian architecture, the project for reform of the Academy of Arts clearly testify to his progressive views and tireless desire to develop national Russian fine arts and architecture. This is Bazhenov - a man of glorious and at the same time almost tragic creative destiny.

M. F. Kazakov(1738-1812). Along with Bazhenov, Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov worked in Moscow, owing his education to the Ukhtomsky school. Kazakov's practical activity began in Tver, but his most important buildings were completed in Moscow. At first he was Bazhenov’s closest assistant in the Model House; in the mid-1770s, his independent work began. One of Kazakov’s first outstanding buildings was the Senate building in the Kremlin (1776-1787), now the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (ill. 50). Kazakov excellently took into account and used the features of the triangular-shaped site allocated for construction and created a building in which the monumentality of the general appearance and the splendor of the composition are organically combined with the convenience and expediency of the plan, which was unusual for that time. In terms of interior decoration, the large round hall (now Sverdlovsk) is especially remarkable.

Il. 50. M. F. Kazakov. The Senate building in the Moscow Kremlin (now the building of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR). 1776-1787

Subsequently, Kazakov built many different buildings in Moscow, among which the most notable are the university (after the fire of 1812, restored by D. Gilardi, who changed the appearance, but retained the original general composition and layout) and the Golitsyn hospital (1796-1801, the first large city Moscow Hospital), which is one of the latest and most rigorous in style of the architect’s works.

I. E. Starov(1745-1808). One of the largest architects of this time, Ivan Yegorovich Staroye, also received his first knowledge of architecture in Ukhtomsky’s team, then graduated from the Academy of Arts and subsequently worked a lot in it as a teacher. Starov designed a lot for different cities, but his most important buildings are located in St. Petersburg. Among them, the largest is the Tauride Palace (1783-1789, ill. 53). The site on which it is located was not part of the city at the end of the 18th century, which made it possible to freely place the building, organize access to it by a canal from the Neva, and create a large park with it. The palace was intended for large celebrations and receptions associated with the celebrations of the annexation of Crimea to Russia. This explains the presence of state rooms in the palace. Behind the lobby there is a domed hall ("Russian Pantheon", as G.R. Derzhavin called it in his description of the palace), behind it, crossing the width of the entire building, there was a grandiose columned hall and behind - a winter garden, the walls of which adjoined an extensive park palace In terms of breadth and scope, solemnity and at the same time severity, the Tauride Palace was one of the most significant buildings of that time.

Il. 53. I. E. Starov. Tauride Palace. 1783-1789. Leningrad

At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, large construction work was carried out Giacomo Quarenghi(1744-1817). Native Northern Italy, it was only after his arrival in Russia in 1779 that he got the opportunity to create major works. Among the numerous buildings made according to his designs, simple and laconic in form, public buildings also predominate - the Academy of Sciences (1783-1789), the State (Assignation, as it was called then) Bank (1783-1790), shopping arcades, educational institutions, hospital. One of the best buildings of Quarenghi is the building of an educational institution - the Smolny Institute (1806-1808, ill. 52).

Il. 52. D. Quarenghi. Smolny Institute. 1806-1808. Leningrad

Extremely simple and rational in plan, strict in appearance, it is inextricably linked for us with the events of the Great October Socialist Revolution.

In the suburbs of St. Petersburg - Tsarskoe Selo and Pavlovsk - an architect worked in the last two decades of the 18th century Charles Cameron(1740s-1812). The Pavlovsk Palace (1782-1786) and the Cameron Gallery (1783-1786) in Tsarskoe Selo, which he built, are distinguished by their clarity of composition and elegance of decoration. The interiors of Catherine II’s private rooms in the Catherine Palace of Tsarskoye Selo were unusually varied in composition and in the facing materials used.

During these years, significant construction took place not only in cities, but also in estates. Here, serf architects played a major role, closely associated with folk traditions and at the same time using new architectural techniques (the Ostankino estate near Moscow, created by serf craftsmen with the participation of the remarkable serf architect P. I. Argunov).

In the 1760s - 1790s, questions of the synthesis of arts were widely raised. Outstanding sculptors of that time worked in the field of decorative sculpture - Shubin, Kozlovsky, Prokofiev.

A lot of new things have been introduced into park construction. Regular gardens were replaced by landscape parks. The best examples of this type include: Tsaritsyno, Ostankino, Gatchina, Pavlovsk.

23. Architectural ensemble Tsarskoe Selo.

Tsarskoe Selo – a pearl of 18th century architecture

Russian architecture still has a long way to go. Let's go back to the roots - the first Russian architects, who by their example proved that Russian architecture existed, exists and, hopefully, will exist in the future. After all, the Russian expanses are a huge field for activity.

Fyodor Kon (1540-1606)

Smolensk Fortress. Tower. XVI-XVII centuries

In fact, the first Russian architect-builder of fortresses. Being the son of a peasant, he fled to Europe, where he received an excellent private education. Then he worked in France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Italy, where he established himself as an excellent craftsman. Fyodor, who returned to Rus', was naturally put in prison, but was soon released and allowed to create. For a couple of years he built shops and sheds, and then suddenly received an order to build the walls of the White City in Moscow. And then off we went - the walls of the Boldinsky, Pafnutyevo-Borovsky and Simonov monasteries, as well as the pearl of Russian architecture - the Smolensk Kremlin. The main “trick” of the Horse was the combination of convenience, strength and beauty - so he decorated purely defensive towers with kokoshniks and patterns.

And yes, the nickname Horse perfectly characterized Fedor: he was tall, strong and hardworking.

