Finland as planned. Finland: form of government, general information. Sea coastal cities

Abstract completed by: Gileva Maria, class 10 "B"

School No. 41

2000/2001 academic year

Territorial composition and internal differences

Finland is a country in northern Europe. It borders with Russia in the east, Sweden in the northwest and Norway in the north. In the south and west the shores are washed by waters Baltic Sea and its gulfs - Finnish and Bothnian.

The area is 337 thousand km2, and about a third is beyond the Arctic Circle.

Administratively, Finland is divided into 12 provinces, which in turn are divided into counties. Capital - Helsinki, Largest cities- Turku, Tampere and Kotka.

Economic and geographical position of the country

Assessment of border states.

Finland borders Russia, Sweden and Norway. Relations with the latter two remain stable, and Finland trades especially actively with Sweden.

Trade relations with Russia changed significantly after the collapse of the USSR. The share of exports also decreased significantly after August 1998. But, nevertheless, the share of exports to Russia still remains significant. In recent years, economic relations between Finland and the bordering regions of Russia (Leningrad, Kaliningrad) have been actively developing. Joint ventures are being created and joint economic projects are being implemented.

Possibility of use various types transport.

Since Finland is a relatively small country, car roads play a more important role here than railway transport. Finland has high maritime transport and cargo transportation capabilities and has access to the Baltic Sea and its bays. But since in the north its waters freeze in winter, the use of icebreakers is necessary.

Natural conditions.

The climate in Finland is temperate, transitional from maritime to continental and continental in the north. The Baltic Sea and the proximity of the warm Gulf Stream have a moderating effect on the country's climate. Atlantic Ocean.

There are about 60 thousand lakes, which together occupy about 8% of the country's area. Over 1/3 of the territory is swampy. Most of the territory is occupied by forests, mainly of the taiga type (pine, spruce, birch), in the south and southwest - with an admixture of broad-leaved species (oak, linden, ash, maple).

Depending on natural and climatic conditions There are 4 natural regions: southern coastal, western coastal, central and northern.

The southern coastal region is characterized by a significant distribution of flat clayey lowlands and small lakes. The climate is mild, favorable for agriculture. Forest cover is relatively low, large areas are under agricultural land.

Western coastal region - with swampy sandy-clayey lowlands. The forests are predominantly pine and mixed.

The central region has an abundance of rocks, hilly-moraine ridges, and numerous lakes. The forests are dominated by conifers.

The northern region has the harshest climate. Hills dominate here. This area covers the northern part of the taiga, as well as the high-altitude belts of birch woodland and mountain tundra.

History of the country.

Until 1809, the territory of present-day Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Then, as a result of the Russian-Swedish war (1808-1809), Finland was annexed to Russia (Grand Duchy of Finland). In 1917, after the October Revolution, Finland declared itself independent state.

Population characteristics and demographic policy

The country's population is about 4.7 million people.

The ethnic composition of the population of Finland is relatively homogeneous; over 91% of the inhabitants are Finns. Swedes also live in the southern and western Baltic regions (about 390 thousand people), in the north there are over 3 thousand Sami (Lapps). official languages Finland - Finnish and Swedish.

Average population density 14 people. per 1 km2, with 9/10 of the population living in the southern half of the country. The percentage of Finland's rural population is the largest in Europe (37%). 55% of the population is employed in non-production, 30% in industry and construction, 10% in agriculture and forestry.

Type of reproduction - “demographic winter”. The country's population is growing slowly due to small natural increase (3.3 people per 1000) and emigration.

The government is concerned about the problem of declining birth rates. To increase it, a number of measures are being taken, in particular, providing children free education and medical care. A law has been adopted to provide young people with free housing upon reaching adulthood. This law should make life easier for young families and, as a result, increase the birth rate.

Natural resources

Main Natural resources Finland is its forests and minerals.

Forests occupy more than half of the country, so the wood processing industry is one of the most developed industries.

Mineral deposits are of great economic importance. Among them, it is worth noting the deposits of copper-nickel ores - Outokumpu, Luikonlahti, Pyhäsalmi and Hammaslahti, polymetallic ores - Vihanti, chromites - Kemi and ilmenite-magnetite ores - Otanmäki.

Among the countries Western Europe In terms of reserves of chromite, vanadium and cobalt, Finland ranks 1st, titanium and nickel - 2nd, copper and pyrite - 3rd. There are also deposits of apatite, graphite, asbestos, and peat.

general characteristics farms

Finland is an industrial-agrarian country. About 45% of the gross national product is created in industry and construction, and about 11% in agriculture and forestry.

