Iraq east asia. Asia –. Border between Asia and Africa

Asia is the largest part of the world (about 43.4 million km²). Asia, together with Europe, forms the continent of Eurasia. The area of ​​Asia is about 43.4 million km². Population - 3981 million people. (2007).

Asia is located mainly in the eastern hemisphere (the exception is the Chukotka Peninsula), north of the equator. The border with Europe is usually drawn along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, Mugodzhary, the Emba River, then along the Caspian Sea, the Araks River, the Black and Marmara Seas, the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. Asia is connected to Africa by the Isthmus of Suez, and is separated from North America by the narrow Bering Strait.

The geopolitical border of Asia is somewhat different from the geographical one. It is carried out by eastern borders Arkhangelsk region, Republic of Komi, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan regions, along the border of Russia and Kazakhstan. In the Caucasus, the geopolitical border of Asia coincides with the Russian-Azerbaijani and Russian-Georgian borders.

Asia is washed by the Arctic, Indian and Pacific oceans. In the west, Asia is washed by inland seas Atlantic Ocean(Azov, Black, Marble, Aegean, Mediterranean). At the same time, there are vast areas of internal flow - the Caspian and Aral seas, Lake Balkhash, etc.

Lake Baikal surpasses all lakes in the world in terms of the volume of fresh water it contains. Baikal contains 20% of the world's fresh water reserves (excluding glaciers). The Dead Sea is the world's deepest tectonic basin (-405 meters below sea level).

The coast of Asia as a whole is relatively weakly dissected; large peninsulas stand out - Asia Minor, Arabian, Hindustan, Korean, Kamchatka, Chukotka, Taimyr, etc. Near the coast of Asia - large islands(Greater Sunda, Novosibirsk, Sakhalin, Severnaya Zemlya, Taiwan, Philippines, Hainan, Sri Lanka, Japan, etc.), occupying a total area of ​​more than 2 million km².

At the base of Asia lie four huge platforms - the Arabian, Indian, Chinese and Siberian. Up to 3/4 of the territory of the world Asia is occupied by mountains and plateaus. East Asia - region active volcanism. Asia is rich in a variety of minerals (especially fuel and energy raw materials).

Almost all climate types are represented in Asia. From arctic in the far north to equatorial in the southeast. In Eastern and Southeast Asia the climate is monsoonal (the wettest place on Earth is located within Asia), while in Eastern Siberia- sharply continental, and on the plains of Central, Central and Western Asia - semi-desert and desert. Permafrost, which covers over 10 million km², plays an important role in the life of northern Asia.

Asian countries

• Abkhazia
• Azerbaijan
• Akrotiri
• Armenia
• Afghanistan
• Bangladesh
• Bahrain
• British Indian Ocean Territory
• Brunei
• Butane
• East Timor (Timor-Leste)
• Vietnam
• Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
• Georgia
• Dhekelia
• West Bank
• Israel
• India
• Indonesia
• Jordan
• Yemen
• Kazakhstan
• Cambodia (Kampuchea)
• Qatar
• Kyrgyzstan
• China
• Cocos (Keeling) Islands
• Kuwait

• Lebanon
• Macau (Aomen)
• Malaysia
• Maldives
• Mongolia
• Myanmar (Burma)
• Nepal
• UAE (United Arab Emirates)
• Christmas Island
• Pakistan
• Palestine
• Paracel Islands
• Saudi Arabia
• North Korea(DPRK)
• Gaza Strip
• Singapore
• Syria
• Spratly Islands
• Tajikistan
• Thailand
• Taiwan
• Turkmenistan
• Türkiye
• Uzbekistan
• Philippines
• Sri Lanka
• South Korea
• South Ossetia
• Japan

Physiographic zoning of Asia

In Asia, it is customary to distinguish the following physical and geographical regions:

• Western Asia (Caucasus and Western Asian Highlands)
• Southwest Asia (Arabian Peninsula and Levant)
• South Asia (Hindustan Peninsula and Sri Lanka)
• Southeast Asia (Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago)
• East Asia (Korean Peninsula, Japanese islands, eastern part China)
• Northern Asia (Siberia and northeast Eurasia)
• Central Asia (Pamir, Tien Shan, Turanian Lowland)

Snow-white sand coral islands, calm Gulf of Thailand and unique landscapes shores Andaman Sea– this is the beginning of an endless list of natural luxuries of the Kingdom of Thailand.

