Whether the East Siberian Sea freezes or not. East Siberian Sea in Russia. Rivers and bays
It is not so easy to immediately find the East Siberian Sea on a map. The fact is that its borders are conditional and only in some places are limited to land. In the western part, the limit is Kotelny Island and the Laptev Sea; in the north - the edge of the continental shallows; in the east the border is the meridian, passing through in the southern part the sea is limited by the mainland.
Dimensions and depth
Maximum depth East Siberian Sea is 915 meters, and the average value of this indicator is 54 meters. In other words, this body of water is completely within the continental shallows. Its total area is 913 thousand m2. As for the volume, it is approximately 49 thousand cubic kilometers.
Shores
The East Siberian Sea has a coastline that is very different in its relief in the eastern and western parts. In its landscapes there are quite large bends that in some places protrude far into the interior, and in others they go far into the land. In addition to them, straight sections are also quite common. Small meanders are common at river mouths. The coastline of the islands is monotonous and low-lying. A similar situation is also typical for the mouth of the southern part of the Longa Strait, the shores are covered with a mixture of pebbles and sand, which separate chains of lagoons.
It should be noted that the size of depths in coastal regions is significantly influenced by the amount of sediment carried by rivers. Under their influence, bars are also formed - alluvial shoals. Among other things, river runoff increases water temperature, resulting in thermal abrasion in estuarine areas. Its speed is from one to fifteen meters per year.
Bottom structure
The seabed is formed by a shelf, the topography of which is mostly flat. It is slightly inclined in a north-east direction. On the western side there is the so-called “shallow depth area”. This is what formed the Novosibirsk shoal. As for deeper places, they are typical for the northeastern region. A significant portion of the bottom here is covered with a sedimentary cover of small thickness. Many archipelagos and islands of the East Siberian Sea (of which there are not so many here) were formed precisely due to this foundation. These include Ayon, Medvezhye, and the New Siberian Islands. As various aeromagnetic images show, the bottom sediments of the shelf mainly include sandy silt, pebbles and crushed boulders. There is every reason to believe that some of them are fragments of some islands that were carried by ice throughout the territory.
Climate
Many people are interested in the question: “The East Siberian Sea - what ocean is the water area?” Despite the fact that the reservoir belongs to the Arctic Ocean basin, it is also subject to atmospheric influence from the Pacific and Atlantic. The climate here is arctic. With him in winter time The average temperature is -30 degrees, and in summer - about +2. Most of the year the sea surface is covered with ice. In the eastern region it is often floating ice are located close to the coast even in the summer months.
In winter, the East Siberian Sea is influenced by southern and southwestern winds, the speed of which is about seven meters per second. They bring cold air from the continent. In summer, the pressure increases here, and therefore northern directions begin to predominate among the winds. They are quite weak at the beginning of the season, but towards the middle of the season their power only increases, and their speed reaches 15 meters per second. At this time, the weather here is mostly cloudy with sleet or drizzling rain. Due to the fact that this body of water is quite remote from the centers affected by the atmosphere, in the fall there is almost never a return of heat here.
Water temperature and salinity
Throughout the year, the surface temperature of sea water decreases from south to north. In the winter season in the areas of river mouths it is about -0.5 degrees, while in the northern borders it is about -1.8 degrees. In summer, everything depends on the ice conditions. At this time, in the bays the temperature reaches +8 degrees, in ice-free areas it is about +3 degrees, and at the ice edge it averages zero degrees. In spring and winter, the change in water temperature as you dive is insignificant. IN summer time Closer to the bottom, the water becomes colder, especially in the western region.
The water salinity level in the sea changes in a northeast direction. In spring and winter it ranges from 4 ppm near the Indigirka and Kolyma rivers to 32 ppm in the central and northern regions. In summer, ice melts and a significant influx river waters cause this figure to decrease. It should also be noted that the water salinity level does not increase much closer to the seabed. As for this indicator, it is highest in the autumn-winter period. In addition, it grows as it dives deeper.
Hydrology
The East Siberian Sea is not very high compared to other representatives of the Arctic Ocean basin. The largest of the rivers that flows into it is the Kolyma. Its flow is approximately 132 cubic kilometers per year. The second largest river in terms of this value is the Indigirka River, which brings half as much water over the same period. At the same time, even in conditions of relatively large size, coastal runoff has little effect on the general hydrological situation. At present, the system of currents in this sea is not very thoroughly studied. It is safe to say that the general water circulation here is cyclonic in nature. As for precipitation, it is annual average is in the range from 100 to 200 millimeters. Due to the fact that there are no deep trenches here, and a significant area is shallow water, Arctic surface waters occupy a lot of space.
Tides
The sea is characterized by semidiurnal regular tides, which are caused by waves moving towards the continental coast from the north. They are best expressed in the northwestern and northern regions, weakening in south direction. This can be explained by the fact that in shallow water the tidal wave is dampened. For example, while in the area from Cape Shelag to the level fluctuations are practically unnoticeable, at its mouth the relief and configuration of the banks lead to an increase in tides by about 25 centimeters. The highest water level is typical for the month of June-July, because at this time the largest river inflow is. In winter, the level gradually decreases and reaches its minimum value in March.
Flora and fauna
The resources of the East Siberian Sea, namely flora and fauna, are quite poor. First of all, this is due to the harsh conditions created here by nature itself, so only those that turned out to be the most resistant to low temperatures took root here. In the regions of river mouths there are often quite large schools of white fish. Here you can also find omul, grayling, whitefish, navaga, polar flounder, cod and others. Representatives of mammals here are polar bears, seals and walruses. As for birds, among them we can note cormorants, sea gulls and guillemots. It is possible that a polar shark, reaching six meters in length, also lives in local waters, but no clear evidence of this has yet been found.
