Famous travelers of our time. Famous travelers and their great discoveries. Kamchatka campaign of Bering and Chirikov
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If you think that with the passing of the Age of the Greats geographical discoveries outstanding travelers have sunk into oblivion, then you are mistaken! Our contemporaries also made the most amazing journeys. Among them are scientists who went in search of confirmation of their theories, researchers depths of the sea, and simply adventurers who dared to travel around the world alone or with like-minded people. Many documentaries have been created about their travels, and thanks to them, we can see the whole world through their eyes, real, alive, full of dangers and adventures.
Jacques-Yves Cousteau
Captain Cousteau is a famous French explorer of the World Ocean, author of books and films, and inventor. The world's oceans have revealed many of their secrets and shown the previously inaccessible beauty of their depths to a huge number of scuba diving enthusiasts. We can say that Captain Cousteau is the father of modern diving, because it was he who created the main diving apparatus. While researching the underwater world of our planet, Cousteau created the famous floating laboratory "Callisto" and the first diving apparatus "Denise". Jacques Cousteau captivated millions of people by showing them on movie screens how beautiful the underwater world is, giving them the opportunity to see what was previously inaccessible to humans.
Thor Heyerdahl
The name of the most famous Norwegian of the 20th century on his native language spelled "Thor", just like the name of one of the main gods of Scandinavian mythology, Thor. He made many trips on homemade watercraft to bring ancient civilizations into contact with each other. Heyerdahl proved in practice his theory about the inhabitants of South America visiting the islands of Polynesia, since the scientific world did not accept his ideas. Together with his team, he reached Raroia Atoll in 101 days, sailing 4,300 miles. This was one of his most famous voyages, the Kon-Tiki Expedition, on a homemade raft. The film he shot during his trip won an Oscar in 1951. And in 1969, he set out on a new dangerous expedition on a papyrus boat to prove, to prove the possibility of crossing the Atlantic Ocean by African peoples. However, Thor Heyerdahl's first voyage on the boat "Ra" ended in failure; the boat sank just 600 miles short of the island of Barbados. A year later, the stubborn Norwegian repeated his journey and sailed from Morocco to Barbados in 57 days. By the way, the doctor on this expedition was our compatriot Yuri Senkevich. Heyerdahl later visited Maldives, in Peru and Tenerife.
Yuri Senkevich
The popular TV presenter of the program "Travelers Club" Yuri Senkevich was on the list of the most famous travelers not only as the doctor of Thor Heyerdahl's expedition. His “track record” as a traveler is respectable:
as a medical researcher, Senkevich was trained to participate in a space flight, participated in the 12th Antarctic expedition to the Vostok station in order to study human behavior in extreme conditions, traveled on the papyrus boat "Ra", then on the "Ra-2" and V Indian Ocean on Tigris. Millions of Soviet television viewers were able to see the world, as they joked “through the eyes of Sienkiewicz.” By the way, the program “Cinema Travel Club” was entered into the Guinness Book of Records.
Nikolay Drozdov
More than 40 years ago, Nikolai Nikolaevich Drozdov became the host of the popular TV show “In the Animal World.” An avid traveler, a “gallant know-it-all”, who spends hours talking about animals as the most wonderful and beautiful creatures in the world - be it an elephant, a bug, or even a poisonous snake. An amazing and wonderful person, the idol of millions of viewers in our country, listening to his stories about interesting facts from the life of birds, reptiles, domestic and wild animals, about the beauty of our nature is an incomparable pleasure, because only a person in love with life can tell this way. Interesting fact about Nikolai Nikolaevich himself - his great-great-great-grandfather was Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow, and his maternal great-great-grandfather Ivan Romanovich von Dreiling was an orderly of Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov.
Nikolai Drozdov has traveled all over the world, all zoological and National parks, studying the habitats and habits of animals in natural conditions, climbed Elbrus, participated in a long expedition on the research vessel "Callisto" and in the first Soviet expedition to Everest, went to the North Pole twice, walked along the Northern Sea Route on an icebreaker " Yamal", sailed along the coast of Alaska and Canada on the Discovery.
Fedor Konyukhov
A lone traveler who conquered what seemed impossible to conquer, who more than once overcame a path that was impossible to travel alone - the great contemporary Fyodor Konyukhov. The first among travelers who conquered the North and South Poles, seas, oceans and the highest peaks of the world, which is proven by more than 40 expeditions he made to the most inaccessible places on our planet. Among them are five trips around the world, a solo voyage across the Atlantic (which, by the way, he crossed more than once) on a rowing boat. Konyukhov was the first to cross Pacific Ocean from continent to continent. But the life of our busy compatriot is not filled with travel alone - Fyodor Konyukhov became the youngest member of the Union of Artists of the USSR and the author of twelve books about travel. There were new plans ahead: a flight around the world on hot-air balloon And circumnavigation in 80 days for the Jules Verne Cup, as well as immersion in Mariana Trench. However, having been ordained a priest in 2010, Fyodor Konyukhov decided not to travel anymore, but... the ways of the Lord are mysterious and the famous traveler is again at the helm. This spring he "beat" Russian record and stayed in the air in the balloon for 19 hours and 10 minutes.
Bear Grylls
Fame came to the young English traveler thanks to the highest-rated television program on the Discovery Channel, “Survive at Any Cost,” which first aired in October 2006. The TV presenter and traveler does more than just “entertain” viewers beautiful views the most amazing places planet, his goal is to convey to the audience life recommendations that may be useful in unforeseen situations.
The list of his voyages is respectable: he sailed around the British Isles in thirty days, crossed inflatable boat North Atlantic, flew over Angel Falls in a steam-powered plane, flew over the Himalayas in a paraglider, led an expedition to one of the most distant unconquered peaks in Antarctica and held... a gala dinner in a balloon at an altitude of more than seven thousand meters! Most of Grylls' expeditions are for charity.