Modern Thailand is rich in diversity of flora and fauna due to its geographical location on the mainland of Eurasia, part of the world Asia.

Eurasia is the largest and most contrasting natural conditions continent of earth.

Asia– translated from Arabic “asu” - “east, sunrise” (of the Sun), part of the world, part of the continent of Eurasia. It occupies the largest area of ​​Eurasia and lies to the east of Europe.

Even 500 years ago, Asia attracted Europeans. It was from Asia that traders brought and gems, tropical fruits, the finest fabrics and spices (pepper, cinnamon, nuts). Europeans have long dreamed of Asian riches.

Europe– The word is so ancient that it is extremely difficult to trace its origins. The name could come from the Semitic “ereb” or “irib”, which means “west”, or from the Phoenician “erep” - sunset, sunset.”

Europe is part of the world, western part continent of Eurasia.

In the modern geological era, there are six continents. In descending order of area they can be arranged like this:

1.Eurasia, 2. Africa, 3. North America, 4. South America, 5. Antarctica and 6. Australia.

Eurasia - The largest continent, occupies 1/3 of the entire landmass (together with the islands)

Eurasia is a continent of contrasts, where almost every type of climate, vegetation and soil that exists on Earth is represented. The length of the continent from north to south is about 16,000 km.

He holds many records:

The highest mountain is Chomolungma (8848m)

The lowest point on Earth is the region Dead Sea(-405 m)

The height fluctuations are 9243m, that is, more than 9 km.

Along with the division of the globe's landmass into continents, in geography there is a conditional, historically established division into parts of the world. Parts of the world Also six:

Europe and Asia, into which the single continent of Eurasia is divided;

America, which includes two continents - North and South America;

Australia and Oceania,

Antarctica.

Some geographers propose to single out the seventh part of the world - Oceania, which includes a unique cluster of almost 7 thousand islands in the water area Pacific Ocean.

Islands- small (compared to continents) areas of land, surrounded on all sides by water. The total area of ​​all the Earth's islands is slightly more than 6% of the total landmass.

Found in oceans and seas single islands(for example, the islands of the Kingdom of Thailand: Koh Phuket; Koh Samui; Koh Chang),

so do their groups - archipelagos (for example: Mu Ko Ang Thong; Mu Ko Similan; Mu Ko Phi Phi; Moo Ko Chang; Mu Ko Samet, etc..).

In Thai, island names often include the word Co.(Thai เกาะ; English Ko, Koh), meaning island.

MatKo(Thai. หมู่เกาะ; English. Mu Ko; Mu Koh) denotes an archipelago of islands.

When transcribed to English language these words are usually preserved. Names are transcribed into Russian without it.

Based on their origin, the islands are divided into:

Mainland (eg Koh Phuket), those. separated from the continent due to the subsidence or destruction of marginal land areas by exogenous processes, and

Oceanic , originated outside the continents ( volcanic (for example, Similan Islands) and coral (e.g. Koh Samet, Koh Talu).

The largest islands of Thailand:

Map of Phuket Island (TTT).

Water area Indian Ocean, Andaman Sea. Distance from Bangkok 862 km to the south

Phuket Island 543km 2

Maximum length 48 km; Maximum width 21 km.

Map of Koh Chang Island (TTT).

Distance from Bangkok about 300 km to the east

Koh Chang Island – 417 km 2

Maximum length 30 km; Maximum width 18 km.

Map of Koh Samui (TTT).

Pacific Ocean area, South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand

Distance from Bangkok about 700 km to the south

Koh Samui – 228.7 km 2

Maximum length 25 km; Maximum width 21 km.

Powerful currents in the oceans washing the shores of Eurasia have a strong influence on the nature of the continent.