Sea problems
The problems of the East Siberian Sea are in many ways similar to the problems of other northern seas, for example the Barents, Kara, White and others. IN in this case We are talking primarily about the environmental component. Despite the fact that the water here is relatively clean, Europeans have been destroying local biological resources, especially whales, for years. Over time, this led to a significant reduction in their numbers and even to the extinction of some species. It is impossible not to note another problem that has recently become global. We are talking about which the local fauna suffers. Among other things, the state of the water area is also negatively affected by human activity associated with the development of oil and gas fields.
Economic situation
In 1935, regular ship voyages began along the so-called East Siberian Sea. At the same time, one cannot help but focus on the fact that the navigation season here lasts only three months - it begins at the end of July and ends at the beginning of November. However, navigation is permitted only at this time and in the coastal strip.
November 26, 20061. NORTH ARCTIC OCEAN…………………………………………………………….3
2. EAST SIBERIAN SEA……………………………………………………………4
2.1. Shores…………………………………………………………………………………5
2.2. Bottom structure………………………………………………………………………………6
2.3. Characteristic climate………………………………………………………7
2.4. Hydrological regime……………………………………………………..9
2.5. Ice regime………………………………………………………………13
2.6. Biology………………………………………………………………………………14
REFERENCES……………………………………………………….15
1. NORTH ARCTIC OCEAN.
The Arctic Ocean is small compared to other parts of the World Ocean: its area is about 13.1 million km 2 (3.6% of the area of the World Ocean). Nevertheless, the practical and scientific significance of research in the Arctic Ocean is very great. The shortest, but also one of the most difficult sea route in terms of ice conditions runs through it. In addition, it serves as the only sea route to supply the rapidly developing industry of Siberia.
Due to its remote location, harsh climate, and permanent ice cover, the Arctic Ocean has proven to be the least studied of the oceans. By the end of the 19th century. Almost all of its coastline was mapped in some detail, but most of the ocean itself remained unexplored. The northern tip of Greenland and the group of islands of the Canadian Arctic archipelago were completely unexplored. Geographers did not have a common point of view regarding the distribution of land and sea. Some scientists, including the German geographer Petermann, believed that Greenland stretched across North Pole to Wrangel Land (now Wrangel Island); others believed that the central polar region was made up of numerous islands separated by shallow areas.
During the expedition on the ship "Zhannetta" (1879-1881), it was found that Fr. Wrangel is not adjacent to Greenland. In 1893-1896. Nansen's ship "Fram" drifted with multi-year ice through the Arctic Basin (A.B.) from the New Siberian Islands to Spitsbergen. Analysis of data from eleven depth measurements made during this drift showed that the depth of A. b. in this area it ranges from 3400 to 4000 m. This was the first time it was established that at least part of A. b. occupies a deep-sea depression.
The Arctic Ocean is also interesting from a hydrometeorological point of view. In the North European basin there is the most powerful center on Earth of “isanomalous overheating” of the atmosphere due to the heat of the ocean, the influence of which on atmospheric processes and climatic conditions appear all the way to Lake Baikal. The Arctic Ocean, especially its Arctic basin, plays the role of one of the planetary “sinks” of heat in both the atmosphere and the ocean.
2. EAST SIBERIAN SEA
The East Siberian Sea is located between the New Siberian Islands and. Wrangel. Its western border is the eastern border of the Laptev Sea, it runs from the point of intersection of the meridian of the northern tip of the island. Kotelny with the edge of the mainland shallows (79° N, 139° E) to the northern tip of this island (Cape Anisiy), then along the eastern shores of the New Siberian Islands to Cape Svyatoy Nos (Dmitry Laptev Strait). The northern border runs along the edge of the continental shelf from the point with coordinates 79° N. latitude, 139° east. to a point with coordinates 76° N. la., 180° east. d., and the eastern border - from the point with these coordinates along the meridian 180° to the island. Wrangel, then along its northwestern shore to Cape Blossom and further to Cape Yakan on the mainland. The southern border runs along the mainland coast from Cape Yakan to Cape Svyatoy Nos.
The East Siberian Sea belongs to the type of continental marginal seas. Its area is 913 thousand km 2, its volume is 49 thousand km 3, its average depth is 54 m, its greatest depth is 915 m, i.e. this sea lies entirely on the continental shallows.
2.1. Shores.
Coastline The East Siberian Sea forms quite large bends, in some places extending into land, in others protruding into the sea, but there are also areas with a flat coastline. Small meanders are usually confined to the mouths of small rivers.
The landscapes of the western part of the coast of the East Siberian Sea differ sharply from the eastern. In the area from the New Siberian Islands to the mouth of the Kolyma, the banks are very low-lying and monotonous. Here the swampy tundra approaches the sea. East of the mouth of the Kolyma, beyond Cape Bolshoi Baranov, the coast becomes mountainous. From the mouth of Kolyma to about. Ayon, low hills approach the water directly, and in some places they drop steeply. Chaunskaya Bay is framed by low but steep, flat banks. The sea coast, which differs in relief and structure in different areas, belongs to different morphological types of coasts.
Suspended sediment carried by rivers causes changes in depths in coastal areas and the formation of bars at river mouths. The Indigirka River carries out 16.7 million tons of suspended sediment per year, the Kolyma - 8.3 million tons. The liquid runoff of the Kolyma is 132 * 10 3 m 3 /year.
