Geographical objects named after Russian explorers. Interesting Facts. Fedor Filippovich Konyukhov

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The northernmost cape of the Asian continent is called Cape Chelyuskin,
the easternmost tip of Asia - Cape Dezhnev,
the strait between Novaya Zemlya and the Taimyr Peninsula is named after Boris Vilkitsky,
The islands in the Kara Sea are named after polar explorers Shokalsky, Sibiryakov, Neupokoev, Isachenko, Voronin...

Among the seas named after the famous geographers Barents and Bering, the Laptev Sea appeared on geographical maps, which did not exist on old, pre-revolutionary maps. It was named in honor of the remarkable Arctic explorers Khariton Prokofievich and Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev, who took part in the Great Northern Expedition of the 18th century. The strait connecting the Laptev Sea with the East Siberian Sea, and the Khariton Laptev coast was called the northwestern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula - from Pyasinsky Bay to Taimyr Bay.

Cities and towns named after domestic travelers:

village Beringovsky (Chukotka) - V. I. Bering (navigator, captain-commander of the Russian Fleet),
Kropotkin ( Krasnodar region) - P. A. Kropotkin (prince, Russian geographer and geologist),
Lazarev (Khabarovsk Territory) - M. P. Lazarev (Russian traveler),
Makarov (Sakhalin region) - S. O. Makarov (Russian naval commander, oceanographer),
village Poyarkova (Amur region) - V. D. Poyarkov (Russian explorer),
village Przhevalskoe (Smolensk region) - N. M. Przhevalsky (Russian traveler),
Khabarovsk, Erofey Pavlovich station (Amur region) - Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov (Russian explorer),
Shelekhov (Shelikhov) (Irkutsk region) - G. I. Shelikhov - Russian traveler;

An island and a bay at the south-eastern tip of Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotsky on east coast Kamchatka Peninsula.

Geographical objects named in honor of A.I. Chirikov
cape in the Gulf of Anadyr, Russia;
cape in Tauyskaya Bay, Russia;

The nineteenth century was the time of the greatest geographical discoveries of Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of its predecessors. — Explorers and passengers of the 17th-18th centuries. They enriched the Russians’ understanding of the world, which contributed to the development of new territories that were part of the empire.

For the first time, Russia achieved an old dream: its ships entered the world's oceans.

I. F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. F. Lisyansky. In 1803, an expedition to study the northern part Pacific Ocean was carried out in the direction of Alexander I on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. This was the first Russian expedition, which lasted 3 years.

It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the greatest navigator and geographer of the 19th century. Century.

During the trip, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were shown for the first time. The trip participants had many interesting comments not only about the Far East, but also about other areas in which they sailed. The commander of the Neve, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him.

The expedition members collected a lot of data about the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, the Pacific and Arctic oceans.

The results of the observations were presented in a report by the Academy of Sciences.

It turned out to be so difficult that I. F. Kruzenshtern was called an academician. His materials formed the basis of what was published in the early 20th century. "Atlas of the South Seas". In 1845, Admiral Krusenstern became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society. He even took on a galaxy of Russian explorers and explorers.

F. F. Bellingshausen and M. P. Lazarev. Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen became one of Krusenstern's students and followers.

He was a member of the first Russian expedition in the world.

In 1819-1821. Bellingshausen was appointed to lead a new global march on lifeboats ("single-masted ships") "Vostok" (who commanded) and "World" (commander Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev). The expedition plan was Kruzenshtern. Its main goal was said to be "the acquisition of the most complete knowledge of our world" and "the discovery of a possible vicinity of the Antarctic pole."

The expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, then unknown, which Bellingshausen called the “ice continent.” After a stay in Australia, the Russian ships moved to the tropical Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russian Islands.

During 751 days of sailing, Russian sailors crossed about 50 thousand kilometers.

Significant geographical discoveries were made, they brought valuable collections, observed the waters of the World Ocean and the ice mass of a new continent for humanity.

A. A. Baranov and the development of Russian America.

Alexander Andreevich Baranov is hardly attributed to pioneers or passengers in the strict sense of these words. But this was a man who is an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots. As a merchant in Kargopol, he traded in Eastern Siberia, and since 1790 he has been in northwestern America.

In search of new hunting grounds, Baranov explored Kodiak Island and other areas in detail in search of mineral resources, founded a new Russian settlement and provided them with everything they needed to establish contact with the local residents.

It was for him that for the first time Russia actually fortified large Russian territories on the Pacific coast of North America.

Baran's activities were extremely complex and dangerous. Constant Indian raids cost the Russian settlers not only significant losses, but also their lives. It wasn't until 1802 that they attempted to establish a settlement on the island of Sitka, and more than 200 immigrants were killed.

Baran's efforts were so successful that they were in 1799

became the ruler of Russian-American society, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. He held this high and dangerous place almost until his death.

In 1804, Baranov founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress on the island of Sitka, and then Fort Fort. In 1815 he made an expedition to Hawaiian Islands with the intention of joining Russia. But this did not bring happiness. Being an elderly and sick man, Alexander Andreevich asked to resign three times.

However, such a person is in no hurry to be released from service. Only in 1818 was an agreement reached on his departure from America to his homeland. On the road, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.

After his death, it turned out that after he increased the capital of the Russian-American company and expanded Russia's assets, he died as a beggar. Upon learning of his death, A.S. Pushkin wrote in his diary: “Baranov died. Sorry for being an honest citizen, an intelligent person..."

G.I. Nevelskaya and E.V. Putyatin.

The greatest researcher of Russian Far East in the middle of the 19th century. became Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy.

In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), Sakhalin struck in the north, where he discovered many new, previously unknown territories and entered the lower stream of the Amur, succeeding. Here in 1850 he founded the Mikolainovsky post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelsky's journey was important: for the first time it became clear that Sakhalin was not connected to the mainland, the island and the Tartary Strait - the strait was not watered because it was counted.

Evtimius Vasilievich Putyatin in 1822-1825.

he traveled all over the world and left a descriptive account of what he saw. In 1852-1855. During the expedition that led him to the frigate Pallada, the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit the closed Europeans and the Japanese, and even there to sign a contract (1855).

The result of the expedition of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to strictly scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky Territory in the Far East for Russia.

The scientific information collected by Russian passengers was so great and important that the generalization of special institutions required their generalization and application.

The most important of these institutions was opened in 1845.

Russian Geographical Society. It became the center of geographical knowledge in Russia. Regular organization of scientific expeditions, conducting research on the population of Russia and neighboring countries, publication of geographical and statistical collections. In 1851, Caucasian and Siberian divisions of the Russian Geographical Society were created to develop economic and geographical research in Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, the Caucasus and Central Asia.

Questions and tasks

Why only in the 19th century? Russian ships set off into the world's oceans and began to surround the world? 2. What goals and objectives were set for the participants of the first Russian expedition of a Russian passenger?

What were the results of this expedition? 3. What is the historical significance of the discovery of Russian Antarctic sailors? 4. What actions of A. A. Baranov led to the growth and strengthening of Russian property in North America?

5. What is the contribution of the geographical science of G.V. Nevelsky and E.V. Putyatin?

geographical features in Russia named after Russian passengers

6. What practical results have been discovered by Russian passengers?

documentation

From the memorandum of F.P. Litke on the creation of the Russian Geographical and Statistical Society. May 1, 1845

The main task of this company is to collect and distribute complete and reliable information about our country both in Russia and abroad:

As for the geographical, that is, with this, everything that belongs to the description of the land area, the physical characteristics of the state, the workings of nature, etc.

2. Regarding statistics, the understanding of this word is not just a selection of anonymous numbers, not just quantitative statistics, but also descriptive or qualitative,

that is. all the relative elements of social life.

3. Regarding ethnography. This is the bottom of the question, that is, the knowledge of the different tribes living in the current state limits the physical, moral, social and linguistic...

The second task of the Geographical Association is to disseminate in our homeland, as well as basic geographical information, taste and love for geography, statistics and ethnography.

From journalist midshipman P.

M. Novosilsky - participant of the first Antarctic expedition

We came to solid ice, through which there were no openings to the south, so we had to turn first to the west and then to the north with a tense heart. Good weather soon stopped; she started snowing while on her knees, the fog was sometimes so thick that we couldn't see the reservoir from the feed while we were more frequent on the ice...

Then floating columns of light began to appear in the south; constantly disappears and reappears; Sometimes they were in the form of long diverging rays, sometimes a wavy ribbon of fire ran across the sky, sometimes a half-screaming flashing red light, in a word, we are present in all the glory of the magnificent, beautiful southern lights!

Questions for documents: 1.

What were the main goals of creating the Russian Geographical Society? 2. Why do you need an active study of the peoples of Russia? 3. How should he use geographical knowledge in educating the population? 4. What impressions did the round world participants bring to the eternal ice?

Expand your dictionary:

An expedition is a journey of a group of people for any purpose (scientific, military, educational).

Which geographical features named after Russian travelers

Answers:

The northernmost cape of the Asian continent is called Cape Chelyuskin, the easternmost tip of Asia is Cape Dezhnev, the strait between Novaya Zemlya and the Taimyr Peninsula is named after Boris Vilkitsky, the islands in the Kara Sea are named after the polar explorers Shokalsky, Sibiryakov, Neupokoev, Isachenko, Voronin... Among the seas, named after the famous geographers Barents and Bering, the Laptev Sea appeared on geographical maps, which did not exist on old, pre-revolutionary maps.

It was named in honor of the remarkable Arctic explorers Khariton Prokofievich and Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev, who took part in the Great Northern Expedition of the 18th century. The strait connecting the Laptev Sea with the East Siberian Sea is also named after Dmitry Laptev, and the northwestern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula is named after the Khariton Laptev coast - from Pyasinsky Bay to Taimyr Bay. Cities and towns named after domestic travelers: village.

Beringovsky (Chukotka) - V. I. Bering (navigator, captain-commander of the Russian Fleet), city of Kropotkin (Krasnodar Territory) - P. A. Kropotkin (prince, Russian geographer and geologist), city of Lazarev (Khabarovsk Territory) - M. P. Lazarev (Russian traveler), Makarov (Sakhalin region) - S. O. Makarov (Russian naval commander, oceanographer), village.

Poyarkova (Amur region) - V.D. Poyarkov (Russian explorer), village. Przhevalskoe (Smolensk region) - N. M. Przhevalsky (Russian traveler), city.

Khabarovsk, Erofey Pavlovich station (Amur region) - Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov (Russian explorer), Shelekhov (Shelikhov) (Irkutsk region) - G.I.

14 places named after great travelers

Shelikhov - Russian traveler; An island and a bay at the southeastern tip of Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotsky on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov. Geographical features named after A.I. Chirikov Cape in the Gulf of Anadyr, Russia; cape in Tauyskaya Bay, Russia;

Table "Russian passengers and pioneers" (pioneers)

Who: Semyon Dezhnev, Cossack chieftain, trader, fur seller.

When: 1648

What he found: First she crossed the Bering Strait, which separates Europe from North America. Therefore, I realized that Eurasia and North America are two different continents, and they are not closed.

Who: Thaddeus Bellingshausen, Russian admiral, navigator.

When: 1820th

What he found: Antarctica with Mikhail Lazarev on the frigates Vostok and Mirny. He commanded the Vostok. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshaus, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.

The expedition of Bellingshausen and Lazarev finally exploded the myth of the existence of a mythical "southern continent", which was misused in all medieval maps of Europe.

Navigators, including the famous Captain James Cook, spent more than three hundred and fifty years searching for the "Southern Continent" in the Indian Ocean, and of course, they found nothing.

Who: Kamchatsky Ivan, shark and saber hunter.

When: 1650 years.

What he found: Kamchatka is named after him.

What geographical objects do we call Czech passengers?

Who: Semyon Chelyuskin, polar explorer, Russian navy officer

When: 1742

What he found: The northernmost cape of Eurasia, named after Cape Chelyuskin.

Who: Ermak Timofeevich, Cossack chieftain in the service of the Russian emperor. Ermakov's last name is unknown. Maybe Tokmak.

When: 1581-1585

What he found: conquered and explored Siberia for the Russian state.

To this end, a successful armed battle began with Tatar huts in Siberia.

Ivan Kruzenshtern, member of the Russian Navy, admiral

When: 1803-1806.

What he found: He made a round-the-world tour with Yuri Lisyansky on the Nadezhda and Neva layers. Team "Nadezhda"

Who: Yuri Lisyansky, Russian navy officer, captain

When: 1803-1806.

What he found: With the wings "Nadezhda" and "Neva" he traveled around the world with Ivan Krusenstern. He made Nevi.

Who: Petr Semenov-Tien-Shansky

When: 1856-57

What he found: The first European to study the Tien Shan mountains. Later he studied a number of areas in Central Asia. To explore the mountain system and its services for science, he received the honorary name of Tien Shan from the authorities Russian Empire, which he had the right to transmit and inherit.

Who: Vitus Bering

When: 1727-29

What he found: The second (after Samon Dezhnev) and first researcher reached North America, which crossed the Bering Strait and thereby confirmed its existence. It is confirmed that North America and Eurasia are two different continents.

Who: Khabarov Erofey, Kazak, Furman

When: 1649-53

What he found: took possession of the Russian part of Siberia and the Far East, studied the land near the Amur River.

Who: Mikhail Lazarev, Russian naval officer.

When: 1820

What he found: Antarctica with Thaddeus Bellingshausen on the frigates Vostok and Mirny. He did Peaceful. Before the expedition of Lazarev and Bellingshaus, nothing was known about the existence of this continent.

The Russian expedition also finally began the myth of the existence of a mythical "southern continent" that was drawn from medieval European maps that had not been searched for by sailors for four years.

Great travelers, navigators and discoverers

Great travelers, navigators, discoverers and their discoveries are forever recorded in the milestones of history. People are both frightened and attracted by the unknown, especially when it comes to our planet.