The close proximity to other continents increases the degree of diversity of nature in Eurasia.

However, the territory of Eurasia has been studied unevenly. There are still hard-to-reach areas of the mainland that are waiting for their explorers - the interior regions of Arabia and Tibet, the Hindu Kush and Karakoram mountains, the central regions Indochina Peninsula and many islands of Indonesia.

Relief and geological structure, minerals. The diversity of the nature of Eurasia is associated not only with the characteristics geographical location continent, its gigantic size, but also with the extreme complexity of the structure of the earth’s crust and the continent’s topography.

Diverse mineral complexes on the territory of Eurasia, as well as on other continents, correspond to certain geological structures. In the rocks of the Precambrian platform basement there is gold, precious stones, reserves of uranium ores, diamonds (Industan Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Siberian Platform). The richest deposits of ores of various metals are confined to the outcrops of igneous and metamorphic rocks in the ledges of the platform foundations (on shields). Along the eastern edge of the continent, in the areas of the Hercynian and Mesozoic folding, a belt of mountain structures rich in ores of tin, tungsten and other rare and non-ferrous metals.

In many intermountain troughs of the earth's crust accumulated richest oil and gas reserves. The southeastern oil and gas bearing region of Eurasia, covering southeastern China, Burma, Thailand, part of the islands of the Malay Archipelago (Sumatra Island) and the adjacent shelf of the South China Sea.

TABLE 1. Relief of the Eurasian continent

Climate . The climatic features of Eurasia are determined by the enormous size of the continent, its large extent from north to south, the diversity of the prevailing air masses, as well as the specific structural features of its surface relief and the influence of the oceans.

Eastern and southern regions of Asia are influenced by monsoon, which transport air masses in winter from the mainland to the ocean, and in summer from the ocean to land (the peninsulas of Hindustan and Indochina, Eastern China, Far East and Japanese Islands).

The influence of the oceans on the climate of Eurasia through the influence of ocean currents (Gulf Stream, Kuroshio, Kuril-Kamchatka, Indian Ocean monsoon currents) and the marine air masses formed above them.

Subequatorial belt includes the Hindustan Peninsula and Indochina, Indo-Gangetic Plain, the island of Sri Lanka (without the southwestern part), Southeast China, the Philippine Islands. This belt is characterized by seasonal changes in air masses: in summer, humid equatorial air, brought by the monsoon, dominates; in winter - the relatively dry tropical trade wind of the northern hemisphere. The hottest time of the year is spring, when daytime temperatures can exceed +40°C.

Equatorial climate zone located on the islands of the Malay Archipelago (excluding East Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands), Malay Peninsula, southwest of Sri Lanka and south of the Philippine Islands. Marine equatorial air masses dominate here throughout the year. They are formed from tropical air arriving with the trade winds of both hemispheres. This climate is characterized by heavy rainfall (2000-4000 mm per year) and constantly high temperatures (above +25°C).

Inland waters. Eurasia is the only continent whose rivers belong to the basins of all oceans. At the same time here is the largest area of ​​internal drainage on the globe, which accounts for about 30% of the continent's total area. Sharp climatic contrasts, uneven precipitation, and differences in relief determine the uneven distribution of internal waters across the continent. In Eurasia there are all types of rivers according to their power sources and flow regime. In different parts of the continent, rivers are fed by rain and groundwater, melted snow and glacial waters.

The most long river Africa and all over the world– Neil(6671 km).

Table 2
The largest rivers in the world by length

*Chao Phraya River or Maenam is the only river in Thailand , fully passing through its territory

Rivers of the Pacific Ocean usually begin in high mountains. A significant part of the flow of such large rivers like the Yellow River, Yangtze, Mekong lies in the highlands of Tibet.

Why do the rivers and lakes of Southeast Asia have this color?

In the upper reaches, these rivers have a rapid flow, cut deeply into the rock strata and carry huge amounts of suspended material onto the plains, which are then deposited in the lowlands of East and Southeast Asia.

Rivers drain mountain slopes and foothills well, carrying out huge amounts of alluvium*.