As a result of the warming effect of river waters on adjacent coastal areas, intense thermal abrasion of the estuarine areas of the coast occurs. According to available data, the rate of abrasion ranges from 1-5 to 10-15 m/year.
Where the coast is composed of bedrock (the area of cape Baranov and cape Shelagsky, west coast O. Wrangel, etc.), a denudation type of coastline is usually developed, since the impact of waves is weakened and physical weathering processes predominate. Accumulative shores with wide sand and pebble bars separating chains of lagoons are found on the southern shore of the Longa Strait.
2.2. Bottom structure.
The underwater relief of the shelf that forms the bed of the sea is, in general terms, a plain, very slightly inclined from southwest to northeast. The seabed has no noticeable depressions or hills. The predominant depths are up to 20-25 m. The area of shallow depths in the western part of the sea forms the Novosibirsk Shoal. The greatest depths are concentrated in the northeastern part of the sea. A noticeable increase in depth occurs in the horizon from 100 to 200 m.
Most of the seabed is covered with a thin sedimentary cover. In the Tertiary period and at the beginning of the Quaternary, the bottom surface was an almost flat plain, composed of alluvium of the ancient river systems of the paleo-Indigirka and paleo-Kolyma, traces of which are on seabed can still be distinguished. Most of the archipelagos and individual islands found in the shelf area are composed of rocks of this basement (Bear, Rautan, Shalaurov Islands, part of Ayon Island, etc.). In the area of the De Long Islands and in the northern part of the sea there is the so-called Hyperborean platform (according to Shatsky). Aeromagnetic surveys confirm the presence in this area of a solid crystalline basement, covered and bordered by Mesozoic rocks, in places folded.
Bottom sediments of the shelf consist mainly of sandy silt containing crushed boulders and pebbles; some of them are fragments of rocks from the island. Wrangel or other islands brought by ice.
2.3. Characteristic climate.
Located in high latitudes, the East Siberian Sea is in the zone of atmospheric influences of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Cyclones of Atlantic origin penetrate into the western part of the sea (albeit rarely), and cyclones of Pacific origin penetrate into the eastern regions. The climate of the East Siberian Sea is polar marine, but with signs of continentality.
In winter, the main influence on the sea is exerted by the spur of the Siberian High, which extends to the coast, and the crest of the polar anticyclone is weakly expressed. In this regard, the sea is dominated by southwestern and southerly winds at a speed of 6-7 m/s. They bring cold air from the continent, so the average monthly air temperature in January is about -28-30°. In winter there is calm, clear weather, which on some days is disrupted by cyclonic incursions. Atlantic cyclones in the west of the sea cause increased wind and some warming, and Pacific cyclones, which have cold continental air in the rear, only increase wind speed, cloudiness and cause snowstorms in the southeastern part of the sea. On mountainous areas of the coast, the passage of Pacific cyclones is associated with the formation of a local wind - a foehn. It usually reaches storm force, causing a slight increase in temperature and a decrease in air humidity.
In summer, the pressure over the mainland of Asia is reduced, and over the sea it is increased, so winds from the northern directions predominate. At the beginning of the season they are very weak, but during the summer their speed gradually increases, reaching an average of 6-7 m/s. By the end of summer western part The East Siberian Sea is becoming one of the most stormy sections of the Northern Sea Route. The wind often blows at a speed of 10-15 m/s. The increase in wind here is due to hair dryers. The southeastern part of the sea is much calmer. Steady northern and northeastern winds cause low air temperatures. The average July temperature is 0-1°C in the north of the sea and 2-3°C in coastal areas. In the summer, the weather over the East Siberian Sea is mostly cloudy with light drizzling rain, and sometimes there is sleet.
In autumn there is almost no return of heat, which is explained by the remoteness of the sea from the oceanic centers of atmospheric action and their weak influence on atmospheric processes. Relatively cold summers throughout the sea, stormy weather at the end of summer and especially in autumn in the outlying areas of the sea, and calm in the central part are characteristic climatic features of the sea. The speed of northwestern and northeastern winds often reaches 20-25 m/s. They cause waves up to 4-5 m high. Western winds contribute to the formation of a warm current flowing eastward from the Kolyma region. It is this warm current that clears the Long Strait of ice. At a distance from the coast, storm wind speeds often reach 40-45 m/s.
Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. In its eastern part, floating ice often remains close to the coast even in summer. Observations carried out at high-latitude stations showed that the direction of ice drift depends on the distribution of atmospheric pressure. In winter, when an area of high pressure develops near the pole, the anticyclonic (clockwise) circulation of water intensifies, which forces the ice to drift in a northwesterly direction. The average daily speed of ice drift is 3-8 km.
When the polar anticyclone weakens, the area of cyclonic water circulation expands, which prevents the removal of ice from the area and, conversely, favors the influx of multi-year ice from high latitudes and the accumulation of ice in the Long Strait.
2.4. Hydrological regime.
The annual precipitation is 100-200 mm, and the river flow, unlike the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea, is not very large. Several significant rivers flow into the East Siberian Sea, the largest of which is the river. Kolyma. Its annual flow is 132 km 3 . The second largest river flow. Indigirka brings 59 km 3 of water. The total continental flow into the East Siberian Sea is about 250 km 3 /year, which is only 10% of the total river flow into all Arctic seas. All river water flows into the southern part of the sea, and approximately 90% of the flow occurs, as in other Arctic seas, in the summer months.
Given the very vast size of the East Siberian Sea, coastal runoff does not significantly affect its general hydrological regime, but only determines some hydrological features of coastal areas in the summer. High latitudes, free communication with the Central Arctic Basin, large ice cover and low river flow determine the main features of the hydrological conditions of the East Siberian Sea.
