Alps mountains where. Where is the Alps located? The Alps are a mountain system in Europe on the map

The form of Alpis is mentioned by Herodotus, V V. BC e., in Dr. Rome Alpes, modern German Alpen, French Alpes, Italian Alpi. Traditional use of the plural form. h. is associated with the presence of many Alps: the extensive Dolomites, Pennines, Maritimes, Julian and many other Alps are known, each of which includes ridges and massifs, the names of which also contain the term alps. Cm. also Dinaric Highlands.

Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. - M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001.

ALPS

most high mountains in the West Europe. A complex system of ridges and massifs, stretching for 1200 km and a width of up to 260 km. The highest peak is Mont Blanc (4807 m). Alpine folding. Snow line - 2500-3200 m. A. - an important climate division, to the north - temperate climate, to the south - subtropical Mediterranean. On the windward west. and north hall on slopes precipitation is 1500-2000 mm per year, in intramountain valleys 500-800 mm. There are numerous lakes of glacial origin (Geneva, Constance, etc.). Altitudinal zonation is pronounced.

Concise geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008.

Alps

(German Alpen, French Alpes, Italian Alpi, from the Celtic alp - “high mountain”), the highest mountain system Europe. Mentioned by Herodotus in the 5th century. BC e. Stretches from the coast Mediterranean Sea to Central Danube Plain . in the form of a convex to NW. arc length along the outer edge of approx. 1200 km, internal edge approx. 750 km and width from 50 to 260 km. Border with Apennines passes along the lane Cadibona (near the Gulf of Genoa), with Carpathians– along the Danube valley, with Dinaric Highlands - along the Ljubljana Basin. A. form a watershed between the basins. North, Black, Adriatic and Mediterranean seas. A. are located in Italy, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany and Slovenia. The Upper Rhine Valley is divided into higher Western. A. ( highest point G. Mont Blanc , 4807 m) and lower and wider East. A. (Bernina town, 4049 m). Alpine zone Western A., composed of ancient crystalline rocks, abruptly ends in the south to the Lombard lowland; north-west the slope, on the contrary, is surrounded by a wide strip of medium-high mountains, folded into the main. limestones. Axial zone East. Africa is also composed of crystalline rocks, but in the south (as well as in the north) it is preceded by wide limestone and dolomite rocks. Pre-alps .
Africa is an important climate division in Europe. To the north and west of them a temperate climate prevails, to the south - a subtropical Mediterranean climate. Avg. July temperatures at an altitude of 500 m are 18 °C, 1000 m – 16 °C and 2500 m – 6 °C, January temperatures are 0, –6 and –15 °C, respectively. Precipitation on the windward west. and north-west on slopes they are 1500–2000 mm (in some places up to 4000 mm), and in intramountain valleys 500–800 mm. In winter there is a lot of snow, and avalanches often occur. The snow line runs at an altitude of 2500 m (in the northern Pre-Alps) to 3200 m (in the interior and in the Eastern Alps). Counts approx. 3200 glaciers with a total area. OK. 2680 km². Most of them lie in the north, north-west. and north-east slopes, characterized by valley and cirque glaciers (the largest is Aletsch glacier).
The origins lie in A. Reina, Rhone, By , Adige , right tributaries of the Danube; many lakes, mainly glacial origin ( Geneva, Thunskoe, Brienzskoe, Vierwalstedtskoe, Bodenskoe, Lago Maggiore , Lugano , Como , Garda etc.). Altitudinal zonation is well expressed in A. Up to 800 m there are many gardens, fields, subtropical shrubs and forests (beech and oak). In the 800–1800 m zone they are gradually replaced by coniferous forests: in more humid areas - spruce and fir, in drier areas - pine, cedar and larch. Pasture life is developed here, and agriculture is developed in the lower parts of the belt. At altitudes from 1800 to 2200–2300 m, shrubs and tall grass meadows predominate; many summer pastures. Even higher is the alpine belt with short-grass alpine vegetation. The highlands are dominated by glaciers, snowfields, rocks and stone deposits.
In the alpine forests there are roe deer, Central European deer, wild boar, wolf, fox, wild cat, ferret, marten, ermine, weasel, and occasionally brown bear and lynx. Many rodents: squirrel, wild rabbit, brown hare and white hare, dormouse, etc.; as well as birds. The highlands are inhabited by chamois, alpine ibex, alpine marmot, and voles.
A. have always played a big role in the life of Europe. The army of Hannibal passed through the Alpine passes (218 BC), and the heroic campaign of A.V. Suvorov (1799) is known. Nowadays A. is one of the most important recreational areas in Europe. Widely developed mountain tourism and mountaineering, and the word alpine itself has become a common noun and is used to designate high mountains (alpine vegetation, alpine belt, mountaineering). In villages and towns there are numerous hotels and boarding houses, on the mountain slopes - cable cars and ski slopes.

Dictionary of modern geographical names. - Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria. Under the general editorship of academician. V. M. Kotlyakova. 2006 .