*(Alluvium– (from Latin alluvio - sediment) (alluvial deposits), deposits of permanent and temporary water flows (rivers, streams), consisting of clastic material of varying degrees of roundness and sorting (pebble, gravel, sand, loam, clay) on swampy lowlands and in the sea.

In the coastal lowlands of East and Southeast Asia, rivers overflow widely during the rainy season, flooding large areas. At the beginning of the decline of the flood, peasants plant young shoots of rice in knee-deep water in these areas; Well-drained areas are specially embanked to retain water.

The Kingdom of Thailand is part of Southeast Asia.

TABLE 3. Southeast Asian countries

Southeast Asia(and often just SEA) - a region of Asia that includes the Indochina Peninsula and the islands of the Malay Archipelago.

Asia got its name from ancient Greek mythology. Once upon a time, Asia (Asia) was the daughter of the titan god Oceanid, who became the wife of Prometheus. The ancient Greeks borrowed the word “Asia” from the Assyrians, who called it the place where the Sun rises. Therefore, the Greeks began to call the territory that lies east of Greece Asia.

In modern Asia, states are at at different levels development. If Bangladesh and Afghanistan are firmly stuck in the Middle Ages, then South Korea, Singapore, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan are countries with developed economies.

Geography of Asia

Asia is the largest continent on Earth. Its total area is more than 43.4 million square meters. km (this is 30% of the Earth's territory). Asia is considered part of the Eurasian Peninsula.

In the west, the border of Asia runs along Ural mountains. In the north, Asia is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean, in the east by the Pacific Ocean (East China, Bering, Okhotsk, South China, Japan and Yellow Seas), and in the south by the waters of the Indian Ocean (Arabian Sea).

In addition, the shores of Asia are also washed by the waters of the Red and Mediterranean Seas.

Since Asia occupies a huge territory, it is clear that the climate on this continent is very diverse. In Western and Eastern Siberia the climate is continental, in Central and Central Asia- desert and semi-desert, in East, South, and Southeast Asia - monsoon (monsoon season - June-October), in some regions equatorial, and in the far north - arctic.

Among the Asian rivers, one should, of course, name the Yangtze (6300 km), Yellow River (5464 km), Ob (5410 km), Mekong (4500 km), Amur (4440 km), Lena (4400) and Yenisei (4092 km ).

The five largest lakes in Asia include the following: Aral Sea, Baikal, Balkhash, Tonle Sap and Issyk-Kul.

A significant part of Asia is mountains. It is in Asia that the Himalayas, Pamirs, Hindu Kush, Altai and Sayan Mountains are located. The most big mountain in Asia - Everest (Chomolungma), its height is 8,848 meters.

Numerous deserts await travelers in Asia, among which, perhaps, it is necessary to highlight the Gobi, Taklamakan, Karakum and deserts of the Arabian Peninsula. In total, there are more than 20 deserts in Asia.

Population of Asia

On at the moment Asia's population already exceeds 4.3 billion people. This is about 60% of the total population of the Earth. At the same time, the annual population growth in Asia is about 2%.

Almost the entire population of Asia belongs to the Mongoloid race, which, in turn, is divided into small races - North Asian, Arctic, South Asian and Far Eastern. In Iraq, southern Iran and northern India, the Indo-Mediterranean race predominates. In addition, there are many other races in Asia, such as Caucasian and Negroid.

Asian countries

There are 55 states wholly or partially located on the territory of Asia (5 of them are so-called unrecognized republics). The largest Asian country is China (its territory covers 9,596,960 sq. km), and the smallest is the Maldives (300 sq. km).

In terms of population, China (1.39 billion people) is ahead of all countries in the world. In others Asian countries There are fewer inhabitants: India has 1.1 billion people, Indonesia has 230 million people, and Bangladesh has 134 million people.

