Before and after fidonisi. Before and after Fidonisi Naval battle at Cape Fidonisi
Russian fleet on the Black Sea. Pages of history. 1696-1924 Gribovsky Vladimir Yulievich
Battle of Fidonisi Island July 3, 1788
June 18, 1788 Sevastopol naval fleet consisting of two battleships, two 50-gun and eight 40-gun frigates (552 guns), one 18-gun frigate, twenty small cruising ships and three fire ships went to sea according to the orders of Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin. Fleet Commander Rear Admiral Count M.I. Voinovich (the flag on the 66-gun ship "Transfiguration of the Lord"), in accordance with the order, sent the fleet to Ochakov to distract the Turkish fleet from it.
On the same day, the commander of the Turkish fleet, Kapudan Pasha Hasan Pasha, after the Ochakov defeat with the ships breaking through from the Dnieper estuary, anchored off the island of Berezan, where he began repairing the damage and soon attached a squadron, which included the largest Turkish ships.
Delayed by contrary winds, M.I. Only on June 29, when Potemkin’s Yekaterinoslav army was already approaching Ochakov, Voinovich reached Tendra Island, where he discovered the Turkish fleet staying northwest of Tendra. According to our data, Hasan Pasha's fleet consisted of 17 battleships (including five 80-gun ships; in total there were at least 1120 guns in the battle line), 8 frigates, 3 bombardment ships, 21 small cruising ships (shebeks, kirlangichi, poles). Thus, only the main forces - the battle line - of the Turkish fleet had a twofold superiority in the number of guns and an even greater superiority in the weight of the broadside.
Voinovich could oppose seventeen Turkish ships with a line of twelve ships and frigates, of which only four were armed with large-caliber guns. These were the 66-gun "Transfiguration of the Lord" and "St. Paul", as well as the 50-gun "St. Andrew the First-Called" and "George the Victorious". In addition to them, the line included the 40-gun frigates Strela, Pobeda, Perun, Legkiy, Kinburn, Berislav, Fanagoria and Taganrog. Behind the battle line were the small frigate "Vestnik", the 16-gun shebek "Ostraya", the 10-gun schooner "Polotsk", 17 small corsair ships (lansons and kirlangichi) and 3 small fireships.
On the morning of June 30, 1788, Rear Admiral MI. Voinovich approached the enemy, who maintained a windward position. Taking into account the balance of forces, the Russian commander, by agreement with his junior flagship - the vanguard commander, captain of brigadier rank F.F. Ushakov (bread pennant on the 66-gun ship "St. Paul"), decided to wait for the Turkish attack in a leeward position. This made it possible to better maintain a tight formation of the battle line and ensured the use of lower deck artillery and, therefore, partly compensated for the superiority of the enemy, avoiding unpleasant accidents. However, Hasan Pasha refrained from attacking. For three days the fleets maneuvered in sight of each other, gradually shifting to the southwest - to the mouth of the Danube - and moving away from Ochakov. Finally, at 8 o’clock in the morning on July 3, 1788, being in sight of the island of Fidonisi, M.I. Voinovich ordered a turn to the coast of the Crimea and built a line of battle on the port tack, still having Hasan Pasha's fleet to windward and on the opposite course.
Hasan Pasha, having decided to attack, went around the entire fleet on his flagship and gave instructions to the junior flagships and ship commanders. Shortly after 1 p.m., the Turkish fleet began to descend in two dense columns to attack the Russian fleet. The first column consisted of the vanguard under the personal command of Kapudan Pasha (6 ships), the second - the corps de battalion (6 ships) and the rearguard (5 ships), respectively, under the command of the vice admiral and rear admiral.
Commander of the Russian avant-garde F.F. Ushakov, believing that the Turks were trying to attack and cut off the rearguard of the Sevastopol Fleet, ordered the advanced frigates “Berislav” and “Strela” to add sails and keep them in a close-hauled direction in order to “having won the wind, make a forward turn through a counter-march and then hit the enemy from the wind "(in other words, put it on two lights). Assessing this threat, Kapudan Pasha and the vanguard turned to the left, and soon the entire Turkish fleet began to line up in a battle line opposite the Russian one. At the same time, the avant-garde F.F. Ushakova found himself closer to the enemy, who changed the plan of attack. At about 14:05, Kapudan Pasha opened fire, supported by other Turkish ships, and with two forward matelots, adding sails, “like a lion” attacked two relatively weak Russian advanced frigates. The Turkish bombardment ships were located one at a time behind the lines of their vanguard, corps de battalion and rearguard. Supporting the fire of the battleships, they continuously fired from heavy mortars, but without much success.
