What is a fair in Rus'? History of fairs in Russia. History of the emergence and development trends of fairs in Rus'. Features of fair trading in cities. Difficulties and costs associated with transporting goods to the place of trade. The appearance of nova

The RIAMO columnist has chosen the best New Year and Christmas markets of this winter, which will be held in the capital from December 2017 to February 2018, for tourists, hipsters, designers, lovers of retro, European Christmas and Russian traditions.

GUM fair

Where: Red Square

The ideal fair for tourists runs on Red Square from November 29 to February 28. In scope it is not inferior to the best fairs in Europe. Right next to the Kremlin walls there are 28 elegant wooden houses where you can taste pancakes with caviar, mead, sbiten, pies, baked potatoes, as well as mulled wine, Viennese waffles and roasted chestnuts. In addition, at the fair you can purchase traditional souvenirs in the Russian style: Zhostovo trays, handmade felt boots, knitted mittens, nesting dolls, boxes, Orenburg and Pavlovo Posad shawls. There are five children's carousels at the fair, including a two-story one with carved horses.

Christmas market at the Central House of Artists

Where: Central House of Artists

The traditional Christmas gift fair, dedicated to Catholic Christmas, runs from December 8 to December 24 at the Central House of Artists. The fair brought together artists, designers and handmade craftsmen. Here you can find exclusive interior and decor items, designer dolls, glass, dishes, organic cosmetics, traditional New Year's decorations and sweet gifts. In addition, until December 24, more than 80 creative workshops, galleries, art salons, etc. will operate in the central hall of the Central House of Artists.

Art fair Happy Market

Where: Cultural center ZIL

New Year's Fair of Designer Gifts

Where: VDNH, 47th pavilion

New Year's fair ArtWeekend

Where: Artplay Design Center

New Year's Lambada Market

Where: Trekhgornaya manufactory, st. Rochdelskaya, 15, building 24

Fairs and city celebrations have long been a part of Russian culture and history. They became widespread in the mid-18th and 19th centuries; up to 3,000 events of this type were held annually in Russia. Fairs could be forest, hop, horse, or steppe fairs. In those days, there was practically no trade in villages and villages, so fairs became very important for the common people. convenient place, where you could sell your surplus agricultural products, buy new clothes and other necessary goods, finally take a break from exhausting agricultural work, have fun and, as they say, “show yourself and see others.”

The largest fairs in Rus' were:

• Mologa fair. Venue: Upper Volga region of the 14th-16th centuries. It was distinguished by a wide multinational composition of traders; merchants from Russia, Poland, Greece, Germany, Armenia, Persia, Asian countries and Turkey traded here;
• Makaryevskaya Fair. Venue: Makaryev Monastery on the Volga near Nizhny Novgorod at the end of the 16th century. The convenient location helped attract a large number of traders, both local and foreign. After a fire that destroyed most of the buildings, the auction was moved to Novgorod;
• Nizhny Novgorod Fair. Replaced Makaryevskaya, from the beginning of the 18th century it began to take place in Nizhny Novgorod. A special Fairground was built here, where one could purchase a very wide range of different types of products: salt, wine, fish, cotton, furs, metal products and much more;
• Irbit Fair. Held in the Urals in the 17th century, it was distinguished by a variety of goods, both local and from far abroad: China. Central Asia.

People's Fair

A fair is a market in the center of a city or village, where merchants, traders and artisans came from both surrounding villages and villages, as well as from remote areas, to sell their goods and see others. It was at the fairs that the most profitable and large trade agreements were concluded, because businessmen came here not only from local cities and villages, but also overseas guests from distant countries. During the fair, various sweets, fruits and drinks were sold everywhere, both in tents and trays and by special peddlers, to entertain and treat guests and customers.

(Modern fair in Moscow, Red Square)

At such fairs, everyone sold what they wanted; the goods could be bagels and sugar pretzels, as well as livestock, poultry, objects of pottery and weaving art, and much more. It was real paradise for artisans (coopers, blacksmiths, potters, weavers), who spent a whole year preparing to show buyers real masterpieces of their craft. Also here, masters of various trades offered their services: shoemakers repaired shoes, barbers shaved beards and cut hair, tailors repaired clothes. In order to attract buyers, jesters and buffoons walked around the market and made people laugh with various advertising jokes.

Fair Theater

In addition to various types of auctions, various theatrical and musical entertainment events were usually held at fairs, booths, nativity scenes, performances and skits with the participation of live bears were organized, competitions and various amusements were organized.

(Kustodiev "Balagany")

One of the main obligatory heroes of fair performances was the finger puppet Parsley. She had the appearance of a cheerful and broken joker and a merry fellow, with a not very pretty appearance (he had a hump, a large nose, sharp facial features, a squeaky, sharp voice), but with a very perky and mischievous character, an excellent sense of humor, which sometimes crossed all boundaries , so very often this character found himself in various awkward situations and was beaten more than once for his very long tongue. But Petrushka never loses heart, the oar lifts up its long and humped nose and continues to joke around and make people laugh, either with his matchmaking, or getting a job, and other funny adventures.

Folk festivities

Any fair was a real holiday for ordinary people, which helped them escape from the hard work of everyday life and allowed them to relax both soul and body. There was always an atmosphere of celebration and fun, music played, actors performed, folk songs and children's laughter sounded. The whole family went there, dressed up in beautiful festive clothes, watched colorful interesting performances, had fun from the heart, took part in various competitions and games, rode on carousels and swings, bought various goods, sweets and gifts.