Alps

the highest mountain system in Europe. The ancient Greek is also mentioned. historian Herodotus in the 5th century. BC e. The Alps stretch from the Mediterranean coast to the southwest. to the Middle Danube Lowland in the east in the form of a convex to the north-west. arc length along the outer edge approx. 1200 km, internal – approx. 750 km and latitude. from 50–60 km on the Turin meridian to 240–260 km on the Verona meridian. Numerous ridges of the Alps form Ch. watershed Western and Wed. Europe between bass. North, Black, Adriatic and Mediterranean seas. On ter. The Alps are located in Italy, France, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany and Slovenia.
The transverse (meridional) section of the Upper Rhine valley between Lake Constance. to the north and lake Como in the Southern Alps is subdivided into higher Western Alps(the highest point of the Alps, Mont Blanc, 4807 m) and lower and wider Eastern Alps(Bernina, 4049 m). Zap. The Alps have a pronounced arc-shaped shape with a wide outer (northwestern and northern) edge and a shorter and steeper inner one. High mountain axial zone Western. The Alps, composed of ancient crystalline rocks resistant to weathering, abruptly ends without a transition strip to the Lombardy Lowland; northwest the slope, on the contrary, is surrounded by a wide strip of medium-high mountains, folded into the main. limestones of younger age. East The Alps extend in a latitudinal direction; their axial zone is also composed of crystalline rocks, but here from north to south it is preceded by wide limestone and dolomite Pre-Alps.
The Alps are an important climate division in Europe. For ter. The climate to the north and west of the Alps is temperate, and the climate to the south is subtropical Mediterranean. In the Alps themselves, the climate is determined primarily by the topography. Wed. July temperature at high. 500 m is equal to 18 °C, at altitude. 1000 m – 16 °C and at altitude. 2500 m – 6 °C, January 0, –6 and –15 °C, respectively. Precipitation on the windward west. and north-west slopes are 1500–2000 mm, in some places up to 4000 mm per year, and in intramountain valleys 500–800 mm. In winter, a lot of snow falls, and avalanches and mudflows often occur.
The snow line in the Northern Pre-Alps runs at altitude. 2500–2600 m, in the Alpes-Maritimes it lies at a height. 2800–2900 m, and in the interior. districts and in the East. Alps - at the highest 3000–3200 m. In total in the Alps there are approx. 3200 modern glaciers and more than 1500 migratory snowfields; glaciers occupy approx. 2680 km², and together with migratory snowfields - 2835 km². Valley and cirque glaciers are typical; most glaciers lie on slopes facing north and north-west. and S.-V. The largest in length and area is the Aletsch glacier (24.7 km; 86.8 km²). In the Alps are the sources of the Rhine, Rhone, Po, Adige, the right tributaries of the Danube (Iller, Lech, Inn, Enns, Drava), many lakes of glacial and tectonic origin. The largest: Geneva, Thun, Brienz, Vierwaldstätt, Constance, Lago Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Garda, etc.
In the Alps, the altitudinal zonation of the landscapes is well defined. Up to high 800 m climate is moderately warm, to the south. slopes - Mediterranean; there are many gardens, fields, subtropical bushes and forests, mainly beech and oak. In the zone of 800–1800 m, the climate is temperate, humid, broad-leaved forests are gradually replaced by coniferous ones - in more humid areas from spruce and fir, in drier areas from pine, European cedar and larch. Pasture husbandry is developed here, and farming is developed in the lower parts of the belt. At high from 1800 to 2200–2300 m the climate is subalpine cold, with long-lasting stable snow cover. Shrubs and tall grass meadows predominate; many summer pastures. Even higher, up to the snow line, there is an alpine belt with a cold climate and short-grass alpine vegetation; There is snow here most of the year. Finally, the highlands are occupied by a nival-glacial belt with glaciers, snowfields, bare rocks, stone placers and moraine deposits.
In the alpine forests a fairly rich fauna is still preserved. Roe deer, Central European deer, wild boar, wolf, fox, wild cat, ferret, pine marten, ermine, weasel, and occasionally brown bear and lynx are found here. Quite a lot of rodents: squirrel, wild rabbit, brown hare and white hare, dormouse, etc., as well as birds. The alpine highlands are inhabited by chamois, alpine ibex, alpine marmot, and voles.
The Alps have always played a big role in the life of Europe. Even in ancient times (218 BC), the army of Hannibal passed through the Alpine passes; the heroic alpine campaign of A.V. Suvorov (1799) is known. Nowadays the Alps are one of the most important recreational areas in Europe. Almost everywhere in villages and towns there are a lot of hotels and boarding houses, on the mountain slopes there are cable cars and ski slopes, in many corners of the mountains there are railways with a third, toothed rail. Mountain tourism and mountaineering are widely developed, and the word “alpine” itself has become a common noun and is used to designate high mountains (alpine vegetation, alpine belt, mountaineering).

