Alaska: Denali National Park. Denali National Park Denali National Park and Preserve

National Park Denali is the most popular and visited in Alaska. On its territory there is the highest mountain in the USA Mountain peak McKinley. We got to the park at the most beautiful time of the year - a stunning fiery autumn...

1. After we landed at the Anchorage airport on our way back from the bears, we immediately rented a car and headed towards Denali. We drove for about four hours and arrived already dark.

2. There is one 92-mile road through the park. Movement through the park on own car allowed only up to mile 15. To move around the park there is a system of buses, which are divided into excursion buses, shuttles and buses for campers. If you come to the park for one day, you do not need to obtain any special permission. If you are going to stay in the park overnight with a tent, then you need to get a pass and register with the rangers. The park is divided into zones and the number of people staying overnight in each zone is strictly limited.

3. We planned to stay in the park for two nights, but spent the night outside the park in a motel. To travel along the only road, either shuttles or a tour bus were suitable for us. The first ones are cheaper, run on a schedule, you can leave at any time, the second one has a guaranteed excursion and lunch, and is assigned to a specific group. You can also get a tour in the shuttle, but it depends on the mood of the driver. Otherwise, the buses are identical, they stop at the same points, and any of them stops to view the animals.

4. Since we only had one day for a deep trip to the park and we weren’t going to go at intermediate stops, I chose an excursion. Tickets for both excursions and shuttles can be taken for different distances (but you need to remember that there is only one road in the park). I chose the longest trip to the final destination Kantishna, the average duration is 12 hours.

5. We arrived at the park in the evening and didn’t go anywhere that day. The next day we were supposed to have a tour, and the next day we were supposed to leave the park and catch an overnight flight to New York from Anchorage. In general, on the day of the excursion, a rather rare organizational epic fail happened to me - for some reason I did not look at the map and went in the exact opposite direction from the collection point for the excursion. By the time we figured out the situation and got to the right place, the bus had already left. The travel agency staff kindly changed the excursion for the next day, but the situation was not easy: the excursion ended at 20.00, the drive to Anchorage was 4 hours, the plane was leaving at 1.00. But we decided to use Scarlett O'Hara's principle and think about it tomorrow.

6. Thus, the program for the first day changed dramatically and we went to explore the park on our own.

7. First, we drove the car to the end of the 15-mile section and walked along the short and pleasant Savage River Loop Trail:

8. We got to the park at amazing time- everything around was simply ablaze with autumn colors.

9. I’m sure that in the summer it’s also not bad here, but autumn in the park is something unimaginable, I wanted to photograph every species, every tree, every bush.

10. We were lucky with the weather, although it was quite cold. There are clouds in the sky, but in these parts clear sky- very rare.

14. The next trail we went to was Horseshoe Lake Trail.

15. My jaw dropped when I saw this. The pickup truck in the photo has special small wheels to drive quickly along the rails.

16. We had one gap in our trip - we did not see sled dogs. In Denali, you could make up for lost time - there is a dog kennel (Sled Dog Kennel). Several times a day there are dog performances and ranger lectures.

17. There was time left before the dog demonstration, so we had time for one more walk - we walked along the Taiga Trail - Meadow View Trail - Roadside Trail.

23. We took a long walk in the fresh and frosty air and went to see the dogs.

24. Dogs are very affectionate and friendly. They live in the nursery until they are 9 years old and then retire to foster families. A typical dog will have accumulated about 8,000 miles of patrol mileage by this age. However, at nine years old, a sled dog is still very vigorous and full of strength, so its new owners should also be very active and lovers of a healthy lifestyle.

25. Dogs are trained to sit on top of their kennels, so that it would be easier to grab them and put them in a harness:

26. There are about 30 dogs in the kennel, new offspring appear every spring. The dog breed is the Alaskan Husky, although this breed is not officially recognized. They are the product of hundreds of years of crossing and breeding, with a strong desire to run forward and pull a team. All dogs are very different in appearance because they are bred for physical characteristics and not appearance.

27. Ranger talks about dogs:

28. Harness a team for demonstration. All the dogs immediately became alarmed and began shouting “Pick me, Pick me,” i.e. "Choose me, choose me." The ranger drags the dog by the collar so that its front paws do not touch the ground, otherwise the person will not hold it.