One of the most ancient entertainment activities at the fair has long been driving round dances. A large number of people took part in them, the fun was accompanied by cheerful music, singing, and the participation of buffoons and actors. The leisurely movement of round dances could be interrupted by the daring Russian dance, in which dancers competed with each other in making various intricate figures and knees.

Often, various strength competitions were held at fairs, such as fist fights, which were especially popular on Maslenitsa; usually physically developed men of any age, regardless of their position in society, took part in them. The fight could be carried out one-on-one, wall-to-wall, or in the form of a “hook-and-shovel” (reminiscent of the type of original Russian martial arts in which the fight took place with the help of throws and grabs). For men, this pastime was one of their favorites, because it allowed them to show their strength, dexterity and courage, “let off extra steam” or even “knock the crap out of their heads” that had accumulated there during the daily routine.

In 2018, everyone will be able to visit New Year's fairs in the main city of the country. The bazaars, combining European beauty and primordial fair culture, will be located in parks and squares, under open air and in shopping pavilions. To prevent the fun from passing by, every Muscovite or guest of the capital is advised to familiarize themselves with the schedule of winter events.

New Year's fairs in Moscow simply cannot be imagined without the traditional Christmas market on Red Square. Most likely, in 2017-2018, the unique market will begin its work in November and end on February 28. Each citizen will have enough time to fully study the program offered by the city authorities. It really amazes with its diversity, because here everyone can:

1. Try the fried potatoes various types baked goods (pies, waffles, donuts, etc.), pancakes with a variety of fillings and warming spicy drinks.
2. View and purchase amazing painted shawls and felt boots.
3. Admire and acquire objects made of Gzhel porcelain, with Zhostovo painting or Khokhloma.
4. Buy for yourself or your loved ones nesting dolls, which have become a symbol of the entire country.

There will also be stages on Red Square where dancers, singers and animators will perform with competitions. Little Russians will definitely enjoy the bazaar. For them, special complexes with attractions, ice slides and children's performances will be set up on the territory of the Kremlin. The huge size of the GUM skating rink will not let the kids or their parents get bored. Entrance to the territory of Red Square will be absolutely free for everyone.

VDNH

From December 12 to January 11, the area in front of the Central exhibition pavilion will be transformed and turn into amazing place, completely strewn with fairy-tale towers with bright, elegant, festive display cases. Russians will have a month to embark on an exciting journey through the streets of the park, decorated with garlands, toys and pine needles. By the way, in the colorful houses you can find everything your heart desires, namely:

1. Traditional achievements of the national economy (for example, knitted hats and gloves made of natural sheep wool, which will warm you even in the coldest weather, and mittens made of down).
2. Masterpieces of culinary art, some of which are prepared using delicious fish - sterlet, sockeye salmon, omul. In addition to these dishes, they offer rich pastries, meat delicacies, healthy herbal teas, honey, gingerbread and chocolate.
3. Shawls made in Pavloposad.
4. Wooden toys.

Entry is free.

Sokolniki

Among other Christmas markets in 2018, the bazaar in Sokolniki, which will be held in the capital from December 18 to January 11, especially stands out for its charitable mission. Part of the funds collected by the organizers of the event during this period will be distributed between orphanages, i.e. aimed at helping orphans.

Entertaining New Year's program The park will allow visitors to taste delicious food, ride on carousels, take pictures with snow and ice sculptures, become part of a huge round dance, applaud talented groups of performers, take part in master classes and compare the achievements of Europeans and Russians with interesting presentations.

In park pavilion No. 4, from December 23 to 29, the Orthodox charity fair “Christmas Gift” will be held, which is organized by large churches, monasteries and Orthodox workshops. Here you can not only buy items related to religion, but also watch theatrical performances telling about the life of Orthodox Rus' and the life of their ancestors, as well as recreating biblical stories in a playful manner.

Trade and exhibition complex "Tishinka"

The short fair, timed to coincide with December 24-27, is recommended for all those who are especially looking forward to the arrival of Christmas. The TVK, located in the old center of the capital at the address Mayakovskaya/Belorusskaya metro station, Tishinskaya square, 1, building 1, will become a market where you can purchase exclusive works of art from domestic and foreign artists, natural cosmetics for body care, original decorations and, of course, sweets for the holidays.

Twinstore

The famous interior gallery, located in the very heart of Moscow in 1st Shchipkovsky Lane, 4 (metro station Serpukhovskaya/Paveletskaya/Dobryninskaya), from November 20 to 30, 2017 invites to its indoor pavilion those who want to meet New Year in a renovated, beautiful and comfortable home. It is no coincidence that this fair is also called the “New Year’s Interior Bazaar.”

This is interesting! Here you can find truly extraordinary things that will turn your apartment or house into almost a magical place.

Other places

In addition to the above-mentioned fairs, grandiose festivities will take place:

1. In the Hermitage Garden, metro station Chekhovskaya/Pushkinskaya/Tverskaya, st. Karetny Ryad, no. 3.
2. In the Central House of Artist (CHA), metro Oktyabrskaya/Park Kultury, st. Krymsky Val, 10. Gifts, paintings, interior elements and books will be sold here.
3. In the Center contemporary art“Winzavod”, Chkalovskaya/Kurskaya metro station, 4th Syromyatnichesky lane, 1/8, building 6. Visitors will be able to purchase soft toys, antique items and watches.
4. In Stoleshnikov Lane, Teatralnaya/Chekhovskaya/Tverskaya metro station. Those who value handmade goods and also want to get gifts and souvenirs for themselves and their loved ones should come here.

Residents should not forget about local district fairs, which will be organized in all 12 administrative units of the city. As a result, all Russians, without exception, will be able to experience the holiday, both those living in the capital on a permanent basis and those visiting it only during the New Year holidays!