The Middle Ages, when very little was known about the Earth, were marked by a number of fantastic discoveries made by brave sailors from different countries Europe.

Any cultured person for whom history is not an empty phrase can easily name the names of such great travelers as James Cook, Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama and many others.

They all lived in a time when travel was full of danger, uncertainty and often reckless adventurism.

Ships, guided only by the wind and the oars of the rowers, plowed the oceans in the hope of landing on an as yet uncharted land.

Imagine that a trip around the world, made on ships under the leadership of Magellan, lasted three years.

Of the five ships, only one returned to Spain; out of two hundred and eighty people, forty survived, and the great navigator was not one of them.

Discoverers who came from distant countries often surprised people with their amazing discoveries and stories about unusual phenomena that they encountered.

For example, Francisco de Orellana, famous for being the first to swim the entire Amazon, claimed that he met a warlike tribe of Amazons on the banks of the river - in fact, this is where the name of the longest river in the world came from.

Walter Raleigh, an English navigator who visited North America, talked about the ugly people who inhabited the New World.

Allegedly they had no heads, and their eyes and mouth were located directly on the body. In addition, according to him, his expedition saw the Golden Eldorado.

After Bellingshausen and Lazarev, the discoverers of Antarctica, put the last continent on the world map in 1820, the time of great discoveries passed. Now travel lovers could only walk unbeaten paths across known lands and plow the seas, which have long had their own names.

Nevertheless, even in the twentieth century there were great navigators whose discoveries stun the imagination.

Consider Thor Heyerdahl alone, who crossed the Pacific Ocean with his team on a raft made of beams.

Now for those who like to test their strength and look for adventures on their own, there are no barriers. They raft down rivers, cross mountains and deserts, travel around the world no longer to map new territory— these travelers will no longer become pioneers. They challenge nature without suffering at all from the lack of connection with civilization and its benefits.

The era of space travel began with the first manned flight into space.

The vast expanses of the Universe call on their heroes to make new discoveries. Several astronauts have already visited the Moon, and landing on Mars is just around the corner.

Perhaps soon science fiction novels about distant planets and extraterrestrial civilizations will become a reality, and new great travelers and their discoveries will be entered into the history books.

Seas and rivers, straits and islands, mountains and settlements - a considerable number of objects on geographical maps bear the names of explorers and pioneers. Such names are called memorial or nominal.

All geographical names can be divided into 3 groups:

• saved national names in local languages;
• names reflecting natural features or location of geographical objects;
• personal names given in honor of public figures, scientists, researchers or members of expedition groups.

The priority right to assign names has always belonged to the discoverers - those who first noticed, described or mapped a geographical object. If the discovered object remained nameless, the right to choose a name passed to subsequent research expeditions or institutions responsible for collecting and distributing geographical information.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, names were approved by decrees of the ruling monarchs or by decisions of the Russian Geographical Society, in the Soviet period - by resolutions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Currently, the assignment of names to geographical objects is carried out by the Government of the Russian Federation on the proposal of Rosreestr.

TOP 10 significant objects in the world named after discoverers

Geographical objects named after travelers are overwhelmingly associated with navigation: these are islands, bays, straits, seas and rivers.

America

America is the largest of the objects on the globe that have received personal names. North and South America make up the most extensive continent on the planet, on whose territory almost all climatic zones and geographical areas.

Christopher Columbus, whose fleet landed on the shores of the New World in 1492, did not give the discovered lands a name: until the end of his life he was convinced that he had discovered a sea route to India. The idea that the lands reached by Columbus were a previously unknown continent was first expressed by the Florentine merchant, navigator and astronomer Amerigo Vespucci.

Vespucci's travels to the shores of Central and South America are known from his own letters addressed to a friend. In 1504 - 1505 they were published and aroused great interest in Europe, causing many to consider Vespucci the discoverer of a new continent.

In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller, who made one of the first maps of the New World, gave the continent the name Amerigo. Traditionally, the earth's continents are given names of the feminine gender, so the name of the navigator was used in its feminine version - America. The name was removed from the subsequent edition of the map, but by that time it had already become firmly established.

Colombia

Colombia, named after Christopher Columbus, ranks 2nd in population and 4th in area among the countries of South America. The country contains 90% of the world's emerald reserves, and in terms of coffee production it is second only to Brazil.

During the 3 centuries following the discovery of the American continent, the territory of Colombia was Spanish colony Nueva Granada. The name Colombia was first proposed by Francisco Miranda, one of the leaders of the independence movement who took part in the French Revolution.

The idea was supported by Simon Bolivar, under whose command Republican troops took control of New Granada. In 1819, the Republic of Gran Colombia was founded, incorporating the territories that later became Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador.

With the separation of some territories, the country returned to the name Nueva Granada, after which it was successively renamed the Granadian Confederation and the United States of Colombia. In 1886, the Republic of Colombia received its modern name.

Barencevo sea

The Barents Sea is part of the Arctic Ocean and lies between Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Its southern coastline is made up of mainland Russia and Norway.

Thanks to warm currents South part The Barents Sea is navigable all year round. There are important trade routes connecting Russia with the ports of other countries. The sea is distinguished by rich reserves of commercial fish species, and active oil and gas production is carried out on the shelf.

The sea, originally called Murmansk, was renamed Barents in 1853. The name was given in honor of the Dutch navigator Willem Barents, who was the first to cross the sea and discover the islands of the Spitsbergen archipelago.

Bermuda

Bermuda, located in the northwest Atlantic, is a chain of 138 volcanic islands surrounded by reefs. This is the northernmost point of distribution of reef-building corals and one of the corners of the famous Bermuda Triangle.

It is believed that over the past 500 years, at least 1,000 ships and aircraft have disappeared without a trace in this part of the ocean.

The archipelago, discovered in 1503 by the Spanish navigator Juan Bermudez, remained nameless and uninhabited for more than a hundred years. The first settlement was founded in 1609 by British admiral George Somers, whose ship ran aground near the islands. The archipelago was named Somers Island, after which it was renamed Bermuda.

Hudson Bay

Hudson Bay in northeastern Canada is the fourth largest bay in the world, stretching 1,350 km from south to north and 830 km from east to west.

The bay was first discovered by the Italian navigator Sebastian Cabot, who led an expedition to find a sea route to India in 1506 - 1509. Modern name assigned to the bay in honor of Henry Hudson (Hudson), an English marine explorer and navigator who devoted most of his life to searching for the northern route from Europe to Asia.

The Hudson Expedition explored the bay in 1910, charting much of its eastern shore.

Strait of Magellan

The Strait of Magellan, separating mainland Chile and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, is the most important of the natural water passages between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic. The strait was of particular importance before the opening of the Panama Canal: despite frequent fogs and unpredictability of currents, it is much safer than the Drake Passage.

The strait is named after Ferdinand (Fernand) Magellan, a Portuguese navigator in the service of the Spanish crown, who completed the first circumnavigation in history. In 1520, he became the first European to sail a ship through the strait.

In memory of the fact that the passage began on All Saints' Day, November 1, the navigator named the open waterway the Strait of All Saints. The strait was later renamed in honor of Magellan by King Charles V of Spain.

Mount Cook

Mount Cook, which is the most high point Australasia - a 3,724 m high peak in the Southern Alps mountain range, located on South Island New Zealand. The Aboriginal Maori called the peak Aoraki, which means "cloud piercer", and considered it one of the sons of the sky father.

Mount Cook received its name thanks to John Lort Stokes, the captain of the steamship Acheron, whose crew carried out a hydrographic survey of the New Zealand coast in 1846 - 1850. Stokes named the mountain after the English navigator and cartographer James Cook, who completed 3 voyages around the world and was the first European to explore the islands of New Zealand in 1770.

In 1998, as a sign of respect for the country's indigenous population, the peak was named Aoraki/Mount Cook - this is the only case of a dual name in which the English name appears after the local one.

Tasmania

Tasmania is an island state of Australia, separated from the mainland by Bass Strait. The area of ​​the island is 68,322 square meters. km, which is comparable to the size of Ireland.

Tasmania's isolated position has contributed to the preservation of unique flora and fauna, many of which are endemic. More than 45% of the island's territory is occupied by natural parks, reserves and facilities world heritage.

The first European to discover Tasmania during an expedition in 1642 was the Dutch captain Abel Janszoon Tasman. The discoverer named the island Van Diemen's Land - in honor of Governor General Anthony van Diemen who organized the expedition. The name Tasmania was assigned to the island by a special decree of Queen Victoria of England, which came into force on January 1, 1856.

Mackenzie River

The Mackenzie is Canada's largest and North America's second largest river system. The total length of the tributaries and the main channel flowing into the Arctic Ocean is more than 4,000 km.

The river is named after the Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie, who for the first time in history crossed the territory of North America from eastern to west coast.

In search of access to the Pacific Ocean, Mackenzie's expeditionary group traveled by canoe to the mouth of the river, reaching the ice-covered Beaufort Sea in July 1789. It is believed that the researcher who realized the mistake named the river Disappointment, but this name is not mentioned in official documents.

Drake Passage

The Drake Passage is located between the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, which is the southernmost point of the American continent, and the South Shetland Islands, which belong to Antarctica.

This is the largest of the earth's named straits, with depths of over 5 km and a width of at least 800 km. Hurricane-force winds, strong currents, drifting icebergs and storms with waves up to 15 m high make it extremely dangerous for shipping.

The first navigator who managed to navigate a ship through the strait in 1578 was the famous English corsair, Vice Admiral of the Royal Navy Francis Drake. The strait was named in his honor much later, during the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914 - 1917. under the leadership of Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton.

What geographical objects are named after Russian travelers?

Geographical objects named after travelers are fully represented on the map of Russia.

Most of these objects were explored and named during 4 major research expeditions:

Atlasov Island

Atlasov Island is an uninhabited volcano island, one of the most active volcanoes Great Kuril ridge. The island's volcano, called Alaid, has a height of 2,285 m and an almost perfect cone shape. Volcanic eruptions occur every 30 - 40 years.

The volcano, visible from the shore of the mainland in clear weather, was first noticed and described by Vladimir Vasilyevich Atlasov (1661 - 1711), an explorer and discoverer of Kamchatka. The island was named in his honor in 1954.

Vilkitsky Island

Geographical objects of the Arctic have about 2 thousand personal names, most of which are assigned in honor of participants and leaders of polar expeditions. One of such objects is Vilkitsky Island - an uninhabited part of land with an area of ​​170 square meters. km, located in the Kara Sea.

The island was named in 1896 in honor of the hydrographer Andrei Ippolitovich Vilkitsky, who compiled the first map of its coastline.

The following were also named in honor of A.I. Vilkitsky:

• Bay in the Barents Sea;
• Glacier on the Novaya Zemlya archipelago;
• Island in the East Siberian Sea;
• 2 capes in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago;
• A group of islands within the Nordenskiöld archipelago.

Vilkitsky Strait

The strait connecting the Kara and Laptev seas is located between the Severnaya Zemlya islands and the coast of Taimyr.
Mapped by the expedition group of hydrographer B.A. Vilkitsky in 1913, it was originally named the Strait of Tsarevich Alexei. In 1918, the name was changed to Boris Vilkitsky Strait, and in 1957 it was shortened, losing the name of the researcher.

Cape Dezhnev

Cape Dezhnev - high mountain range, located in the Bering Strait. The cape was discovered by the navigator Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev, who passed through the strait 80 years before Bering. Initially it bore the names Big Chukotsky Nose, Kamenny Nos and Cape Vostochny, and in 1879 it was renamed Cape Dezhnev by the Swedish explorer A.E. Nordenskiöld.

Bering Strait

The strait connecting the waters of the Arctic and Pacific oceans is named after the navigator Vitus Jonassen Bering. The border between the United States and Russia runs between the two Diomede Islands located in the strait.

The strait passed by V. Bering in 1728 was named after him at the suggestion of Captain D. Cook, who highly appreciated the map made by Bering.

The name of V.I. Bering is also borne by:

• Sea in the North Pacific Ocean;
• One of the largest mountain glaciers in the world, located in the Chugach Mountains in Alaska;
• One of the Commander Islands in the Bering Sea.

Voronin Island

Voronin Island is an uninhabited part of land in the Kara Sea, consisting of a main island and a sand spit, separated from it by a narrow and shallow strait. The island, discovered in 1930 by the expedition of O. Yu. Schmidt, was named after the Arctic explorer Vladimir Ivanovich Voronin.

In addition, the following are named after V.I. Voronin:

• Cape on the island Salisbury (Franz Josef Land);
• Bay in the Khabarovsk Territory.

Wrangel Island

Wrangel Island is an uninhabited island with an area of ​​more than 7,600 square meters. km in the Arctic Ocean, discovered by British explorer Henry Kellett in 1849 and named Kellett Land. Its modern name was given to it by the captain of the whaling ship Thomas Long in 1867 in honor of the Arctic explorer Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel.

Since 1976, the island's territory has been a state nature reserve.

The following were also named in honor of F. P. Wrangel:

• The Wrangel Mountains are a mountain range about 150 km long in Alaska;
• One of the Alexander Islands (Alaska).

Laptev sea

The Laptev Sea is a sea off the coast of Taimyr, which is part of the Arctic Ocean. The Laptev Sea has been known to Russian explorers since the beginning of the 17th century. called Siberian, and with late XIX V. - Nordenskiöld.

The modern name was given in 1935 in memory of the Laptev cousins, who were captains of ships as part of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. Under their leadership, the sea coastline was explored and mapped.

The following are also named after the Laptevs:

Sea of ​​Lazarev

The Lazarev Sea, located off the coast of Antarctica, borders the waters of the Weddell and Riiser-Larsen seas. There are no clearly defined natural boundaries near the sea.