Noticing the enemy's maneuver. F.F. Ushakov on the St. Paul, attacked by one 80-gun and two 60-gun ships of the Turkish vanguard, ordered all sails to be set and, together with the advanced frigates, led even more steeply to the wind, approaching the Turkish vanguard. At the same time, “Berislav” and “Strela”, going into the wind and entering into a heavy battle at close range, began to cut off two advanced Turkish ships. One of the latter immediately tacked and left the battle. Another soon also repeated his maneuver, receiving several firebrands and cannonballs from Russian frigates. In an effort to return his subordinates to duty, Hasan Pasha ordered to open fire on them, but he was still left alone, being attacked by two Russian frigates and the 66-gun “St. Paul” F.F. who came to their aid. Ushakov, who repelled three of his opponents. Despite the superior weight of the broadside, Hasan Pasha's flagship was unable to disable the relatively weak frigates: Turkish cannonballs and nipples mainly hit the spars and rigging, and the Turkish fire itself was not accurate enough. Only the Berislav received a large hole at the stem from a 40-kg stone core.
But the flagship of the Turkish fleet itself was seriously damaged by the fire of “St. Pavel", "Berislav" and "Strela", firing from a grapeshot range. Meanwhile, M.I. Voinovich remained a passive observer of the heated battle of the vanguards, not supporting his junior flagship, although he changed course, following the movements of the latter. Eight ships of the Russian center and rearguard exchanged fire with the enemy at distances of 3–4 cables, although, according to M.I. Voinovich, this distance was deliberately chosen by the Turks as inaccessible for effective firing of Russian 12-pounder (119 mm) frigate guns.
The passivity of the Russian commander allowed the ships of the Turkish vice admiral and rear admiral to break ranks and rush to support Kapudan Pasha. At the same time, the Turkish vice-admiral's ship caught fire twice from the fire guns from the frigate Kinburn, and then was repelled by St. Paul with damage to the foremast. The enemy's rear admiral's ship, on which the fore-topmast was shot down, was also unable to effectively support Hasan Pasha.
Finally, at about 16:55, Kapudan Pasha, unable to withstand the concentrated fire of the Russian vanguard, tacked and hastened to leave the battle. The rest of the Turkish ships quickly followed him, and the battle stopped.
In successfully repelling an attack by superior enemy forces, the proactive actions of F.F. played a decisive role. Ushakov, who managed not only to frustrate Hasan Pasha’s not devoid of originality plan with maneuvers, but also to concentrate three ships of his vanguard against the Turkish flagship. Fighting at grapeshot ranges, Ushakov also brilliantly implemented the principle of mutual support. At the same time, the better shooting of Russian ships did not allow the enemy to implement this principle. In the confusion that arose during the retreat of the fleet, one Turkish shebek came under fire from the Russian vanguard and sank. The losses of the Turkish fleet in men are not precisely known, but all the flagship ships and several ships of the enemy vanguard received noticeable damage to the hull, spars, rigging and sails.
The Russian Sevastopol Fleet lost only seven sailors and soldiers killed and wounded, six of them were on three ships of the Ushakov avant-garde - “St. Paul”, “Berislav” and “Kinburn”. There were no casualties on the Strela. "St. Paul", "Berislav" and "Strela" received some damage to the spars, rigging and sails. Of the other ships in the fleet, only the 40-gun frigate Fanagoria, like Berislav, was pierced in the underwater part by a cannonball, which caused a strong leak.
After the battle M.I. Voinovich, not intending to pursue the enemy, continued to go to the shores of the Crimea. Impressed by the victory, he wrote to Ushakov: “Congratulations to you, old man Fyodor Fedorovich. Today you acted very bravely: you gave the captain pasha a decent dinner. I could see everything. What will God give us in the evening?... I’ll tell you later, but our fleet deserved honor and withstood such force.”