The current system of the East Siberian Sea has been poorly studied. The general circulation of sea waters is cyclonic in nature. From the Sannikov and Dmitry Laptev straits, water moves along the coast to the east. Near Fr. Wrangel, part of the current turns north, continuing to move counterclockwise, and the other part passes east through the strait. Longa (between Wrangel Island and the continental coast). The northward current is drawn into the Trans-Arctic Current, turning northwest. Along eastern shores New Siberian Islands, apparently, there is a current directed to the south and closing the cyclonic gyre.
Due to the shallowness and absence of deep trenches extending beyond the northern limits of the East Siberian Sea, the vast majority of its spaces from surface to bottom are occupied by surface Arctic waters. Only in relatively limited estuarine areas is there a type of water that is formed as a result of the mixing of river and sea waters. It is characterized by high temperature and low salinity.
Constant currents on the surface of the East Siberian Sea form a weakly expressed cyclonic circulation. Along the continental coast there is a steady transport of water from west to east. At Cape Billinga, part of the water is directed to the north and northwest and is carried to the northern outskirts of the sea, where it is included in the flows going to the west. Under different weather conditions, the movement of water also changes. Part of the water from the East Siberian Sea is carried through the Long Strait into the Chukchi Sea. Constant currents are often disturbed by wind currents, which are often stronger than constant ones. The influence of tidal currents is relatively small.
Tides. Regular semidiurnal tides are observed in the East Siberian Sea. They are caused by a tidal wave that enters the sea from the north and moves towards the coast of the mainland. Its front extends from the north-northwest to the east-southeast from the New Siberian Islands to the island. Wrangel.
The tides are most pronounced in the north and northwest. As they move south, they weaken as the ocean tidal wave is largely damped in the vast shallow waters. Thus, in the area from Indigirka to Cape Shelagskoye, tidal level fluctuations are almost not noticeable. To the west and east of this area, the tide is also small - 5-7 cm. At the mouth of the Indigirka, the configuration of the banks and the bottom topography contribute to an increase in tides to 20-25 cm. Level changes caused by meteorological reasons are much more developed on the continental coast.
The annual variation of the level is characterized by its highest position in June - July, when there is an abundant influx of river water. A reduction in continental runoff in August leads to a drop in level by 50-70 cm. As a result of the predominance of surge winds in the fall, in October, the level rises.
In winter the level decreases and in March - April reaches its lowest position.
IN summer season surge phenomena are very pronounced, in which level fluctuations are often 60-70 cm. At the mouth of the Kolyma and in the Dmitry Laptev Strait they reach the maximum values for the entire sea - 2.5 m. A quick and sharp change in level positions is one of characteristic features coastal areas of the sea.
Significant waves develop in ice-free areas of the sea. It is strongest during stormy northwest and southeast winds, which have the highest accelerations above the surface clean water. Maximum wave heights reach 5 m, usually their height is 3-4 m. Strong waves are observed mainly in late summer - early autumn (September), when the ice edge retreats to the north. The western part of the sea is rougher than the eastern. Its central areas are relatively calm.
Water temperature on the surface in all seasons it generally decreases from south to north. In winter it is close to the freezing point and near river mouths it is -0.2-0.6°, and at the northern borders of the sea - 1.7-1.8°. In summer, the distribution of surface temperature is determined by ice conditions. The water temperature in bays and bays reaches 7-8°, in open, ice-free areas 2-3°, and at the ice edge it is close to 0°.
The change in water temperature with depth in winter and spring is little noticeable. Only near the mouths of large rivers does it drop to -0.5° in subglacial horizons and to -1.5° at the bottom. In summer, in the free spaces of the Otold, the water temperature drops slightly from the surface to the bottom in the coastal zone in the west of the sea. In its eastern part, the surface temperature is observed in a layer of 3-5 m, from where it sharply drops to horizons of 5-7 m and then gradually decreases towards the bottom. In zones of influence of coastal runoff, a uniform temperature covers a layer of up to 7-10 m, between horizons of 10-20 m it sharply, and then gradually decreases to the bottom. The shallow, weakly warmed East Siberian Sea is one of the coldest Arctic seas.
Salinity on the surface generally increases from southwest to northeast. In winter and spring it is equal 4 -5°/00 near the mouths of Kolyma and Indigirka, reaches values of 24-26°/00 near the Bear Islands, increases to 28-30°/00 in the central regions of the sea and rises to 31-32°/00 on its northern outskirts. In summer, as a result of the influx of river water and melting ice, surface salinity values decrease to 18-22°/00 in the coastal zone, 20-22°/00 near the Bear Islands, to 24 - 26°/00 in the north, at the edge of the melting ice.
In winter, over most of the sea, salinity increases slightly from the surface to the bottom. Only in the northwestern region, where ocean waters penetrate from the north, does salinity increase from 23°/00 in the upper layer 10-15 m thick to 30°/00 at the bottom. Near the mouth areas, the upper desalinated layer to horizons of 10-15 m is underlain by more saline waters. From the end of spring and during the summer, a desalinated layer 20-25 m thick forms in ice-free areas, under which the salinity increases with depth. Consequently, in shallow areas (down to depths of 10-20 and even 25 m), desalination covers the entire water column. In deeper areas in the north and east of the sea, at horizons of 5-10 m, and in places 10-15 m, the salinity increases sharply, and then gradually and slightly rises to the bottom.