The Lazarev Sea, which received the status of a separate geographical object in 1962, is named after the navigator Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev.

The following are also named after M. P. Lazarev:

• Atoll in the Tuamotu archipelago (French Polynesia);
• Bay in Antarctica;
• Cape in the Sevastopol Bay of the Black Sea;
• Cape in the Nevelskoy Strait (Khabarovsk Territory);
• Cape on Unimak Island (Alaska).

Lisyansky Island

Geographical objects named after travelers of Russian origin can be found outside of Russia.
Lisyansky Island is an uninhabited island with an area of ​​1.5 square meters. km as part of the Hawaiian archipelago (USA), discovered by captain Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky during the first circumnavigation under the command of Krusenstern in 1805. The island is a low atoll surrounded by a vast shoal.

The atoll is home to a large number of birds of various species, due to which in 1909 it was included in the Hawaiian Bird Sanctuary. Currently, Lisyansky Island is declared a national natural monument.

A peninsula in the northeast of the Khabarovsk Territory is also named after Lisyansky.

Makarov Island

Makarov Island is one of the Nordenskiöld islands, discovered during the Russian polar expedition. The island was named after the explorer, shipbuilder and oceanographer Stepan Osipovich Makarov.

The following were also named in honor of S. O. Makarov:

• Mount Makarova as part of the ridge of the same name near the town of Partizansk, Primorsky Territory;
• River on Sakhalin Island;
• The city of Makarov on the eastern shore of Sakhalin at the mouth of the river of the same name;
• An underwater basin up to 3,940 m deep in the Arctic Ocean, discovered by Soviet scientists in 1950;
• Isthmus on the island Shiashkotan (Kuril Islands).

Shore of Pronchishchev

The section of the eastern part of the Taimyr coast, stretching from Thaddeus Bay for 380 km, is called the Pronchishchev coast. This is a typical Arctic tundra with big amount small lakes and swamps.

The coast was named in 1913 by B. A. Vilkitsky in honor of the polar explorer Vasily Vasilyevich Pronchishchev, who explored the coast of Taimyr as part of the Second Kamchatka Expedition in 1735 - 1736.

The following are also named after V.V. Pronchishchev:

• River and lake along the course of this river on the Taimyr Peninsula;
• Mountain ridge in Yakutia.

Pronchishcheva Bay

Pronchishchevoy Bay is a narrow bay of the Laptev Sea on the coast of Taimyr. The bay was named by Soviet cartographers in the 1920s. honor of Maria Fedorovna (real name - Tatyana) Pronchishcheva - the first polar traveler, who unofficially accompanied her husband V.V. Pronchishcheva during the Second Kamchatka Expedition.

Cape Chelyuskin

The cape, located at the northern tip of the Taimyr Peninsula, is the northernmost point of the Eurasian continent, covered with snow for 11 - 12 months of the year. The discoverer of this piece of land was a member of the Second Kamchatka Expedition, navigator Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin, who carried out cartographic surveys in May 1742. The name was given to the cape by A. F. Middendorf in 1843.

The following are also named after S.I. Chelyuskin:

• Island in the Kara Sea;
• A peninsula that is part of the Taimyr Peninsula.

Despite the fact that the main part of the geographical objects was discovered in the period from the end of the 15th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, the process of exploring individual parts of the globe was still ongoing. New names regularly appear on maps, including those given in honor of travelers and scientists.

Article format: Vladimir the Great

Video about great geographical discoveries

About the Age of Great Geographical Discovery:

(c. 1605, Veliky Ustyug - early 1673, Moscow) - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack ataman, as well as a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, for 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, he passed the Bering Strait, separating Alaska from Chukotka.
It is noteworthy that Bering did not manage to pass the entire strait, but had to limit himself to sailing only in its southern part, while Dezhnev passed the strait from north to south, along its entire length.

Biography

Information about Dezhnev has reached our time only for the period from 1638 to 1671. Born in Veliky Ustyug (according to other sources, in one of the Pinega villages). It is unknown when Dezhnev left there to “seek his fortune” in Siberia.

In Siberia, he first served in Tobolsk and then in Yeniseisk. Among the great dangers of 1636-1646, he “humbled” the Yakuts. From Yeniseisk in 1638 he moved to the Yakut fort, which had just been founded in the neighborhood of still unconquered foreign tribes. Dezhnev’s entire service in Yakutsk represented a series of tireless labors, often associated with danger to life: during 20 years of service here he was wounded 9 times. Already in 1639-40. Dezhnev brings the native prince Sahey into submission.

In the summer of 1641, he was assigned to M. Stadukhin’s detachment, and with him reached the prison on Oymyakon (the left tributary of the Indigirka).

In the spring of 1642, up to 500 Evens attacked the fort; Cossacks, yasak Tunguses and Yakuts came to the rescue. The enemy retreated with losses. At the beginning of the summer of 1643, Stadukhin’s detachment, including Dezhnev, on a built koch, descended along the Indigirka to the mouth, crossed by sea to the Alazeya River and in its lower reaches met Erila’s koch. Dezhnev managed to persuade him to take joint action, and the combined detachment, led by Stadukhin, moved east on two ships.

In mid-July, the Cossacks reached the Kolyma delta, were attacked by the Yukaghirs, but broke through up the river and in early August they set up a fort on its middle course (now Srednekolymsk). Dezhnev served in Kolyma until the summer of 1647. In the spring, he and three companions delivered a cargo of furs to Yakutsk, repelling an attack by the Evens along the way. Then, at his request, he was included in the fishing expedition of Fedot Popov as a tribute collector. However, severe ice conditions in 1647 forced the sailors to return. Only the following summer did Popov and Dezhnev, with 90 people on seven kochas, move east.

According to the generally accepted version, only three ships reached the Bering Strait - two died in a storm, two went missing; Another shipwrecked in the strait. Already in the Bering Sea in early October, another storm separated the two remaining Kochas. Dezhnev and 25 companions were thrown back to the Olyutorsky Peninsula, and only ten weeks later they were able to reach the lower reaches of Anadyr. This version contradicts the testimony of Dezhnev himself, recorded in 1662: six ships out of seven passed through the Bering Strait, and in the Bering Sea or in the Gulf of Anadyr, five kochs, including Popov’s ship, died in “bad sea weather.”

One way or another, Dezhnev and his comrades, after crossing the Koryak Highlands, reached Anadyr “cold and hungry, naked and barefoot.” Of the 12 people who went in search of the camps, only three returned; somehow 17 Cossacks survived the winter of 1648/49 in Anadyr and were even able to build river boats before the ice broke up. In the summer, having climbed 600 kilometers against the current, Dezhnev founded a tribute winter hut on Upper Anadyr, where he celebrated the new year, 1650. At the beginning of April, the detachments of Semyon Motors and Stadukhin arrived there. Dezhnev agreed with Motora about unification and in the fall made an unsuccessful attempt to reach the Penzhina River, but, without a guide, he wandered in the mountains for three weeks.
In late autumn, Dezhnev sent some people to the lower reaches of Anadyr to purchase food from local residents. In January 1651, Stadukhin robbed this food detachment and beat up the suppliers, and in mid-February he himself went south to Penzhina. The Dezhnevites held out until spring, and in the summer and autumn they were engaged in the food problem and exploration (unsuccessful) of “sable places”. As a result, they became familiar with the Anadyr and most of its tributaries; Dezhnev drew up a drawing of the pool (not yet found). In the summer of 1652, in the south of the Anadyr estuary, he discovered on the shallows a very rich rookery of walruses with a huge amount of “meat teeth” - the fangs of dead animals.

Sailing map
and the campaign of S. Dezhnev in 1648–1649.

In 1660, Dezhnev was replaced at his request, and he, with a load of “bone treasury,” moved overland to the Kolyma, and from there by sea to the Lower Lena. After wintering in Zhigansk, he reached Moscow through Yakutsk in September 1664. For the service and fishing of 289 poods (just over 4.6 tons) of walrus tusks in the amount of 17,340 rubles, a full settlement was made with Dezhnev. In January 1650, he received 126 rubles and the rank of Cossack chieftain.

Upon returning to Siberia, he collected yasak on the Olenyok, Yana and Vilyui rivers, at the end of 1671 he delivered the sable treasury to Moscow and fell ill. Died early in 1673.

During his 40 years in Siberia, Dezhnev participated in numerous battles and skirmishes and had at least 13 wounds, including three serious ones. Judging by written evidence, he was distinguished by reliability, honesty and peacefulness, the desire to carry out work without bloodshed.

A cape, island, bay, peninsula and village are named after Dezhnev. A monument to him was erected in the center of Veliky Ustyug in 1972.

Since we are talking about Dezhnev, it is necessary to mention Fedote Popov- the organizer of this expedition.

Fedot Popov, comes from Pomor peasants. For some time he lived in the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina, where he acquired sailing skills and mastered reading and writing. A few years before 1638, he appeared in Veliky Ustyug, where he was hired by the wealthy Moscow merchant Usov and established himself as an energetic, intelligent and honest worker.

In 1638, already in the position of clerk and confidant of the trading company, Usov was sent with a partner to Siberia with a large consignment of “all kinds of goods” and 3.5 thousand rubles (a significant amount at that time). In 1642, both reached Yakutsk, where they parted. With the trade expedition, Popov moved further to the Olenyok River, but he was unable to make a deal there. After returning to Yakutsk, he visited Yana, Indigirka and Alazeya, but all was unsuccessful - other merchants were ahead of him. By 1647, Popov arrived in Kolyma and, having learned about the distant Pogych (Anadyr) River, where no one had yet penetrated, he planned to get to it by sea in order to compensate for the losses he had suffered over several years of futile wandering.

In the Srednekolymsky prison, Popov gathered local industrialists and, using the owner’s funds, the merchant Usov, as well as the money of his companions, built and equipped 4 kochas. The Kolyma clerk, realizing the importance of the undertaking, gave Popov official status, appointing him a tselovalnik (a customs official whose duties also included collecting duties on fur transactions). At Popov’s request, 18 Cossacks were assigned to the fishing expedition under the command of Semyon Dezhnev, who wished to participate in the enterprise to open “new lands” as a yasak collector. But the leader of the voyage was Popov, the initiator and organizer of the whole affair. Soon after going to sea in the summer of 1647, due to difficult ice conditions, the Kochi returned back to Kolyma. Popov immediately began preparing for a new campaign. Thanks to the newly invested funds, he equipped 6 camps (and Dezhnev hunted in the upper reaches of the Kolyma in the winter of 1647-1648). In the summer of 1648, Popov and Dezhnev (again as collectors) went down the river to the sea. Here they were joined by the seventh koch, Gerasim Ankudinov, who unsuccessfully applied for Dezhnev’s place. The expedition, consisting of 95 people, for the first time passed at least 1000 km of the north-eastern coast of Asia through the Chukchi Sea and in August reached the Bering Strait, where Ankudinov’s boat crashed. Fortunately for the people, he moved to Popov’s koch, and the rest were located on 5 other ships. On August 20, the sailors landed somewhere between Capes Dezhnev and Chukotka to repair ships, collect waste material (fin) and replenish fresh water supplies. The Russians saw islands in the strait, but it was impossible to determine which ones. In a fierce skirmish with the Chukchi or Eskimos, Popov was wounded. At the beginning of October, a severe storm scattered the flotilla in the Bering Sea or the Gulf of Anadyr. Further fate Dezhnev found out about Popov five years later: in 1654, on the shores of the Gulf of Anadyr, in a skirmish with the Koryaks, he managed to recapture the Yakut wife of Popov, whom he took with him on a campaign. This first Russian Arctic navigator named Kivil informed Dezhnev that Popov's koch was thrown onto land, most of the sailors were killed by the Koryaks, and only a handful of Russians fled on boats, and Popov and Ankudinov died of scurvy.

Popov's name has been undeservedly forgotten. He rightfully shares the glory of opening the passage from the Arctic to the Pacific Ocean with Dezhnev.

(1765, Totma, Vologda province - 1823, Totma Vologda province) - explorer of Alaska and California, creator of Fort Ross in America. Totemsky tradesman. In 1787 he reached Irkutsk, on May 20, 1790 he concluded a contract with the Kargopol merchant A. A. Baranov, who lived in Irkutsk, on a sea voyage to the American shores in the company of Golikov and Shelikhov.

The famous explorer of the North American continent and the founder of the famous Fort Ross, Ivan Kuskov, in his youth, enthusiastically listened to the stories and memories of travelers arriving in their region from distant unexplored places, and even then he became seriously interested in sailing and the development of new lands.

As a result, already at the age of 22, Ivan Kuskov went to Siberia, where he signed a contract for escort to American shores. Of great importance was the extensive organizational activity of Ivan Kuskov on Kodiak Island in the development and settlement of new lands, the construction of settlements and fortifications. For some time, Ivan Kuskov acted as chief manager. Later, he commanded the Konstantinovsky redoubt under construction on Nuchev Island in the Chugatsky Gulf, and went out to explore Sitkha Island on the brig “Ekaterina” at the head of a flotilla of 470 canoes. Under the command of Ivan Kuskov, a large party of Russians and Aleuts fished on the west coast of the American continent and was forced to fight with local Indians to assert their positions. The result of the confrontation was the construction of a new fortification on the island and the construction of a settlement called Novo-Arkhangelsk. It was he who in the future was destined to gain the status of the capital of Russian America.

The merits of Ivan Kuskov were noted by the ruling circles; he became the owner of the medal “For Diligence,” cast in gold, and the title of “Commerce Advisor.”