Video O New Year's fair in Moscow

Historians call fairs the most ancient form of communication between sellers and buyers. Folklore also confirms this: “Where there are two, there is a market, three there is a bazaar, and seven there is a fair,” people have said since ancient times. And the most authoritative expert on the Russian language, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, gave the following definition: “a fair is a large trade convention and the delivery of goods at the most urgent time in the year, an annual trade that lasts for weeks.”

Of course, fairs have been known for a long time, but they were called differently - markets, auctions. The German diplomat Sigmund von Herberstein, who was traveling around Russia at the beginning of the 16th century, visited one of these auctions, on the Mologa River, near the town of Kholopiem. Then in his “Notes on Moscow Affairs” he called this bargaining with his usual word “jahr-markt” - annual market, fair.

In the Middle Ages, when disputes between states and individual communities were resolved militarily, fairs performed not only economic, but also peacekeeping functions. By decision of the parties, fair peace was established for the period of trade, the violation of which brought shame on the head of the culprit. A fair court was also created, which severely punished violators of established traditions. The holding of fairs was usually timed to coincide with church holidays, which not only served as a guarantee of safety for merchants, but also gave the event solemnity and ensured mass participation of the population in trade. Fairs were usually patronized by high officials, and sellers of goods were under their tutelage.

In the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary we read: “Due to historical circumstances, two fairs in Russia took the largest sizes - Makaryevskaya, later renamed Nizhny Novgorod, and Irbitskaya.” Kreshchenskaya (in Kyiv), Permskaya, Orenburgskaya, Pokrovskaya (in Kharkov), Makaryevskaya (in Kostroma), Verkhneudinskaya, Minusinskaya, Kozmodemyanskaya, Barnaulskaya, Ishimskaya and others also became widely known.

It is interesting that all these fairs, in addition to their main function (places of trade), played an important role in the exchange of information, knowledge and experience of people who came from different regions countries. Very often, exhibitions, especially large ones, were also fairs, and vice versa. That is why they managed to leave such a bright mark in the history of the country.

St. Petersburg is in the lead

St. Petersburg was destined to become the center of all agricultural exhibitions and fairs in great Russia. Even its remoteness from the grain-producing south or the harvest-rich Non-Black Earth Region did not become an obstacle to organizing large trades here and holding exhibitions that demonstrated the achievements of domestic livestock breeders, gardeners, gardeners, winemakers and other food producers. Historians note that St. Petersburg exhibitions and fairs played a big role in disseminating best practices, scientific knowledge, and establishing trade exchange between regions. They also contributed to the growth of the country's economic power, the rise of agricultural production, and the education of the population. The Emperor himself “blessed” the fair with his decrees. The honorary trustee of many of them was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers P. A. Stolypin. High spiritual officials sanctified their discovery. And members of the royal family considered it an honor to be present at the fair. There was a big bargain, and with it a big celebration. After all, among Russians the very word “fair” is festive, colored with carnival colors, farce performances, fun activities for children and adults, “sweetened” with mead, pancakes and gingerbread. Merchants from all over the country and businessmen from other countries came to St. Petersburg fairs.

The last agricultural fair in the Northern capital of Russia was held in 1913. And although attempts to revive them were made during the NEP (for example, in 1926, more than 7 thousand fairs were held in the RSFSR), the centuries-old tradition was interrupted.

In the last decades of the Soviet period, only inter-district and inter-republican fairs were held. But, apart from the name, they had little in common with traditional Russian ones, since they were, in essence, a place for concluding transactions between state enterprises producing goods and state trading organizations. Traditional Russian fairs - with an indispensable display of the best achievements, a large marketplace, and folk fun - seemed to have sunk into oblivion. With them, people not only lost their usual ways of satisfying their economic needs. At the same time, the environment for familiarization with folk customs, holidays with games, fun, and songs disappeared. As a result, irreparable damage was caused to national traditions.

Hello fair!

The World Fair “Russian Farmer”, the idea of ​​which was born in the crisis years of the nineties, was destined to revive the former glory of St. Petersburg as a center of agricultural exhibitions and fairs. At the origins of its birth were journalists Leonid Komarovsky, Vitaly Molotov, Tamara and Vladimir Maksimov and the president of the Association of Peasant Farms and Agricultural Cooperatives (AKKOR) Vladimir Bashmachnikov, who managed to infect the country’s leadership with their idea. On June 14, 1991, Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 331 “On additional measures for the development of peasant (farm) enterprises and agricultural cooperatives in the RSFSR” was issued. It spoke in particular about the need to hold the international fair “Russian Farmer” in October 1991-April 1992. The organizers were to be the Ministry of Agriculture and AKKOR.

It was decided to create a company to implement the new project. This is how the joint-stock company “World Fair “Russian Farmer” appeared, the chairman of the board of directors of which was Vladimir Komarovsky, and the president was Mikhail Zlydnikov. The venue for the fair was determined to be the Lenexpo Exhibition Center, which had extensive experience in organizing exhibitions and had the necessary space, technical and organizational capabilities for this. Lenexpo General Director Sergei Alekseev was approved as deputy chairman of the fair's organizing committee.

Despite the difficulties and doubts of skeptics, the lack of experience in holding such large-scale events on August 30 at the Lenexpo exhibition center for the first time in history new Russia The World Fair “Russian Farmer” began its work. Experts and journalists, participants and guests, everyone who managed to visit the banks of the Neva at that time, assessed the first agricultural fair positively and generally kindly. But its organizers clearly understood that this was only the beginning, the first experience, and in order for the fair to become as intended, a lot still had to be done.