The Finnish economy is largely oriented towards foreign markets. Finland produces and exports lumber, paper, pulp, equipment for the forestry and woodworking industries, sea ​​vessels, tractors, dairy products and electrical equipment.

The share of exports of goods and services is about 30%. Largest industrial associations: Neste (oil refining and petrochemicals), Enso-Gutzeit (timber processing and mechanical engineering), Kemira (chemistry), Vyartsilya (shipbuilding), Nokia (electronics and electrical engineering), Rauma- Repola" (shipbuilding and mechanical engineering), "Tampella" (equipment for paper production), "Kyumin" and "Yuhtyunet papertechitat" (paper production).

Finland does not have mineral fuel, so the energy problem is one of the most acute in the country. Over 1/2 of the fuel demand is covered by imports. Mainly crude oil and petroleum products are imported.

Agriculture in Finland is highly developed, with forestry and livestock farming predominant. Agriculture is high-tech and intensive, closely linked to the processing industry. A developed transport network allows products to be quickly delivered to processing plants; as a result, product losses are minimized, and its quality is valued all over the world.

Industry

Iron ore, copper, zinc, nickel, chromite, cobalt, vanadium, lead, graphite, and asbestos are mined in Finland. Finland occupies a prominent place in the world in the production and export of machinery and equipment for the pulp and paper industry. Main production centers: Lahti, Vasa, Karhula, Rauma, Tampere. Shipbuilding is also developed, there are 9 shipyards, the largest in Turku, Helsinki, Rauma. Finland produces the world's largest diesel icebreakers, platforms with oil drilling rigs, ferries, passenger and cargo ships.

The forest processing industry in Finland includes wood processing (sawmilling, furniture production, standard houses) and the pulp and paper industry (production of pulp, paper, cardboard). Finland has less than 1% of the world's forest reserves, but is one of the first places among countries producing forest products. The products of these industries account for about half the value of exports. Large sawmills are located mainly in the lower reaches of rafting rivers.

The chemical industry (oil refining, production of plastics, fertilizers, paints, synthetic fibers, household chemicals) and other high-tech industries are developing rapidly. The main centers of the chemical industry: Helsinki, Turku, Tampere, Oulu.

Specialization in agricultural production

Finland is one of the northernmost countries with developed agriculture. Its main feature is its close connection with forestry.

The main direction of agriculture in Finland is livestock farming, mainly dairy farming. About 9% of the territory is used in agriculture (arable land and meadows), and almost all land is cultivated. The overwhelming majority of peasant farms are small. Reindeer husbandry is also developed in the northern regions.

Forestry is the oldest sector of the Finnish economy. 57% of the country's territory is occupied by forest, which is about 19 million hectares. About 2/3 of forests are privately owned.

Transport complex

Length railways Finland - about 6 thousand km. Motor transport plays a more important role: the length of highways is more than 40 thousand km. More than half of all cargo is transported by road. Most of the passenger and cargo traffic with other countries is carried out by sea. Main sea ​​ports- Helsinki, Turku, Kotka. Thanks to icebreakers, maritime navigation is carried out all year round.

Socio-economic regions

In socio-economic terms, the territory of Finland is conventionally divided into three parts.

The southwestern part of the country (approximately 25% of the area) has the most favorable natural conditions. Over 60% of the population lives here. The southwestern part is the main economic region of the country, accounting for more than 2/3 of industrial production and the main share of agricultural products. It is also the most urbanized part of Finland, where almost all of the country's largest cities are located.

Residents of northern countries and regions really miss the sea and warmth. 11 months a year we look forward to summer, dreaming of the opportunity to go to the sea. And the sea is very close, just as salty, endless, caressing and soothing, with incredible views and fabulous beauty in some places. Welcome to the Finnish seaside!

Photo: VisitFinland.com. Yyteri Beach

The Baltic Sea may not immediately come to mind in summer dreams, but believe me, this northern sea can surprise and give unforgettable experience from summer holiday on the coast. Moreover, it is so easy to get to, even on short vacation day off, and have a small picnic on the shore, bask on the hot stones or soak up the white sand.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

So let's dream a little about summer and imagine the perfect seaside holiday in Finland.

Photo: VisitFinland.com. Island KLOVHARUN.

