Port city in England. English ports Great Britain seaports on the map

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Contents: I. Physical essay. 1. Composition, space, coastline. 2. Orography. 3. Hydrography. 4. Climate. 5. Vegetation. 6. Fauna. II. Population. 1. Statistics. 2. Anthropology. III. Economic essay. 1. Agriculture. 2.… …

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For many years England maintained its position as a maritime state.

This was facilitated geographical position country - located on islands, England is surrounded on all sides by water, so the ports of England for a long time occupied first places in terms of cargo turnover and allowed the state to support the economy through regular transportation by water transport.

Seaports located along the entire coast of Great Britain, some of them are located far from the mouths of rivers. Major British ports have docks with locks. During high tides, deep-draft vessels move freely into the docks. During low tides, the locks close and keep the docks at high water levels, allowing the largest ships to remain in port to unload or load at low tide.

The largest British port, London, second in the world after New York, is located on the Thames, 45 km from its mouth. 40-50% of all UK imports and about 25% of exports pass through London. Docks, quays, and warehouses stretching for tens of kilometers, mainly on the northern bank of the Thames, were built at different times by different companies. For unloading and loading operations in the port of London, in addition to floating cranes, about 9 thousand so-called lighters are widely used - self-propelled barges with a lifting capacity of 20 to 100 tons.

London is inferior in terms of cargo turnover to Liverpool, in the Mersey estuary, which is also one of the world's largest ports. Liverpool rivals London in its role in exports. 30% of the country's maritime passenger turnover also passes through the port of Liverpool (about 1 million passengers per year). In addition to the docks of Liverpool itself, stretching for 18 km along the right bank of the Mersey Estuary, the Port of Liverpool also includes the docks of nearby cities included in the conurbation of Greater Liverpool, in particular Birkenhead and Wallasey on the left bank of the Mersey Estuary.

The largest of the English Channel ports, Southampton, is almost on the same level in terms of ship turnover as Liverpool. It is located in a large natural harbor, protected from the storms of the island. White and exposed to double tides - from the west and east, alternating every 3 hours. Southampton imports include food cargo - fruits, early vegetables and new potatoes, meat, butter, grain, and other goods - oil and timber. Southampton is the passenger outport of London and the final destination of passenger express flights between America and England: a passenger disembarking in Southampton, arriving from the west, reaches London by train in 3-4 hours, whereas if he continues his journey by sea, he will only get to London in one day. Over 60% of UK passenger maritime traffic passes through Southampton.

The closest port of Manchester, which includes docks and warehouses along the Manchester Sea Canal, dug in late XIX V. from the Mersey Estuary to Manchester.

In the west, at the entrance to the canal, where the oil refining industry developed, large docks for unloading tankers and oil storage facilities were built at Eastham and Ellesmere Port.

Other UK ports include Swansea, Cardiff and Bristol in Bristol Bay, Hull (Hull) in the Humber Estuary, Newcastle and Middlesbrough in the north-east of England, and Glasgow in the west of Middle Scotland. The port of Dover is located near the Pas-de-Calais, through which passenger traffic passes to France (ferries carry trains on the London - Paris line). IN Northern Ireland The port of Belfast plays a major role in communication with the UK.

Today, the ports of England have noticeably reduced the volume of cargo transported, but continue to operate and bring a stable income to the country.

Today there are 89 ports in England - cargo and passenger.

The most northern port in Essex, on the North Sea coast. Has regular ferry service with the Netherlands (Hoek van Holland) and Denmark (Esbjerg). Also depart from Port of Harwich cruise ships. Ferry schedule and cruise ships at www.harwichconnexions.co.uk/flash08_04_28/index.html

There is a terminal on the Thames 30 km from the Tower Bridge cruise port- an ancient building, quite modest by today's standards. From here ships depart on cruises around the UK, to the fjords of Norway, and to the geysers of Iceland.
You can get to Port of Tilbury by taxi or local train.

UK airports

Air transport is becoming increasingly popular in the UK. There are 450 operating in the country civil airports servicing both international and domestic airlines.

“Heathrow” is a kind of giant, because it is the largest airport in the country, leading in terms of congestion in European open spaces and occupying 4th place on the planet. The airport is located approximately 25 km southwest of central London. With the participation of 70 airlines, the “flagship” serves almost 200 destinations around the world. Heathrow has 5 terminals, which have a service system, cafes, lounges, ATMs, a business center, Wi-Fi, and multi-storey parking. You can rent a car directly at the airport or take a taxi. Do you want to continue on your way? public transport? Welcome to the train station or metro station, as well as the bus ready to take you to the Victoria bus station. Other information is available on the airport portal - www.heathrowairport.ru/.