Dmitry Ukhtomsky (1719-1774)

Bell tower of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, 1741 – 1768

An incredibly prolific representative of the Rurikovich family, Ukhtomsky is considered one of the most brilliant Russian architects who worked in the Elizabethan Baroque style. A boy from an impoverished princely family was sent to Moscow, where he quickly mastered engineering and art history. Starting with a little practice, he was soon building triumphal arches(including the famous Red Gate) and pavilions in honor of the coronation of Elizabeth Petrovna. For her and, according to rumors, her favorite Stepan Apraksin, the famous dresser house was built on Pokrovka, considered one of the most interesting buildings capitals. Ukhtomsky owns the design of the tallest bell tower in Russia, built in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

In 1745 he became the chief architect of Moscow and led his own “team”. The prince also developed the first general plan of Moscow, restored the Kremlin and opened the country's first architectural school.

Vasily Bazhenov (1737-1799)

Pashkov's house. 1784 - 1786

Relatively little is known about one of the most famous Russian architects, and the authorship of most of his projects is not documented. While still a boy, Bazhenov was noticed by the famous architect Ukhtomsky at whose school he studied. Then traditional practice in Europe and a triumphant return home. Being a narcissistic perfectionist, he often disagreed with strongmen of the world this. Thus, having received orders for the reconstruction of the Kremlin and the construction of the Tsaritsyno royal residence, he never completed these projects, and due to a conflict with Catherine II, he was even dismissed from service. Not many of Bazhenov’s buildings have reached us, but each of them is a true masterpiece: the Pashkov House and the Great Tsaritsyn Bridge in Moscow, the Mikhailovsky Palace in St. Petersburg, etc.

Petrovsky Travel Palace, 1776-1780s. An example of Russian neo-Gothic architecture.

The buildings of the most famous Russian architect are scattered throughout almost the entire historical part of Moscow. From the Senate in the Kremlin to the Petrovsky Travel Palace in the Dynamo metro area. As a student of Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov adopted his teacher’s love of pseudo-Gothic, but most of all he gravitated towards strict symmetry and classicism. Combining both ideas into one, he rebuilt Tsaritsyno and erected dozens of unique buildings in completely opposite styles. And this despite the fact that the architect never left Russia and could only admire the masterpieces of European architects from pictures. Many of the architect’s buildings have not survived to this day, but Matvey Fedorovich’s style once determined the appearance of the so-called “Cossack Moscow.”

The prominent architect met his death in Ryazan in 1812. Upon learning that the fire had destroyed his beloved city, Kazakov became ill and died.

Osip Bove (1784-1834)

Moscow triumphal gates, 1829 – 1834. in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812.

The first “non-Russian” architect on our list is an architect. However, in spirit Osip, born Giuseppe, was a worthy son of Russia. Born into the family of a Neapolitan artist, he became involved in art early. During Patriotic War he participated in the Moscow militia, and after the fire Beauvais was appointed to restore central part cities northwest of the Kremlin. Not surprisingly, the authorities soon noticed his talent and entrusted the Italian with “façade work” to restore the Mother See. It was thanks to him that Moscow acquired the appearance of a European city with colonnades of mansions in the classicist style, squares, monuments and public gardens. His best projects include the First City Hospital complex, Manege and Alexander Garden.

Fyodor Shekhtel (1859-1926)

The most famous monument of Moscow Art Nouveau, built in 1902 for millionaire Sergei Ryabushinsky.

Muscovites owe the best examples of Moscow modernism to this man. German by birth, Franz Albert converted to Orthodoxy at the age of ten and literally fell in love with Russian culture. No wonder it was he who built houses for prominent Old Believers who loved comfort combined with traditional ornaments and motifs. Shekhtel worked out the smallest details in his projects - from dozens of options for latches, to flights of stairs and the location of mirrors. Often he was invited to design ready-made buildings. His best Moscow projects include the Ryabushinsky and Morozov mansions, the Yaroslavl station, the Moscow Art Theater building. Chekhova and others.

Alexey Shchusev (1873-1949)

Church of the Intercession of the Marfo-Mariinsky Monastery. 1908 - 1912

The most “convenient” Russian architect of the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. His heritage includes chapels and temples, as well as the NKVD building on Lubyanka and the Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station. Alexey Shchusev was never afraid to experiment with styles - while his colleagues were guided by French Art Nouveau, he created his own style, gravitating towards the architecture of Novgorod Rus' (for example, the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent on Bolshaya Ordynka in Moscow).

Even before the revolution, Shchusev received an order for the construction of the Kazan station - a kind of tower with turrets. The architect was also in demand among the “Soviets” - the project of Lenin’s mausoleum forever immortalized his name and protected him from repression. Following the architectural fashion, Shchusev entered constructivism and then the Stalinist Empire style, invariably winning design competitions. Thanks to him, many Moscow buildings and churches were preserved and restored.

Vbulletin Russian architecture of the 18th century. Culture of Russia of the 18th century Architecture V. Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Rostov-on-Don

Main architectural styles of the 18th century in Russia

Urban planning

Classicism

Representatives in St. Petersburg

Representatives in Moscow

Pictures (photos, drawings)

Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. 1750-1762

Cathedral of the Smolny Monastery in St. Petersburg. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. 1748-1764

The Great Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo near St. Petersburg. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. 1752-1756

Picture hall in the Great Peterhof Palace. Watercolor by L. O. Premazzi. 1855

Enfilade of state rooms in the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. 1750s

The main staircase in Winter Palace. Architect F.-B. Rastrelli. Watercolor K.A. Ukhtomsky. XIX century

Plan of St. Petersburg 1776

The building of the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. Architects A.F. Kokorinov and Jean-Baptiste Vallin-Delamot

Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg. Architect I. E. Staroe