In the next three days - all the way to Chersonesus (at the entrance to Sevastopol) - the Turkish fleet followed the Russian, but did not dare to attack again. M.I. Voinovich still expected an attack in close line and in a leeward position, relying on his junior flagship. On July 5, he wrote to Ushakov: “If Captain Pasha comes to you, burn the damned one... If it’s quiet, often send me your opinions about what you foresee... My hope is in you, there is no shortage of courage” (22) . By the evening of July 6, 1788, the Turkish fleet turned to sea, and on the morning of July 7 disappeared from sight towards the shores of Rumelia (European Turkey).
Thus, the Russian Sevastopol Fleet, despite the indecisiveness of its commander, had a certain strategic success, repelled the attack of superior forces of the enemy fleet, inflicting significant losses on it, and for more than a week distracted the Kapudan Pasha from Ochakov, which on July 1 was besieged by the Yekaterinoslav Army G .A. Potemkin. However, M.I. Voinovich did not develop success and, having arrived in Sevastopol, did not rush to go to sea again, making the excuse of the need to eliminate essentially minor damage. At the same time, Hasan Pasha, having repaired the damage, on July 29 again approached Ochakov, from where he retired to the Bosphorus only on November 4, 1788, having learned about the belated departure to sea (November 2) of the Sevastopol fleet. On December 6, Ochakov was taken by storm by Russian troops.
Nevertheless, Potemkin and Catherine II assessed the battle of Fidonisi as an important victory for the young Black Sea Fleet. Rear Admiral M.I. Voinovich was awarded the Order of St. George, 3rd degree. The commander himself in his report tried to neutralize the merits of the participants in the battle. As a result, the representation of F.F. was not respected. Ushakov on awarding the Order of St. George, 4th degree, to distinguished commanders, Captain 2nd Rank Ya.N. Sablin (“Berislav”), captain-lieutenant M.N. Neledinsky (“Strela”) and officers of “St. Paul” captain-lieutenant F.V. Shishmarev, I.I. Lavrov and non-commissioned lieutenant of naval artillery P. Kopytov.
Bias M.I. Voinovich and the desire of F.F. Ushakov's efforts to restore the truth led to a conflict between the senior and junior flagships. Having understood the circumstances of the case, G.A. Potemkin, dissatisfied with Voinovich's passivity, tactfully sided with his subordinate. He removed Rear Admiral N.S. in December 1788. Mordvinov from the post of senior member of the Black Sea Admiralty Board (soon N.S. Mordvinov was dismissed). In January next year G.A. Potemkin appointed M.I. in his place. Voinovich, who soon left for Kherson. F.F. Ushakov began acting as commander of the Sevastopol naval fleet. On April 27, 1789, he was promoted to rear admiral, and a year later, on March 14, 1790, he was appointed commander of the fleet under the main command of Prince G.A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky.
After the battle at Fr. Fidonisi, which only temporarily distracted Kapudan Pasha from Ochakov, Rear Admiral M.I. Voinovich did not strive for another trip to sea. In order to justify his passivity before Prince G.A. Potemkin, he relied on cruising operations. At the beginning of September, the corsair ship of the Greek Kunduri, who had already received the rank of ensign, cruised between Sinop and Samsun and captured two Turkish ships, one of which was destroyed, and the other with a load of ropes and hemp was brought to Sevastopol (23).
September 16, 1788, at the direction of the GA. Potemkina, M.I. Voinovich sent an entire detachment to the shores of Anatolia to distract the attention of the Turks. Potemkin’s adjutant general with the rank of captain 2nd rank D.N. was placed at the head of the detachment. Senyavin. Advising him on his campaign, the prince allegedly said: “God protect you, Dmitry, fulfill your duty, and we will not leave you to pray for” (24).
Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin, the admiral's son and admiral's nephew, came from the oldest maritime dynasty. A graduate of the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps, he was promoted to midshipman in 1780 and in the campaigns of 1780 and 1781 on the ship “Prince Vladimir” in the Baltic squadron, captain of brigadier rank Palibin, sailed to the Atlantic to Lisbon and back. Soon after this, Senyavin was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet, where in 1785, with the rank of lieutenant, he already commanded the galliot ship Temernik. It is known that in 1786 he visited Constantinople on the boat “Karabut”.