In the autumn-winter season, the density of water is higher than in spring and summer. The density is greater in the north and east than in the west of the sea, where desalinated waters from the Laptev Sea penetrate. However, these differences are small. Typically, density increases with depth. Its vertical distribution is similar to the course of salinity.
Different degrees of interlayering of waters create different conditions for the development of mixing in different areas of the East Siberian Sea. In relatively weakly stratified and ice-free areas, strong winds in summer mix water to horizons of 20-25 m. Consequently, in areas limited to a depth of 25 m, wind mixing extends to the bottom. In places where waters are sharply stratified by density, wind mixing penetrates only to horizons of 10-15 m, where it is limited by significant vertical density gradients.
Autumn-winter convection in the East Siberian Sea at depths of 40-50 m, which occupy more than 70% of its total area, penetrates to the bottom. By the end of the cold season, the winter vertical circulation extends to horizons of 70-80 m, where it is limited by the greater vertical stability of the waters.
2.5. Ice regime
The East Siberian Sea is the most arctic of the seas of the Soviet Arctic. From October - November to June - July it is completely covered with ice. At this time, the transport of ice from the Arctic basin to the sea predominates, in contrast to other Arctic seas, where outflow ice drift prevails. A characteristic feature of the ice of the East Siberian Sea is the significant development of fast ice in winter. Moreover, it is most widely distributed in the western, shallow part of the sea and occupies a narrow coastal strip in the east of the sea. In the west of the sea, the width of fast ice reaches 400-500 km. Here it connects with the fast ice of the Laptev Sea. In the central regions its width is 250-300 km and east of Cape Shelagsky - 30-40 km. The fast ice boundary approximately coincides with the 25 km isobath, which runs 50 km north of the New Siberian Islands, then turns to the southeast, approaching the coast of the mainland at Cape Shelagsky. By the end of winter, the thickness of the fast ice reaches 2 m. From west to east, the thickness of the fast ice decreases. Behind the fast ice there is drifting ice. Usually this is one-year and two-year ice 2-3 m thick. In the very north of the sea, multi-year Arctic ice is found. The prevailing winds from the south in winter often carry drifting ice away from the northern edge of the fast ice. As a result, significant expanses of clean water and young ice appear, forming the Novosibirsk stationary french polynyas in the west and Zavrangelevskaya in the east.
At the beginning of summer, after the opening and destruction of fast ice, the position of the ice edge is determined by the action of winds and currents. However, ice is always found north of the island. Wrangel - New Siberian Islands. In the western part of the sea, on the site of extensive fast ice, the Novosibirsk ice massif is formed. It consists mainly of first-year ice and usually collapses by the end of summer. The overwhelming majority of the space in the east of the sea is occupied by the spur of the Aion oceanic ice massif, which largely forms heavy multi-year ice. Its southern periphery is almost adjacent to the coast of the mainland throughout the year, determining the ice situation in the sea.
2.6. Biology.
The flora and fauna of the East Siberian Sea is qualitatively poor compared to neighboring seas, mainly due to harsh ice conditions. However, in the areas of river mouths, in addition to omul, whitefish and grayling, there are large schools of white fish (Coregonidae). Other species of fish were also found there, which include polar smelt, navaga, polar cod, polar flounder and salmonids: arctic char and nelma. Mammals are represented by walruses, seals and polar bears, birds - guillemots, sea gulls, cormorants. Cold-loving brackish-water forms are found in the central regions. Fishing has local significance.
REFERENCES:
1. Bogdanov D.V. Oceans and seas on the eve of the 21st century. – M.: Nauka, 1991. – 128 p.
2. Sukhovey F. S. Seas of the world's oceans. – L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. – 288 p.
3. Oceanographic Encyclopedia.– L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1974. – 632 p.
4. Zalogin B. S., Kosarev A. N. Seas. – M.: Mysl, 1999. – 400 p.
5. Nikiforov E. G., Speicher A. O. Patterns of formation of large-scale fluctuations in the hydrological regime of the Arctic Ocean. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980. - 270 p.
Already from the name it is clear that this sea is located at north coast. Borders East Siberian Sea Mostly there are conventional lines, and only in some parts is it limited by land. From the west, the sea border runs along Kotelny and further along eastern border. The northern boundary coincides with the edge of the continental shelf. From the east, the border of the sea runs along the meridian of 1800 east longitude before, after - along the northwestern coast of this island to Cape Blossom and Cape Yakan, located on the mainland. From the southern part it is limited by the coastline of the mainland (from Cape Yakan to Cape Svyatoy Nos).
The waters of this sea communicate well with the waters of the Arctic Ocean, therefore the East Siberian Sea belongs to the type of continental marginal seas. Within the boundaries outlined, the area of this sea is 913 thousand km2. The volume of water is approximately 49 thousand km 3. The average sea depth is 54 m, the maximum depth is 915 m.
There are very few islands in the waters of the East Siberian Sea. The sea coastline has large bends. Thus, in some places the sea pushes the boundaries of the land inland, and in some places the land protrudes into the sea. There are also areas with an almost flat coastline. Small meanders are formed mainly at river mouths. the western and eastern coasts of the East Siberian Sea are very different. The coast, which is washed by the sea from the mouth of the Kolyma, is quite monotonous. Here the sea borders on swampy areas. These places are characterized by low and gentle banks. The coast located east of Kalyma has a more varied landscape, mainly dominated by mountains. As far as the island of Aion, the sea is bordered by small hills, which sometimes have steep slopes. In the area of Chaunskaya Bay there are low but steep banks.