Search Lectures

The most important fairs in Russia

(Second half of the 17th – mid-19th century)

Fair- a form of organizing large-scale seasonal trade, characteristic of the pre-industrial era with a relatively narrow domestic market, isolation of individual regions and underdeveloped routes of communication. By 1840, there were about 4 thousand fairs, but only a few of them had All-Russian status.

64 fairs had a trade turnover of over 1 million silver rubles.

Pre-industrial forms of trade in Russia also included:

Shop trade in cities, was especially developed in Moscow, where there were many different shopping arcades, remaining in the names of Moscow streets.

peddling, it was run by small retailers - Ofeni and peddlers.

They bought fabrics, haberdashery, and small household goods in small wholesale at fairs, and walked around small remote towns and villages, selling their goods not only for money, but also exchanging them for the products of peasant crafts.

A new industrial type of trade became a store, constant trade, steel

chains of stores and large gostiny dvors have been operating since the mid-19th century.

Table 11

Wars and their corresponding agreements and peace treaties

From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century

Table 12.

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Most of the goods exported to Asian markets also passed through the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. Asians showed particular interest in Russian cotton fabrics, which in the 30s of the 19th century were the main item of Russian export to the countries of the Middle East.

The most active role was played in this by Bukhara merchants, who occupied first place among Central Asian merchants trading with Russia.

The first and especially the second quarter of the 19th century are characterized by a rapid growth in the number of large enterprises in Russia. In connection with this, the increase in production output in almost all sectors of both heavy and light industry was reflected in fair trade, especially in the trade of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, which was considered a barometer economic life countries.

It is becoming one of the major wholesale trade centers.

Among other fairs where large trade transactions with foreign merchants took place, the Irbit Fair in the Perm province, established in 1643, was also famous. In terms of its economic significance and turnover, it rightfully occupied second place in Russia. The main significance of this fair was that it served as the main center of trade for the Urals and Siberia.

Here merchants stocked up on fabrics, haberdashery and groceries for the whole year.

In turn, they delivered Siberian goods to the fair - furs, leather, fish, bristles, honey, wax, cow butter, hemp and flaxseed. Goods from China and Central Asia were also sold here, and sugar, coffee, cloth, and grape wines came here through Arkhangelsk and Moscow. Here, merchants sold personal items and hunting supplies - weapons, gunpowder, hunting and fishing gear, etc. - for resale to the hunting population.

In the 18th and especially in the 19th centuries, the Irbit Fair acquired great importance as a major fur trading center.

From here I went to North America, European and Asian countries receive significant quantities of ermine, sable, beaver, silver fox, arctic fox and squirrel fur. The turnover of the Irbit Fair in the 30s of the 19th century was estimated at 10 million rubles, and by the end of the second half of the 19th century it reached 85-90 million rubles. With the general growth of turnover in Irbit, there was an increase in purchases of furs for export abroad.

Other large fairs that operated in Siberia in the 19th and early 20th centuries include Krestovsko-Ivanovskaya (Perm province), Menovnicheskaya (near Orenburg), Menzelinskaya (Ufa province) and Kyakhtinskaya (Buryatia).

In particular, the Menovnicheskaya Fair specialized in the trade of cattle, horses, camels, as well as popular Asian goods.

Menzelinskaya was considered the largest horse fair in Russia. There were other specialized fairs... forest fairs (on the Volga, Lena, and other rivers), raw materials fairs, livestock fairs (in the Kharkov and Voronezh provinces, the Don Army region).

The Margaritinskaya Fair in Arkhangelsk became a major fair in the north of Russia, where they traded mainly in fish, textiles, crafts and household items. The Kursk Fair gained popularity, where merchants brought Ukrainian glass, lard and tar, sheepskin and lambskin, and imported cattle and horses from factories in the Urals and Moscow region.

It should be noted that according to the law of 1862, all Russian fairs were divided into five classes regarding the payment of special trade taxes.

Moreover, the last class was exempt from this fee. And according to the law on fishing tax of 1898, petty trading and clerk fishing at all fairs lasting less than 14 days were excluded from it. For other trade taxes remained the same.

During their period, fairs became centers not only of trade, but also of social and cultural life.

On their territory, ceremonial celebrations, theatrical and other spectacular performances, including bear fun, were held. There was special fair legislation, as well as traditions and rituals for their opening and closing.

Special committees were created to guide trade, establish rules and order at large fairs. Higher supervision, for example, of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, was entrusted to the governor, who received emergency rights during its operation. To maintain public order at the fairs, large squads of police and units of Cossack troops were sent there.

The history of fairs in Russia ended with the revolution. With the outbreak of World War I (1914-18), the number of fairs decreased and their turnover decreased.

In the years Civil War 1918-20, under the conditions of “war communism”, fairs were not held in Soviet Russia. With the transition to the new economic policy, fairs are beginning to revive. By 1927, there were about 7.5 thousand fairs in the RSFSR, 15.2 thousand in the Ukrainian SSR, and 417 in the BSSR. They were divided into all-Union, republican, regional and local. The All-Union fairs included the Nizhny Novgorod and Baku fairs.

The main turnover of the Nizhny Novgorod fair was sales based on samples and contract transactions. The Baku fair played a big role in trade with the countries of the East. Sales for cash at these fairs did not exceed 1/3 of the turnover.

In the early 1930s, fairs in the USSR were abolished, as stated in the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, “as planning in trade strengthened and with the development of the trading apparatus of the socialized sector, all-Union and republican fairs lost their importance as centers for the sale and purchase of goods "

And only in the post-war period they were restored as one of the forms of state and cooperative trade.