In 1787, promoted to captain-lieutenant D.N. Senyavin was appointed flag captain to Rear Admiral Count M.I. Voinovich. During the autumn campaign of 1787, when Voinovich’s Sevastopol fleet was caught in a severe storm, Senyavin actually led the fight to save the flagship 66-gun ship “Slava Ekaterina” by personal example (cutting the shrouds). Despite serious damage, the ship reached Sevastopol, where the same type “Mary Magdalene” and the frigate “Crimea”, which disappeared without a trace with all its people, never reached.
July 3, 1788 D.N. Senyavin was elected Prince G.A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky to himself as adjutant general. Together with Voinovich on the ship "Transfiguration of the Lord", he took part in the battle of Fidonisi, after which he was sent to St. Petersburg with news of the victory. The Empress awarded the envoy Potemkin a golden snuff-box decorated with diamonds and filled with ducats (25).
Thus, D.N. Senyavin was an experienced sailor who made a relatively fast career, was awarded a royal award and, most importantly, knew the Black Sea well. On September 16, 1788, having taken command of the 10-gun rehearsal ship "Polotsk", he went to sea along with four corsair ships of Greek volunteers. During their cruising, Senyavin's detachment bombarded Sinop and Kerasunda (Geresinda), burned a food warehouse near the city of Bonn (west of Sinop), destroyed 10 Turkish transport ships loaded with timber, provisions and ammunition, and captured one ship.
On October 6, despite stormy weather, the detachment safely reached Sevastopol. For this successful raid D.N. Senyavin received the Order of St. George, 4th degree.
On November 2, 1788, Rear Admiral M.I. Voinovich, by order of the commander-in-chief, nevertheless went to sea to jointly attack the Turkish fleet near Ochakov with the Liman squadron. However, the Turks, having learned about the approach of the Sevastopol fleet, went to sea on November 4. Voinovich held out at Tendra until November 17; due to stormy weather, on November 19 he returned to Sevastopol (26).
In 1788, since the sending of a squadron of the Baltic Fleet to the Mediterranean Sea did not take place, it was decided to organize cruising operations in the Archipelago using corsair ships. The first such flotilla was created by the Greek Major Lambro Cachoni, who served as a volunteer in the Russian fleet during the first Archipelago expedition of 1769–1774. In 1788, he armed the frigate Minerva North in Trieste and headed to the Archipelago, where, capturing and arming Turkish ships, he increased the size of his flotilla to 6 ships. On June 24, 1788, L. Cacione even captured the small fortress of Castel Rosso (27).
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Each battle conducted by Ushakov contained new tactical techniques that corresponded to the specific situation and conditions of hostilities. Already in the battle with the Turkish fleet near the island of Fidonisi in 1788, Ushakov showed himself as an innovative naval commander.
On June 18, 1788, Russian troops besieged the Turkish fortress of Ochakov. At the beginning of July, Suvorov was summoned to Ochakov from Kinburn, who was entrusted with command of the left wing of the advancing troops. On the same day, June 18, a Russian squadron under the command of Voinovich left Sevastopol for Ochakov. The squadron consisted of two battleships, two 50-gun ships, eight 40-gun ships, one 18-gun frigate, 20 smaller sailing ships and two fire ships.
The task of Voinovich’s squadron was to prevent the Turkish squadron from providing assistance to the enemy troops besieged in Ochakov and to assist the Russian troops in every possible way, as well as to prevent the enemy squadron from reaching the shores of Taurida. Due to headwinds, the movement of the Russian squadron was greatly delayed, and it only approached the island of Tendra on June 29. The Turkish squadron spotted here consisted of 15 battleships, 8 frigates, 3 bombardment ships and 21 smaller ships.