The underwater relief of the space occupied by the East Siberian Sea represents. This plain slopes slightly from southwest to northeast. The seabed is mostly flat, without significant depressions or hills. Most expanses of water The East Siberian Sea has a depth of up to 20 - 25 m. The deepest ones are located on the seabed in the northeastern part from the mouths of the Indigira and Kolyma rivers. There is an assumption that these trenches used to be areas of river valleys. But later these rivers were flooded by the sea. The western part of the sea is characterized by shallow depth; this area is called the Novosibirsk Shoal. In the northeast the seas are quite deep places. But even here the depth does not exceed 100 m.
East Siberian Sea
The East Siberian Sea is located at high latitudes, not far from permanent ice. The sea also borders a wide part of the mainland. Due to this location, the East Siberian Sea has a distinctive feature: the sea is under the influence of the Atlantic and. Cyclones formed above sometimes enter the western part of the sea. The eastern regions of the sea are accessible to Pacific origin. Thus, the climate of the East Siberian Sea can be characterized as polar marine, which is greatly influenced by the continent. The peculiarities of the continental climate are significantly manifested in winter and summer. During transition seasons they do not significantly influence, since during these periods the processes are not constant.
In winter, the Siberian Maximum has a great influence on the climate of the East Siberian Sea. This determines the predominance of southwestern and southern ones, the speed of which reaches 6 - 7 m/s. These winds move from the continent and therefore contribute to the spread of cold air. Average temperature in January it is approximately – 28 – 30°С. In winter, the weather is mostly clear. Only sometimes cyclones disrupt the established calm weather for several days. Atlantic cyclones, which prevail in the western part of the sea, contribute to stronger winds and higher temperatures. Pacific cyclones, which prevail in the southeastern part of the sea, bring strong winds and cloudy weather. On coasts with mountainous terrain, the Pacific cyclone contributes to the formation of strong winds - a foehn. As a result of this storm wind, temperatures rise and there is less air.
In summer, low temperatures are formed over the sea, and low levels over land. In this regard, winds blow predominantly from the north. At the beginning of the warm season, the winds do not yet gain sufficient strength, but by mid-summer their speed averages 6 - 7 m/s. By the end of summer, the western part of the sea turns into areas of strong storms. At this time, this section becomes the most dangerous along the entire Northern Sea Route. Very often the wind speed reaches 10 - 15 m/s. In the southeastern part of the sea such strong winds are not observed. The wind speed here can only increase due to hair dryers. Constant winds from the north and northeast directions contribute to conservation low temperatures air. In the northern part of the sea, the average July temperature is about 0 - +1°C, in coastal areas the temperature is slightly higher than +2 - 3°C. The decrease in temperature in the northern part of the sea is affected by the influence of ice. In the southern part of the sea, proximity to the warm continent contributes to an increase in temperature. The East Siberian Sea is characterized by cloudy weather in the summer. Very often there is light rain, and occasionally even sleet.
East Siberian Sea
In autumn the influence of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans weakens, which affects the decrease. Thus, the East Siberian Sea is characterized by cold summers; unstable windy weather in the western and eastern regions of the sea in the summer-autumn period and calm in the central territories.
A small amount of river water enters the East Siberian Sea. During the year the volume is approximately 250 km 3 . (most big river, flowing into this sea) brings about 132 km 3 per year. Another Indigirka gives 59 km 3. The remaining rivers flowing into the East Siberian Sea are small, and therefore discharge small volumes of water. Largest quantity fresh water enters southern part seas. Maximum flow occurs in summer. Due to the small amount, fresh water does not flow far into the sea, but mainly spreads near river mouths. Due to the fact that the East Siberian Sea is large, river flow does not have a significant impact on it.
The waters of the East Siberian Sea are relatively clean. Only in Pevek Bay there has been slight water pollution, but recently the environmental situation here has been improving. The waters of Chaunskaya Bay are slightly polluted with hydrocarbons.
East Siberian Sea marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean off the northeastern coast of Asia, between the New Siberian Islands and the island. Wrangel. In the west it borders on the Laptev Sea, connecting with it by the Dmitry Laptev, Eterikan, Sannikov straits and to the north of the island. Kotelny, in the east - with the Chukchi Sea, with which it is connected by the Long Strait and to the north of the island. Wrangel. The northern border runs approximately along isobath 200 m. The sea area within these limits is 936 thousand. km 2. Water volume 42 thousand. km 3 . Average depth 45 m, highest - 155 m. The coastline is relatively weakly indented. It forms bays: Chaunskaya Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omulyakhskaya and Khromskaya Bays. There are several island groups in the sea: the Novosibirsk islands (along the border with the Laptev Sea), Medvezhye, Aion and Shalaurov islands. Some islands are composed entirely of fossil ice and sand and are subject to intense destruction. They flow into the V. m. large rivers: Kolyma, Alazeya, Indigirka, Khroma. The coast of the western part of the sea (from the New Siberian Islands to the Kolyma River) is low-lying, while the eastern coast (from the Kolyma River to the Longa Strait) is mountainous and steep in places. V. m. is located within the shelf. 