This small hut on the island of Klovharun - secret place Tove Jansson, the famous Finnish writer and creator of the Moomin fairy tales. Here she hid for the summer, on a stone island in the middle of the sea, surrounded by breathtaking scenery. Here was everything she needed to inspire her. The island is currently open to tourists for a very short time in the summer due to weather conditions, bird nesting season, and also because this place is reserved most of the time by artists as a residence for inspiration.

COTTAGES ON THE COAST OF THE GULF OF FINNISH AND THE BALTIC SEA IN FINLAND:

Want to stone, harsh, northern beaches that warm up under the rays of the sun and where it is so pleasant to warm up after swimming? Please, there are a huge number of such beaches in the eastern part of Finland and the Gulf of Finland.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

Do you want clean ones? sandy beaches with a gentle entrance into the water? Beaches surrounded by pine forests? Please, starting from the city of Hanko and further west, the Baltic Sea coast in many places turns into long strips of sand and dunes. Even the city of Helsinki has some great sandy beaches for sea lovers.

Photo: VisitFinland.com. (c)_Jussi_Hellsten

So you can relax on the islands not only in the Maldives, but also in Finland! Moreover, in Finland you can choose as an island for luxury holiday, and a more modest version, like Tove Jansson.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

It's truly an incredible feeling. On a sunny day, it’s nice to walk around the island, take a swim, climb to the top of the lighthouse and imagine sailors peering into the distance in the hope of seeing a signal light.

And on a bad day, when the elements are raging, driving waves onto the shore, the sea is agitated and bubbling, the wind is whistling around, a person understands what a grain of sand he is against the powerful forces of nature. And it becomes a little creepy, but at the same time it’s so nice to realize the safety and support under your feet, being at such moments on solid ground and not in the sea.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

In the Turku archipelago, you can create a circular route around the islands and visit all the most important natural attractions and interesting places. On the ferry you can travel by car, by bicycle or simply on foot.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

If there is no free ferry to the island of the archipelago you are interested in, then most likely you can find a route on a ferry of a slightly different design and for a not very large fee. In any case, no matter which route around the islands is chosen, exceptional views and unforgettable experiences are guaranteed.

Photo: VisitFinland.com. Photo (c)_Jussi_Hellsten

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

It’s also nice to meet the dawn on the shore, listening to the sounds of the sea, which whispers what the coming day will be like. A cup of hot aromatic coffee with a fresh bun will only complement this harmony.

While relaxing on the sea coast of Finland, you can observe the natural elements with the curiosity of a researcher: storms, cyclones, winds, calms, clouds.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

The barnacle goose is especially popular in Finland. This large bird can be seen in large numbers on the streets and parks of Helsinki, as well as on all the nearby islands.

When walking around Helsinki in May-June, be careful! If a large black and white goose approaches you, menacingly flaps its wings, sticks out its tongue and hisses, and also tries to pinch your leg, you know that its spouse is hatching eggs somewhere nearby and it is better to stay away from this place.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

The Baltic Sea is inhabited by the cutest creatures - seals. Many small rock islands of the archipelago are favorite habitats of seals on land. A small island from afar may seem alive and moving, but if you look closely, you’ll be surprised how every centimeter stone island busy with these funny creatures. By the way, the seal is quite curious and can swim up to the boat and examine the fisherman, as well as climb onto the island next to people if they do not make a lot of noise.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

Photo: VisitFinland.com.

Finland is a country in the northern part of Europe. It bears the title of the best and most stable country in the world. What characteristics and features does Finland have? For the form of government and description of the population, see later in the article.

Geography

Finland borders Norway, Russia, and Sweden. By sea it divides (by Gulf of Finland) and with Sweden (Bay of Bothnia). The area of ​​Finland is 338,430,053 square kilometers. More than 20% of the country's territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle.

The coastline of the continental part stretches for 46 thousand kilometers. In addition, Finland owns more than 80 thousand islands and archipelagos. The most famous are the Turku archipelago and Åland Islands.

In the area between the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia is the Archipelago Sea. This is an area in which many small islands, uninhabited rocks and skerries are concentrated. Their total number reaches 50,000, making the archipelago the largest in the country.

The territory of the state is elongated in the meridian direction. The length from north to south is 1030 kilometers, the distance from west to east is 515 kilometers. The country shares its highest point, Mount Halti, with Norway. In Finland its height is 1324 meters.