At dawn the next day, with a north wind, the Russian squadron approached the enemy, who had taken a windward position, and, having lined up the battle line on the left tack, prepared for battle, expecting an enemy attack (indecision typical of Voinovich). The Turkish squadron, approaching three and a half kilometers, entered the battle line. At the first hour of the day there was a calm, and the ships stopped. As the wind picked up, the Russians moved closer again. Then the Turkish ships, taking advantage of the speed (they had copper plating), began to move away without taking the fight. The Russians pursued the Turks, who were leaving for the Rumelian shores, while the Russian squadron sought to take a windward position. By evening the Turks slowed down; The Russians also lowered their sails. As darkness fell, the fleets dispersed again. http://school-collection.edu.ru
On the morning of July 3, not far from the mouth of the Danube, near the island of Fidonisi, the fleets met again. The enemy still maintained a windward position. At 8 o'clock the Russian squadron tacked and lined up in the battle line on the left tack, counter-tack in relation to the enemy. At 2 p.m., the enemy, taking advantage of the windward position, began to descend in two columns, of which the first, under the command of Gesen Pasha, attacked the Russian vanguard, and the second rushed towards the battle cord and rearguard, trying to paralyze them and prevent them from providing assistance to their vanguard ( Ushakov). After 5 minutes the battle began. Two battleships and two 50-gun frigates of Ushakov’s vanguard were attacked, while each of these ships was opposed by five enemy ships. Occupying an advantageous windward position, the Turks kept at a distance that made it impossible for Russian 40-gun frigates with 12-pound guns to fire effectively, due to which only advanced ships (i.e., the vanguard under the command of Ushakov) could operate successfully on the Russian side. .
Despite the unfavorable conditions, the ships of the Ushakov avant-garde fired effectively and accurately at the Turks who attacked him, and after 40 minutes the enemy’s attack was repulsed, and the line of his ships was disrupted. The flagship of the first column itself was forced to leave the line. The enemy's attempt to cut off Ushakov's two frigates - Borislav and Strela - also ended unsuccessfully. Ushakov, on the battleship "St. Paul", taking advantage of the enemy's confusion, himself launched a decisive counterattack and, adding sails, from close range inflicted great damage on the Turkish flagship "Kapudania", forcing it to turn back. When the enemy ship turned, the frigates "Borislav" and "Strela" fired broadsides at it, while the enemy was deprived of the opportunity to respond in kind. Other ships of the Ushakov avant-garde supported the counterattack of their flagship with heavy fire on the frustrated Turkish column.
The battle lasted until 16:00. 55 minutes, after which the enemy ships, having raised all sails, hastened to leave the battlefield, losing the shebeka sunk by the fire of Ushakov’s flagship. The losses of Ushakov's vanguard were only five killed and two wounded. The attack of Ushakov’s vanguard could have brought significantly greater results if not for the inaction of Voinovich, who did not support Ushakov and limited himself to only a rare exchange of fire with the far-flung ships of the second column of the Turkish fleet. Voinovich did not help Ushakov in pursuing the enemy leaving the battlefield. The battle was limited to a battle between the Ushakov vanguard and the numerically superior first column of the Turkish squadron. http://www.navy.ru/
- On July 5, the Turkish fleet appeared near Ak-Mosque. The Russian squadron patrolling here did not allow the enemy to approach, and the latter was forced to retreat to the Kherson Cape, from where on July 6 it turned out to sea and went to the Rumelian shores.
- On July 1, 1788, Russian troops launched their first attack on Ochakov. As a result of the successful actions of Suvorov’s troops during the second half of the year, the Turkish fortress, which was considered impregnable, was taken on December 6.
The Battle of Fidonisi is an example of successful interaction between the squadron and ground forces during operations against the seaside fortress (Ochakov). Ushakov, taking the initiative, contrary to the canons of formal linear tactics, enters the battle with superior enemy forces and with a bold counterattack delivers the main blow against the Turkish flagship (first column).
In the battle of Fidonisi, Ushakov violated other requirements of formal linear tactics, which ordered the flagship to be in the center of the line of his ships. Setting an example for the other ships, Ushakov walked ahead. This favorite technique continued to bring him continued success. http://www.encspb.ru
But not everyone was happy with Ushakov’s victory - Voinovich could not come to terms with the fact that such a brilliant battle was won by the head of his vanguard, and he, the commander of the entire squadron, turned out to be a mere observer. Voinovich, in his report to Potemkin, completely distorted the real picture of the battle, presenting it as if it was not the vanguard and not Ushakov who decided the outcome of the battle. Fyodor Fedorovich was not afraid for himself. He was worried about the crew of his ship and frigates, and was afraid that his courageous sailors and officers might be left without proper remuneration. Therefore, Ushakov wrote about everything to Potemkin: “...Report on the battle at Fr. Fidonisi Voinovich compiled it from his own thoughts, without taking into account the reports of the squadron commanders. ...With his report he wanted to take away from us the honor and glory that we deserved by an excellent opportunity.” Rakovsky L. Admiral Ushakov. - page 130.