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what "ALPS" are in other dictionaries:

Alps- Mont Blanc Location… Encyclopedia of tourists

- (German Alpen; French Alpes; Italian Alpi; from Celtic alp high mountain) the highest (up to 4807 m, Mont Blanc) mountain system of the West. Europe. Located in France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein; spurs in Slovenia and Germany. Length approx. 1200 km… Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (German Alpen; French Alpes; Italian Alpi; from Celtic alp high mountain), the highest (up to 4807 m, Mont Blanc) mountain system Western Europe(France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Liechtenstein). Length about 1200... Modern encyclopedia

Lat. Alpes, from Celtic, alp, height. Large mountain ranges running from the Mediterranean Sea, near Nice, to the Danube, near Vienna. Explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D., 1865 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Noun, number of synonyms: 2 mountain system (62) mountains (52) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Dictionary of synonyms

The Alps from A to Z for tourists and skiers. Maps, countries, resorts and hotels for alpine skiing and relaxation in the mountains.

• Last minute tours all over the world

The snowy edge of the Apennine boot, the Alps are the highest mountain system in Western Europe, to whose picturesque peaks eight countries have access: France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Slovenia and Monaco. Along the 1200-kilometer Alpine mountain range There is more than enough comfortable slopes, crystal clear lakes, idyllic villages and historical attractions. So it is not surprising that the Alpine countries are unanimously extracting maximum benefit from these beneficial geographical conditions: in winter, the region is deservedly considered the number one destination for ski tourism, and in summer it does not lag behind in terms of medical, recreational and ecotours.

The Alps serve as the climatic border of Europe: to the north and west of them are areas with a temperate climate, and to the south are the blessed Mediterranean subtropics.

Geographically, the Alpine mountain system is divided into the Eastern and Western Alps, separated by the Rhine River valley, which in turn is located between Lakes Como and Constance. The Western Alps can boast of considerable heights (including the highest peak - Mount Mont Blanc), while the Eastern Alps are lower, with gentle slopes and wide picturesque valleys. Among other things, the Alps are the iciest mountains in Europe: there are more than 1,200 glaciers here total area more than 4000 km! Thanks to them, the ski season in many regions begins at the beginning of November - the cooling “substrate” contributes to the rapid formation of snow cover and its good stability throughout the winter, until the end of March.

The regions of the Alps are usually called by to a nearby town or geographical object: Ligurian, Provençal, Bernese, Zillertal, etc.

There is no need to talk at length about the merits of skiing on the slopes of the Alps: winter Italy, France and Switzerland have long been associated primarily with skis, lifts and fan parks. For example, in France alone there are more than 100 ski resorts for every taste, budget and level of skiing, while being equipped with the most modern equipment and offering a wide range of accommodation options - from economy class chalets to luxury hotels. In addition large number excursion programs and après-ski entertainment will make your holiday varied and educational.

An exceptionally pleasant Alpine skiing bonus is the combination of ski areas into one huge “around the world” - by moving from ski lift to ski lift you can practically ski around the entire Alps (fortunately, a single visa regime allows).

One cannot fail to mention the universality of the Alps as tourist destination: “snowless” trips to the mountains are no less popular among those who understand than ski trips. In summer, a unique microclimate reigns here: low humidity and comfortable air temperature without strong nighttime changes, the healing air of the peaks is one of the leading therapeutic factors for those who come to the Alps to improve their health, the availability mineral springs and amazing beauty glacial lakes, the water in which, although cool for swimming, is extremely tasty and healthy.

And finally, let’s mention the increasing accessibility of the Alps for the average tourist. With a reasonable approach to business, you can come here with almost any budget - you just need to choose the right tour and not resort to expensive (and often unnecessary) services.

Use Google Earth to visualize real events, tourist attractions, sports routes, is becoming increasingly popular. Recently, on the info map, an article was published on a similar topic “”, talking about how convenient it is to view the route of upcoming competitions in Google Earth. The quality of images in Google Earth continues to improve. And now, a new project has appeared, dedicated to traveling in the Alps. This the most detailed map of the Alps of all that exist. The interactive window on the page www.cyclingthealps.com shows the entire Alpine region on a map that can be zoomed in and out and dragged with the mouse. On the map you will find hundreds of alpine routes.

Right-click on any bike, a menu will appear, click on “zoom in” - you will be taken to the route area and see a detailed map of the area.

If you right-click on the bike, a menu will appear with different functions, including “3D Tour” - 3D Tour (some bikes do not have a 3D Tour, but most have it). 3D Tour allows you to make virtual trip, using Google Earth along any of the routes.

You can also explore the top menu. There you will find functions for enabling viewing of photos, videos and web cameras of the Alps.