29. Sled on gravel, I’ve never seen anything like it. But the team rushed off with such speed as if it had been shot out of a cannon.

30. The dogs got their well-deserved bones.

31. It turns out that each dog in the team has its own role. The leader - the dog addressed by the musher (dog driver) - is located farthest from the sled. The leader is less physically strong, but must be psychologically stable and smart. Guide dogs should follow immediately behind the leader, often these are experienced dogs who are candidates for the role of leader. The steering dogs are harnessed closest to the sleigh, so they get tired more than others; they must be the strongest and most resilient. The dogs of the central couple are the main labor force; their job is to run in the right direction without hesitation.

32. The spitting image of Master Yoda:

33. Returning to the motel:

34. The house where we stayed:

Next time I will tell you about the long but very interesting trip deep into the park by bus.

To be continued...

Alaska - all entries.

Welcome to the United States of America!

Official name: Denali National Park and Preserve.

Park area: 24585 sq. km.

Date of foundation: 02/26/1917

Alaska's Denali National Park embodies it all character traits this northern region. The gigantic territory occupied by the park is not much less than 25 thousand square kilometers and significantly exceeds the territories of many states and some American states, in particular. However, there is only one dirt road through the park with very little traffic, since it is closed to private vehicles.

Unlike other areas located up to the 48th parallel, Denali contains a significant amount of open space, representing tens of miles of tundra covered with a carpet of flowers, which is crossed by wide rivers, appearing white from the abundance of stones crushed to a dusty state by glaciers. Wild animals representing the local fauna live in a free environment in the park: caribou, mountain sheep, moose, brown bears and wolves.

In clear weather, you can see one of the main natural attractions - the majestic Mount McKinley, which has a height of 6,096 meters and is not only the highest peak in North America, but also the highest point in Alaska. mountain range, which extends over 600 miles or almost 1,000 kilometers. The indigenous people of these places call them Athabascans. mountain range Denali, which means "Great". This name has every reason to exist, since the height of the ridge from base to top exceeds the height of the famous Mount Everest. Initially, the name Denali referred to the mountain itself, but later it received the name McKinley in honor of the 25th President of the United States, William McKinley, who died in 1901.

When the national park was founded in 1917, it was named Mount McKinley, and the summit of the mountain of the same name was located outside its boundaries. Only on December 1, 1978, according to the decree of US President Jimmy Carter, it was given the status of a separate Denali National Monument, and 2 years later the park and the monument were united into a single Denali National Park.

Location: Alaska

Total area: 6,075,029 acres

On a clear summer day in Denali National Park, you'll see views you won't forget, like a golden eagle soaring over the cliffs at Polychrome Pass, a herd of 20 Dall sheep grazing peacefully on the slopes of the Primerose Mountains, or a grizzly bear on the tundra at Sable Pass. Reindeer can be seen silhouetted against the midday sun on the mountaintops, and loons nest on Wonder Lake. Strong winds blow away the clouds, revealing the majestic 20,320-foot Mount McKinley. McKinley Peak - America's highest peak

Amazing landscapes greet you literally at every step. To enjoy them, ride along the park's 148 km main route. The beauty of the subarctic, endless blue skies and a huge number of wild animals living in these places await you. On clear days, McKinley Summit can be seen from 113 km away.

Visitors visiting Denali National Park in winter can enjoy the views northern lights over the Chugach Mountains, located in the south of the park.

Over the past 30 years, the number of visitors to Denali Park has increased by 200%. The administration is making significant efforts to ensure that the endless flow of tourists does not harm the wildlife. On the territory of the park there is a transport system, small tent camps are equipped. The reserve has strict restrictions regarding overnight stays of tourists. If you are unable to make travel arrangements in advance, you may have to wait a day or two to secure a seat on the camp or tour bus.

Flora and fauna

The flora of the taiga and tundra is represented by coniferous trees (mainly white and black spruce), as well as birch trees. In the tundra you can find different kinds lichens, shrubs with berries, flowering and woody plants, thanks to which every August you can see an extraordinary riot of colors here. Alaska's plant diversity includes more than 1,500 species (mostly mosses and lichens, which form the basis of the park's ecosystem).

The tundra and taiga are inhabited by various species of wild animals. The park is home to the "Big Five" animals - grizzly bears, wolves, elk, deer and Dall sheep. Along with the “big five”, lynx, martens, lynx and beavers live here, as well as 167 species of birds (gyrfalcons, partridges, redpolls, chickadees and tits).