Located on Zmeiny populated area has the official status of a village (Beloye village). The village has a post office, a museum, and a bank branch. In 2007, construction on the island was discussed Orthodox church.
Zmeiny's status was important when the International Court of Justice considered the territorial dispute between Ukraine and Romania on the delimitation of the continental shelf and exclusive economic zone, rich in oil and gas reserves. On February 3, 2009, a decision was made according to which Zmeiny was recognized as an island and not a rock, which Romania tried to prove.
Geography
Snake Island is located approximately 35 kilometers east of the mainland coast at the latitude of the Danube Delta. It has a cruciform shape, the area is 20.5 hectares; distance between extreme points- 615 and 560 meters. The nearest settlement on the coast is the Romanian city of Sulina. The nearest populated area in Ukraine is the city of Vilkovo.
Relief and geological structure
It is formed by strong rocks and has rocky steep banks, the height of the banks reaches 4-5 m in the northeastern part and 25 m in the southwestern part. The maximum height is 41.3 m above sea level. The shores are mostly steep, but there are also 4 beaches: “Damsky”, “Dergach”, “Zolotoy” and “Banditsky”. The island is the only tectonic uplift on the large (64,000 km²) northwestern shelf of the Black Sea, significantly removed from the coast. It consists of sedimentary rocks alternating with quartzite sandstones, quartz conglomerates and variegated sediments. The island has crevices and grottoes that go deep into the mainland rock. These are natural underground cavities that appeared as a result of exogenous geological processes.
Climate
The climate on the island is temperate, steppe, with frequent winds, weather changes and high humidity. Average temperature in winter it ranges from 0 to 2°C, in summer - from 19 to 24°C. The absolute maximum temperature is +40°C, the absolute minimum is −30°C. The average annual precipitation is about 300 mm.
Flora
Steppe grasses grow on a relatively small layer of soil on the island. There is no tree vegetation on the island, although attempts are being made to plant trees.
Fauna
Nature conservation
By Decree of the President of Ukraine dated December 9, 1998 No. 1341/98 “On territories and objects of natural reserve fund of national significance”, a general zoological reserve of national significance “Snake Island” was created, which included an ecologically valuable part of the island with the adjacent waters of the Black Sea. The total area of the reserve is 232 hectares.
Story
She is not an example for us.
After all, Achilles succeeded in Pherae,
As you surely know,
To live with her outside our gray frames,
Out of time, in spite of fate!Translation: Boris Pasternak
At the beginning of 2007, the residential complex located on the island received the official status of a village (the village of Beloe, Ukrainian Bile) as part of the Kilisky district. This step caused protest from the Romanian side.
Delimitation of the shelf between Ukraine and Romania
From total area a shelf of 12 thousand square kilometers, Romania received 9,700 square kilometers (79.34% of the territory).
Gallery
Notes
- Snake // Dictionary of Geographical Names of the Ukrainian SSR: Volume I / Compiled by: M. K. Koroleva, G. P. Bondaruk, S. A. Tyurin. Editors: G. G. Kuzmina, A. S. Strizhak, D. A. Shelyagin. - M.: Publishing house "Science", 1976. - P. 242. - 1000 copies.
Black Sea, near the island of Fidonisi (modern Snake Island) |
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Victory of the Russian fleet |
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Commanders |
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M. I. Voinovich |
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Strengths of the parties |
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2 battleships, 10 frigates, 21 auxiliary ships and 3 fire ships |
15 battleships, 8 frigates, 3 bombardment ships, 21 auxiliary ships |
Military losses |
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22 wounded |
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July 14, 1788 - the first naval battle of the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1792 between the fleets of Russia and Ottoman Empire, the baptism of fire of the Sevastopol squadron - the combat core of the Black Sea Fleet. Despite the fact that the battle at Fidonisi did not have a significant impact on the course of the campaign, it was the first victory of the fleet, a victory over significantly superior enemy forces, which had great psychological significance.