Here's a short video of how their card works:

Geographical location

The Alps have been studied in great detail. Since the middle of the last century, scientists different countries studied them deeply and comprehensively. Using the example of the Alps, the structural features of the Cenozoic mountain systems of Europe were studied and their canopy (cover) structure was noted for the first time, a diagram of Quaternary mountain glaciation was created, and the patterns of mountain climate and vegetation were studied. Many research results obtained in the Alps were then used in the study of other mountain systems. The Alps provided rich material for the development of geography and related sciences. Concepts such as “alpine folding”, “alpine meadows”, and finally even “mountain climbing” have long become not regional, but common nouns.

Switzerland and Austria are located entirely on the territory of the Alpine mountainous country. Its northern parts are within Federal Republic Germany, western - within France, southern - Italy. The eastern spurs of the Alps enter the territory of Hungary, southeastern ridges- to Slovenia. Sometimes they talk about Swiss, French, Italian Alps etc. However, this division by nationality of one or another part of the Alps does not always correspond to their natural differences.

Geological structure and relief

The geological structure, orography and geomorphological features of the region are very diverse. The Alps proper begin off the coast of the Mediterranean Sea with the system of the Maritime Alps bordering the Apennines. Then they stretch along the border of France in the meridional direction in the form of the Cottian and Graian Alps, which are composed of crystalline rocks and reach great heights. The most notable massifs are Pelle Vu (4102 m), Gran Paradiso (4061 m) and the highest five-domed Mont Blanc (4807 m), located on the border between France, Italy and Switzerland. Toward the Padan Lowland, this part of the Alps drops off steeply, without foothills, and therefore looks especially grandiose from the east. From the west, a strip of high crystalline massifs is bordered by a system of mid-altitude mountain ranges composed of limestone. Such ridges are usually called the Pre-Alps.

In the middle part of the Alps are crossed by a deep tectonic valley that runs from Lake Constance to Lake Como. This is an important orographic and geographical boundary dividing the Alps into Western and Eastern. The Eastern Alps are wider and lower than the Western Alps, and their geological structure is also somewhat different. In the extreme east, the ridges of the Alps fan out, approaching the Danube in the north, and reaching the northwest of the Balkan Peninsula in the south. The highest is the axial zone of the ridges of the Eastern Alps, composed of crystalline rocks. But nowhere in the east do the Alps reach such heights as in the west. Only the Bernina Massif in Italy slightly exceeds 4000 m, while the remaining peaks are much lower. The Ötztal Alps and the Hohe Tauern in Austria reach 3500-3700 m, and in the extreme east the height of the mountains rarely exceeds 2000 m. To the north and south of the central crystalline zone stretch the lower ridges of the Pre-Alps, composed of limestones, dolomites and flysch.

The Alpine mountain system, despite its height and considerable width, does not pose a serious obstacle to climbing. This is explained by the large tectonic and erosional dissection of the mountains, the abundance of convenient passages and passes. Since ancient times, the most important routes connecting countries passed through the Alps Central Europe with the Mediterranean. Currently, numerous railways and highways with busy traffic are laid through the Alps. The most important are the Frejus passes at an altitude of more than 2500 m, through which the road from Turin to Paris passes, and the Great Saint Bernard at an altitude of more than 2400 m between Mont Blanc and the Pennine Alps, connecting Switzerland with Italy. The Simplon and Saint Gotthard passes are also of great importance. The latter gained fame thanks to Suvorov’s unprecedented crossing of the Alps in 1799. In the Eastern Alps, the low (1371 m) Brenner Pass is most convenient. The first Alpine railway, built in 1867, passed through it. In the second half of the 19th century. Railways crossed almost all the most important Alpine passes. During the construction of these roads, it was necessary to build a large number of tunnels, as a result of which many features were identified geological structure Alps Currently, a tunnel has been built under Mont Blanc on the highway connecting France with Italy. The Alps arose as a result of the collision of the continental plates of Eurasia and Africa at the site of the closed part of Tethys. The result was extensive overturned nappe folds containing fragments of the oceanic crust that make up the ridges of the Alpine mountain system. A major role in the creation of the very diverse relief of the Alps, along with folding in the Mesozoic and Paleogene, was played by powerful vertical movements at the end of the Neogene - the beginning of the Quaternary period, and then by strong erosion activity and the impact of ancient glaciation, which was especially powerful in the Alps.

The strip of the highest ridges and massifs, composed of crystalline rocks and partly limestone, is distinguished by sharp, jagged lines of ridges with individual peaks eaten away by large cirques, steep, steep slopes devoid of vegetation, hanging deep valleys, and huge tongues of glaciers. The lower parts and marginal ridges of the Pre-Alps are characterized by a medium-altitude type of relief with rounded peaks and soft contours of the slopes. The valleys there are wide and terraced, with lake-like extensions. In the north, at the foot of the Alps, in the triangle between them, the Jura Mountains and the valley of the upper Danube, there is a foothill plateau 400-600 m high, composed of destruction products that were once carried down from the mountain slopes. This clastic material was assembled into surface folds during the final phases of orogenesis. The plateau is covered by thick accumulations of glacial deposits left by Alpine glaciers: terminal moraine ridges, accumulations of bottom moraine and masses of outwash sand. The Alpine foothill plateau is located within Switzerland and the Federal Republic of Germany. Accordingly, its smaller western part is called the Swiss Plateau, and the eastern part is called the Bavarian Plateau.