Since 1958, inter-district and inter-republican fairs with wholesale sales and the conclusion of trade deals based on samples have been periodically organized. The USSR widely participates in international fairs. But, apart from the name, they had little in common with traditional Russian ones, since they were, in essence, a place for concluding transactions between state enterprises producing goods and state trading organizations.

Traditional Russian fairs - auctions and marketplaces with indispensable folk fun, seemed to have sunk into oblivion.

Five famous fairs in Russia

With them, people not only lost their usual ways of satisfying their economic needs.

At the same time, the environment for them to become familiar with folk customs, holidays with games, fun, and songs disappeared. As a result, irreparable damage was caused to national traditions.

Thus, fairs, on the one hand, were a clearly organized and structured event in accordance with the law, designed to ensure conditions for the exchange of goods.

However, the other side of the fair was its spontaneity: the fair lived its own life, in accordance with the traditional ideas of the population, and contained a mechanism for satisfying all its basic needs.

The fair was a model, a “microworld” of Russian reality, which included economic, social, cultural and religious elements, and became a universal means for the holistic and multilateral development of not only individual regions, but also the entire country.

The results of the study indicate that fairs in Russia bore the stamp of all the political and socio-economic changes that took place in the country.

However, fairs not only reflected historical reality, but also shaped it. Originating as a result of historical necessity, fairs became a progressive phenomenon that performed the function of uniting individual regions and the entire country into a single economic, information and cultural space.

Conclusion

Thus, to summarize, we note that the liberation of Rus' from the Mongol-Tatar yoke and the beginning of the process of creating a unified Russian state had a beneficial effect on the economic development of the country.

Significant changes are taking place in agriculture and trade, there is an intensive development of trades and crafts, the formation of market commodity-money relations, and the revival of foreign trade relations.

The separation of crafts from trade leads to the emergence of shopping arcades, marketplaces, markets and fairs in major cities: Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan.

Foreigners were amazed at the size of Moscow auctions. The English traveler Chancellor was amazed by the size of the Moscow fair and noted in his notes: “a long train carries up to 700 - 800 sleighs with bread to Moscow every day. Cattle and salted fish are transported from Kolmogory to Novgorod and Vologda. Leather, lard, bread and wax are transported from Vologda to Yaroslavl.”

IN old Russia Many fairs were held annually. They differed in profile (forest, hop, horse, steppe, so-called cattle), in duration (from 1 to 30 days or more), and in significance.

During the XVI-XVIII centuries.

The development of Russian trade was characterized by a gradual expansion of the domestic market. The catalysts for this process were fairs, the number and trade turnover of which steadily increased. It must be said that the St. Petersburg Trade and Industrial Newspaper (1893-1918) regularly published the forecasts of its experts on the largest branches of fair trade, monitored its progress, summed up the results of the season, identified “abnormalities,” and reported on new trends.

The focus of this government publication was invariably the three largest fairs: Irbit (January 25 - March 1), Kiev Contract (February 1 - March 1) and, of course, Nizhny Novgorod (July 15 - August 25).

It is important to take into account that fairs, in addition to their main function (places of trade), played an important role in the exchange of information, knowledge and experience of people who came from different regions of the country - and this function dominated precisely at the largest fairs.

Very often, exhibitions, especially large ones, were also fairs, and vice versa. That is why the richest fairs left such a mark in the history of the country.

List of used literature

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History of the emergence and development trends of fairs in Rus'. Features of fair trading in cities. Difficulties and costs associated with transporting goods to the place of trade. The emergence of new forms of organization of commodity and money circulation.

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Fairs and their role in economic development in Europe

The history of the emergence of fairs, their specialization and role in the development of trade, money circulation, money market and credit.

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Fairs and their role in the development of trade in Russia and Europe

Historical background for the emergence of fairs in the early Middle Ages in Europe. The largest and most famous fairs in Western Europe. Historical roots of the formation of fair trade in Russia.

The influence of fairs on further development Russian trade.

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Development of border trade between Russia and China using the example of Kyakhta in the 18th century

Reasons and brief history the beginning of Russian-Chinese trade, the signing of the Kyakhta Treaty. Difficulties that arose in organizing border trade; volumes of trade in various goods.

The main stages in the development of trade relations between China and Russia.

course work, added 05/05/2012

History of entrepreneurship

Historical conditions of entrepreneurship in Russia and its main types. The identification of crafts and then trade as special forms of activity. Development of trade and usury in medieval Rus'. Russian merchants and industrialists in the 16th-17th centuries.

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Everyday life of the revolution and civil war in Russia through the eyes of various segments of its population

Consideration of the daily life of civilians in the conditions of the Civil War, difficulties with supplies.

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The merchant who arrived in Veliky Novgorod to the fair

The reasons for the emergence and stages of development of fair trade on the lands of Veliky Novgorod. German merchants as a special community in Novgorod. Privileges of Western merchants at Novgorod fairs, food trade.

Trade conflicts at fairs.

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History of industrial development of the Republic of Belarus in the 9th-20th centuries.

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Russian fairs: history of festivities.

Fairs are part of Russian culture. The times when fairs appeared in Rus' have long since sunk into oblivion. But they remained a symbol of jokes and fun. A further article will tell you about Russian fairs, the history of their origin and methods of celebration.

History of fairs. A fair is a market located in a specific place. Traders from the surrounding lands came there to show and sell their goods, and at the same time to look at other people's goods.

It was here that all the large and profitable transactions were concluded, since merchants came not only from other cities, but also foreign traders.