Other national parks in North America are also famous for their biodiversity, but in Denali all the animals are on display.

Animal activity largely depends on the time of year. Many of them managed to adapt to low temperatures, however, Denali Park is quiet in the winter. Mammals hibernate, and birds fly away to warmer climes, and only in the spring does nature come to life. Migratory birds return here, animals come out of their holes. IN summer months representatives of the fauna enjoy the sun, raise their offspring and prepare for a new winter.

Grizzlies are distinguished from other members of the bear family by their impressive hump and long claws on their front paws. These animals are found mostly alone, with the exception of mother bears with cubs.

The agile and fearless Dalla ram is the only species of white ram in the world. They can be seen on the peaks and steep slopes of mountains in Denali National Park. Males have large, rounded horns used in fighting.

Do you know that…

Naturalist Charles Sheldon, inspired by the beauty of the Toklat River, spent nine years of his life promoting the creation of national park- the first in Alaska.

In 1917, the reserve was named Mount McKinley, but 63 years later it was renamed Denali, which means “highest” in the Athabascan languages.

That same year, the Alaska National Interest Land Conservation Act (ANILCA) was passed, which expanded the park's boundaries by 2 million hectares. As a result, Denali National Park and Preserve was created.

What to do in the park?

TO highest point Mountaineers from all over the world come to the North American continent, Mount McKinley, but not all of them can climb to the top. However, you will always be able to enjoy the magnificent scenery.

In the winter, Denali offers snowshoe, dog sled, and ski tours. Visit the dog kennel, which has been operating in the national park since 1920. At Denali Dog Sled Expeditions and Denali West, you can use one of the available sleds.

A visit to the Murie Research Center is great fun for families with children. You can attend field workshops or lectures, and view a local exhibit that includes a fossilized footprint of a three-toed theropod discovered in the park in 2005.

Kinds

The main road of the park is 148 km long. It runs along the perimeter of the territory and the trip takes about 13 hours. Private cars are only allowed as far as Savage River Station, then you can transfer to a bus to explore the area and enjoy the tundra scenery. You'll see melting glaciers, spruce trees, wildlife, and Mount McKinley, 70 miles away.

Routes

Despite the fact that Denali has the status of a nature reserve, most of the park is open to public visits. For an easy hike, try the Horseshoe Lake Trail, which leads through a thicket of spruce trees to Horseshoe Lake. Travel time is 90 minutes. You will be able to enjoy picturesque views of the surrounding area of ​​the lake, where various representatives of the animal world are found.

For lovers extreme tourism recommended route "Taiga" leading to observation deck atop Mount Healy at 1,700 feet. Anyone who braves this arduous 2.2 mile (3-4 hour) trek will be rewarded with magnificent views of the park's entrance, the Nenana River valley and the Alpine mountain ranges. On clear days, Mount McKinley, located 80 miles to the southwest, can be seen in the distance.

Adventures

Denali's wilderness and vast expanse don't fit the typical description of a national park, and you won't be able to travel through it in the usual ways. If you are used to following the beaten path, forget about it. There are simply no trails here - at least in areas remote from the center. The strategy is simple - go to the river on tourist bus, and then head upstream.

Sanctuary, Teklanika and Toklat are the state's main waterways, but you'll need a special permit to visit them all. The vast expanses of alpine tundra are crossed by many small rivers and streams fed by glaciers in the Alaska Range. Hike along the 8-11 km trail, set up a tent and spend a few days observing wildlife. For some days you will have to make a lot of efforts to survive, but you will be able to feel incredible freedom and unity with the world around you.

In order to do the best photos sunsets and sunrises along hills, streams and gorges, head to Stony Hill. This viewpoint is located 36 miles from Mount McKinley. During the migration period, more than 2,000 reindeer can be seen from here. Stoney Creek meanders along the bottom of a canyon with multi-colored walls, beyond which a majestic valley opens up. If you want to photograph Mount McKinley, remember that the best shots are usually taken at dawn, since the area is quite cloudy during the day.

How to plan a trip?

The more time you can spend in Denali the better, but you should have at least two days to spare. The park is very popular, so route changes should be confirmed in advance.