Background
On June 29, 1788, Russian troops besieged the Turkish fortress of Ochakov. On the same day, a Russian squadron under the command of Rear Admiral M.I. Voinovich left Sevastopol for Ochakov. The squadron included two 66-gun battleships, 2 50-gun frigates, eight 40-gun frigates, one 18-gun frigate, more than 20 small sailing ships and three fire ships. The main task of the Russian squadron was to prevent the Turkish squadron from providing assistance to the Turkish troops besieged in Ochakov and to assist the Russian ground forces, as well as to prevent the enemy squadron from approaching the shores of the Crimea.
Progress of the battle
Due to headwinds, the Russian squadron approached Tendra Island only on July 10. The Turkish squadron discovered here consisted of 15 battleships (of which five were 80-gun), eight frigates, three bombardment ships and 21 small ships.
The Turkish squadron, avoiding battle, headed to the southwest, pursued by the Sevastopol squadron.
The fleets met on the morning of July 14 near the Danube Delta near the island of Fidonisi (Snake). The balance of forces between the parties was unfavorable for the Russian fleet. The Turkish squadron had 1110 guns versus 550 for the Russian one, the salvo weight was 2.5:1 (thanks to the larger caliber of the guns of Turkish battleships). The ratio of the numerical strength of the teams of 10,000 people of the Turkish squadron versus 4,000 Russian crews made the possible outcome of the boarding battle unfavorable.
Occupying a windward position, the Turkish fleet lined up in 2 wake columns and began to descend onto the Russian line. The first column of the Turks, led by Eski-Gassan himself, attacked the Russian vanguard under the command of brigadier F.F. Ushakov, the larger second Turkish column went to the corps de battalion and rearguard. After a short firefight with two of our ships and 50-gun frigates at long range, Hassan’s ship was forced to leave the battle line, while he tried to cut off two frigates of the Russian vanguard, but the ship “St. Paul” rushed to their aid. Kapudan Pasha's ship found itself under fire from frigates on one side, and from Ushakov's ship on the other. The concentrated fire from the Russian ships caused serious damage to the Turkish flagship, and Eski-Hassan began to quickly leave to extinguish the fire.
The flagship ship "Transfiguration of the Lord" of Rear Admiral Marko Ivanovich Voinovich fought with two ships of Turkish vice and rear admirals. The fire of the Sevastopol flagship caused fires on Turkish ships. At first they managed to put out the flames, but after repeated fires, they turned and went behind the battle line. After this, the Transfiguration sank the Turkish xebek.
The Sevastopol residents suffered damage to 4 frigates.
Further events and significance of the battle
The Turkish fleet was forced to retreat. The task of the Russian fleet to support the ground forces near Ochakov (which was taken only on December 17, 1788) was actually completed. The unconditional dominance of the Turkish fleet in the Black Sea ended. On July 28, the Empress wrote enthusiastically to Potemkin: “The action of the Sevastopol fleet made me very happy: it’s almost incredible how with little force God helps to beat the strong Turkish weapons! Tell me, how can I please Voinovich? Third class crosses have already been sent to you, would you mind giving him one or a sword?” Count Voinovich received the Order of St. George, III degree. In honor of this naval victory, the destroyer of the Black Sea Fleet, which entered service on June 7, 1917, received the name "Fidonisi".
Victory of the Russian squadron
| Russian Empire | Ottoman Empire |
| M. I. Voinovich | Jezairli Gazi Hasan Pasha |
| 22 wounded | 1 xebec |
The Turkish squadron, avoiding battle, headed to the southwest, pursued by the Sevastopol squadron.
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Excerpt characterizing the Battle of Fidonisi
“He’s coming himself,” shouted a Cossack standing at the gate, “he’s coming!” Bolkonsky and Denisov moved towards the gate, at which stood a group of soldiers (an honor guard), and saw Kutuzov moving along the street, riding a low bay horse. A huge retinue of generals rode behind him. Barclay rode almost alongside; a crowd of officers ran behind them and around them and shouted “Hurray!”The adjutants galloped ahead of him into the courtyard. Kutuzov, impatiently pushing his horse, which was ambling under his weight, and constantly nodding his head, put his hand to the cavalry guard’s cap (with a red band and without a visor) that he was wearing. Having approached the honor guard of fine grenadiers, mostly cavaliers, who saluted him, he silently looked at them for a minute with a commanding stubborn gaze and turned to the crowd of generals and officers standing around him. His face suddenly took on a delicate expression; he raised his shoulders with a gesture of bewilderment.