Finland: form of government and political structure

Finland is a unitary state where the Åland Islands have partial autonomy. The special status of the islands exempts the inhabitants of this territory from military service (unlike the rest of Finland), allows them to have their own parliament and much more.

Finland is a parliamentary-presidential republic. The head of state is the president, whose term of office lasts six years. The main ruling structures of the country are located in the capital - the city of Helsinki. Judicial system has several branches and is divided into civil, criminal and administrative courts.

The laws in the country are based on Swedish or civil law. Considering that the country is a parliamentary-presidential republic, the parliament and the president are responsible for the legislative branch. Executive power belongs to the President and the State Council.

What territorial units is Finland divided into? The country's form of government involves a slightly more complicated division. The entire territory is divided into regions, they are divided into cities, which, in turn, are divided into communes. Each unit has its own controls. There are 19 regions in the country.

Population of the country

The country has a population of approximately 5.5 million people. The majority of Finland's population lives on just five percent of the country's territory. Overall population growth is negative, the birth rate is lower than the death rate. However, the total number of inhabitants is increasing.

In recent years, citizens of other countries have made up approximately 4%. The population of Finland is 89% Finnish. The largest national minority is the Finnish Swedes. Russians represent 1.3%, almost 1% belongs to Estonians. The Sami and Gypsies have the smallest numbers.

The first most common language is Finnish, spoken by more than 90% of the population. Together with Swedish, it is official. Swedish is spoken by only 5.5% of residents, mainly on the Åland Islands, in the western and southern regions of the state. Russian, Somali, Arabic and English are spoken among immigrants.

Economy

Finland's share in the world economy is modest, in trade it is 0.8%, in manufacturing - approximately 5%. This small highly developed GDP per capita is about 45 thousand dollars. National currency Finland - euro, until 2002 the Finnish mark was in force.

The industry accounts for the largest share of the country's economy (33%). The main industries are mechanical engineering, metallurgy, woodworking, light and food industries. Agriculture is focused on growing grain crops and meat and dairy farming. It accounts for 6%, forestry - 5%.

In Finland, the Internet technology sector is rapidly developing, and investment attractiveness is increasing. Negative factors of the economy are the large and undeveloped domestic market.

Almost half of the residents are employed in the service sector, industrial sector and trade, 28% work in forestry, 12% in fishing. In Finland, there is a trend towards an aging population, which also negatively affects the development of the country's economy.

Nature

Finland is often called there are more than 180 thousand here. Most of them, along with swamps and swamps, are located in the central part of the country. The largest are Oulujärvi, Saimaa, and Päijänne. All lakes are connected by small rivers, in which waterfalls, rapids and rapids often form.

Finland's area is 60% covered by forests. The relief is represented by hilly plains and plateaus in the east. Nai highest point is located in the north, in the rest of the country the elevations do not exceed three hundred meters. The formation of the relief was significantly influenced by glaciation.

The country has a temperate climate, continental in the northern part, in the rest of the territory it is transitional from continental to maritime. Active precipitation occurs throughout the year. Summer days are especially long and cool, lasting until 19:00. In remote northern areas, sunset does not occur for 73 days. Winters, on the contrary, are short and cold.

Animal and plant life

Finland is characterized by a variety of flora and fauna. Forests cover more than 20 million hectares of the country. These are mainly pine forests located in the central part. It grows in them a large number of berries (blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, etc.) and mushrooms. Beech forests predominate in the southern regions.

In the northern part of the country, vegetation is low. There are no forests here, but cloudberry grass is actively growing, forming entire thickets. Spring vegetation is represented by various grasses, such as liverwort and coltsfoot.

The fauna is widely represented by birds. Finland is home to whooper swans, which have become a symbol of the country. Here you can meet finches, lapwings, thrushes, starlings, herons, and cranes. The list of mammals includes wolverines, lynxes, flying squirrels, beavers, brown bears, bats, wolves, ferrets and, of course, reindeer.

• There are 38 national parks in Finland, where walking is legally permitted freely. Within their boundaries there are many overnight stops.
• Tap water in this country is considered the cleanest in the world.
• To see Northern lights, you don't need to travel far. It can be observed even in the southern part of the country.

• The local sport is Nordic walking. It is a regular race walk with ski poles for weighting. They do it even in the summer.
• On average, each Finn drinks more than two thousand cups of coffee per year. For this, they have earned the title of world coffee lovers.
• IN small town In Finland, it is quite possible to meet a deer or bear right on the street.