During the fairs there was trade in ice cream, sweets, various drinks, and fruits. They were sold in specially equipped tents and peddled. At large celebrations, a tent was often set up in which “green wine” (modern absinthe) was sold.

The goods at the fairs were very diverse. Everyone sold everything they could: from bagels and bagels to livestock and poultry.

There was great freedom for artisans: coopers, blacksmiths, haberdashers, potters. Here they could sell a large number of their products.

Russian fairs: how it all began. From the ancient marketplace to the present day

Various craftsmen also offered their services: shoemakers, tailors, barbers. In addition, jesters and buffoons walked around the market, luring people to the fair with the help of Russian folk barkers.

Folk festivities. In addition to trading, the fair also featured entertainment events: music played, artists performed, circuses performed, and Russian folk songs about the fair were sung. Usually fairs were equated with holidays. Most often, church holidays, as well as Maslenitsa, were celebrated this way. All public holidays included this tradition. At the fairs, all the people had as much fun as they could - people watched performances, rode on carousels, and took part in competitions.

Traditions of fair festivities took place in squares, village streets, outside the city or village. Young girls and boys who had reached marriageable age necessarily took part in all youth entertainment and village celebrations.

Avoidance of participation in the holiday caused ridicule and public censure.

An integral part of the festivities were outdoor games, round dances and dances. The center of the festivities were Maslenitsa and Trinity bonfires, swings and ice slides.

Booths, or mobile theaters, were very popular at such holidays. They invited people to see the strange animals and unusual people. Various plays were often performed in them. Another attraction was the puppet theaters, in which the cheerful parsley always played the main role.

The first fairs in Rus' helped people take their minds off work and family problems, allowed them to have fun, relax and, at the same time, earn income from their craft. They brought variety and fun into the life of Russian people.

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At churchyards and marketplaces, trade was, as a rule, local in nature. And only later, with the development of broader market relations, with the involvement of agricultural products and products of urban artisans in trade, the area of ​​action of local markets and the radius of their influence expands. Their meaning is shopping centers begins to extend far beyond the boundaries of the area.

Having had a great influence on the further development of Russian trade, trading markets prepared the transition to more complex forms - stationary market and periodic bazaar.

The necessary prerequisites were created for the emergence of fair trade, which was distinguished from previous forms not only by the large size of trade turnover, but also by its two inherent tendencies - centrifugal and centripetal.

The fair accumulated a huge mass of all kinds of goods brought from different parts of the country. And being, on the one hand, the center of gravity of these goods, on the other hand, it dispersed them in various directions across local markets within the country and abroad.

These two trends determined the active role of the fair and its significance in the development of Russian trade for several centuries.

The first Russian fairs as an organizational form of periodic wholesale and retail trade arose in the 14th-15th centuries, during the initial period of the elimination of feudal fragmentation and the formation of a single national Russian state.

With the development of trade relations and the formation of a Russian centralized state, the number of fairs and their turnover increased. Fairs were the centers of the formation of the all-Russian market.

Their duration varied (from 1 day to several months). The main items of trade are agricultural products, livestock, horses, handicrafts and industrial products, furs, leather, etc.

By the beginning of the 17th century, the process of territorial and political centralization in Russia ended with the merging of regions, lands and principalities into one whole.

This merger was caused by increasing exchange between regions, gradually growing commodity circulation, and the concentration of small local markets into one all-Russian market. The leaders and masters of this process were merchants.

Merchants - initially any people who bought or sold goods, intermediaries between the manufacturer and the buyer - gradually become “merchants”. This word no longer means individual, sometimes random people, but the middle class in Russian medieval society, beginning to play the role of a commercial and industrial mover.

The merchant class, as a professionally isolated social class, owes its origin entirely to the development of trade.

Concentrating large domestic and partially foreign trade in their hands, Russian merchants were active participants in fair trading. They made large trade transactions at large fairs, bought goods, the sale of which to the foreign market did not constitute a royal monopoly and therefore was not prohibited by the government.

Fairs became especially widespread in our country in the 17th and 18th centuries.

The emergence of manufacturing production in Russia dates back to this time, which had a significant impact on the expansion of domestic trade, including fair trade. Peter I, attaching great importance to it, contributed in every possible way to the development of fairs. He, for example, believed that this form not only contributes to the development of domestic trade, but is also one of the ways to develop trade relations with foreign countries.

The regulations to the Chief Magistrate in 1721 stated that the magistrate is obliged to “try to increase fairs and trades in cities and districts, in decent places, and especially in those to which there is free water passage, because through these fairs and trades are multiplied government fees, trade and fishing are developing and this brings about contentment among the people.”

In 1755, with the establishment of a special percentage fee on guild capital, merchants of the first two guilds received the right to duty-free trade at all fairs in the country, which merchants of the third guild did not have.

The growth of manufacturing production in the first half of the 19th century had a great influence on the development of not only domestic but also foreign trade in Russia. It was during this period that, in addition to Moscow and St. Petersburg, such large subjects of domestic and foreign trade as, for example, Riga, Odessa, Nikolaev, Novorossiysk, Nizhny Novgorod and some others.

During the same period, there was a rapid increase in the number of fairs in Russia and a significant increase in trade fair turnover.

Fairs are becoming the largest wholesale centers. By the end of the first half of the 19th century, there were over 5.5 thousand of them in Russia, and they operated in almost all regions of the country.

The vast majority of them (about 5.2 thousand) were located in counties and rural areas. The turnover of large fairs amounted to tens of millions of rubles, and the share of fair trade in the country’s domestic trade turnover increased every year.