The Swiss plateau is bordered from the north by the Jurassic Mountains system, which is the leading chain of the Alpine mountain system. Parallel anticlinal ridges with a maximum height of more than 1700 m, composed of Jurassic limestones, separate wide longitudinal valleys filled with flysch. The ridges are crossed by narrow gorges that connect longitudinal valleys and create a lattice erosion network. The slopes and peaks of the Jura ranges are corroded karst caves, sinkholes and underground rivers. The southern slopes of the Alps are devoid of foothills. In the east are the Pre-Alps, and in the west high crystalline massifs break off to the Padan Lowland, within which the southern outskirts of the Alpine mountain system are immersed. From the beginning of the Cenozoic, on the site of the lowland, there was a gulf of the Adriatic Sea, which was gradually filled with clastic material carried down from the Alps and Apennines; the basin drained towards the end of the Neogene. Most of the Padan Lowland is located below 100 m above sea level. At the foot of the mountains, the relief of the lowland is hilly, the surface is composed of coarse material, terminal moraine deposits and outwash sands. Towards the Po Valley, the surface is covered with a thin layer of alluvial sediments, and the relief becomes flatter. The Po River and many of its lower tributaries flow in natural levees above the surrounding area. When it flows into the Adriatic Sea, the Po forms a large, rapidly growing delta. Sand spits and islands are grouped along the flat lagoonal coast of the lowland. Venice is located in one of the lagoons on numerous islands separated by straits. The straits are streets, so Venice gives the impression of a city rising from the sea. Currently, there is a progressive subsidence of the coast, which threatens to flood a large part of the city.

Minerals

The Alpine mountainous country does not have large reserves of mineral raw materials. Minerals are concentrated in the Eastern Alps and are associated with rocks of the central crystalline zone. These are deposits of iron and copper ores and magnesite in Austria. In the basins of the Eastern Alps, sedimentary deposits contain small deposits of brown coal and salt.

Climatic conditions

The Alps, rising in the path of humid western air currents, are a large condenser of moisture. The northern and western marginal ridges receive especially a lot of precipitation, from 1500 to 3000 mm per year, foggy and cloudy weather prevails. Internal ridges, closed valleys and basins receive significantly less moisture (less than 1000 mm). The greatest amount of precipitation falls to an altitude of 1500-2000 m, where the zone of maximum cloudiness is located. Above this zone the weather is drier and clearer. On the slopes of the Alps, high-altitude climatic zonation is clearly expressed, manifested in the transition from the warm temperate and even subtropical climate of the southern foothills to the harsh high-mountain climate of the upper parts of the mountains with frequent frosts, snowstorms, snowfalls and powerful glaciation. There are characteristic differences in the climatic conditions of slopes of different exposures, closed valleys and basins. The latter have a climate with a distinct continental flavor, with winter temperature inversions and less rainfall.

The climate of the lowland areas located at the northern and southern foothills of the Alps is influenced to a certain extent by the mountains, which is primarily expressed in increased precipitation. The pre-Alpine plateau and Padan lowland receive from 800 to 1200 mm of precipitation per year. Both of these areas have a temperate climate with some continental features, only the climate of the Padan Plain is warmer and more favorable for agriculture than the climate of the Pre-Alpine Plateau.

Vegetation

The Alps are a forested region. However, the modern picture of their soil and vegetation cover is extremely variegated. This, on the one hand, is the result of natural conditions and the manifestation of altitudinal zonation; on the other hand, it is a consequence of a very profound change in natural conditions under the influence of man. The Bavarian Plateau, less populated than the Swiss, has deciduous and mixed forests interspersed with areas of peat bogs. Significant areas are cultivated. On the Swiss Plateau, with a warmer climate, the natural soil and vegetation cover was dominated by oak and beech forests on brown soils. But the natural landscapes there have hardly been preserved. The plateau is densely populated - almost the entire population of Switzerland is concentrated here. Most of the territory is occupied by grain crops, lush sown meadows and orchards. The most heat-loving crops, such as grapes, are planted along the shores of lakes. The slopes of the Jura Mountains are covered with beech forests. The valleys are inhabited and cultivated, the beautiful meadows on the tops of the ridges serve as summer pastures.

The natural vegetation of the Padan Lowland - beech forests on brown forest soils - has been completely destroyed. Her natural conditions exceptionally favorable for agriculture, which is why it has long been inhabited and occupied by fields and vineyards. Laurels, pomegranate and fig trees, and cypresses grow in the gardens and around the villages. In the fields, fruit trees rise among the wheat and corn, and grapes often climb along the trunks of elms and mulberries. 2-3 crops are harvested from the fields per year. This leads to severe depletion of the soil, the fertility of which is not restored. Therefore, many lands are gradually becoming unsuitable for further use.