Having led a sea voyage campaign to develop the lands of California, which was then under Spanish rule, Ivan Kuskov opened a new page in his life and work. On the ship "Kodiak" he visited the island of Trinidad in Bodega Bay, and on the way back he stopped at Douglas Island. Moreover, everywhere the pioneers buried boards with the coat of arms of their country in the ground, which meant the annexation of the territories to Russia. In March 1812, on the Pacific coast, north of San Francisco Bay, Ivan Kuskov founded the first large fortress in Spanish California - Fort Slavensk or otherwise Fort Ross. Creation of a fortress and agricultural settlement in Blagodatnye climatic conditions helped provide food to the northern Russian settlements in America. Fishing areas for sea animals expanded, a shipyard was built, a forge, a metalworker, a carpentry and fulling workshop were opened. For nine years, Ivan Kuskov was the head of the fortress and village of Ross. Ivan Kuskov died in October 1823 and was buried in the fence of the Spaso-Sumorin Monastery, but the grave of the famous researcher has not survived to this day.

Ivan Lyakhov- Yakut merchant-industrialist who discovered Fr. Boiler of the Novosibirsk Islands. From the middle of the 18th century. hunted for Mammoth bone on the mainland, in the tundra, between the mouths of the Anabar and Khatanga rivers. In April 1770, in search of a mammoth bone, he crossed the ice from the Holy Nose through the Dmitry Laptev Strait to the island. Near or Eteriken (now Bolshoi Lyakhovsky), and from its northwestern tip - on the island. Maly Lyakhovsky. After returning to Yakutsk, he received from the government a monopoly right to fish on the islands he visited, which, by decree of Catherine II, were renamed Lyakhovsky. In the summer of 1773, he took a boat with a group of industrialists to the Lyakhovsky Islands, which turned out to be a real “mammoth cemetery”. North of the island. Maly Lyakhovsky was seen by the "Third" big Island and passed on to him; for the winter of 1773/74 he returned to the island. Near. One of the industrialists left a copper boiler on the “Third” island, which is why the newly discovered island began to be called Kotelny (the largest of the New Siberian islands). I. Lyakhov died in the last quarter of the 18th century. After his death, the monopoly right to trade on the islands passed to the Syrovatsky merchants, who sent Y. Sannikov there for new discoveries.

Yakov Sannikov(1780, Ust-Yansk - no earlier than 1812) Russian industrialist (XVIII-XIX centuries), explorer of the New Siberian Islands (1800-1811). Discovered the islands of Stolbovoy (1800) and Faddeevsky (1805). He expressed the opinion about the existence of a vast land north of the New Siberian Islands, the so-called. Sannikov lands.

In 1808 Minister of Foreign Affairs and Commerce N.P. Rumyantsev organized an expedition to explore the newly discovered New Siberian Islands - " Mainland". M.M. Gedenshtrom was appointed head of the expedition. Arriving in Yakutsk, Gedenshtrom established that "it was discovered by the townspeople Portnyagin and Sannikov, living in the Ust-Yansk village." On February 4, 1809, Gedenshtrom arrived in Ust-Yansk, where he met with local industrialists, among whom was Yakov Sannikov. Sannikov served as a forward worker (artel foreman) for the Syrovatsky merchants. He was an amazingly brave and inquisitive man, whose entire life was spent wandering across the vast expanses of the Siberian North. In 1800, Sannikov moved from the mainland. on Stolbovoy Island, and five years later he was the first to set foot on an unknown land, which later received the name Faddeevsky Island, named after the industrialist who built a winter hut on it. Then Sannikov took part in the trip of the industrialist Syrovatsky, during which the so-called so-called island was discovered. Big Earth, called New Siberia by Matvey Gedenstrom.

The meeting with Sannikov, one of the discoverers of the New Siberian Islands, was a great success for Matvey Matveevich. In the person of Sannikov, he found a reliable assistant and decided to expand the area of ​​​​work of his expedition. Sannikov, fulfilling Gedenstrom’s instructions, crossed the strait in several places between the islands of Kotelny and Faddeevsky and determined that its width ranged from 7 to 30 versts.

“On all these lands,” Pestel wrote to Rumyantsev, “there is no standing forest; among the animals there are polar bears, gray and white wolves; there are a great many deer and arctic foxes, as well as brown and white mice; among birds in winter there are only white partridges, in summer , according to the description of the tradesman Sannikov, there are a lot of geese molting there, as well as ducks, tupans, waders and other small birds. This land, which Gedenstrom traveled around, was named by him as New Siberia, and the shore where the cross was erected was named Nikolaevsky.”

Gedenstrom decided to send an artel of industrialists under the command of Yakov Sannikov to New Siberia.

Sannikov discovered a river that flowed northeast from the Wooden Mountains. He said that members of his artel walked along its shore “60 miles deep and saw water disputed from the sea.” In Sannikov's testimony, Gedenstrom saw evidence that New Siberia in this place was probably not very wide. It soon became clear that New Siberia was not a continent, but not a very large island.

March 2, 1810 The expedition, led by Gedenstrom, left Posadnoye winter quarters and headed north. Among the expedition participants was Yakov Sannikov. The ice in the sea turned out to be very disturbed. Instead of six days, the journey to New Siberia took about two weeks. The travelers moved on sledges to the mouth of the Indigirka River, and from there to the eastern coast of New Siberia. Another 120 versts before the island, travelers noticed Wooden Mountains on south coast of this island. Having rested, we continued the inventory of New Siberia, which we began last year. Sannikov crossed New Siberia from south to north. Coming out to its northern shore, he saw blue waters far to the northeast. It was not the blue of the sky; During his many years of travel, Sannikov saw her more than once. This is exactly how blue Stolbovoy Island seemed to him ten years ago, and then Faddeevsky Island. It seemed to Yakov that as soon as he drove 10-20 miles, either mountains or the shores of an unknown land would emerge from the blue. Alas, Sannikov could not go: he was with one team of dogs.

After meeting with Sannikov, Gedenstrom set off on several sledges with the best dogs to the mysterious blue. Sannikov believed that this was land. Gedenstrom later wrote: “The imaginary land turned into a ridge of the highest ice masses of 15 or more fathoms in height, spaced 2 and 3 versts from one another. In the distance, as usual, they seemed to us like a continuous coastline”...

In the autumn of 1810 on Kotelny, on the northwestern coast of the island, in places where no industrialist had ever gone, Sannikov found a grave. Next to her was a narrow, high sled. Her device indicated that “people were dragging her with straps.” A small wooden cross was placed on the grave. On one side of it was carved an illegible ordinary church inscription. Near the cross lay spears and two iron arrows. Not far from the grave, Sannikov discovered a quadrangular winter hut. The nature of the building indicated that it was cut down by Russian people. Having carefully examined the winter hut, the industrialist found several things, probably made with an ax made of deer antler.

The “Note on Things Found by the Tradesman Sannikov on Kotelny Island” also talks about another, perhaps the most interesting fact: while on Kotelny Island, Sannikov saw “high stone mountains” in the north-west, about 70 miles away. Based on this story from Sannikov, Gedenshtrom marked the shore of an unknown land in the upper right corner of his final map, on which he wrote: “The land seen by Sannikov.” Mountains are painted on its coast. Gedenstrom believed that the coast seen by Sannikov connected with America. This was Sannikov's second Land - a land that did not actually exist.

In 1811 Sannikov worked with his son Andrei on Faddeevsky Island. He explored the northwestern and northern shores: bays, capes, bays. He advanced on sledges drawn by dogs, spent the night in a tent, ate venison, crackers and stale bread. The nearest housing was 700 miles away. Sannikov was finishing his exploration of Faddeevsky Island when he suddenly saw the outlines of an unknown land in the north. Without wasting a minute, he rushed forward. Finally, from the top of a high hummock, he saw a dark strip. It expanded, and soon he clearly distinguished a wide wormwood stretching across the entire horizon, and beyond it an unknown land with high mountains. Gedenshtrom wrote that Sannikov traveled “no more than 25 versts when he was held back by a hole that stretched in all directions. The land was clearly visible, and he believes that it was then 20 versts away from him.” Sannikov’s message about the “open sea” testified, according to Gedenstrom, that the Arctic Ocean, lying behind the New Siberian Islands, does not freeze and is convenient for navigation, “and that the coast of America really lies in the Arctic Sea and ends with Kotelny Island.”

Sannikov's expedition completely explored the shores of Kotelny Island. In its deepest regions, travelers found “in great abundance” the heads and bones of bulls, horses, buffaloes and sheep. This means that in ancient times the New Siberian Islands had a milder climate. Sannikov discovered “many signs” of the dwellings of the Yukaghirs, who, according to legend, retired to the islands from a smallpox epidemic 150 years ago. At the mouth of the Tsareva River, he found the dilapidated bottom of a ship made of pine and cedar wood. His seams were caulked with tar sponge. On the western shore, travelers encountered whale bones. This, as Gedenstrom wrote, proved that “from Kotelny Island to the north, the vast Arctic Ocean stretches unhindered, not covered with ice, like the Arctic Sea under the hardened land of Siberia, where whales or their bones have never been seen.” All these finds are described in the “Journal of personal stories of the tradesman Sannikov, non-commissioned officer Reshetnikov and the notes they kept during their viewing and flying on Kotelny Island...” Sannikov did not see the stone mountains of the earth either in the spring or in the summer. It was as if she had disappeared into the ocean.

January 15, 1812 Yakov Sannikov and non-commissioned officer Reshetnikov arrived in Irkutsk. This marked the end of the first search for the Northern Continent, undertaken by Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. The lands have acquired their true appearance. Four of them were discovered by Yakov Sannikov: the islands of Stolbovoy, Faddeevsky, New Siberia and Bunge Land. But, as fate would have it, his name became very famous thanks to the lands that he saw from afar in the Arctic Ocean. Receiving nothing for his labors except the right to collect mammoth bones, Sannikov explored all the large New Siberian Islands with dogs. Two of the three lands seen by Sannikov in various places of the Arctic Ocean appeared on the map. One, in the form of part of a huge land with mountainous shores, was located northwest of Kotelny Island; the other was shown in the form of mountainous islands stretching from the meridian of the eastern coast of Fadeeevsky Island to the meridian of Cape Vysokoy in New Siberia, and was named after him. As for the land northeast of New Siberia, a sign was placed at the site of its supposed location, which indicates the approximate size. Subsequently, the islands of Zhokhov and Vilkitsky were discovered here.

Thus, Yakov Sannikov saw unknown lands in three different places of the Arctic Ocean, which then occupied the minds of geographers around the world for decades. Everyone knew that Yakov Sannikov had made major geographical discoveries even earlier, which made his messages more convincing. He himself was convinced of their existence. As appears from the letter from I.B. Pestelya N.P. Rumyantsev, the traveler intended to “continue the discovery of new islands, and above all the land that he saw to the north of Kotelny and the Faddeevsky Islands,” and asked to give him each of these islands for two or three years.
Pestel found Sannikov’s proposal “very beneficial for the government.” Rumyantsev adhered to the same point of view, on whose instructions a report was prepared approving this request. There is no record in the archives of whether Sannikov’s proposal was accepted.

“Sannikov Land” was searched in vain for more than a hundred years, until Soviet sailors and pilots in 1937-1938. have not conclusively proven that such land does not exist. Sannikov probably saw the “ice island”.

Russian and Soviet explorers of Africa.

Among African explorers, the expeditions of our domestic travelers occupy a prominent place. A mining engineer made a major contribution to the exploration of Northeast and Central Africa Egor Petrovich Kovalevsky. In 1848, he explored the Nubian Desert, the Blue Nile basin, mapped the vast territory of Eastern Sudan and made the first guess about the location of the sources of the Nile. Kovalevsky paid a lot of attention to the study of the peoples of this part of Africa and their way of life. He was indignant at the “theory” of racial inferiority of the African population.

Trips Vasily Vasilievich Junker in 1875-1886 enriched geographical science with accurate knowledge of the eastern region of Equatorial Africa. Juncker conducted research in the upper Nile region: he compiled the first map of the area.

The traveler visited the Bahr el-Ghazal and Uele rivers, explored the complex and intricate system of rivers in its vast basin and clearly identified the previously disputed Nile-Congo watershed line over 1,200 km. Junker compiled a number of large-scale maps of this territory and paid much attention to descriptions of the flora and fauna, as well as the life of the local population.

Spent a number of years (1881-1893) in North and North-East Africa Alexander Vasilievich Eliseev, who described in detail the nature and population of Tunisia, the lower reaches of the Nile and the Red Sea coast. In 1896-1898. traveled across the Abyssinian Highlands and the Blue Nile basin Alexander Ksaverevich Bulatovich, Petr Viktorovich Shchusev, Leonid Konstantinovich Artamonov.

IN Soviet time An interesting and important trip to Africa was made by the famous scientist - botanical geographer, academician Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov. In 1926, he arrived from Marseille to Algeria, became acquainted with the nature of the large oasis of Biskra in the Sahara, the mountainous region of Kabylia and other regions of Algeria, and traveled through Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Vavilov was interested in ancient centers of cultivated plants. He conducted especially extensive research in Ethiopia, traveling more than 2 thousand km. More than 6 thousand samples of cultivated plants were collected here, including 250 varieties of wheat alone, and interesting materials were obtained about many wild plants.

In 1968-1970 in Central Africa, in the Great Lakes region, geomorphological, geological-tectonic, geophysical research was carried out by an expedition led by corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, professor Vladimir Vladimirovich Belousov, which clarified data on the tectonic structure along the great African fault line. This expedition visited some places for the first time after D. Livingston and V.V. Juncker.

Abyssinian expeditions of Nikolai Gumilyov.

First expedition to Abyssinia.

Although Africa has attracted me since childhood Gumilyov, the decision to go there came suddenly and on September 25 he goes to Odessa, from there to Djibouti, then to Abyssinia. The details of this trip are unknown. It is only known that he visited Addis Ababa for a ceremonial reception at the Negus. The friendly relations of mutual sympathy that arose between the young Gumilev and the experienced Menelik II can be considered proven. In the article “Is Menelik Dead?” the poet described the unrest that took place under the throne, as well as reveals his personal attitude to what was happening.