Gatwick ranks second in the chart of the most popular airports in the UK, while in the category of the busiest airports it is considered the first on the planet. Having just one runway and a couple of terminals, this air hub is among the leaders. The place of registration of the air terminal is Crawley, which is located 40 km from Brighton and 46 km from London.
The terminals are connected by a free metro line, ready to move you from the north of Gatwick to the south and vice versa in less than 2 minutes. The infrastructure of the airport, as befits the second most popular airport in the state, is excellent. There are shops and child Center, and a meeting room, and restaurants. And nearby there is a whole kaleidoscope of hotels, including a capsule hotel. You can continue your journey around the UK by car (taxi or rented) and buses. More information about Gatwick: www.gatwickairport.com/.

In third place, thanks to the sharp increase in passenger traffic in the last decade, Stansted, separated from London by 48 kilometers, settled. Stansted is not only an air hub, but also a kind of architectural landmark. All thanks to the unusual shape of the terminal with a floating roof, similar to a flying swan, mounted on a frame of “exposition” of pipes that mask communications. You can leave the airport either by car or bus, or by train. Other information here - www.stanstedairport.com/.

Manchester Airport

"Manchester", which is "registered" near the city of the same name, ranks fourth in the vastness of the UK in terms of scale, but first in terms of workload among its non-metropolitan "brothers". The three airport terminals are connected by internal convenient passages, and without leaving the building you can go to the railway station or the Radisson hotel. Equipped with a Manchester bus station, from which you can travel around the clock to many cities in the UK, as well as a taxi service. For more information please visit www.manchesterairport.co.uk/.

Edinburgh Airport

Edinburgh", settled on the lands of Scotland, 13 km from city ​​of the same name, despite its modesty, ranks 8th in scale. In addition, over the last decade the territory of the air hub has been continuously expanding and modernizing. You can get to know Edinburgh in more detail by going to www.edinburghairport.com/.

This air hub is nestled right at the base of the Rock of Gibraltar - majestic, beautiful and so inaccessible. Despite the fact that this airport is at the disposal of the army, there are also flights for civilians.

The airport, located near Liverpool (12 km), previously bore a less famous name. Who knows, perhaps it is thanks to the change of name that this air terminal is the fastest growing among its European “brothers”. Liverpool John Lennon has a bus station, taxi service and other services that travelers may need. More details www.liverpooljohnlennonairport.com/.

The air gateway to southwest England is located 13 km from Bristol. Bristol is one of the TOP 10 busiest airports in the country and continues to actively develop. You can leave the airport either by buses going to the bus and railway stations of Bristol, or by taxi. About everything - www.bristolairport.co.uk/.

Cardiff Airport

This airport is the only one in Wales with international flights. An airport was located near the city - 20 km away. By the way, it also has other names - “Ruz”, in honor of the village where it is located, as well as “Cardiff-Wales”. To the nearest railway station walk free buses. Other data is presented here - www.cwlfly.com/.

The extensive railway network, one of the oldest on the planet, is the pride of the British. To this day, the trains include vintage carriages that look like they came out of a fairy tale; if you’re lucky, you’ll get a ride in one of these. The total length of the tracks is 34,000 km. The center of the British railway network, as befits a capital, is London. 14 London railway stations serve intercity and suburban destinations, and international line via Eurotunnel.

The popularity of rail transportation is due to the speed of trains, which has a significant advantage over the speed of travel by buses. Also, the ratio of travel cost and comfort is in favor of the railway. Meanwhile, there is a great variation in prices, all because the railway business (namely, trains) is owned simultaneously by about 25 private firms. Some of the companies simply adhere to standards without chasing special speed indicators, while others are constantly improving technology, so their services are more expensive. Experienced travelers recommend changing operators along the way, so you will achieve the optimal combination of speed, quality and price. During rush hours ( weekdays from 6 to 9 am and from 4 to 7 pm) it is better not to plan movement, since railway transport highly sought after by local residents. And be sure to book train tickets in advance (at least 7 days in advance, and preferably 14 days in advance), you can do this directly on the national railway website - www.nationalrail.co.uk/.

Metropolitan

In the UK you can travel by tube in London, Newcastle, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham, Glasgow and Sheffield. By the way, the first metro was born in England, and the locals are proud of this fact. The cost of using the metro varies not only from the number of trips purchased/validity of the pass (1 day, week, month, etc.), but also the day of the week and time of travel. The guideline is around £1 per trip. Trains run not only underground, but also on the surface, so you can admire the view of the city you chose for your vacation. You can copy the metro map by going to www.planetolog.ru/map-metro.php?country=GB and www.200stran.ru/subway_country43.html.