Conclusion

The land of a thousand lakes and the “midnight sun” is Finland. The form of government of the state is a republic. This is a unitary country, which includes a territory with a special status. The main city of the country is Helsinki.

The ecological situation in Finland is considered one of the best in the world. Even the taps leak here. pure water. The country's hilly terrain is covered with pine and beech forests, berry bushes and numerous lakes. And the state carefully protects its unique landscapes.

Municipal educational institution Ochersk secondary school No. 1

subject: GEOGRAPHY

topic: FINLAND

Completed by a student of grade 11 “b”

Zelenin Ivan

Ocher, 2009

1. Introduction

2. Economic-geographical location (EGP):

Natural resources:

Mineral

• Agroclimatic

Population:

Number and natural increase

Age and gender composition

• Population density

  Urbanization level

industry

Agriculture

transport

a little bit of history...

Introduction

The name of the country in Russian and many languages ​​comes from the Swedish word Finland(“country of the Finns”). The Finnish name of the country is Suomi. For the first time it is recorded on the pages of Russian chronicles in the form of Sum (from the beginning of the 12th century). This was originally the name of the area of ​​what is now southwestern Finland (coastal areas), called Varsinais Suomi (real Finland). This word itself is also of Germanic origin, going back to an ancient Swedish word meaning detachment, group, gathering. There are other versions of the origin of this name:

Some believe that the word Suomi comes from the Finnish word suomu (“scales”), because the ancient inhabitants sewed clothes from fish skin

According to another theory, the word Suomi was originally a proper noun. Indeed, the name Suomi was borne by a certain Danish nobleman who made peace with Charlemagne. The nobleman's name was preserved in the king's papers.

According to another version, the word Suomi- Estonian origin. It is assumed that the once existing area by name Sooma(est. soo- "swamp", maa- "Earth"; literally: “land of swamps”). Settlers from this area transferred the name of their homeland to southwestern Finland, which also became known as Suomi.

Economic-geographical location

Finland is a country in northern Europe. The capital is Helsinki. Borders Sweden in the northwest

(586 km), Norway in the north (716 km) and Russia in the east (1265 km), sea ​​border with Estonia passes through the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia of the Baltic Sea. In the south and west coast of Finland

washed by the waters of the Baltic Sea, its gulfs - Finnish and Bothnian. Length

coastline (excluding tortuosity) 1100 km. Finland's area is 339 thousand km 2, it ranks 64th in the world in terms of area (about 1/4 of the area is located beyond the Arctic Circle). About 1/10 of the territory

Finland - inland waters, mainly lakes.

The country is divided into three main geographical regions:

Coastal lowlands - they stretch along the shores of the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia, along the shores of which there are thousands of rocky islands; The main archipelagos are the Åland Islands and the Turku archipelago. On the south-west coast, the heavily dissected coast develops into the largest archipelago in Finland - the Archipelago Sea - unique place all over the world, thanks to the unique variety of islands of varying sizes.

The Inland Lakes System (lake region) is an inland plateau south of the center of the country with dense forests and big amount lakes, swamps and swamps.

Northern upper reaches, most of which are located beyond the Arctic Circle. Differs in rather poor soils. Lapland is also characterized by Rocky Mountains and small hills. There, in the western part of Lapland, is the highest point in Finland - Halti Fjeld (1328 meters above sea level)

Most of Finland is lowland, but in the northeast some mountains reach heights of more than 1000 meters. Finland sits on an ancient granite bedrock that was formed during the Ice Age, traces of which are visible, for example, in the complex system of lakes and archipelagos and in the huge boulders found throughout the country.

Natural resources

Mineral resources: Finland has significant mineral resources. In 1974, 934 thousand tons of iron ore (concentrates and pellets), 38 thousand tons of copper, and 92 thousand tons of zinc were mined. In addition, nickel, chromite, cobalt, vanadium, lead, pyrites, graphite, feldspar, and asbestos are mined in Finland. The energy problem is one of the most pressing in Finland; The country does not have mineral fuels and other energy resources are limited. Its own fuel needs are covered by imports. Mainly crude oil and petroleum products are imported; production of petroleum products in Finland in