Second expedition to Abyssinia.

The second expedition took place in 1913. It was better organized and coordinated with the Academy of Sciences. At first, Gumilyov wanted to cross the Danakil desert, study little-known tribes and try to civilize them, but the Academy rejected this route as expensive, and the poet was forced to propose a new route:

I had to go to the port of Djibouti<…>from there by rail to Harrar, then, forming a caravan, to the south, to the area between the Somali Peninsula and lakes Rudolph, Margaret, Zwai; cover as large a study area as possible.

His nephew Nikolai Sverchkov went to Africa with Gumilyov as a photographer.

First, Gumilyov went to Odessa, then to Istanbul. In Turkey, the poet showed sympathy and sympathy for the Turks, unlike most Russians. There, Gumilyov met the Turkish consul Mozar Bey, who was traveling to Harar; they continued their journey together. From Istanbul they headed to Egypt, and from there to Djibouti. The travelers were supposed to go inland by rail, but after 260 kilometers the train stopped because the rains washed out the path. Most of the passengers returned, but Gumilyov, Sverchkov and Mozar Bey begged the workers for a handcar and drove 80 kilometers of damaged track on it. Arriving in Dire Dawa, the poet hired a translator and set off in a caravan to Harar.

Haile Selassie I

In Harrar, Gumilev bought mules, not without complications, and there he met Ras Tafari (then governor of Harar, later Emperor Haile Selassie I; adherents of Rastafarianism consider him the incarnation of God - Jah). The poet gave the future emperor a box of vermouth and photographed him, his wife and sister. In Harare, Gumilyov began collecting his collection.

From Harar the path lay through the little-explored Galla lands to the village of Sheikh Hussein. On the way, we had to cross the fast-water Uabi River, where Nikolai Sverchkov was almost dragged away by a crocodile. Soon problems with provisions began. Gumilyov was forced to hunt for food. When the goal was achieved, the leader and spiritual mentor of Sheikh Hussein Aba Muda sent provisions to the expedition and warmly received it. This is how Gumilyov described the prophet:

A fat black man sat on Persian carpets
In a darkened, untidy room,
Like an idol, in bracelets, earrings and rings,
Only his eyes sparkled wonderfully.

There Gumilyov was shown the tomb of Saint Sheikh Hussein, after whom the city was named. There was a cave there, from which, according to legend, a sinner could not get out:

I should have undressed<…>and crawl between the stones into a very narrow passage. If anyone got stuck, he died in terrible agony: no one dared to extend a hand to him, no one dared to give him a piece of bread or a cup of water...
Gumilyov climbed there and returned safely.

Having written down the life of Sheikh Hussein, the expedition moved to the city of Ginir. Having replenished the collection and collected water in Ginir, the travelers went west, on a difficult journey to the village of Matakua.

The further fate of the expedition is unknown; Gumilyov’s African diary is interrupted at the word “Road...” on July 26. According to some reports, on August 11, the exhausted expedition reached the Dera Valley, where Gumilyov stayed in the house of the parents of a certain Kh. Mariam. He treated his mistress for malaria, freed a punished slave, and his parents named their son after him. However, there are chronological inaccuracies in the Abyssinian's story. Be that as it may, Gumilyov safely reached Harar and in mid-August was already in Djibouti, but due to financial difficulties he was stuck there for three weeks. He returned to Russia on September 1.

LISYANSKY Yuri Fedorovich(1773-1837) - Russian navigator and traveler Yu.F. Lisyansky was born on August 2 (13), 1773 in the city of Nizhyn. His father was a priest, archpriest of the Nizhyn Church of St. John the Evangelist. Since childhood, the boy dreamed of the sea and in 1783 he was assigned to the Naval Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg, where he became friends with I.F. Krusenstern.

In 1786, at the age of 13, having graduated early from the corps second on the list, Yuri Lisyansky entered the 32-gun frigate Podrazhislav as a midshipman, which was part of the Baltic squadron of Admiral Greig. On the same frigate, he received his baptism of fire in the Battle of Hogland during the Russian-Swedish War of 1788-1790, in which the 15-year-old midshipman participated in several naval battles, including Öland and Reval. In 1789 he was promoted to midshipman.

Until 1793, Yu.F. Lisyansky served in the Baltic Fleet, and in 1793 he was promoted to lieutenant and sent as a volunteer among the 16 best naval officers to England. There for four years he improved his seafaring skills, participated in the battles of the Royal Navy of England against Republican France (he distinguished himself during the capture of the French frigate Elizabeth, but was shell-shocked), and fought with pirates in the waters of North America. Lieutenant Lisyansky sailed the seas and oceans almost throughout the globe. He traveled around the USA, met with the first US President George Washington in Philadelphia, then was on an American ship in the West Indies, where in early 1795 he almost died from yellow fever, accompanied English caravans off the coast of South Africa and India, examined and described St. Helena Island, studied colonial settlements in South Africa and other geographical features.

March 27, 1797 Yu.F. Lisyansky was promoted to captain-lieutenant, and in 1800 he finally returned to Russia, enriched with extensive experience and knowledge in the field of navigation, meteorology, naval astronomy, and naval tactics; His knowledge in the field of natural sciences was significantly expanded. In Russia, he immediately received the position of commander of the frigate Avtroil in the Baltic Fleet. In November 1802, for his participation in 16 naval campaigns and two larger battles, Yuri Lisyansky was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree. Returning from abroad, Lisyansky brought to Russia not only extensive experience in navigation and conducting naval battles. He also supported his experience theoretically. Thus, in 1803, Clerk’s book “Movement of Fleets” was published in St. Petersburg, which substantiated the tactics and principles of naval combat. It should be noted that the translation of this book from English was carried out personally by Lisyansky.

At this time, the Russian-American Company (a trade association established in July 1799 for the purpose of developing the territory of Russian America, the Kuril and other islands) expressed support for a special expedition to supply and protect Russian settlements in Alaska. This began the preparation of the 1st Russian round-the-world expedition. The draft was presented to the minister naval forces Count Kushelev, but did not meet with his support. The count did not believe that such a complex undertaking would be feasible for domestic sailors. He was echoed by Admiral Khanykov, who was involved in the assessment of the project as an expert. He strongly recommended hiring English sailors for the first circumnavigation of the world under the Russian flag. Fortunately, in 1801 Admiral N.S. became Minister of the Navy. Mordvinov. He not only supported Kruzenshtern, but also advised to purchase two ships for the voyage, so that if necessary they could help each other on a long and dangerous voyage. The Naval Ministry appointed Lieutenant-Commander Lisyansky as one of its leaders and in the fall of 1802, together with the ship's master Razumov, sent him to England to purchase two sloops and part of the equipment. The choice fell on the 16-gun sloop "Leander" with a displacement of 450 tons and the 14-gun sloop "Thames" with a displacement of 370 tons. The first sailing ship was renamed "Nadezhda", the second - "Neva".

By the summer of 1803, the sloops "Neva" and "Nadezhda" were ready for departure. The leadership of the entire expedition and command of the sloop "Nadezhda" was entrusted to Lieutenant-Commander I.F. Krusenstern. His classmate in the Naval Corps, Lisyansky, commanded the sloop Neva. Almost half a century after the first circumnavigation of the world, the famous Russian hydrographer N.A. Ivashintsov called Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky’s preparation of ships and crews for travel exemplary. This does not mean, however, that the voyage was without serious problems. Already the first severe storm that the ships had to withstand showed that only the courage and skill of the Russian sailors prevented the tragedy. In the port of Falmouth, in the English Channel, the ships had to be re-caulked. But the main thing, as Lisyansky wrote, both he and Kruzenshtern were convinced of how skillful and efficient Russian sailors were during the most brutal alterations. “We had nothing left to wish for,” notes Yuri Fedorovich, “except for the ordinary happiness of sailors to complete their enterprise.”

At 10 a.m. on July 26 (August 7), the expedition left Kronstadt on a long journey, “not previously experienced by the Russians.” On November 14, 1803, in the Atlantic Ocean, "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the Russian flag crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet. Captains Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern brought their sloops closer together, standing on the bridges in ceremonial costumes with swords. Over the equator, the Russian “hurray!” rang out three times, and the sailor from the sloop “Nadezhda” Pavel Kurganov, portraying the sea god Neptune, greeted the Russian sailors with his trident raised high as they entered the southern hemisphere. A significant detail: the British and French, like representatives of other maritime nations, who visited the equator earlier than our compatriots, passed by an important scientific discovery made by Russian sailors: Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern discovered equatorial currents that had not been described by anyone before them.

Then, in February 1804, "Nadezhda" and "Neva" rounded South America(Cape Horn) and went out into the Pacific Ocean. Here the sailors split up. Lisyansky headed to Easter Island, mapped and compiled detailed description its shores, nature, climate, collected rich ethnographic material about its aborigines. Off the island of Nukuhiwa ( Marquesas Islands) the ships connected and proceeded together to the Hawaiian archipelago. From here their routes diverged again. In the fog they lost each other: the sloop "Nadezhda" under the command of Kruzenshtern headed towards Kamchatka, and "Neva" Lisyansky headed towards the shores of Alaska: on July 1, 1804, she arrived at Kodiak Island and was off the coast of North America for more than a year.

Having received alarming news from the ruler of Russian settlements in America A. Baranov, Lisyansky headed to the Alexander Archipelago to provide military support against the Tlingit Indians. The sailors helped the inhabitants of Russian America defend their settlements from the attack of the Tlingits, participated in the construction of the Novo-Arkhangelsk (Sitka) fortress, and carried out scientific observations and hydrographic work. In 1804-1805, Lisyansky and the Neva's navigator D. Kalinin explored Kodiak Island and part of the islands of the Alexander Archipelago. At the same time, the islands of Kruzov and Chichagova were discovered.

In August 1805, Lisyansky sailed on the Neva from the island of Sitka with a cargo of furs to China, and in November arrived at the port of Macau, discovering Lisyansky Island, the Neva Reef and the Krusenstern Reef along the way. The passage from Alaska to the port of Macau took three months. Severe storms, fogs and treacherous shoals required caution. On December 4, 1805, in Macau, Lisyansky again united with Kruzenshtern and Nadezhda. Having sold furs in Canton and accepted a cargo of Chinese goods, the ships weighed anchor and proceeded together to Canton (Guangzhou). Having replenished supplies of provisions and water, the sloops set off on their return journey. Through the South China Sea and the Sunda Strait, travelers entered the Indian Ocean. Together they reached the southeast coast of Africa. But due to thick fog near the Cape of Good Hope, they again lost sight of each other.

It was agreed that the Neva would meet with the Nadezhda off the island of St. Helena, but the meeting of the ships did not take place. Now, until the return to Kronstadt, the ships sailed separately. When Kruzenshtern arrived on the island of St. Helena, he learned about the war between Russia and France and, fearing a meeting with enemy ships, proceeded to his homeland around the British Isles, calling at Copenhagen. Well, Lisyansky’s Neva never entered the island. Having carefully checked the supplies of water and food, Lisyansky decided on a non-stop journey to England. He was confident that “such a brave undertaking will give us great honor; for not a single navigator like us has ever ventured on such a long journey without going somewhere to rest. We have the opportunity to prove to the whole world that we deserve full to the extent of the trust they placed in us."

Lisyansky was the first in the world to decide on such an unprecedented non-stop passage, carrying it out on a sailing sloop in a surprisingly short period of time for those times! For the first time in the history of world navigation, a ship covered 13,923 miles from the coast of China to Portsmouth in England in 142 days without calling at ports or stopping. The Portsmouth public enthusiastically greeted Lisyansky's crew and, in his person, the first Russian circumnavigators. During this time, the Neva explored little-known areas of the Pacific Ocean, observed sea currents, temperature, specific gravity of water, compiled hydrographic descriptions of the coasts, and collected extensive ethnographic material. During the voyage Lisyansky corrected numerous inaccuracies in maritime descriptions and on maps. On the world map, Lisyansky’s name is mentioned eight times. A glorious Russian sailor discovered an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean. Lisyansky is also credited with historical merit for being the first to pave the way across the seas and oceans from Russian America, which belonged to Russia until 1867 and then sold to the United States, to the banks of the Neva.

On July 22 (August 5), 1806, Lisyansky's Neva was the first to return to Kronstadt, completing the first circumnavigation in the history of the Russian fleet, which lasted 2 years, 11 months and 18 days. The sloop "Nadezhda" of the expedition commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern returned to Kronstadt fourteen days later. Throughout the trip, Lisyansky accompanied oceanographic research and collected valuable ethnographic material about the peoples of Oceania and North America. Of particular value are his observations of sea currents, which allowed him, together with Kruzenshtern, to make corrections and additions to the maps of sea currents that existed at that time.

Lisyansky and his crew became the first Russian circumnavigators. Only two weeks later the Nadezhda arrived here safely. But the fame of a circumnavigator around the world went to Kruzenshtern, who was the first to publish a description of the journey (three years earlier than Lisyansky, who considered his duties to be more important than publishing a report for the Geographical Society). And Kruzenshtern himself saw in his friend and colleague, first of all, “an impartial, obedient person, zealous for the common good,” extremely modest. True, Lisyansky’s merits were nevertheless noted: he received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree, a cash bonus and a lifelong pension. For him, the main gift was the gratitude of the officers and sailors of the sloop, who endured the hardships of the voyage with him and gave him a golden sword with the inscription: “Gratitude of the crew of the ship “Neva”” as a souvenir.

The meticulousness with which the navigator made astronomical observations, determined longitudes and latitudes, and established the coordinates of harbors and islands where the Neva had moorings, brings his measurements from two centuries ago closer to modern data. The traveler double-checked the maps of the Gaspar and Sunda Straits and clarified the outlines of Kodiak and other islands adjacent to the northwestern coast of Alaska. Along the way, he discovered a small island at 26° N. sh., northwest of the Hawaiian Islands, which, at the request of the Neva crew, was named after him.