- And with such fellows, keep retreating and retreating! - he said. “Well, goodbye, general,” he added and started his horse through the gate past Prince Andrei and Denisov.
- Hooray! hooray! hooray! - they shouted from behind him.
Since Prince Andrei had not seen him, Kutuzov had grown even fatter, flabby and swollen with fat. But the familiar white eye, and the wound, and the expression of fatigue in his face and figure were the same. He was dressed in a uniform frock coat (a whip hung on a thin belt over his shoulder) and a white cavalry guard cap. He, heavily blurring and swaying, sat on his cheerful horse.
“Whew... whew... whew...” he whistled barely audibly as he drove into the yard. His face expressed the joy of calming a man intending to rest after the mission. He took his left leg out of the stirrup, falling with his whole body and wincing from the effort, he lifted it with difficulty onto the saddle, leaned his elbow on his knee, grunted and went down into the arms of the Cossacks and adjutants who were supporting him.
He recovered, looked around with his narrowed eyes and, glancing at Prince Andrei, apparently not recognizing him, walked with his diving gait towards the porch.
“Whew... whew... whew,” he whistled and again looked back at Prince Andrei. The impression of Prince Andrei's face only after a few seconds (as often happens with old people) became associated with the memory of his personality.
“Ah, hello, prince, hello, darling, let’s go...” he said tiredly, looking around, and heavily entered the porch, creaking under his weight. He unbuttoned and sat down on a bench on the porch.
- Well, what about father?
“Yesterday I received news of his death,” Prince Andrei said briefly.
Kutuzov looked at Prince Andrei with frightened, open eyes, then took off his cap and crossed himself: “The kingdom of heaven to him! May God's will be over us all! He sighed heavily, with all his chest, and was silent. “I loved and respected him and I sympathize with you with all my heart.” He hugged Prince Andrei, pressed him to his fat chest and did not let him go for a long time. When he released him, Prince Andrei saw that Kutuzov’s swollen lips were trembling and there were tears in his eyes. He sighed and grabbed the bench with both hands to stand up.
“Come on, let’s come to me and talk,” he said; but at this time Denisov, just as little timid in front of his superiors as he was in front of the enemy, despite the fact that the adjutants at the porch stopped him in angry whispers, boldly, knocking his spurs on the steps, entered the porch. Kutuzov, leaving his hands resting on the bench, looked displeased at Denisov. Denisov, having identified himself, announced that he had to inform his lordship of a matter of great importance for the good of the fatherland. Kutuzov began to look at Denisov with a tired look and with an annoyed gesture, taking his hands and folding them on his stomach, he repeated: “For the good of the fatherland? Well, what is it? Speak." Denisov blushed like a girl (it was so strange to see the color on that mustachioed, old and drunken face), and boldly began to outline his plan for cutting the enemy’s operational line between Smolensk and Vyazma. Denisov lived in these parts and knew the area well. His plan seemed undoubtedly good, especially from the power of conviction that was in his words. Kutuzov looked at his feet and occasionally glanced at the courtyard of the neighboring hut, as if he was expecting something unpleasant from there. From the hut he was looking at, indeed, during Denisov’s speech, a general appeared with a briefcase under his arm.
- What? – Kutuzov said in the middle of Denisov’s presentation. - Are you ready yet?
“Ready, your lordship,” said the general. Kutuzov shook his head, as if saying: “How can one person manage all this,” and continued to listen to Denisov.
“I give my honest, noble word to the Hussian officer,” said Denisov, “that I have confirmed Napoleon’s message.
- How are you doing, Kirill Andreevich Denisov, chief quartermaster? - Kutuzov interrupted him.
- Uncle of one, your lordship.
- ABOUT! “We were friends,” Kutuzov said cheerfully. “Okay, okay, darling, stay here at headquarters, we’ll talk tomorrow.” – Nodding his head to Denisov, he turned away and extended his hand to the papers that Konovnitsyn brought him.
“Would your lordship please welcome you to the rooms,” the general on duty said in a dissatisfied voice, “we need to consider the plans and sign some papers.” “The adjutant who came out of the door reported that everything was ready in the apartment. But Kutuzov, apparently, wanted to enter the rooms already free. He winced...