They also played a major role in foreign trade.

Already the first Russian fairs of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries attracted many foreign merchants, who brought Eastern and Western European goods here in exchange for Russian ones. For example, in the 14th and 15th centuries, Germans, Poles, Lithuanians, Greeks, Italians and Persians came to a large Russian fair in the Kholopy town, at the confluence of the Mologa and the Volga. Foreign merchants exchanged sewn clothes, fabrics, leather, axes and dishes for products of Russian artisans, as well as for raw materials, honey, etc.

In the second half of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century, the role of fairs in foreign trade especially increased.

They contributed to the promotion of Russian goods to foreign markets, and imported goods to the domestic markets of Russia.

We are grateful to the kind Russian statistics, which preserved information about the state of fair business in the country by the end of the last century.

In 1865 there were 6.5 thousand operating in Russia.

Ya., 35 of them with a turnover of over 1 million rubles. There were 2 groups of largest fairs - the Ural (Irbit, Menzelinsk, etc.) and Ukrainian (Kharkov, Poltava, Rivne, etc.). In 1894, more than 18 thousand fairs were held in Russia with a turnover of 1,100 million rubles. Among them, one-day fairs accounted for more than 64%, those lasting 2-7 days - 32.6%, the rest lasted more than a week. The fairs varied greatly in scope. At the same time, it was small retail stores (import of goods up to 10 thousand rubles) that accounted for the bulk (70%) of the entire fair trade turnover.

Medium-sized wholesale and retail companies gave another 25%. The few large wholesale fairs that attracted special attention were of little importance in this sense.

With the beginning of widespread railway construction in the 2nd half of the 19th century, the importance of the fair in Russia’s internal trade began to fall, and their trade turnover decreased.

Root Fair in Kursk with a turnover of over 22 million rubles. in 1834, in 1911 it had a turnover of only 800 thousand rubles. But overall in Russia the number of fairs was growing. In 1911, 16 thousand were active.

fairs with a total turnover of 1 billion rubles. About 87% of them were small fairs organized in villages on church holidays. Large fairs with a turnover of over 1 million rubles. was 23.

In first place in terms of turnover was the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, 2nd was Irbitskaya, 3rd was Menovnicheskaya Fair near Orenburg. Of great importance especially in the 19th century. had Ukrainian fairs, among which the Kharkov fairs stood out - Kreshchenskaya, Trinity, Uspenskaya and Pokrovskaya, which lasted 3-4 weeks.

In 1834 their total turnover reached more than 22 million rubles, in 1913 - about 36 million rubles. In the North, a major fair was Margaritinskaya in Arkhangelsk with a turnover of about 2 million.

rub. in 1911.

There were also special horse, cattle, and forest fairs. The Kiev Contract Fair, which arose at the beginning of the 19th century, had a special character. It concluded transactions (contracts) for the wholesale purchase and sale of sugar, bread, metals, coal, etc. There was special fair legislation; fair committees were created to manage trade at large fairs.

By the beginning of the 19th century. An extensive fair network has developed in Russia.

Fairs contributed to the development of the country as a single economic organism. Of greatest importance in this regard was the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, which already in the 20s of the 19th century was the largest in the world in terms of its turnover.

Development of fairs in Russia

It was established by the Highest order on February 15, 1817. At that time, merchants from many countries of the East and West came to Nizhny Novgorod with their goods, so the local fair was called the “exchange yard of Europe and Asia,” to which “up to fifty tribes” flocked to sell their goods. At the same time, the Nizhny Novgorod fair was also called the “All-Russian marketplace”, where merchants arrived from all over Russia, Siberia, Central Asia, Persia, and the Caucasus.

European merchants supplied the fair with cloth, paper and silk fabrics, linen and hemp products, paints, textile goods, coffee, mahogany and sandalwood, various drinks, corals, watches, silver and haberdashery, cosmetics, steel products, various tools, fashionable clothes.

They also bought it here wide range goods. Bread and agricultural technical raw materials—flax, hemp, hemp, leather, and bristles—were in particular demand. Thus, in the first half of the 19th century, the Nizhny Novgorod Fair was the main supplier of agricultural raw materials for Western European and domestic textile factories.

Europeans were also attracted by goods delivered to the fair from the East.

Merchants Asian countries They brought mainly colonial goods and products of oriental craftsmen. Tea was supplied from China, and cotton yarn, carpets and various fabrics were supplied from Bukhara. From Persia they were transported to large quantities silk, pearls, dried fruits. Turkish merchants sold shawls at the fair, gems, tobacco.

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Life in the metropolis is extremely busy. Go to work early in the morning, while there are no traffic jams. Then a busy day, running to the kindergarten to pick up the children and home to start all over again in the morning. There is no time left to go shopping. Therefore, by the weekend the refrigerator is empty, and you need to urgently go shopping. That is why they have become so popular on weekends. They open on Saturday and Sunday at a predetermined location. Merchants here have the right to sell goods without rent, which affects the final cost of the product.

Convenient for seller and buyer

For the most part, they sell here. Weekend fairs in Moscow allow the sale of agricultural products, so you can buy them at favorable price meat and milk, cheese and butter, and much more. But the most important idea that formed the basis for the development of this type of street trading is support for villages. People living in rural areas raise livestock, fruits and vegetables, but cannot sell them. They simply don’t have time to go to the city and stand around all day waiting for buyers. At the same time, city residents are busy at work and cannot travel to the suburbs for fresh food. Only resellers are free, who take goods for pennies, bring them to the city and sell them at capital prices.