1974 amounted to St. 8.3 million tons

Water resources: Finland, often called the “land of a thousand lakes,” has approximately 190,000 lakes, covering 9% of its area. Typically, lakes abound with numerous bays, peninsulas and islands, interconnected by channels and form branched lake systems. Small lakes with average depths of 5-20 m predominate. However, within the Lake Plateau, located in central Finland, there are quite large and deep reservoirs. Thus, the depth of Lake Paijanne reaches 93 m. The largest lake in the country is Saimaa, located in the southeast of the country. North of the Lake Plateau is large lake Oulujärvi , and in the north of Lapland there is the large Lake Inari. The number of rivers in Finland reaches 2,000. They abound in rapids and waterfalls. Most rivers are short in length and connect lakes with each other or flow from lakes to the sea. The largest rivers - Kemijoki, Oulujoki and Tornionjoki - flow in the north. The Kemijoki River has the most extensive network of tributaries. There are also 36 channels with 48 gateways in the country. The canals are mostly small and connect the country's rivers and lakes, sometimes bypassing waterfalls. The most important is the Saimaa Canal, which partially passes through the Leningrad region and connects Lake Saimaa with the Gulf of Finland.

Forest resources: If you move from the south of Finland to the north, the landscapes of the sea coast with a huge number of small islands and rocks will be replaced by dense coniferous forests, mostly pine forests, covering the center of the country. Even further north are the almost treeless hills of Lapland. 2/3 of forests are privately owned, and with joint stock companies - 3/4.

Annual felling is about 50-55 million m3. In forestry together with timber rafting

65 thousand people are employed, except peasants who make up the main contingent

employed in this industry.

Agroclimatic resources: The climate is temperate, transitional from maritime to continental, and continental in the north. Despite its northern location, Finland experiences the warming influence of the Atlantic. Throughout the year, westerly winds with frequent cyclones prevail in the country. Average temperatures in all seasons are much higher than in more eastern regions at the same latitudes. Winters are cold. Precipitation throughout the year. The average February temperature in the south of the country is −6 °C, in Lapland −14 °C. In July, respectively, +17 in the south and up to +14 in the north.

Population

Number and natural increase:

The population of Finland in 2009 was 5,340,093 people, of which 47% were men and 53% were women.

The annual population growth averages 0.098%. On average, 105 boys are born per 100 girls in Finland;

Age composition:

0-14 years: 16.4% (males 438.425/females 422.777);

15-64 years: 66.8% (men 1,773,495/women 1,732,792);

65 years and older: 16.8% (men 357,811/women 524,975);

Peoples:

The ethnic composition of the Finnish population is relatively homogeneous, 91%

The inhabitants are Finns. Swedes live in the southern and western Baltic regions (about 390 thousand people, 1973 estimate), in the north of the country there are approximately 3 thousand Sami (Lapps). The official languages ​​are Finnish and Swedish.

Population density:

Average population density 16 people. per 1 km 2, 9/10 of the total population lives in the southern half of the country.

Urbanization:

The level of urbanization in Finland is quite high, which leads to the growth of old cities and towns, to the formation of new cities, to the growth of major cities satellite cities. The urban population in 1974 was 58.1% (32.3% in 1950).

Industry

The overwhelming majority of industrial products are produced by about 15% of industrial enterprises (with 100 or more employees), where about 70% of all industrial personnel are concentrated. In 1975, 609 thousand people were employed in industry. (compared to 364.5 thousand people in 1959). Significant changes occurred in the structure of industry in the post-war years (see Table 2). In terms of product value, the group of branches of the metalworking industry received the same importance as the timber and paper industry, which occupied a dominant position before World War II and still retained first place in exports (43% of all exports in 1976). This happened thanks to the modernization and expansion, and in some cases, the construction of new machine-building enterprises, which was caused both by the increased consumption of metal products, machinery and equipment in Finland itself, and by the fulfillment of reparation deliveries, and subsequently orders from the USSR and other socialist countries.

Mining industry and energy.

The energy problem is one of the most pressing in Finland; the country does not have mineral fuels and other energy resources are limited. Its own fuel needs are covered by imports. For the structure of the fuel and energy balance, see table. 3. Mainly crude oil, as well as petroleum products, are imported; production of petroleum products in Finland in 1974 amounted to St. 8.3 million tons . Hydroelectric potential of St. 20 billion kW. h , of which 11 billion kW were developed. h (1973). The main sources are in the North, where cascades of hydroelectric power stations were built on the rivers Oulujoki and Kemijoki in the post-war years. The total capacity of power plants in 1974 was 6.79 million kW. , including hydroelectric power capacity of 2.32 million kW. . In the total electricity production, the share of hydroelectric power station St. 40%, the largest hydroelectric power stations are “Iatra” (capacity 156 MW) , Oulujoki (110 MW) , Pyhäkoski (110 MW) . A nuclear power plant is being built in Lovisa (with the technical assistance of the Soviet Union, the launch of the 1st power unit took place in 1977). Part of the electricity (3.6 billion kW. h in 1974) is imported, including from the USSR. Since 1974, natural gas has been supplied from the USSR to Finland via pipeline.