There are many different types of taxis in the country, the prices for their services vary depending on the class of the car, its surroundings and the professionalism of the drivers who undergo special training and exams. In any city in the UK, both owners of cars and minibuses can obtain a license for taxi services. There is no single insignia in the country that identifies a car as a taxi; the signs vary, but are invariably present, as a rule, in the rear of the body or on the roof. Sometimes the identification mark is the coloring - as in London. In the UK, special taxi services “minicab” have also been created, the fleets of which consist of minivans or sedans, where travel is also metered, but the iron “horses” must be ordered in advance. As a guide to prices, you can consider the following combination: landing - £1.2, each kilometer - £0.72. Meanwhile, don’t forget about the traditional UK tip of 10%. Sometimes you come across cars without a meter, then the amount can be negotiated, and it will be less than the specified tariff, but you risk getting hired by a company without insurance and a license, and such a business is punishable in the UK.

Buses are quite popular in the UK, both within cities and between them or to other countries. The quality of service is at the European level, the prices cannot be called cheap. True, there is a choice between different companies, so there is always a chance to find a better price. You can also win on payment by buying travel cards, the most popular of which are one-day ones. There are also night flights, which are slightly more expensive than regular routes. The cost of each bus trip within the city can be recorded in your spending plan as £1.
An important point to remember: when using buses, don't expect to cover the distance faster than traveling, in the UK it's the opposite.
The final point of arrival/departure for intercity routes is usually the city center, and this is very convenient. Bus " business card» In Great Britain, these are double-decker buses, of which there are plenty in London - spacious, with an excellent viewing angle, loved by tourists, so you can ride to your heart's content.
Which bus companies provide the most favorable prices? Experienced tourists"Megabus" - www.uk.megabus.com (international service) and "CityLink" - www.citylink.co.uk (targeting Scotland) are praised.

Attention: in Great Britain you drive on the left!
You can rent a car from one of the many companies providing this service. Often, right at the airports, you can draw up an agreement and go on a trip by car. You can rent a car after reaching 21 years of age, if you have an international driving license, at least a year of driving experience and insurance. A necessary condition is the payment of a deposit equal to the estimated rental cost.
When renting a car, you should remember that traffic safety in the UK is very high, compliance with the rules is strict, and penalties for traffic violation very strict. The most intense traffic on the roads is in cities and suburbs. In London, entry into some areas is paid, and parking is also paid.

You are already familiar with UK transport, it’s time to start putting your knowledge into practice!

Upon entering this extremely Southern City on the banks of the English Channel, the slogan every now and then catches the eye: Portsmouth, the great waterfront city (“Portsmouth, the great coastal city”).

Located mainly on the island PortseaIsland, the town is separated from the rest of England by a narrow stream PortsbridgeCreek, crossed by many bridges and roads, so you can only understand that you are on an island by climbing onto the observation deck of the 170-meter tower EmiratesSpinnakerTower, which is also called the Solent Sail for its special architecture ( Solent is a strait that separates the island Wight from the rest of England). Observation deck is located at an altitude of 100 m, and below on the ground floor there is a glass cafe WaterfrontCafe overlooking the port. WITH high tower you can see the center and surrounding areas of the old town, the historic port, Tudor coastal fortifications and new multi-storey buildings with a building shaped like a tube of lipstick rising above all the others.

Despite the continuous strong wind brought by the hurricane Doris, on one of the gray-blue February days with ragged clouds and sudden sunny illuminations, I went on an excursion with a local professional guide AndrewStarr, and he told me in detail about the centuries-old port past of the city, in the name of which, as in all geographical names its surroundings, the word “port” is present.

IN OldPortsmouth We walked along the embankment, on which muddy green waves crashed noisily. Here stands one of the oldest fortifications - the Square Tower, SquareTower, built in 1494 and also served as the residence of the governor. On the northern wall of the tower in a special niche there is a gilded bust of King Charles (Charles) the First, presented to the city by himself in 1635. Accused of absolutism, war against parliament and betrayal of the interests of the people of England and their “rights, liberties, justice and peace”, Charles The first was convicted and beheaded by Oliver Cromwell in January 1649. On the day of his execution, the king demanded an extra shirt for fear that he would begin to shiver from the cold and thereby give the crowd reason to think that he was trembling from fear. Local legend has it that every time the king's bust was removed from its niche in the Square Tower to be cleaned, the most terrible events in English history occurred. Only in the last century it was cleaned in 1939, on the eve of the Second World War, and in 1982, on the eve of the war for Falkland Islands. Since then, the niche was covered with a metal mesh to prevent birds from gaining access, and the king was left alone.

Not far from Kvadratnaya there is the Round Tower, RoundTower, built by Henry the Fifth in 1426 from wood and covered with stone in the 1490s, as well as the ruins of a church from 1212. Royal Garrison Church, destroyed by German bombing in the 1940s, and the Anglican Cathedral of the 12th–17th centuries PortsmouthCathedral, in which the son of Charles the First, Charles the Second, was married.