The most complex picture is of the soil and vegetation cover of the Alps themselves, which can serve as a classic example of the altitudinal zonation of mountains in the oceanic sector of the temperate zone. The lower zone of the Alps, up to approximately 1000 m altitude, is very diverse in climate and vegetation cover, its conditions are close to those of the neighboring plains. In the south, Mediterranean influences are felt and subtropical soil and vegetation types can be found. In the west, oak, chestnut and beech forests on brown forest soils rise along the slopes, in the north there are less heat-loving mixed forests on podzolic soils, and from the east the forest-steppe approaches the Alps. This lower belt, which is the most populated and has significantly changed its natural vegetation cover, is called the cultural belt of the Alps.

At high altitude climatic conditions become more monotonous. To an altitude of approximately 1800-2200 m, in a zone of moderate temperature and heavy rainfall, a belt of forests rises on mountain brown soils and podzolic soils. The composition of forests varies with altitude, as well as depending on the location and aspect of the slopes. In humid places, on the shady northern slopes, beech forest is common, often mixed with spruce. The higher, drier and sunny slopes are covered with beautiful spruce and fir forests. In many areas the forests have been cleared. On deforested slopes, soil erosion processes, avalanches and other phenomena that cause great damage intensify. The current upper limit of forests in the Alps, as a result of annual grazing in the subalpine zone, has been reduced by almost 100 m in height and is almost nowhere dependent on natural conditions.

Above the forest zone there is a subalpine zone, where shrub vegetation is combined with lush subalpine meadows and individual oppressed trees. The growth of trees is hampered by the short growing season, strong winds, and sharp fluctuations in temperature and humidity. This belt is most favorable for the growth of herbs, which achieve exceptional lushness and beauty. Thickets of creeping or low-growing shrubs are also common, among which the most common are alpine rhododendron with bright red flowers, juniper and mountain pine with branches pressed to the ground. The Alpine belt proper at altitudes up to 2500-3000 m is characterized by a complete absence of woody vegetation, the predominance of low-growing, sparsely growing perennial grasses with bright flowers, forming so-called “carpets” (mattas), and the spread of swamps. The Alpine belt gradually turns into a belt of eternal snow and ice.

Alps- the highest mountains of Western Europe - occupy part of France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Slovenia.

A complex system of ridges and massifs, stretching in a convex arc to the northwest from the Mediterranean Sea to the Middle Danube Plain. The length is approximately 1200 kilometers (along the inner edge of the arc about 750 kilometers). Width up to 260 kilometers. The transverse valley between Lake Constance and Lake Como is divided into the higher Western Alps (up to 4807 meters high, Mont Blanc) and the lower and wider Eastern Alps (up to 4049 meters high, Berdina mountain).

In the Alps are the sources of the Rhine, Rhone, Po, Adige, and the right tributaries of the Danube. Numerous lakes of glacial and tectonic-glacial origin (Bodenskoe, Geneva, Como, Lago Maggiore and others).

The altitudinal zonation of the landscapes is well expressed. Up to an altitude of 800 meters, the climate is moderately warm, on the southern slopes it is Mediterranean, there are many vineyards, gardens, fields, Mediterranean shrubs and deciduous forests. At an altitude of 800-1800 meters the climate is temperate and humid; broad-leaved forests of oak and beech are gradually replaced upward by coniferous forests. Up to an altitude of 2200-2300 meters, the climate is subalpine, cold, with long-lasting snow. Shrubs and tall grass meadows predominate; summer pastures. Higher up, to the border of eternal snow, there is an alpine belt with a cold climate, a predominance of low-grass sparse alpine meadows, covered with snow most of the year. Even higher is the nival belt with glaciers, snowfields, and rocky slopes.

The Alps are an area of ​​international mountaineering, tourism, and skiing.

Basic ski resorts: Megève (France), Chamonix (France), Courchevel (France), Zermatt (Switzerland), Grindelwald (Switzerland), St. Moritz (Switzerland), Davos (Switzerland), Lech (Austria), St. Anton (Austria), Kitzbühel (Austria), Seefeld (Austria), Cortina d'Ampezzo (Italy), Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany).

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Alps

Description of the Alps mountain system

Location of the Alps mountain system on the world map

(the boundaries of the mountain system are approximate) The Alps are the highest and longest mountain range among systems entirely located in Europe. At the same time Caucasus Mountains higher, and the Ural ones are more extensive, but they also lie on the territory of Asia.

The Alps are a complex system of ridges and massifs, stretching in a convex arc to the northwest from the Ligurian Sea to the Middle Danube Lowland.

Where are the Alps? Coordinates, map and photo.

The Alps are located on the territory of 8 countries: France, Monaco, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Slovenia. The total length of the Alpine arc is about 1200 km (along the inner edge of the arc about 750 km), the width is up to 260 km. The highest peak of the Alps is Mont Blanc with an altitude of 4810 meters above sea level, located on the border of France and Italy. In total, there are about 100 four-thousander peaks concentrated in the Alps.