Manufacturing industry

The group of metal industry sectors includes metallurgy, metalworking and mechanical engineering, including the electrical industry, production of vehicles (and ship repair). The main place in this group belongs to transport and general mechanical engineering and electrical engineering. The steel industry expanded significantly in the 1960s and 70s. thanks to the expansion of the raw material base and the commissioning of new enterprises, the largest of which are the state metallurgical plant "Rautarukki" (in Rahe and Hämenlinna) and factories working mainly on scrap in the cities of Imatra, Turku, Koverhar. In non-ferrous metallurgy, the smelting of electrolytic copper and zinc is developed (plants in Kokkola).

Finland produces a wide range of machinery and industrial equipment; France occupies a prominent place in the world in the production and export of machinery and equipment for the pulp and paper industry (7% of production in all capitalist countries and 10% of exports). Main production centers: Lahti, Vasa, Karhula, Rauma, Tampere. There are developed branches of mechanical engineering, specializing in the production of lifting and transport equipment (freight elevators, cranes, etc.), agricultural machines, machines for the forestry industry, for road and construction work.

Electrical industry

specializes primarily in the production of power equipment (generators, transformers, electric motors, etc.) and the manufacture of cables, the production of telephone sets, manual and automatic telephone exchanges, radios, televisions, and much more; the main center is Helsinki, as well as Turku, Salo, Porvo. Shipbuilding is developed; there are 9 shipyards, the largest in Turku, Helsinki, Rauma; They build mainly special vessels, including the world's largest diesel icebreakers, platforms with drilling rigs for offshore oil production, ferries, and offshore ships. and lake tugs, pass. and cargo ships.

Wooden shipbuilding (sailboats, schooners, cutters, motor boats) has been preserved. A large number of ships are built according to foreign orders.

Automotive industry(mainly from imported parts, assembly of passenger cars of the Swedish-Finnish company “Saab-Valmet”; production of trucks and buses) and tractor manufacturing; centers: Helsinki, Hämenlinna, Tampere, Jyvaskyla.

Timber processing industry has a diversified structure and includes wood processing (including sawmilling, furniture production, standard houses and building parts) and the pulp and paper industry (including the production of wood pulp, sulfite and sulfate pulp, paper, cardboard). Finland has less than 1% of the world's forest reserves (0.6%), but it is in the first rank of capitalist countries producing and exporting forest products. The wood and pulp and paper industries account for more than 1/4 of the value of the country's gross industrial output, and the products of these industries account for almost 1/5 of the value of Finnish exports. Large sawmills. factories are located mainly in the lower reaches of rafting rivers. There is a production of plywood, particle boards, matches, etc.; the furniture industry is developed (the main center is Lahti); production of houses, baths, barracks, etc., ch. area of ​​wooden housing construction - Lake District (Varkaus, Joensu), Rauma, Turku, Kemi.

Pulp and paper industry provides the largest amount of export timber products. The main place is occupied by the production of paper pulp, mainly cellulose (5% of world production and 7% of exports) and paper - newsprint (6% and 11%, respectively), writing and printing (4% and 22%). This industry operates partially (approximately 30%) on waste from sawmills and wood processing enterprises. This is related to its placement. The main areas are the Southeast (valley of the Kymi-Joki River) and the coast of the Bothnian Hall. The most important timber processing and export centers are the cities. Kotka, Kemi and Pori.

Chemical industry is developing at a rapid pace, far exceeding the average annual growth rate of industry as a whole. St. 2 I 3 chemical production accounts for oil refining, St. 1/3 - for plastic products, fertilizers - nitrogen and phosphate, paints and synthetic fibers, 1/5 - for household chemical products. The production of sulfuric acid used in the pulp and paper industry is important. Chemical industry centers - Helsinki, Turku, Tampere, Oulu; oil refining - gg. Porvo and Nantali. Light and food industry b. h. focused on the domestic market. Textile, clothing, leather and footwear, glass and porcelain industries are developed; production of building materials. Main text, center - Tampere. Food processing plants, particularly those producing butter and cheese, are located throughout the country, but especially in the Southwest.