72% of its bottom area is occupied by depths less than 50 m. The bed has a leveled relief and slopes gently to the north. In the formation of the relief, the presence of permafrost and fossil ice plays an important role, as well as thermal denudation and the associated leveling of the surface. The southern part is characterized by small trenches - flooded areas of river beds of pre-glacial and glacial times and depressions tectonic origin. Bottom sediments are gray silt, near the coast - silt with sand. The climate is arctic. The average air temperature in summer is from 0 to 2°C in the north, up to 4°C in the south; in winter it reaches -28°C, -30°C. Precipitation 100-200 mm per year. Continental runoff in V. m. averages 250 km 3 per year (90% in summer) and forms a layer of water equal to 265 mm. The area of desalinated waters (salinity less than 25 ‰) is 340 thousand. km 2, i.e. more than 36% of the total sea area. Under the influence of river waters, the salinity of water in the south varies from 5-10 ‰ to 18-20 ‰. In the north its value is about 30 ‰. The water temperature in summer near river mouths is from 4 to 8°C; in the open sea it quickly decreases to 0 and -1°C. In winter, the temperature under the ice, depending on salinity, ranges from -1.2 to -1.8°C. In the deep layer, the temperature is below -1.5°C, the salinity is about 30 ‰. The currents form a cyclonic gyre; in the northern part the current is directed to the west, in the southern part - to the east. The tides are regular semi-diurnal, the amplitude of level fluctuations is from 5-7 cm up to 25 cm. The magnitude of wind fluctuations in some areas may exceed 2 m. In winter, the entire sea is covered with ice. In summer, in the western part, the coastal zone with a width of several tens of km up to several hundred km; in the eastern part, floating ice usually stays off the coast throughout the summer, moving slightly to the north only under particularly favorable conditions. The coastal waters are home to valuable whitefish (muksun, broad whitefish, omul). Mammals include seals and walruses; found on ice polar bear. V. m. is part of the Northern Sea Route (See Northern Sea Route). Main ports: Pevek (Chaunskaya Bay), Ambarchik (mouth of the Kolyma). The beginning of the exploration of the sea by Russian sailors dates back to the 17th century, when voyages were made along the coast between the mouths of rivers on Kochs. In 1648, S. Dezhnev, F. Popov and others made a voyage from the river. Kolyma on the east to the Bering Strait and to the river. Anadyr. In the 18th century The first works were carried out to describe the coast and islands of the V. m., and maps were drawn up. Particularly significant work was done by the participants of the Great Northern Expedition (1735-42). A more accurate inventory of the shores was carried out by the expeditions of P. Anjou (1822) and F. P. Wrangel (1820-24). In the 20th century the maps were updated by K. A. Vollosovich (1909) and G. Ya. Sedov (1909), the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean (1911-14) on the Taimyr ships. After the through voyage of the icebreaker Sibiryakov along the Northern Sea Route (1932), regular voyages of merchant ships were made to V.M. Lit.: Antonov V.S., Morozova V.Ya., Chernyaeva F.A., Hydrology of rivers of the Soviet Arctic, “Tr. Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute", 1957, v. 208; Dobrovolsky A. D., Zalogin B. S. Seas of the USSR, M., 1965. East Siberian Sea.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what the “East Siberian Sea” is in other dictionaries:
East Siberian Sea ... Wikipedia
Geographical encyclopedia
The marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel. Area 913 thousand km². Located on the shelf. The average depth is 54 m, the maximum is 915 m. It is covered with ice most of the year. Salinity from 5. near river mouths to... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
EAST SIBERIAN SEA, marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between Novosibirsk and about. Wrangel. Pl. 913 thousand km2. Located on the shelf. Wed. depth 54 m, maximum 915 m. Part of the year is covered with ice. Salinity from 5%0 near... ...Russian history
East Siberian Sea- The Arctic Ocean, off the coast of Russia, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. Area 913 thousand km2, depth up to 915 m. Large islands: Novosibirsk, Bear, Aion. Bays: Chaun Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omulyakh Bay. They fall... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
The marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. Area 913 thousand km2. Located on the shelf. The average depth is 54 m, the maximum is 915 m. It is covered with ice most of the year. Salinity from 5‰ near... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
East Siberian Sea- North Arctic Ocean, between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel. The name was assigned in 1935 by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on the recommendation of the Russian Geogr. about va. Until the beginning of the 20th century. the sea did not have a specific name and was called Kolyma or Indigirka after... ... Toponymic dictionary
East Siberian Sea- East Siberian Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. In the west by the Dm. Laptev, Eterikan and Sannikova are connected to the Laptev Sea, in the east by the Long Strait with... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"
East Siberian Sea- Eastern Siberian Sea... Russian spelling dictionary
East Siberian Sea- (East Siberian Sea)East Siberian Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean between Novosibirsk about you and about. Wrangel, north of Yakutia and Chukotka, Siberian regions of Russia... Countries of the world. Dictionary
Books
- East Siberian Sea, Zonn Igor Sergeevich, Kostyanoy Andrey Gennadievich, Semenov Alexander Vyacheslavovich. The publication is dedicated to one of the smallest Russian northern seas - the East Siberian Sea, which is part of the Arctic Ocean. The encyclopedia contains about 600 articles on hydrographic, geographical...
EAST SIBERIAN SEA, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean off the northeastern coast of Asia, between the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island. In the west it borders on the Laptev Sea, connecting with it through the Dmitry Laptev, Eterikan and Sannikov straits, in the east - on the Chukchi Sea, with which it is connected by the Long Strait. The northern border runs along the edge of the continental shelf, approximately along an isobath of 200 m (79° north latitude). Area 913 thousand km 2, volume 49 thousand km 3. The greatest depth is 915 m.
The coastline is relatively weakly indented. Bays: Chaunskaya Bay, Kolyma Bay, Omulyakhskaya and Khromskaya Bays. Islands: Novosibirsk, Bear, Ayon and Shalaurov. Some islands are composed entirely of fossil ice and sand and are subject to intense destruction. Large rivers flow into the sea: Kolyma, Alazeya, Indigirka, Khroma. The coast of the western part of the sea (up to the Kolyma River) is low-lying and composed of permafrost alluvial-marine sediments of Quaternary age, including lenses of fossil ice. East Coast(from the Kolyma River to the Long Strait) mountainous, steep in places, composed of bedrock; A denudation type of coastline is developed here.