During his travels, Lisyansky collected a personal collection of objects, utensils, clothing, and weapons. It also contained shells, pieces of lava, corals, and rock fragments from the Pacific Islands, North America, and Brazil. All this became the property of the Russian Geographical Society. The voyage of Krusenstern and Lisyansky was recognized as a geographical and scientific feat. A medal was struck in his honor with the inscription: “For traveling around the world 1803-1806.” The results of the expedition were summarized in extensive geographical works by Krusenstern and Lisyansky, as well as natural scientists G.I. Langsdorf, I.K. Gorner, V.G. Tilesius and its other participants. During the period of his remarkable voyage, Lisyansky carried out astronomical determinations of the latitudes and longitudes of the points visited and observations of sea currents; he not only corrected inaccuracies in the descriptions of currents compiled by Cook, Vancouver and others, but also (together with Kruzenshtern) discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, compiled geographical description many islands, collected rich collections and extensive material on ethnography.

Thus, the first circumnavigation in the history of the Russian fleet ended in complete triumph. Its success was also caused by the extraordinary personalities of the commanders - Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, progressive people for their time, ardent patriots who tirelessly cared for the fate of the “servants” - sailors, thanks to whose courage and hard work the voyage was extremely successful. The relationship between Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky - friendly and trusting - decisively contributed to the success of the business. The popularizer of Russian navigation, a prominent scientist Vasily Mikhailovich Pasetsky, cites in a biographical sketch about Kruzenshtern a letter from his friend Lisyansky during the preparation of the expedition. “After lunch, Nikolai Semenovich (Admiral Mordvinov) asked if I knew you, to which I told him that you were a good friend of mine. He was happy about this, spoke about the merits of your pamphlet (that’s what Kruzenshtern’s project was called for his freethinking! - V. G.), praised your knowledge and intelligence and then concluded by saying that I would consider it a blessing to be acquainted with you. For my part, in front of the whole meeting, I did not hesitate to say that I envy your talents and intelligence.”

However, in the literature about the first voyages, at one time the role of Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky was unfairly belittled. Analyzing the "Journal of the ship "Neva", researchers of the Naval Academy made interesting conclusions. It was found that out of 1095 days of historical voyage, only 375 days the ships sailed together, the remaining 720 "Neva" sailed alone. The distance traveled by Lisyansky's ship is also impressive - 45 083 miles, of which 25,801 miles - independently. This analysis was published in 1949 in the Proceedings of the Naval Academy. Of course, the voyages of Nadezhda and Neva are, in essence, two voyages around the world, and Yu. F. Lisyansky is equally involved in the great feat in the field of Russian naval glory, as is I.F.

The first Russian circumnavigation of the world opened an entire era of brilliant successes for our sailors. Suffice it to say that in the first half of the 19th century, Russian sailors made 39 trips around the world, which significantly exceeded the number of such expeditions by the British and French combined. And some Russian navigators made these dangerous voyages around the world on sailboats twice or thrice. The legendary discoverer of Antarctica Thaddeus Bellingshausen was a midshipman on Krusenstern's sloop Nadezhda. One of the sons of the famous writer August Kotzebue - Otto Kotzebue - led two expeditions around the world in 1815-1818 and 1823-1826. And he truly became a record holder for discovery: he managed to put more than 400 (!) islands in the tropical Pacific Ocean on world maps.

In 1807-1808, Lisyansky continued to serve on the ships of the Baltic Fleet, commanding the ships "Conception of St. Anna", "Emgeiten" and a detachment of 9 ships of the Baltic Fleet. He took part in hostilities against the fleets of England and Sweden. In 1809, Lisyansky received the rank of captain of the 1st rank and was assigned a lifelong boarding house, his only means of livelihood, since he had no other sources of income. Almost immediately Lisyansky, who was only 36 years old at the time, retired. And he probably left not without some hard feelings. The Admiralty Board refused to finance the publication of his book “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ship “Neva” under the command of Yu. Lisyansky.” Outraged, Lisyansky left for the village, where he began to put in order his travel notes, which he kept in the form of a diary. In 1812, at his own expense, he published his two-volume “Travel” in St. Petersburg, and then, also with his own money, “Album, a collection of maps and drawings belonging to the journey.” Not finding proper understanding in the domestic government, Lisyansky received recognition abroad. He himself translated the book into English language and released it in London in 1814. A year later, Lisyansky’s book was published German in Germany. Unlike Russians, British and German readers rated her highly. The navigator's work, containing a lot of interesting geographical and ethnographic data, contains a lot of original things, in particular, he was the first to describe Sitka and the Hawaiian Islands in detail, became a valuable study and was subsequently reprinted several times.

The traveler died on February 22 (March 6), 1837 in St. Petersburg. He was buried at the Tikhvin Cemetery (Necropolis of Art Masters) in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. The monument at the grave of the navigator is a granite sarcophagus with a bronze anchor and a medallion depicting a token of a participant in the circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Neva" (sk. V. Bezrodny, K. Leberecht).

Three times in his life, Lisyansky was the first: he was the first to travel around the world under the Russian flag, the first to continue his journey from Russian America to Kronstadt, and the first to discover an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean. Nowadays, a bay, a peninsula, a strait, a river and a cape on the coast of North America in the area of ​​the Alexandra Archipelago, one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, an underwater mountain in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and a peninsula on the northern coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are named after him.

Kruzenshtern Ivan Fedorovich(1770–1846), navigator, explorer of the Pacific Ocean, hydrograph scientist, one of the founders of Russian oceanology, admiral, honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Born in Northern Estonia into a poor noble family. Graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps ahead of schedule. In 1793–1799 he served as a volunteer on English ships in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, as well as in the South China Sea. Upon his return, Kruzenshtern twice presented projects for direct trade connections between Russian ports in the Baltic and Alaska. In 1802 he was appointed head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

In the summer of 1803, he left Kronstadt on two sloops - “Nadezhda” (on board was a mission to Japan led by N. Rezanov) and “Neva” (captain Yu. Lisyansky). The main goal of the voyage is to explore the mouth of the Amur and adjacent territories to identify convenient bases and supply routes for the Pacific Fleet. The ships rounded Cape Horn (March 1804) and dispersed three weeks later. A year later, Kruzenshtern on the Nadezhda, having “closed” the mythical lands southeast of Japan along the way, arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Then he took N. Rezanov to Nagasaki and, returning in the spring of 1805 to Petropavlovsk, described the northern and eastern shores of Terpeniya Bay. In the summer he continued filming work, for the first time filming about 1000 kilometers of the eastern, northern and partly western coast of Sakhalin, mistaking it for a peninsula. At the end of the summer of 1806 he returned to Kronstadt.

The participants of the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to science by removing a non-existent island from the map and clarifying the position of many geographical points. They discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured the temperature of water at depths of up to 400 meters, determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in the waters of the World Ocean.

At first Patriotic War In 1812, Kruzenshtern donated a third of his fortune (1000 rubles) to the people's militia. Spent almost a year in England as part of the Russian diplomatic mission. In 1809–1812 he published the three-volume “Travel Around the World...”, translated in seven European countries, and the “Atlas for Travel...”, which included more than 100 maps and drawings. In 1813 he was elected a member of the academies and scientific societies of England, France, Germany and Denmark.

In 1815, Kruzenshtern went on indefinite leave for treatment and scientific studies. Compiled and published the two-volume Atlas of the South Sea with extensive hydrographic notes. In 1827–1842 he was the director of the Naval Cadet Corps, and initiated the creation of a higher officer class, which was later transformed into the Naval Academy. On the initiative of Kruzenshtern, the round-the-world expedition of O. Kotzebue (1815–1818), the expedition of M. Vasiliev - G. Shishmarev (1819–1822), F. Bellingshausen - M. Lazarev (1819–1821), M. Stanyukovich - F. Litke was equipped (1826–1829).

Kruzenshtern put the good of Russia above all else. Without fear of consequences, he boldly condemned the serfdom in the country and cane discipline in the army. Respect for human dignity, modesty and punctuality, extensive knowledge and talent as an organizer attracted people to the researcher. Many outstanding domestic and foreign navigators and travelers turned to him for advice.

13 geographical objects in different parts of the planet are named after Krusenstern: two atolls, an island, two straits, three mountains, three capes, a reef and a lip. In St. Petersburg in 1869 a monument to Krusenstern was erected.

SHELIKHOV Grigory Ivanovich.

In the 80s of the 18th century there were already several Russian settlements on the northwestern coast of America. They were founded by Russian industrialists who, hunting for fur-bearing animals and fur seals, undertook long voyages along Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the North Pacific. However, industrialists then did not yet have a fully realized goal of founding Russian colonies. This idea first arose from the enterprising merchant Grigory Ivanovich Shelikhov. Understanding the economic importance of the coast and islands of North America, which were famous for their fur riches, G. I. Shelikhov, this Russian Columbus, as the poet G. R. Derzhavin later called him, decided to annex them to the Russian possessions.

G.I. Shelikhov was from Rylsk. As a young man, he went to Siberia in search of “happiness.” Initially he served as a clerk for the merchant I. L. Golikov, and then became his shareholder and partner. Possessing great energy and foresight, Shelikhov convinced Golikov to send ships “to the Alaskan land, called American, to known and unknown islands for fur trade and all sorts of searches and establishment of voluntary bargaining with the natives.” In company with Golikov, Shelikhov built the ship "St. Paul" and in 1776 set off for the shores of America. After being at sea for four years, Shelikhov returned to Okhotsk with a rich cargo of furs totaling at least 75 thousand rubles at the prices of that time.

To implement his plan for the colonization of the islands and coast of North America, Shelikhov, together with I. L. Golikov and M. S. Golikov, organizes a company to exploit these territories. The company attracted particular attention to Kodiak Island for its fur riches. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries (from 1784 to 1804), this island became the main center of Russian colonization of the Pacific coast of North America. During his second expedition, launched in 1783 on the Three Saints galliot, Shelikhov lived for two years on this island, the largest of the islands adjacent to the coast of Alaska. On this island Shelikhov founded a harbor, named after his ship, the Harbor of the Three Saints, and also erected fortifications.

A small fortification was built on the island of Afognak. Shelikhov also became acquainted with the coast of Alaska, visited Kenayok Bay and visited a number of islands surrounding Kodiak.

In 1786, Shelikhov returned from his voyage to Okhotsk, and in 1789 - to Irkutsk.

News of his activities off the American coast and the founding of colonies there reached Catherine II, upon whose call he went to St. Petersburg.

Catherine II perfectly understood the significance of Shelikhov’s activities and received him very favorably. Returning to Irkutsk, Shelikhov equipped two ships to explore the Kuril Islands and the coast of America and gave instructions to their commanders, navigators Izmailov and Bocharov, to “affirm Her Majesty’s authority in all newly discovered points.” During these expeditions, a description of the North American coast from Chugatsky Bay to Litua Bay was made and a detailed map was compiled. At the same time, the network of Russian settlements off the coast of America is expanding. The head of the Russian colony, left by Shelikhov, Delarov, founded a number settlements on the shores of Kenai Bay.

Shelikhov, through his various activities, sought to expand and strengthen the network of Russian settlements in Kodiak and the Aleutian Islands.

He developed a number of projects to bring the Russian colonies into a “worthy form.” Shelikhov instructed his manager Baranov to find a suitable place on the shores of the American continent to build a city, which he proposed to call “Slavorossia”.

Shelikhov opened Russian schools on Kodiak and other islands and tried to teach crafts and agriculture to the local residents, the Tlingit Indians, or Koloshes, as the Russians called them. For this purpose, on Shelikhov’s initiative, twenty Russian exiles who knew various crafts and ten peasant families were sent to Kodiak.

In 1794, Shelikhov organized a new “Northern Company”, one of the main goals of which was the establishment of Russian colonies on the coast of Alaska.

After Shelikhov’s death (in 1795), his activities to expand Russian colonization off the coast of Alaska and exploitation of its wealth were continued by the Kargopol merchant Baranov. Baranov turned out to be no less persistent and enterprising leader of the new Russian colonies than Shelikhov himself, and continued the work begun by Shelikhov to expand and strengthen Russian possessions on the northwestern shores of America.

ALEXANDER ANDREEVICH BARANOV – THE FIRST CHIEF RULER OF RUSSIAN AMERICA

Shelikhov's successor in Russian America was the first Chief Ruler of Russian possessions in America, the Kargopol merchant, Irkutsk guest Alexander Andreevich Baranov, invited back in 1790 to manage the North-Eastern American Company.

Baranov was born on November 23, 1747 in Kargopol in the family of a tradesman. At that time, his last name was spelled Boranov. Upon reaching adulthood, he married the merchant widow Matryona Aleksandrovna Markova with two young children. At the same time, he entered the class of merchants and until 1780 had business in Moscow and St. Petersburg. At the same time, he began to write his last name as Baranov. He continued his education as a self-taught person; he knew chemistry and mining quite well. For his articles on Siberia in 1787 he was accepted into the free economic society. He had a vodka and glass farm, and from 1778 he had permission to trade and trade in Anadyr. In 1788, Baranov and his brother Peter were instructed by the government to settle in Anadyr. In the winter of 1789, Baranov's production was ruined by the non-peaceful Chukchi.

Three years ago, in 1787, Shelikhov tried to persuade Baranov to join his company, but Baranov refused. Now Shelikhov invited Baranov to take the place of manager of the Northwestern Company, which was temporarily occupied by Shelikhov’s business manager, Evstrat Ivanovich Delarov.