Personal vehicles are allowed into the area up to Savage River Check Station without restrictions. From there, private vehicles are prohibited, but you can always take the bus. In order to approach the camp on the banks of the Teklanka River, you will need a special permit. In addition, you can take a bus (flights are organized from late May to mid-September, the schedule changes occasionally).

Buses are a convenient means of transportation around the park. You can get off at any desired location and then continue your journey again. You should find out about flight schedules and availability in advance.

Camper Bus will take you to one of the park's campgrounds or remote areas. Book your tent site in advance.

Denali provides bus excursions, during which you do not have to plan your route yourself. You can choose from any of the available tour options: Tundra Wilderness, Denali Natural History or Kantishna.

If you find it difficult to choose, visit the park’s website, where you will get all the information you are interested in (including a mini-test to identify personal preferences).

Annular bus route The 85-mile route covers all of the park's major attractions, including Wonder Lake, and takes 11 hours to complete. Take warm clothes, binoculars and some food with you (the only food store is located near the tourist center). The bus stops on request, so be prepared to walk a lot. Sometimes there may be no space on the bus and you will have to wait for the next one.

Bus tickets and seats tent camps x sells out very quickly, so be prepared to spend a couple of nights in a private hotel if necessary, waiting for your turn.

The summit of Mount McKinley is almost always shrouded in clouds, with skies clearing a little in the early morning or late evening.

How to get there?

When leaving Anchorage, take the Alas Highway. 1 (Glenn Track). 35 miles north take the Alas exit. 3 (George Park Circuit). Denali is located 205 miles north. When leaving Fairbanks, take the Alas Highway. 3. The park is located 120 miles southwest. During the summer months, you can get to Denali by railway, V winter time The train runs only on weekends. The closest airports are in Anchorage, Fairbanks and Talkeetna.

When to go?

In summer, the length of the day in these parts is no more than 21 hours. From late May to mid-September you can take the bus. There are generally fewer visitors in June than in July and August. In late August or early September, the tundra turns red, orange and yellow. The Denali Visitor Center is also open in the winter, offering skiing, dog sledding, and snowshoeing.

It is better to climb Mount McKinley in May or early June; at other times there is a high probability of an avalanche. Most climbers fly in by helicopter from Talkeetna, landing on the Kalhitna Glacier, located at 7,200 feet. The ascent takes from 15 to 30 days.

Where to stay?

Housing within the park

Denali National Park has 6 campgrounds of varying sizes. Some of them can be reached by personal vehicle, others are accessible by bus. In remote areas of the park you can pitch your own tent.

At the end point of the main tourist route There is a camp with wooden houses. Toilet and showers are located outside. Camp Denali covers 27 acres, is open from early July to mid-September, and costs $1,365 for three nights.

In 1954, Camp Denali and the North Face Hotel were built. They are located on a rocky mountain slope and cover an area of ​​67 acres. Camp Denali is a complex of 17 small houses with wood stoves, in the North Face building you can rent one of 15 rooms, each of which is equipped with a separate shower. From the windows you can see the main peaks of the Alaska Range (8 in total). Camp Denali and North Face are open from June to September.

In the historical district of Kantishna there is an elite hotel Kantishna Roadhouse. The small, rustic-style houses are run by Doyon Tourism, a company founded local residents(Athabaskan tribe). The complex is open from June to September.

Housing outside the park

There are 45 cedar cabins located at the entrance to Denali National Park. The administration of the complex organizes rafting tours and excursions to remote corners of the park. You can reach Denali Cabins from Hwy 3.

On the slopes of the mountain Sugar Loaf, to the north of the entrance to the park there is a complex “Denali Crow's Nest” with 39 houses, from the windows of which you can see panoramic view to the Alaska Range. The administration also organizes helicopter tours, exploration excursions local nature and natural history.

The Denali Princess Wilderness Inn is located close to the park, and it won't take long to get to your destination.

The EarthSong Inn is 4 miles from the park entrance trail, which is 17 miles away. Dog sled tours around the park are organized here. Guests can stay in one of 12 huts.

Excursions outside the park

Denali National Park is adjacent to the state park of the same name. with total area 325,240 acres. In it you can see similar landscapes and animals. In addition, it has 4 tent camps with 120 beds and two hotel buildings that are open throughout the year (room reservations are strictly required).