History of origin

In fact, weekend fairs in Moscow began to appear relatively recently. For this purpose, officials allocated special sites and traveled to the regions, persuading farmers to trade in the capital. At first they came with caution, but when they saw the fantastic demand for their products, they began to bring their goods more willingly. According to reviews from Muscovites, good choice products and competitive prices contribute to the preference for shopping on weekends instead of traditional visits to supermarkets. As a result, everyone was happy. Weekend fairs are a regular event.

Opening hours

To plan your day in advance, you first need to decide what to do. And, of course, an important task for the weekend is purchasing fresh food for the coming week. This is precisely why weekend fairs are organized in Moscow.

Their work schedule has not changed since its founding and remains the same to this day. Traders wait for their customers from Friday to Sunday, from 8 am to 7 pm. People from distant regions come here for three days at once. However, by Sunday, some of the sellers go home as food supplies run out.

Product range

As always, weekend fairs (Moscow) are an extremely profitable place for shopping. There is a wide range of seasonal products available here. IN winter time you can buy a wide variety of meat and fish, pickles and smoked goods. In summer, the period of berries, fruits and vegetables begins. By autumn, the abundance of goods begins to simply amaze. Here are mushrooms and preparations, potatoes and peppers, cabbage and ruddy apples. As we have already said, a place at the weekend fair in Moscow is provided free of charge, so there are a lot of people who want to take part in this event.

In addition to domestic farmers, traders from Armenia and Kazakhstan, Belarus and Kyrgyzstan began to come here. This is not prohibited, as it increases the variety of goods and competition between sellers, which means pricing policy will be more loyal.

Reservation of retail spaces

I would like to say right away that despite the apparent spontaneity, such markets are quite well organized. This is the responsibility of the Moscow Trade Department. Weekend fairs are planned in advance, the number of stalls is calculated taking into account the reservation of places. This is done through a special portal. Based on the applications, it is determined how many places will be allocated for vegetables, meat or dairy. After this, throughout the season, the seller can use his place to sell products.

Manufacturers and resellers

Initially, such fairs were created to support manufacturers. Of course, there are still those who come to the regions, buy products and bring them to the market. However, the trade department has known most of the manufacturers well for many years, and they are always given preference. Resellers have to adhere to competitive prices, otherwise their goods will remain on the shelf. Therefore, the market regulates itself very well.

List of weekend fairs in Moscow

It is updated every year, and the list of addresses does not decrease, but increases. In 2017, the fair season began on April 7. In total, 102 fairs open their doors throughout the capital. They will be located in all districts so that every resident of the capital can get to the most as soon as possible and buy fresh produce for your family.

Surely our readers are interested in specific addresses. Weekend fairs in Moscow are opened annually in places where they have already been before. Therefore, you can't go wrong if you go to the previous address. In the Novomoskovsk district this year there are four open-air markets. In the city of Troitsk - on Oktyabrsky Prospekt, 20, in the village of Ryazanovskoye - on Banner of October Square.

Several fairs operate in the Zelenograd district. Here they are waiting for you at Yunosti Square, 2 and at Mikhailovsky Ponds. The closer to the center of the capital, the denser the location of weekend fairs becomes.

In the center of the capital

To make it easier for you to find your nearest retail outlet, we will try to list the main addresses in Moscow. Weekend fairs await you:

• On Arbat, 2nd Nikoloshchepovsky lane;
• Basmanny, Starokirochny Lane, 1/47;
• st. Shchepkina, 47;
• Presnensky district, square;
• Tagansky, st. Shkolnaya, 36-48.

It should be noted that it was for the residents of this area that such events became the most interesting. According to customer reviews, purchasing fresh agricultural products on weekends near home is very convenient, since the only alternative is the usual supermarkets.

NEAD

More than a dozen trading platforms opened here this year. In total, there are more than 300 trading places throughout the district. The most impressive site is organized in the Bibirevo area, at Leskova, 14. This is no less than 68 places. In Maryina Roshcha on the street. Oktyabrskaya, 42 is also waiting for you every weekend. Additionally, you can visit the fair in Butyrsky and Ostankino districts.

A complete list of fairs can be found on the official website of the Department of Trade. This allows you to save a lot of time and go directly to where you planned. Prices on all trading platforms are approximately at the same level, which is also determined at the registration stage. The entrepreneur must first indicate what he is going to sell and what price he will adhere to. If the cost of products is too high, he will be offered to either reconsider the terms or trade on paid markets.

South-Eastern Administrative District

A dozen trading platforms open their doors here:

• St. Aircraft designer Mil, 7.
• Kuzminki, st. Young Leninists, 52.
• Nizhny Novgorod, st. Nizhegorodskaya, 76A.
• Printers, st. Shosseynaya, 1.
• Ryazansky, st. 4.

The entrance to the fair territory is necessarily marked with special blue ribbons with a logo. Therefore, it is impossible to confuse it. According to visitors' reviews, most of them prefer to come shopping on Friday or Saturday. And from the very morning. The logic here is simple: by Sunday, all the best can be taken away. Others, on the contrary, believe that it is best to visit the fair on Sunday evening. Traders need to leave, and they will good discount for remaining goods. Which schedule you choose for yourself is up to you.

Instead of a conclusion

It’s not so easy to buy natural food, fresh herbs from your garden, and natural milk in the center of the capital. But today Muscovites have a unique opportunity to purchase farmers’ products at affordable prices directly from manufacturers. Weekend fairs have become very popular both among farmers, who have the opportunity to sell your goods with greater convenience, and among buyers. Every year there are more and more applications for participation from manufacturers, which means that the number of fairs will only grow.