Regions of Asia

The territory of Asia is so large that politicians, journalists or scientists sometimes divide it into the Middle East, Western Asia and the Far East. However, geographically it is more correct to divide Asia into 5 regions:

• East Asia (China, Japan, South and North Korea and Mongolia);
• Western Asia (Armenia, Lebanon, Syria, Bahrain, Azerbaijan, Jordan, Yemen, Qatar, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Turkey);
• Southeast Asia (Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, East Timor, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and Myanmar);
• South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Afghanistan, Maldives, Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka);
• Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan).

Asian cities are the most populous in the entire world. The largest of all Asian cities is Bombay (India), whose population is already more than 12.2 million people. Other largest cities Asia - Seoul, Jakarta, Karachi, Manila, Delhi, Shanghai, Tokyo, Beijing and Tehran.

Asia is one of the six parts of the world, occupying the largest area in the world (more than 43 million square kilometers). Two parts of the world - Europe and Asia - form the continent of Eurasia. More than 4 billion people live in the territory. The borders of Asia are considered to be the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, and the Indian Sea and their marginal seas in the south. There is a conventional border between Europe and Asia, running in the west along the eastern slopes of the Urals, the rivers Emba, Manych, Kuma, Caspian, Black, Sea of ​​Azov, Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits. The border with Africa is the Suez Canal, with America - the Bering Strait. The main part of mainland Asia is located in the eastern and northern hemispheres of the Earth. This part of the world is divided into large areas, such as Northern, Eastern, Central, Central, Western and Southern Asia.

Asia is washed by three oceans: Arctic, Pacific, Indian, in the west - the inland seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Inland waters include the main rivers Yenisei, Angara, Ob, Irtysh, Lena, Yellow River, Yangtze, Amur, Mekong, Euphrates, Tigris, Ganges, Indus, Syr Darya and Amu Darya. Characterized by the presence of large areas of internal flow - the basins of the Aral and Caspian seas, Lake Balkhash, etc. There are also drainage areas on the Arabian Peninsula, the Iranian Plateau, and Central Asia. Asia has the largest freshwater lake on our planet - Baikal, as well as other large lakes - the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, Van, Balkhash, Kukunor, Issyk-Kul, Poyang, etc.

The dismemberment of the coasts of Asia is relatively small; there are several large peninsulas: Arabian, Asia Minor, Korean, Hindustan, Chukotka, Taimyr, Kamchatka, etc. The islands belonging to Asia occupy an area of ​​more than two million square meters. km. This is Taiwan, Big Sunda Islands, Sakhalin, Novosibirsk, Philippine, Japanese, Sri Lanka, Severnaya Zemlya.

The territory of Asia is located on four platforms: Indian, Arabian, Siberian, Chinese. Approximately 75% of the area of ​​this part of the world is occupied by mountain ranges and plateaus. The most high mountains are located in Central and Central Asia, in particular the highest peak in the world, Chomolungma, in the Himalayas. Large mountain systems– Himalayas, Karakorum, Altai, Hindu Kush, Kunlun, Greater Caucasus, Sayan Mountains, Tien Shan. Asia is a contrasting region in terms of absolute altitudes. Yes, one of the most deep depressions in the world are the Dead Sea and Lake Baikal, located in Asia. The most extensive plains in this part of the world are Turanian, West Siberian, Great Chinese, Mesopotamian, and Indo-Gangetic. Various minerals are mined in Asia, and there are large deposits of fuel and energy raw materials.

All types of climate are represented in Asia - from arctic in northern latitudes to equatorial in southern latitudes. Most of the territory is located in the continental climate zone, which is characterized by a strong decrease in temperature in winter and hot weather in summer. North of 40°N Snow cover is forming everywhere. In most of the territory, precipitation occurs in the warm season, only in the Middle and Near East - in winter. Natural areas are located by latitude. To the north lie tundra and forest-tundra, further to the south - taiga, mixed and deciduous forests, steppes and forest-steppes. Most of the Arabian Peninsula, the Iranian Plateau, and Central Asia are occupied by semi-deserts and deserts.

Currently, the territory of Asia is distributed among 54 states. Asian countries - Iraq, Iran, Kyrgyzstan, China, India, Saudi Arabia, Mongolia, Thailand, Japan, etc.

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Books

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