Permission to visit remote parts of the park is issued only at the tourist center no more than 24 hours in advance.

The bus ticket price ($29) includes all taxes.

A seven-day pass to the reserve costs $25, a place in a tent camp starts at $12. Tight-sealing containers are provided free of charge (to protect food and personal items from bears).

The park's main road is closed from mid-September to mid-May.

Before traveling, be sure to read the safety precautions. Denali is home to brown bears and grizzly bears, so you shouldn't hike in complete silence. Making various sounds will alert animals to your presence. If you see a bear, you should not attempt to escape. Keep a safe distance (at least 300 yards).

Store food in tightly closed containers.

Although a tourist's primary responsibility is to avoid harming wildlife, you are not obligated to hide from animals. If you want to see them in natural environment habitat, go for a walk in the early morning or late afternoon.

If you have any questions, please consult your park guide. You can download it for free. In this document you will learn about optimal routes movement, bus schedules and prices for places in tent camps.

Pets should be kept on leashes while walking in the park. It is prohibited to walk dogs on lawns or bathe them in the river.

Be sure to book your bus tickets and campsite in advance as they sell out quickly. Although the bus is a very convenient and fast means of transportation, large families will have to prepare for the fact that sometimes they will have to travel separately. Don't look for it bus stop– transport should be stopped with gestures.

Park website nps.gov/dena

1. Denali is a biosphere reserve (in the American sense, a park) in the USA with a total area of ​​about 25 thousand km²; located in the heart of Alaska.

3. First of all, on its territory there is the most high mountain America– McKinley Peak, whose height above sea level is 6194 m, while relative height– 6138 m (third place in the list of the highest mountains in the world).
Mount McKinley has an unusual shape; it is one of the few “double-headed mountains.”

5. In the Athabascan language, the word "Denali" means "Great".
This was originally the name of Mount McKinley, which was then renamed in honor of US President William McKinley.
The popularity of the national park for tourists is evidenced by the fact that more than 1 million tourists visit it annually - it is one of the most popular national parks in the United States.

6. The park was founded in 1917 under the name Mount McKinley, although the peak of the mountain of the same name was located outside its territory. On December 1, 1978, by decree of Jimmy Carter, the park was created as a separate Denali National Monument. On December 2, 1980, Mount McKinley National Park and Denali National Monument were merged under the name Denali National Park.

9. In the park there are numerous rivers flowing through mountain valleys, as well as lakes of glacial origin.

11. There are 39 species of mammals in the park. Denali is well known for its large population of grizzly bears and black bears. Widespread animals include moose (some specimens of which reach a weight of 500 kg in the park), caribou deer, Dala sheep, wolves, squirrels, foxes, and beavers.

16. The only representative of amphibians in Alaska is a tree frog living in Denali, about 6 cm long; her liver produces glucose, which prevents her body cells from freezing in subzero temperatures; During the winter the frog does not breathe and its heart does not beat, but in the spring it comes to life.

21. The park's flora is a combination of North American and Asian species. This is explained by the fact that at the beginning of the Quaternary period North America repeatedly connected with Asia and instead of the Bering Strait there was an isthmus, thanks to which the exchange of plant and animal species took place. The total number of plant species in the park is about 650, including a variety of mosses, lichens, fungi and algae. Southern and northern slopes The Alaska Range is covered with coniferous forests. There are deciduous trees.

The largest state in the USA is considered one of the main tourist centers in America. For foreigners, Alaska appears to be an untouched area where winter reigns supreme. Travelers from all over the world come here for adventure and communication with pristine nature, the beauty of which leaves indelible impressions.

History of the park

Occupying an area of ​​25 thousand km 2, Denali National Park is located in the center of Alaska. This is the most popular and visited nature reserve in America, where, in conditions wildlife visitors get acquainted with its unique fauna. More than 12 thousand years ago, ancient human settlements lived here, and archaeological finds confirm this. And at the beginning of the 20th century, when the first gold miners appeared in the “land of the midnight sun”, in the territory modern park lived five groups of northern tribes.

The famous naturalist Charles Sheldon, once in Alaska, admired the amazing views surrounding nature. The naturalist, who toured the area adjacent to Mount McKinley, spent nine years lobbying the US Congress for the idea of ​​creating a reserve. He said that wildlife needs protection, and if no measures are taken, the animals will become the prey of hunters, and the unique flora will disappear forever.