In the 1650s, when Oliver Cromwell, according to the custom of all victorious revolutionaries, himself turned into a dictator, Charles (Charles) the Second hid in France and the Netherlands, and after the death of Cromwell, as a result of the political crisis that led to the restoration of the monarchy, he ascended to throne. After Cromwell and his Puritan minions, the people joyfully accepted the “merry king”, who was not alien to earthly pleasures. (He had 12 illegitimate children alone, recognized by himself.) Charles II married Catherine Braganza from an aristocratic Portuguese family. Being an “old bride” of 23 years old, and also a Catholic, who spoke poorly English language, and a childless (three miscarriages) queen, poor Katherine was not popular in England. Despite her husband's constant infidelities and the coldness of the court, she was a faithful wife, a fair ruler who stood up for prisoners, and a brave scout in the world of fashion. Having slender legs, she even tried to set an example by wearing short skirts that completely exposed her feet! Once she was accused of trying to poison the king, tried and tried to sentence her to death, but Charles stood up for his wife and saved her life. England owes its sacred custom of afternoon tea to Catherine of Braganza - it was she who taught the king and courtiers to drink tea.

South of stone towers stretches longest embankment, decorated with monuments to English sailors, very clean and suitable for long walks. Here at the beginning of the last century it was popular among Londoners seaside resort. Later, with the advent of large ferries and cheap trips to Spain, the resort died out, but entertainment venues, bars and restaurants remained on the long Victorian piers. On a promontory jutting out into the sea, a footpath ends at a medieval fortress. This is a castle Southsea Castle, built in 1539 by Henry the Eighth, who was actively involved in strengthening sea borders (and not just cutting off the heads of his wives one after another). The fortress was built with money received as a result of the closure of Catholic monasteries and in anticipation of aggression from France. In 1545, during sea ​​battle with the French, the king watched from here the sinking of his favorite brainchild - the largest ship in the country since 1511 Mary Rose, which sank, taking with it 500 human lives.

The wreck of the ship was discovered in 1971. The starboard side was completely destroyed by time, but the left side was largely preserved, as well as guns, navigational instruments, metal utensils, tools, money and even the skeletons and clothes of many sailors and one dog. A museum was built around the wreck of the ship, where today you can see the only ship of the 16th century in Europe.

In historical docks Portsmouth Historic Dockyard also contains Her Majesty's wooden warship Victory, on which Admiral Nelson fought and died at the Battle of Cape Trafalgar in 1805.

In the old town, in a small bay, you can visit the so-called Spice Island Spice Island, where taverns and brothels were located and where smugglers often plied their trade. They say that there were more than 400 taverns in the city, but it should be taken into account that they, as a rule, were tiny establishments for 15-20 people, and the port always lived a full life, and there was no shortage of sailors who liked to go ashore and have fun , did not have.

Like every seaside town, Portsmouth has an aquarium museum Bluereef Aquarium, inhabited by fish, crabs and shellfish of the English coast, guests from warm tropical seas and amphibians. Other local species include European spotted sharks.

Also on the embankment there is a large modern shopping mall Gunwharf Quays with an excellent range of shops and restaurants. Companies from Adidas before Wonderbra They sell their goods at a significant discount, and small coffee shops and bakeries provide customers with a lunch break.

Photos: Emma Krasov.Moreat “RealTravelAdventures"www.realtraveladventures.comand “Art and Entertain Me” www.artandentertainme.blogspot.com. Copyright Emma Krasov. All rights reserved. Email: [email protected].

Emma Krasov

Newcastle upon Tyne is a port city in northeast England and administrative center in the county of Tyne and Wear, which has a centuries-old history, and today represents one of the main centers nightlife Great Britain. Lively and student-friendly, Newcastle is one of England's premier cities with a rich cultural and architectural heritage. Today it is the most densely populated region in the northeast of the country, with about 300,000 inhabitants. In addition, Newcastle upon Tyne has the reputation of being the student center of Great Britain - more than 40 thousand students from different countries peace. The city has a developed metro network.

• Founded: in the 2nd century;
• Area: 58 km²;
• Time zone: UTC+0, summer UTC+1;
• Population: 281,900.

Weather

Newcastle is located close to the Pennines, changing its climate slightly from standard English. The main difference is the humidity in this region significantly less, as a result local residents practically do not encounter fog and heavy precipitation. Winter here is cool and dry, with average temperature air is +3⁰C, and summer is moderately warm - the air warms up to +15⁰C...+20⁰C. Heat is as rare as frost.

How to get there

Newcastle upon Tyne - large transport node. 10 kilometers from the city is located international Airport, from where the center can be reached by metro, bus or taxi. Through railways and motorways, Newcastle is connected to almost all settlements countries.

Selection favorable air tickets through Aviadiscounter (searches like Aviasales + a selection of airline promotions and sales).

And for selection intercity transport(planes, trains, buses) across Europe, try , the service offers the best ways to travel along popular routes.