The Alps are one of the main European cities.

Where are the Alps: interesting facts about the mountains

Not only fans of alpine skiing come here, but also those who want to enjoy clean air and healing waters from local thermal springs. Eight European countries, in which alpine reefs and arches are located, are for the first time involved in creating attractive conditions for tourists.

How to make an itinerary for visiting the Alps so you can see all the interesting things for a short holiday?

Iitoria in the mountains

Covered in snow and surrounded by fog Alpine peaks gave the name to the mountainous area.

It is believed to come from the Latin word "albus" ("white").

Age of the Alps it is impossible to determine the feature.

Between 34 and 23 million years ago, a tectonic collision occurred that gave rise to Europe's longest mountainous region. Length of the Alps is 1200 kilometers.

For many years the Alps were an unavoidable natural barrier.

They restricted the movement of trade and military expeditions. Locals avoided climbing more than high height, since they could encounter avalanches, storms and frosts.

The study of the Alpine mountains began only in the second half of the 18th century.

Enthusiastic scientists studied the flora, fauna, glaciers and geology of the ridge. At the same time, the term “mountain climbing” was born, which at that time meant walking along the slopes without special equipment. In 1786 it was first conquered highest alpine mountain- Mont Blanc.

The history of the Alps as a tourist destination dates back to the 19th century.

Then rich people came to the mountain hotels to enjoy unusual species and take a swim from the waters of thermal springs. Late XIX. Over the centuries, popularity began to be used winter views sports In the Alpine mountains there is ice skating rink and ski championships.

The Mountains were the site of the first Winter Olympics and remain the most popular.

Developed infrastructure, suitable weather conditions and the presence of modern sports facilities have always offered places in the Alps to host the Winter Olympic Games.

Today mountainous area is one of the largest in the world tourist centers. Every year more than 100 million people visit these places. Nature of the Alpine mountains not only attracts fans extreme species sports

Fresh air, healing properties of the springs and unique local culture ensure a constant flow of tourists at any time of the year.

Attractions in the Alps

Most tourists go to the Alpine mountains to admire unique views, try their hand at mountain climbing and swim in local resources.

But the Alpine region is where several European cultures meet simultaneously. There are interesting objects with architectural, historical and religious value.

Airfare prices and tickets

In the immediate vicinity of the Alps there are no major airports.

Airlines sometimes operate flights to Bolzano (Italy) and Innsbruck (Austria), but these services are seasonal. Most tourists prefer to book a ticket to one of the nearest major airports and travel the rest of the route by bus or train.

The Alpine Mountains are easier to reach from international airports located in the following locations:

1. Munich;
2. Milan;
3. Verona;
4. Innsbruck;
5. Salzburg;
6. Venice;
7. Vein;
8. Bolzano;
9. Bologna;
10. Klagenfurt;
11. Friedrichshafen;
12. Bergamo;
13. Brescia.

The most suitable routes for Russian tourists are the airports of Munich and Milan.

They are connected to regular flights with the largest cities of Russia. Depending on the distance from the selected alpine settlement, the route from the airport can take from 1 to 2 hours.

Traveling from Munich to the popular ski region can be beat by road: the city is connected to the Alps with three modern buses.

From Munich Airport to the mountains, it is advisable to take the S-Banh commuter line. In this case you will be there in 40 minutes.

If you decide to visit western part Alps, your trip will take place at Milan or Verona airports.

Milan has good connections with Russian cities, but getting to the Alps still needs to be done through Verona. If you can't find a direct flight to Romeo and Juliet, don't give up: the Milan route will be comfortable. In both international airports Milan direct Milan buses are at Milan station where you can buy your ticket in Verona.

The journey from Verona to the Alps can be a long drive by car, traveling in about two hours or by train.

Trains run from 5.00 to 22.00, leaving the platform every half hour. Tickets cost from 10 euros, and they will have to spend 1.5-2 hours on the road.

Alps

Alps(French les Alpes, German die Alpen, t. le Alpi, Slovenian Alpe, from lat. montes albes - white mountains, also possibly a name of Celtic origin alb - high, or alpa - hill) - the highest mountain system in Western Europe, stretches in an arc from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea to the Middle Danube Lowland in the European countries of Austria, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Slovenia, France, Switzerland.

The length of the mountain system is 1200 km, width - 130-260 km, height up to 4807 m (Mount Blanc). The arc is convex to the northwest with a transverse depression, within which lie Lakes Constance and Como. There are Western and Eastern Alps.

Division of the Alps

The Western Alps consist of the Maritime, Cottage, Savoy, and Bernese Alps. Their average height is 3,000-4,000 m. Individual peaks reach more than 4,000 m:

Mont Blanc (the highest peak of the Alps and Europe) 4.809 m,
Monte Rosa 4.638 m,
Weishorn 4.512 m, etc.
The Western Alps are characterized by a well-discovered arched shape of the ridges, a sharp asymmetry of the slopes - steep internal ones, gentle external ones, and a large development of glaciers.