Shelikhov and his people visited about. Kodiak, in Kenai Bay, in Chugach Bay, near Afognak Island, passed through the strait between Kodiak Island and Alaska. Shelikhov step by step expanded Russia's sphere of interests in the Pacific Ocean. On the northern shore of Kodiak, closest to Alaska, a fortress was built in Pavlovsk harbor and a village grew, fortresses were built on Afognak and at Kenai Bay. After a two-year stay in Kodiak, Shelikhov went to Russia and left the Yenisei merchant K. Samoilov as his first successor. In 1791, Shelikhov published a book about his travels. Shelikhov sent his manager Evstrat Ivanovich Delarov to Kodiak, who replaced Samoilov at the beginning of 1788. By agreement with Shelikhov, Delarov demanded a replacement for himself as the ruler of the company on the spot, in Pavlovsk harbor. Shelikhov had known Baranov since 1775. Upon arrival from Alaska in 1787, Shelikhov offered Baranov management of the company, but Baranov refused, so Shelikhov sent Delarov. Finally, after the looting of a factory in Anadyr, Baranov was forced by circumstances to enter the service of the company.

On August 15, 1790, Shelikhov in Okhotsk entered into an agreement with Alexander Andreevich Baranov, according to which the “Kargopol merchant, Irkutsk guest” agreed to manage the company on favorable terms for 5 years. The contract was approved in Okhotsk on August 17, 1790. The terms of the contract provided financial support for his wife and children.

With the personality of A.A. Baranov, who became legendary in the history of Alaska, is associated with an entire era in the life of Russian America. Although many reproaches were leveled against Baranov, even the cruelest critics could not accuse him of pursuing any personal goals: having enormous and almost uncontrollable power, he did not make any fortune. Baranov accepted a small artel in the Three Saints harbor of Kodiak Island in 1791, he left in 1818 the main trading post in Sitka, permanent offices for managing affairs in Kodiak, Unalaska and Ross and separate industrial administrations on the Pribilof Islands, in the Kenai and Chugatsky Bays.

By order of the company, the Chief Ruler of Russian America A.A. Baranov founded a settlement on the island in 1798. Sitkha, whose indigenous inhabitants call themselves by the name of the island, and the Russians call themselves Koloshes. The Koloshi are a brave, warlike and ferocious people. US ships that purchase beaver pelts from them for the Chinese market supply the Koloshes with firearms, which they are proficient in using. Nevertheless, Baranov managed to inspire their respect with gifts, justice and personal courage. He wore thin chain mail under his dress and was invulnerable to stab arrows, and, having knowledge of chemistry and physics, he amazed the imagination and was revered as a hero. “The firmness of his spirit and the ever-present presence of reason are the reason that the wild respect him without love for him, and the glory of the name of Baranov thunders among all the barbarian peoples inhabiting the northwestern shores of America to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Even those living in remote areas sometimes come to see him , and they are amazed that such enterprising things can be accomplished by a man of such small stature, Baranov is below average height, blond, dense and has very significant facial features, not erased by either work or years, although he is already 56 years old,” he wrote. midshipman G.I. Davydov, who served on one of the ships that arrived from Okhotsk. After spending some time on Sith, Baranov left the settlement with a garrison. For two years everything was calm, but one night the garrison was attacked by a large number of Koloshes, among whom were several American sailors who incited the attack. With immeasurable cruelty, they killed all the inhabitants of the settlement. Only a few Aleuts, who were hunting at that time, managed to escape. They brought the news of the destruction of the settlement on Sith.

Baranov himself equipped three ships and, accompanied by the Neva, set off for Sitkha. When the Koloshes learned that Baranov, whom they called “the hero Nonok,” was returning, they were overcome by such fear that they did not even try to prevent the Russians from landing on the shore, they left their fortifications and gave amanats. After negotiations, when the Koloshes were given the opportunity to leave freely, they quietly left at night, having first killed all the old people and children who could delay their flight.

The settlement was rebuilt. It was called Novo Arkhangelsk and was the main city of Russian possessions in America, stretching from 52 N latitude. to the Arctic Ocean.

For his services, by decree of 1802, Baranov was awarded a personalized gold medal on the ribbon of St. Vladimir and was promoted to collegiate adviser - 6th class of the table of ranks, giving the right to hereditary nobility. The decree was implemented in 1804. In 1807 he received the Order of Anna, 2nd degree.

In relations with the indigenous inhabitants, the Russians did not oppose themselves to either the Aleuts, or the Eskimos, or the Indians; not only genocide, but also racism were alien to them. By the mid-1810s, the RAC faced the problem of the Creole population of the Russian colonies. Its numbers grew at a fairly rapid pace, and by 1816 there were more than 300 Creoles, including children, in Russian America. Their fathers were Russians from various provinces and classes. The mothers of the Creoles were mainly Kodiak Eskimos and Aleuts, but there were also Russian-Indian mestizos. A.A. himself Baranov was married to the daughter of one of the Indian tribes - Tanaina, who was taken as an amanat at the beginning of Baranov's stay in Alaska. At baptism her name was Anna Grigorievna Kenaiskaya (Baranov’s mother was also called Anna Grigorievna). Baranov had three children from her - Antipater (1795), Irina (1804) and Catherine (1808). In 1806, Baranov's first wife died. Baranov, through Ryazanov, sent a petition to the Tsar on February 15, 1806, asking for the adoption of Antipater and Irina. In 1808 he married the mother of Antipater and Irina.

Baranov’s assistant, Kuskov, was also married to the daughter of one of the Indian toens in baptism, Ekaterina Prokofyevna. She followed her husband to Totma, Vologda province, when his service in America ended.

The RAC took upon itself the care of the Creoles, their upbringing and education. There were schools in Russian America. Particularly gifted children were sent to study in St. Petersburg and other Russian cities. Every year 5-12 children were sent. The main board of the RAC ordered Baranov: “When Creoles enter legal age, try to start families for them, providing them with wives from native families, if there were no Creoles...” Almost all adult Creoles were trained in writing and literacy. The son of a teacher of the Kodiak and Novoarkhangelsk schools and a Creole woman, a famous traveler, and later the head of the Ayan port and Major General Alexander Filippovich Kashevarov, was educated in St. Petersburg. Among the famous travelers are the names of A.K. Glazunova, A.I. Klimovsky, A.F. Kolmakova, V.P. Malakhov and others. The first priest of the Atha department was the Creole J.E. Not flowers, the son of a Russian industrialist and an Aleut woman, educated at the Irkutsk Theological Seminary. Baranov's children also received a good education. Antipater knew English and navigation well and served as a supercargo on the company's ships. Irina married Lieutenant Commander Yanovsky, who arrived in Novo Arkhangelsk on the ship "Suvorov" and left for Russia with her husband. In 1933, the US Forest Service named two lakes on the Alexander Archipelago in honor of Baranov's children - Antipater and Irina.

During Baranov's reign, the company's territories and income increased significantly. If in 1799 the total capital of the PAK was 2 million 588 thousand rubles, then in 1816 it was 4 million 800 thousand rubles. (taking into account what was in circulation - 7 million rubles). RAC fully paid off its debts and paid dividends to shareholders - 2 million 380 thousand rubles. From 1808 to 1819, more than 15 million rubles worth of furs arrived from the colonies, and another 1.5 million was in warehouses during Baranov’s shift. For its part, the Main Board sent there only 2.8 million rubles worth of goods, which forced Baranov to purchase goods from foreigners for approximately 1.2 million rubles. The RAC lost at least another 2.5 million rubles as a result of shipwrecks, mismanagement and attacks by natives. The total profit amounted to a huge amount of more than 12.8 million rubles, of which a third (!) went to maintain the company’s bureaucratic apparatus in St. Petersburg. From 1797 to 1816, the state received more than 1.6 million rubles from the RAC in the form of taxes and duties.

It can be argued that if the Russian possessions were not headed by Baranov, then they, as well as the RAC itself, would inevitably have collapsed back in the early 1800s, when the colonies were actually abandoned to their fate. Baranov, being in extremes, had to extract things from local products for payments, as well as provide food supplies to the entire population of the colonies. The Eskimos and Aleuts did not have the habit or custom of storing supplies for the hungry season; industrialists had to organize hunting parties and force them to work. These are the main articles on which Baranov’s accusers based their evidence, and the reason for his removal from office. But the lives of many people were on his hands, and the company did not fulfill his requests and did not provide Russian America with goods and food.

In addition to Alaska, Russian America also included southern territories. Fort Ross was founded in California in 1812. On May 15, 1812, Baranov’s assistant Kuskov founded a village and a fortress on lands purchased from the coastal Indians with their consent and with their voluntary assistance. The Indians counted on the help and protection of the Russians in their relations with the Spaniards. The Ross Colony was sold in 1841.

During the first trip around the world, the Neva visited the Hawaiian Islands, and trade ties began between the crew and the islanders. Having learned that the Russian colonies were experiencing food shortages, King Kamehameha let Baranov know that he was ready to send a merchant ship to Novo Arkhangelsk every year with a cargo of pigs, salt, sweet potatoes and other food products if “sea beaver skins” were received in exchange at a reasonable price." In 1815, Baranov sent a ship with Dr. G.A. to Hawaii. Schaeffer, who was assigned to act as a representative of the company. Along with Schaeffer on the Ilmen was Baranov’s son, Antipater. Schaeffer received permission to set up a trading post, and also land on the islands of Hawaii and Oahu.

From 1807 to 1825, at least 9 RAC merchant ships visited Oahu, not counting a number of around-the-world expeditions equipped with food. After 1825 contacts became less and less frequent.

Baranov spent 28 years in America and in November 1818, 72 years old, forced by Golovnin, who had previously taken Baranov’s son Antipater with him, sailed on the ship “Kamchatka” to Russia.

But he was not destined to see his homeland. On November 27, 1818, Baranov sailed with Gagemeister on the Kutuzov to St. Petersburg to report to the company. Since March 7, 1819, the ship has been in Batavia for repairs, and Baranov, alone on the shore in a hotel, is very ill. While still on the ship, he fell ill with a fever, but he was not given proper medical care. (Schimonk Sergius 1912). The ship has been under repair for 36 days. Immediately after going to sea, on April 16, 1819, Baranov dies on board. The ship has just left the shore, but Baranov is being buried at sea, in the waters of the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra. He took with him all the documents he had for reporting to the Main Board, but there was no one who saw these materials after the return of the Kutuzov ship to St. Petersburg. They disappeared without a trace.

On the occasion of the 250th anniversary of Baranov’s birth, a monument was erected in Kargopol (July 1997).

Subsequently, the main rulers of Russian America, appointed from among honored naval officers, famous navigators and scientists, held this post, as a rule, for five years. Many of them were associated with the Russian-American Company through previous service.

Stadukhin Mikhail Vasilievich(?–1666), explorer and Arctic navigator, Cossack ataman, one of the discoverers of Eastern Siberia.

A native of the Arkhangelsk North. In his youth he moved to Siberia and served as a Cossack for 10 years on the banks of the Yenisei, then on the Lena. In the winter of 1641, he set out at the head of a detachment to “visit new lands.” Having crossed on horseback through the northern part of the Suntar-Khayata ridge, he ended up in the Indigirka basin. In the Oymyakon region, he collected yasak from the surrounding Yakuts, walked on a kocha to the mouth of the Moma and explored its lower reaches. Then the detachment descended to the mouth of the Indigirka and in the summer of 1643 was the first to reach the delta of the “big Kovami River” (Kolyma) by sea, opening 500 kilometers of the coast of Northern Asia and the Kolyma Bay.

During the voyage, it seemed to the sailor that he observed a “huge land mass.” Thus was born the legend of a great land on the Arctic Ocean off the coast of Eastern Siberia. More than 100 years after Stadukhin’s voyage, service people and industrialists believed that they would find on this “land” valuable “soft junk” (arctic fox fur), “meat bone” (mammoth tusks), “corgi” (braids) with the richest rookeries.” animal-walrus", which gives an equally valuable "fish tooth" (walrus tusks).

Along the Kolyma, Stadukhin climbed to its middle course (having discovered the eastern outskirts of the Kolyma Lowland), by the fall he set up the first Russian winter hut on the shore for collecting yasak, and in the spring of 1644 - the second, in the lower reaches of the river, where the Yukaghirs lived. Founded by the explorer, Nizhnekolymsk became the starting point for further colonization of the northeast of Siberia and the coast of the Lama (Okhotsk) Sea. In two years in Kolyma, Stadukhin collected “eight forty sables” (320) and brought this “sovereign yasak collection” in November 1645 to Yakutsk. In addition to furs, he delivered the first news about the newly discovered river: “The Kolyma... is great, there is a river from Lena” (which was a clear exaggeration). But instead of gratitude and payment for his service, by order of the governor, his own “four forty sables” were taken away from him.

The discoverer lived in Yakutsk for about two years, preparing for a new journey to the north to explore the lands about which he collected information during the winter in Kolyma. In 1647, he traveled on a koche down the Lena. In March 1648, leaving some of his companions to spend the winter on the Yana River “in the yasash winter quarters,” Stadukhin and several servicemen set off on sledges to Indigirka. They built a koch on the river, went down to the mouth and reached the Nizhnekolymsky fort by sea.

In the summer of 1649, the explorer moved further east to reach the “Chukchi Nose”. But the lack of food supplies, the lack of good trades and the fear of “starving servicemen and industrial people to death” forced him to turn back, apparently from the Diomede Islands (in the Bering Strait). He returned to Kolyma in September and began preparing for a land campaign against Anadyr. Stadukhin undertook this new journey, which lasted for a decade, not only at his own peril and risk, but also at his own expense. In Anadyr he met S. Dezhnev, with whom he had a dispute over the collection of yasak. Having crushed the Yukaghirs in Anadyr, taking from them as many sables as he could, Stadukhin moved on skis and sledges to the Penzhina River in the winter.