Relief and geological structure bottom. The East Siberian Sea is located mainly within the shelf; 72% of its bottom area has depths of up to 50 m. The shelf is located within the North American lithospheric plate. The underwater relief of the shelf, which forms the bed of the sea, is a plain, slightly inclined from southwest to northeast. The bottom of the western part of the sea is a flat, shallow plain, where the Novosibirsk Shoal is located. In the southern part, shallow troughs are noted - traces of ancient river valleys of pre-glacial and glacial times. The greatest depths are in the northeastern part. The seabed is composed of folded complexes (Mesozoic in the south and, possibly, more ancient in the north), dissected by Late Mesozoic rift structures and covered by a thin cover of Cenozoic sediments. Modern bottom sediments consist mainly of sandy silt containing crushed boulders and pebbles carried by ice.
Climate. The climate of the East Siberian Sea is arctic. In winter, under the influence of the Siberian High, cold southwestern and southern winds prevail over the sea. Average air temperatures in February range from -28 to -30 °C (minimum -50 °C); in July in the southern part from 3 to 7 °C, in the northern part - from 0 to 2 °C. In summer, the weather over the East Siberian Sea is mostly cloudy with light drizzle and sometimes sleet; Northerly winds predominate. In autumn, on the coast, the speed of northwestern and northeastern winds increases to 20-25 m/s; At a distance from the coast, the strength of storm winds reaches 40-45 m/s, and hair dryers contribute to the intensification of the wind. 100-200 mm of precipitation falls annually.
Hydrological regime. Continental flow into the East Siberian Sea is relatively small and amounts to about 250 km 3 /year, of which the flow of Kolyma is 123 km 3 /year, Indigirka is 58.3 km 3 /year. The entire river flow flows into the southern part of the sea, 90% in the summer. The main part of the East Siberian Sea is occupied by surface Arctic waters. In the estuarine areas, waters formed as a result of mixing river and sea water. In winter, near river mouths the temperature surface waters varies from -0.2 to -0.6 °C, and at the northern border of the sea from -1.7 to -1.8 °C. In summer, the temperature distribution of surface waters is determined by ice conditions. In bays and bays it is 7-8 °C, in ice-free areas it is 2-3 °C, and at the ice edge it is about 0 °C. The salinity of surface waters increases from southwest to northeast from 10-15‰ near river mouths to 30-32‰ at the ice edge. For most of the year, the East Siberian Sea is covered with ice. In the eastern part, floating ice remains off the coast even in summer. A characteristic feature of the ice is the development of fast ice, which is most widely distributed in the western shallow part of the sea, where its width reaches 600-700 km; in the central regions - 250-300 km, east of Cape Shelagsky it occupies a narrow coastal strip of 30-40 km. By the end of summer, the thickness of the fast ice is 2 m. Behind the fast ice there is drifting ice - annual and biennial ice, 2-3 m thick; Ice drift depends on the circulation of air masses. In the north there is multi-year Arctic ice. In the western part of the sea, between fast ice and drifting ice, there is a perennial polynya along which the Northern Sea Route passes. The existence of the polynya in winter is associated with squeezing winds and tidal currents. In the eastern part, the fast ice meets the drifting ice and the polynya closes. The currents form a cyclonic gyre; in the northern part the current is directed to the west, in the southern part - to the east. The tides are regular semidiurnal, the amplitude of level fluctuations is up to 25 cm.
History of the study. The beginning of the development of the East Siberian Sea by Russian sailors dates back to the 17th century, when voyages were made along the coast between river mouths on Kochs. In 1648, S. Dezhnev and F. Popov sailed from the Kolyma River to the Bering Strait and to the Anadyr River. In the 18th century, the first works were carried out to describe the coast and islands of the East Siberian Sea, and maps were compiled. Particularly significant work was done by the participants of the Great Northern Expedition (1733-43). The contours of the coast were clarified by the Ust-Yansk and Kolyma expeditions led by P. F. Anzhu (1822) and F. P. Wrangel (1820-24), islands in the East Siberian Sea were named after them. In the 20th century, maps were updated by K. A. Vollosovich (1909) and G. Ya. Sedov (1909), as well as during the work of a hydrographic expedition in the Arctic Ocean (1911-14). After 1932, when the icebreaker Sibiryakov passed the Northern Sea Route in one navigation, regular ship voyages were made to the East Siberian Sea.
Economic use. The coastal zone is characterized as an area with weak economic activity. Vegetable and fauna The East Siberian Sea is poor due to harsh ice conditions. But in the areas adjacent to the river mouths, you can find omul, whitefish, grayling, polar smelt, navaga, polar cod and flounder, salmonids - char and nelma. Mammals include the walrus, seals, and polar bear; of birds - guillemots, gulls, cormorants. Fishing is of local importance. The Northern Sea Route passes through the East Siberian Sea; main port Pevek (Chaun Bay). The East Siberian Sea is a promising oil and gas bearing area, the development of which is difficult due to harsh natural conditions.
Ecological state. In general, the ecological situation in the East Siberian Sea is characterized as favorable due to the weak economic use of this area. The shallow-water shelf, exposed to the influence of river runoff, is slightly polluted, and as a result of thermal abrasion destruction of the coast, greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and methane) enter the atmosphere.
Lit.: Zalogin B.S., Kosarev A.N. Seas. M., 1999.