In the Eastern Alps, the Bernese, Rhaetian, Dolomite and Carnic ranges, which stretch across the width, are particularly prominent.

The average altitude of the Eastern Alps is 2,500-3,500 m, and there are also fewer glaciers.

In addition to being divided into Western and Eastern, the Alps are also divided in a latitudinal direction: into the Northern Pre-Alps (limestone and slate mountains), the Central Alps (crystalline ridges) and the Southern Pre-Alps (limestone and sandstone mountains).

The Alps were formed during the Alpine folding day.

The axial zone of the Alps is composed of crystalline and metamorphic rocks, along the periphery - flysch and molas formations. Deposits of iron, manganese, magnesite and polymetallic ores, rock salt (in the Eastern Alps).

There are also minor deposits of brown and hard coal. There are numerous spring outlets in the Alps mineral water including warm, on the basis of which resorts were built (Baden-Baden, Bad Weslau, Badgastein, Ischl, Reichengal, Ex-Lebena and others).

About 1,200 glaciers (with a total area of ​​more than 4,000 km2). There are many lakes of tectonic-glacial origin.

Where are the Alps?

The Alps have many convenient passes - Mont Cenis, Saint Bernard, Simplon, Saint Gotthard, Bernina, Brenner, Tauern. Tunnels were laid through the Alps: Simplonsky, Saint Gotthard and others.

The climate and soil and vegetation cover of the Alps have a clearly visible vertical zonation: up to 1200 m the climate is moderately warm, broad-leaved forests grow; from 1300 to 1700 m the climate is temperate, vegetation is coniferous forests; 1700-2300 m - subalpine zone; 2300-3200 m is an alpine zone with a moderately cold climate, higher is a zone of eternal snow.

Highest Peaks

4.809 m: Mont Blanc
4.478 m: Matterhorn, Apennine Alps
3,970 m: Eiger, Bernese Alps
4.166 m: Jungfrau, Bernese Alps
Rivers

Rhine
Rona
Po, tributary of the upper Danube;
Lakes

Geneva
Garda
Lago Maggiore
Bodenskoe
Glaciers (glaciers)

The permanent snow line lies in the north at an altitude of 2,500 m, and in the south - 3,000-3,200 m.

The total area of ​​modern glaciation is 4140 km2. Glaciers in the Alps are approx. 1200, the largest is Aletsch in the Bernese Alps with an area of ​​169 km2. The following rivers originate from glaciers: Rhone, Rhine, Adije, Inn, Drava, etc.

About 1200 glaciers (the largest is Aletsch);

Main railway and road routes

Mont Cenis, Simplon, Saint Gotthard, Arlberg, Brenner, Semmering;

tourism, winter sports, mountaineering.

Geography of Italy

Map of Italy Topographic map Italy Italian cities and towns Photography from space.

Southern Italy and Sicily on the map 1849 p. Italy (Italia) is a country in the south of Europe, in the Mediterranean.READ MORE

Western Alps

Western Alps, part of the Alps mountain system.

Located west of a line running from Lake Constance in the north to Lake Como in the south, within Italy, France and Switzerland. The Western Alps are the most READ MORE

Cottian Alps

Monte visa Côtes Alps (French Alpes Cottiennes v. Cozie) are mountains, part of the Western Alps in France and Italy. The Cottian Alps are separated from the Alpes-Maritimes (in the south) by the Larche Pass (Maddalena), READ MORE

Graian Alps

Graian Alps Graian Alps (fr.

Alpes Grees (Graies), t. Alpi Graie mountains, part of the Western Alps in France (Savoie), Italy (Piedmont and Valle Daosta) and Switzerland (west of the canton of Valais).READ MORE

Lepontine Alps

Lepontine Alps (Italian: Alpi Lepontine mountains, part of the Western Alps in Switzerland (the cantons of Valais, Ticino and Grisons) and Italy (Piedmont).

The Lepontine Alps are separated from the Bernese Alps (read MORE

Eastern Alps

Eastern Alps, part of the Alps mountain system. East of the line running through the Alps from Lake Constance in the north along the valleys of the Rhine and Western Rhine rivers to the Splügen pass, the year of Liro and Mira to the lake READ MORE Our site was created for those who want to gain knowledge.
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Where are the Alps?

ALPINE MOUNTAINS

Coordinates, map and photo.

The Alps are located in Central Europe
and are located in the territories of southern Austria, northern Italy, the southern half of Switzerland and the eastern outskirts of France.

In the map below, the Alps are highlighted in a darker color than the adjacent plains. To see the snow-capped ridges of the Alps, switch the map to “Satellite” mode in the upper corner.

Coordinates:
46.5082512 northern latitude
10.8489056 east longitude

Alps on interactive map , which can be controlled:

Alps are on the list: mountains

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