His efforts were not in vain, and in 1917 Denali National Park was founded, originally named after McKinley Peak. Only 63 years later, the authorities united two protected areas (the park and the highest mountain in the United States) into a single complex with beautiful name, which translates as “great” from the Athabascan language.

In 1939, biologist A. Mary, who studied the behavior of wolves in the wild, told the whole world about the importance of these animals for the natural ecosystem. Thanks to his report, the extermination of predators in Denali was prohibited.

Developed infrastructure

In the 50s of the last century, the management of the biosphere reserve became concerned with the problem of providing quality service to guests. The main road was widened, comfortable hotels appeared and tourist centers. True, many scientists were hostile to the desire to make Denali National Park open to visitors, and the main critic was Adolphe Mary, who considered the inappropriateness of developing a tourist destination in a conservation area.

Wildlife area

The Denali National Park and Preserve, which includes part of the Alaska Range, including the Kalhiltna Glacier, and the towering Mount McKinley, has 19,000 square kilometers of parkland available to visitors. More than 650 species of plants and trees, 167 species of birds and 39 species of mammals have become the pride of the best nature reserve on the planet.

Denali National Park, whose photos convey the grandeur of its wild nature, will delight you with the extraordinary landscapes you encounter at every turn.

Park attractions

• Horseshoe Lake, with a picturesque panorama in the background mountainous area delights all guests.
• Tanana River. It was here that the main events of the “gold rush” unfolded at the beginning of the 20th century. The climate in the river valley, covered with ice from May to October, is extremely harsh, but moderate natural beauty attracts millions of tourists.
• Viewpoints Reflection Pond, Primrose Ridge, Sable Pass. They open fantastically beautiful views, which will not leave anyone indifferent, and the resulting photographs will demonstrate the enchanting landscapes of Alaska. True, as tourists say, not a single photograph can convey the fullness of the sensations of what they saw in the reserve.
• Lakes of glacial origin Chilchukabena and Vonder, clear water which and the unique atmosphere of unity with nature cannot be forgotten.

How to get around Denali

There is only one dirt road running through this untouched natural area. You can get to Denali National Park only through it, but otherwise a huge section of the reserve is completely closed to motorists. The length of the road leading through picturesque valleys to majestic mountain McKinley is 92 miles (148 kilometers) and tour buses are available to get around the park. Here you can rent an RV and stay overnight by pitching a tent.

Tourists coming to the reserve for one day do not require special permission, but those who want to spend several days in the park must obtain a special pass and register with the police. The thing is that Denali National Park in Alaska is divided into several zones, and the number of people who can stay overnight is strictly limited.

Features of excursions around the reserve

In addition, shuttle buses pass along the road, plying around the park and carrying passengers on schedule. As noted, the cheapest option is to travel around the giant reserve, getting to know the local flora and wild fauna. You can go out at any time, enjoy the wonderful nature and again go on an exciting adventure through the tundra and taiga.

Route excursion buses is no different from the rest: drivers stop at the same points as the shuttles so that guests can get a closer look at the animal world. This option is more expensive vehicle assigned to a specific group, which is guaranteed a hearty lunch after a long walk in the fresh air.

Several routes for tourists

Tourists will find it useful to know that they can buy tickets for different distances and excursions. The shortest lasts 90 minutes and leads to Horseshoe Lake through spruce forests. During this time, guests will get to know the main inhabitants of the park and enjoy the wonderful landscapes of Horseshoe Lake.

Taiga route from final stop at the Mount Healy Observation Deck is designed for fans of extreme tourism who are attracted to Denali National Park. Reviews from visitors are full of different emotions, but all guests are inclined to unanimous opinion that the four-hour journey is not only difficult, but also a pleasant adventure, and many want to repeat it.

The longest trip on the single road is 12 hours and ends at the final point of Kantishna, so visitors have the choice of traveling through the park for half a day or spending a few hours there. Guests of Alaska talk about unity with pristine nature and the incredible freedom they felt in the reserve.

Entertainment for every taste

Tourists who visited Denali National Park admit that they received excellent service. They are invited to climb and descend a snow-capped mountain on a snowboard or skis, stroll through the park and observe wild animals in natural conditions, take an unusual dog sled excursion and go with the whole family to the Murie Research Center.