Agriculture

Finland is one of the northernmost countries with developed agriculture. Its peculiarity is its connection with forestry. The main direction of agriculture is livestock farming, mainly dairy, which accounts for 75% of the value of agricultural products. 8.1% of the country's territory is used in agriculture - 2.7 million hectares (1973), almost all of which is cultivated. About sown areas, harvesting of agricultural crops, livestock and livestock products. The overwhelming majority of peasant farms are small. Of the 266 thousand farms (1973), 176 thousand had less than 5 hectares of arable land. Since farms with more than 10 hectares are practically viable. arable land, income from forest exploitation (on average 35 hectares per farm) and external earnings are of great importance for peasants. Only 5% of farms use hired labor. Farms that have less than 10 hectares of arable land each account for 77.4% of farms and occupy about 45% of arable land; farms with 10-20 hectares arable lands make up about 17% of all farms and have 32% of arable land; large farms (over 20 hectares of arable land each) - St. 5% of all farms, they concentrate 23% of arable land. The process of ruining small farms and the concentration of land among large owners is proceeding at an increasing pace. In the period 1969-74, 39 thousand peasant farms went bankrupt, mainly those whose arable area did not exceed 10 hectares . In the southern and central regions, along with livestock farming, grain farming is important. The marketing and processing of agricultural products is highly monopolized. The sowing area is dominated by forage crops - oats, barley, and sown grass. Agriculture is highly mechanized (175 thousand tractors and 34 thousand combines in 1974), which means that grain yields (wheat 29.4 c/ha , rye 18.3 c/ha in 1975) and cow milk yield (3974 kg per cow per year in 1974). In the northern regions there is reindeer husbandry.

Transport

Finland's transport system is considered to be well thought out. Finnish roads are managed by the Finnish Road Administration (Finnish). Tiehallinto) - a department subordinate to the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The Finnish railway network is managed by the state-owned company Ratahallintokeskus, subordinate to the Ministry of Transport and Communications. External and domestic air transport in Finland is carried out by about twenty airlines, including two Finnish ones: Finnair (formerly Aero), a Finnish airline majority owned by the state, and the private airline Finncomm Airlines, which operates joint flights with Finnair. There are 28 airports in the country, the largest of which is Helsinki-Vantaa, located in Vantaa. Finavia operates 25 airports. The Merenkulkulaitos Department, subordinate to the Ministry of Transport and Communications, is responsible for water transport. The length of railways is about 6 thousand km (1976), they account for 2.8% of passenger and 26.4% of freight traffic. The length of highways is about 40 thousand km. The main seaports are Helsinki, Turku, Kotka, Hamina, oil ports are Skjöldvik and Nantali. Thanks to icebreakers, maritime navigation is possible all year round.

A little bit of history...

According to archaeological research, the first settlements in Finland appeared at the end of the Ice Age, that is, around 8500 BC. e.. the inhabitants of Finland were hunters and gatherers who used stone tools. The first pottery appeared in the 3rd millennium BC. BC, when settlers from the East brought the comb pottery culture. Arrival of the battle ax culture on the southern coast of Finland in the 32nd century BC. e. coincided with the birth of agriculture. Despite this, hunting and fishing still remained an important part of the lives of the settlers, especially in the northern and eastern parts countries.

By the end of the Viking Age, Swedish merchants and kings had spread their influence throughout the Baltic region. For several centuries Finland was under the rule of Protestant Sweden. But as a result of the Russian-Swedish War, Finland in 1809 became part of the Russian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Finland, while maintaining broad autonomy. However, the unpopular process of Russification prepared the Finns to accept independence

One of the most...) in the South-Western and Southern Finland and metamorphosed volcanic rocks, quartzites... Karelids) in Eastern and Northern Finland. Platform clayey-sandstone formations are locally developed...

• Finland (12)

  Abstract >> Physical education and sports

  10 7. General rules etiquette in Finland……………………...12 List of used literature…………………………….15 ... Russia provides exceptional transport connection With Finland. Daily flights and trains, safe,...

• Finland, as a direction of Russian outbound tourism

  Coursework >> Physical education and sports

  Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 3 1. Tourist potential Finland…………………………….. 6 1.1 Tourism in Finland…………………………………………….. 6 1.2 Prospects for ski tourism in Finland…………………. 8 1.3 Educational and ecological tourism...