At its mouth, explorers “made kochi” and in nearby areas of the western coast of Kamchatka they harvested timber for the construction of ships. By sea they moved for the winter to the mouth of the Gizhiga (“Izigi”). Fearing an attack by the Koryaks, Stadukhin in the summer of 1652 headed southwest along the rocky coastal strip of Gizhiginskaya Bay and Shelikhov Bay. In the fall, he arrived at the mouth of the Taui River, built a fort there, collected yasak and hunted sable.

In the summer of 1657, Stadukhin and his companions reached the fort at the mouth of Okhota on Kochs, and in the summer of 1659 they returned to Yakutsk through Oymyakon and Aldan, completing a giant circular route through Northeast Asia. From the trip, Stadukhin brought not only a large “sable treasury”, but also a drawing of his route along the rivers and mountains of Yakutia and Chukotka, as well as voyages off the coast of the East Siberian and Okhotsk Seas (this important cartographic document, apparently, has not been preserved). During the expedition, he also collected information about the islands in the Arctic Ocean and the Bering Strait.

Stadukhin was the first to visit Kamchatka.

In 12 years, he walked over 13 thousand kilometers - more than any explorer of the 17th century. The total length of the northern shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk that he discovered was at least 1,500 kilometers. His geographical discoveries were reflected on the map of P. Godunov, compiled in 1667 in Tobolsk.

For his service, Stadukhin was promoted to atamans. In 1666, the Yakut authorities instructed him to undertake a new campaign, but on the way the ataman was killed in a battle with “non-peaceful” aborigines. He died not a rich man, but a debtor.

Map of M. Stadukhin’s campaigns in 1641–1659

( ) - proposed hike

Without Russian discoverers, the world map would be completely different. Our compatriots - travelers and seafarers - made discoveries that enriched world science. About the eight most noticeable ones - in our material.

Bellingshausen's first Antarctic expedition

In 1819, the navigator, captain of the 2nd rank, Thaddeus Bellingshausen led the first round-the-world Antarctic expedition. The purpose of the voyage was to explore the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, as well as to prove or disprove the existence of the sixth continent - Antarctica. Having equipped two sloops - "Mirny" and "Vostok" (under the command), Bellingshausen's detachment went to sea.

The expedition lasted 751 days and wrote many bright pages in the history of geographical discoveries. The main one was made on January 28, 1820.

By the way, attempts to open the white continent had been made before, but did not bring the desired success: a little luck was missing, and perhaps Russian perseverance.

Thus, the navigator James Cook, summing up the results of his second voyage around the world, wrote: “I went around the ocean of the southern hemisphere in high latitudes and rejected the possibility of the existence of a continent, which, if it could be discovered, would only be near the pole in places inaccessible to navigation.”

During Bellingshausen's Antarctic expedition, more than 20 islands were discovered and mapped, sketches of Antarctic species and the animals living there were made, and the navigator himself went down in history as a great discoverer.

“The name of Bellingshausen can be directly placed alongside the names of Columbus and Magellan, with the names of those people who did not retreat in the face of difficulties and imaginary impossibilities created by their predecessors, with the names of people who followed their own independent path, and therefore were destroyers of barriers to discovery, which designate epochs,” wrote the German geographer August Petermann.

Discoveries of Semenov Tien-Shansky

Central Asia at the beginning of the 19th century was one of the least studied areas of the globe. An undeniable contribution to the study of the “unknown land” - as geographers called Central Asia - was made by Pyotr Semenov.

In 1856, the researcher’s main dream came true - he went on an expedition to the Tien Shan.

“My work on Asian geography led me to a thorough acquaintance with everything that was known about inner Asia. I was especially attracted to the most central of the Asian mountain ranges - the Tien Shan, which I had not yet set foot on. European traveler and which was known only from scanty Chinese sources.”

Semenov's research in Central Asia lasted two years. During this time, the sources of the Chu, Syr Darya and Sary-Jaz rivers, the peaks of Khan Tengri and others were mapped.

The traveler established the location of the Tien Shan ridges, the height of the snow line in this area and discovered the huge Tien Shan glaciers.

In 1906, by decree of the emperor, for the merits of the discoverer, the prefix began to be added to his surname - Tien Shan.

Asia Przhevalsky

In the 70−80s. XIX century Nikolai Przhevalsky led four expeditions to Central Asia. This little-studied area has always attracted the researcher, and traveling to Central Asia has been his long-time dream.

Over the years of research, mountain systems have been studied Kun-Lun , ridges of Northern Tibet, sources of the Yellow River and Yangtze, basins Kuku-nora and Lob-nora.

Przhevalsky was the second person after Marco Polo to reach lakes-swamps Lob-nora!

In addition, the traveler discovered dozens of species of plants and animals that are named after him.

“Happy fate made it possible to make a feasible exploration of the least known and most inaccessible countries of inner Asia,” Nikolai Przhevalsky wrote in his diary.

Kruzenshtern's circumnavigation

The names of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky became known after the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

For three years, from 1803 to 1806. - that’s how long the first circumnavigation of the world lasted - the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, having passed through the Atlantic Ocean, rounded Cape Horn, and then through the waters of the Pacific Ocean reached Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. The expedition clarified the map of the Pacific Ocean and collected information about the nature and inhabitants of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

During the voyage, Russian sailors crossed the equator for the first time. This event was celebrated, according to tradition, with the participation of Neptune.

The sailor, dressed as the lord of the seas, asked Krusenstern why he came here with his ships, because the Russian flag had not been seen in these places before. To which the expedition commander replied: “For the glory of science and our fatherland!”

Nevelsky Expedition

Admiral Gennady Nevelskoy is rightfully considered one of the outstanding navigators of the 19th century. In 1849, on the transport ship “Baikal”, he went on an expedition to the Far East.

The Amur expedition lasted until 1855, during which time Nevelskoy made several major discoveries in the area of ​​the lower reaches of the Amur and the northern shores Sea of ​​Japan, annexed the vast expanses of the Amur and Primorye regions to Russia.

Thanks to the navigator, it became known that Sakhalin is an island that is separated by the navigable Tatar Strait, and the mouth of the Amur is accessible for ships to enter from the sea.

In 1850, Nevelsky’s detachment founded the Nikolaev post, which today is known as Nikolaevsk-on-Amur.

“The discoveries made by Nevelsky are invaluable for Russia,” wrote Count Nikolai Muravyov-Amursky “Many previous expeditions to these regions could have achieved European glory, but none of them achieved domestic benefit, at least to the extent that Nevelskoy accomplished this.”

North of Vilkitsky

The purpose of the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. was the development of the Northern Sea Route. By chance, captain 2nd rank Boris Vilkitsky took over the duties of the voyage leader. Icebreaking steamships "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" went to sea.

Vilkitsky moved through the northern waters from east to west, and during his voyage he was able to compile a true description north coast Eastern Siberia and many islands, received the most important information about currents and climate, and also became the first to make a through voyage from Vladivostok to Arkhangelsk.

The expedition members discovered the Land of Emperor Nicholas I., known today as Novaya Zemlya - this discovery is considered the last significant one on the globe.

In addition, thanks to Vilkitsky, the islands of Maly Taimyr, Starokadomsky and Zhokhov were put on the map.

At the end of the expedition, the First World War began. The traveler Roald Amundsen, having learned about the success of Vilkitsky’s voyage, could not resist exclaiming to him:

“In peacetime, this expedition would excite the whole world!”

Kamchatka campaign of Bering and Chirikov

The second quarter of the 18th century was rich in geographical discoveries. All of them were made during the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, which immortalized the names of Vitus Bering and Alexei Chirikov.

During the First Kamchatka campaign Bering, the leader of the expedition, and his assistant Chirikov explored and mapped the Pacific coast of Kamchatka and Northeast Asia. Two peninsulas were discovered - Kamchatsky and Ozerny, Kamchatka Bay, Karaginsky Bay, Cross Bay, Providence Bay and St. Lawrence Island, as well as the strait, which today bears the name of Vitus Bering.

Companions - Bering and Chirikov - also led the Second Kamchatka expedition. The goal of the campaign was to find a route to North America and explore the Pacific Islands.

In Avachinskaya Bay, the expedition members founded the Petropavlovsk fort - in honor of the ships "St. Peter" and "St. Paul" - which was later renamed Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

When the ships set sail to the shores of America, by the will of an evil fate, Bering and Chirikov began to act alone - because of the fog, their ships lost each other.

"St. Peter" under the command of Bering reached the west coast of America.

And on the way back, the expedition members, who had to endure many difficulties, were thrown onto a small island by a storm. This is where Vitus Bering’s life ended, and the island where the expedition members stopped for the winter was named after Bering.
Chirikov’s “Saint Paul” also reached the shores of America, but for him the voyage ended more happily - on the way back he discovered a number of islands of the Aleutian ridge and safely returned to the Peter and Paul prison.

“Unclear Earthlings” by Ivan Moskvitin

Little is known about the life of Ivan Moskvitin, but this man nevertheless went down in history, and the reason for this was the new lands he discovered.

In 1639, Moskvitin, leading a detachment of Cossacks, set sail to the Far East. The main goal of the travelers was to “find new unknown lands” and collect furs and fish. The Cossacks crossed the Aldan, Mayu and Yudoma rivers, discovered the Dzhugdzhur ridge, separating the rivers of the Lena basin from the rivers flowing into the sea, and along the Ulya River they reached the “Lamskoye”, or Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Having explored the coast, the Cossacks discovered the Taui Bay and entered the Sakhalin Bay, rounding the Shantar Islands.

One of the Cossacks reported that the rivers in the open lands “are sable, there are a lot of all kinds of animals, and fish, and the fish are big, there is no such thing in Siberia ... there are so many of them - you just need to launch a net and you can’t drag it out with fish ....”

Geographic data collected by Ivan Moskvitin formed the basis of the first map of the Far East.

travelers

in paintings by artists N. Solomin and S. Yakovlev

Russian travelers wrote brilliant pages in the history of geographical discoveries. They not only explored the vast expanses of the Motherland, but also made discoveries and research far beyond its borders.

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (born around 1605 - died in 1672/3) - famous explorer and sailor. Served in Tobolsk, Yeniseisk, Yakutsk; went on long and dangerous trips to the Yana, Indigirka, and Oymyakon rivers. Setting out in 1648 from the Lower Kolyma fort, Dezhnev sailed from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and practically proved the existence of a strait separating Asia from America.

Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen (1779-1862) - famous navigator and prominent scientist. He took part in the expedition of Krusenstern and Lisyanek, then commanded, together with M.P. Lazarev, the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny” in 1819-1821. This expedition to the South Pole made a great geographical discovery - it reached the shores of Antarctica, and also conducted extensive research in the equatorial and tropical zones of the Pacific Ocean and made improvements to sea maps.

Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914) is a remarkable Russian geographer and traveler. The first of the Europeans penetrated into the hard-to-reach areas of the Central Tien Shan and established that the Chu River does not flow into Lake Issyk-Kul, discovered the sources of the Naryn and Saryjaz rivers, the second highest Tien Shan peak - Khan Tengri, and huge glaciers covering its slopes.

Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov (1863-1936) - a remarkable Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia. Participating in the expeditions of N. M. Przhevalsky, M. V. Pevtsov and V. I. Roborovsky, he repeatedly crossed Mongolia and China. From 1899 to 1926, Kozlov led three expeditions to Central Asia. He studied the mountains of the Mongolian Altai, penetrated the least explored areas of the Tibetan Plateau; in the center of the Mongolian deserts he discovered the ancient city of Khara-Khoto; carried out excavations of the Khentei-Noinulinsky mounds, enriching science with diverse information about the regions of Central Asia.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay (1846 - 1888) - famous Russian traveler and scientist, anthropologist and ethnographer. He spent twelve years in New Guinea, Malacca, Australia and the Pacific Islands, studying the peoples inhabiting them. The founder of modern anthropology, Miklouho-Maclay was a passionate fighter against racial discrimination and colonial oppression.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) - great Russian traveler and geographer. Already after the first expedition to the Ussuri region (1867-1869), he became famous as a talented explorer of distant and little-known lands. He conducted four expeditions to Central Asia, during which he crossed vast spaces from the Sayan Mountains to Tibet and from the Tien Shan to Khingan.

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851) - famous navigator, naval commander and scientist-researcher. Together with F. Sh. Bellingshausen, he commanded a remarkable naval expedition that discovered Antarctica. Even before that, he circumnavigated the world on the ship "Suvorov", and after sailing to Antarctica, he made a trip around the world for the third time, commanding the frigate "Cruiser". He devoted the last seventeen years of his life to the education of Russian sailors and the construction of the Black Sea Fleet.

Slide No. 10

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846) - a remarkable navigator and scientist-researcher. He commanded the first Russian round-the-world expedition from 1803 to 1806. The expedition clarified the map of the Pacific Ocean, collected information about the nature and inhabitants of Sakhalin, the Pacific Islands and Kamchatka. Krusenstern published a description of his journey and compiled a two-volume atlas of the Pacific Ocean.

Slide No. 11

Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877-1914) - brave navigator, Arctic explorer. In 1912 he came up with a project for traveling to the North Pole. Having reached the ship “St. foka" of Franz Josef Land, Sedov made a bold attempt to reach the North Pole by dog ​​sled, but died on the way to his cherished goal.

Slide No. 12

Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy (1813-1876) - an outstanding researcher of the Far East. He spent about six years in the Amur region, studying its nature. In 1849, Nevelskoy, during voyages in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, proved that Sakhalin is an island separated from the mainland by the navigable Tatar Strait.

Slide No. 13

Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (1863-1956) - a wonderful traveler, the largest Soviet geologist and geographer. After research in Central Asia (1886) and numerous expeditions in Eastern Siberia, in 1892 the scientist went to Mongolia and China for two years, during which time he traveled more than thirteen and a half thousand kilometers. Obruchev headed major geological research in Siberia.