Abbey Sunderland
Not only men can boast of friendship with the wind of wanderings - Abby Sunderland, a young traveler who at the age of 16 circumnavigated the world alone on a yacht, will give odds to many men. The determination of Abby’s parents is surprising, because they not only allowed her to participate in such a dangerous enterprise, but also helped her prepare for it. Alas, the first start on January 23, 2010 was unsuccessful and Abby made a second attempt on February 6. The journey turned out to be more dangerous than expected: between Australia and Africa, 2 thousand miles from the coast, the hull of the yacht was damaged and the engine failed. After this message, communication was interrupted, the search for Abby's yacht was unsuccessful and she was declared missing. Later whole month Australian rescuers in the area of a severe storm discovered the lost yacht and Abby alive and unharmed. Who will say after this that a woman has no place on a ship?
Jason Lewis
And finally, the most original of modern travelers, who spent 13 years traveling around the world! Why so long? The simple fact is that Jason refused any technology or any achievements of civilization. The former janitor and his friend Steve Smith went around the world by bike, boat and rollerblades! The expedition started from Greenwich in 1994; in February 1995, the travelers reached the shores of the United States and, after 111 days of sailing, decided to cross America separately on roller skates. Lewis had to interrupt his trip for 9 months after an accident. After recovery, Lewis goes to Hawaii, from where he sails on a pedal boat to Australia, where he had to spend some time earning money for further travel... by selling T-shirts. In 2005, he reaches Singapore and then crosses China and India by bicycle. By March 2007, he reached Africa and also crossed the whole of Europe on a bicycle: Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Germany and Belgium. After swimming across the English Channel, Jason Lewis returned to London in October 2007.
The article contains information about Russian navigators and explorers. Reflects the significance of the discoveries they made. Includes some historical information.
Russian travelers and discoverers
Russian travelers made an invaluable contribution to the field of geographical discoveries, as well as to the exploration and exploration of the globe. Many are named after them significant objects Earth. For example:
- Cape Dezhnev;
- Bering Sea;
- Semenov Glacier.
Scientific research of Russian discoverers and, compiled by them, detailed maps were of great importance for the development of geography not only in Russia, but also in the world.
Almost three decades earlier than Vasco da Gama, the merchant from Tver Afanasy Nikitin (year of birth unknown - died in 1474) visited India.
He set out on a trade trip. During his travels (1468-1474), Nikitin visited many previously unexplored countries. He lived in India for three years. All this time he wrote down his every step in detail. Later, the book “Walking across the Three Seas” was published, which was based on his notes. The book contained both notes and illustrations made by Nikitin.
Rice. 1. Afanasy Nikitin.
Discoveries in the Heat of Struggle
Almost all travelers of the 15th-16th centuries are known in history more as invaders of lands than as their discoverers and pioneers. These people were puzzled by the search for wealth in overseas countries. This is what drove them in the process of searching for new lands. Significant geographical discoveries happened as if by themselves. Approximately the same story happened with the development of Siberia. But the opinions of historians differ on this matter.
Ermak Timofeevich Alenin (1530/1540 -1585) is rightly considered the pioneer of these lands.
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Rice. 2. Ermak.
He was sent by Ivan the Terrible to protect his lands from the raids of the Nogai Horde.
After the surviving Horde members complained to the Moscow Tsar about the willfulness of the local Cossacks, Ivan the Terrible allegedly punished the troublemakers by allowing them to retreat to the Perm lands, where the Cossacks came in very handy and continued to defend Russian possessions from the raids of the Siberian Khan Kuchum. Since then, the development of the richest region of Russia began.
After the death of the famous ataman, many regions of Russia claimed that Ermak was a native of their places.
Table “Discoveries of Russian travelers”
At the beginning of the 16th century, it was difficult for the peoples of the North to establish trade relations with India. The Spanish and Portuguese colonists did not want to allow strangers into the territories they conquered.
In those days, the passage through the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean was known to people only by rumor.
But in the Russian lands a man was found who was not afraid to go on a dangerous journey across the Arctic Ocean. This was the Russian navigator, explorer and traveler Semyon Dezhnev (1605-1673).
Rice. 3. Semyon Dezhnev.
Exploration of the northeastern section of the sea route from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific is closely intertwined with his name. His voyage and subsequent discovery of the strait between America and Asia is often equated with the voyage of the famous discoverer of America, Christopher Columbus.
Another famous Russian navigator who contributed to world geography was Vitus Bering. He became the first traveler in Russian history to lead a purposeful expedition with a geographical focus.
Bering led two Kamchatka expeditions. While passing between the Chukotka Peninsula and Alaska, they confirmed the presence of a strait.
The strait between Russia and the United States was named after the navigator. Bering reached North America, where he discovered the islands of the Aleutian chain during the Second Kamchatka Expedition.
What have we learned?
From the topic on geography (5th grade), we became familiar with the difficulties that prevented discoveries. We found out the reasons that influenced the discovery of previously unknown territories.
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Italian traveler Marco Polo (1254-1324). In 1271-75 he traveled to China, where he lived for approx. 17 years. In 1292-95 he returned to Italy by sea. The “Book” written in his words (1298) is one of the first sources of European knowledge about the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. and Yuzh. Asia.
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This is a period in human history, beginning in the 15th century and lasting until the 17th century, during which Europeans discovered new lands and sea routes to Africa, America, Asia and Oceania in search of new trading partners and sources of goods that were in great demand in Europe. Historians generally associate the "Great Discovery" with the pioneering long sea voyages of Portuguese and Spanish explorers in search of alternative trade routes to the "Indies" for gold, silver and spices.
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He is the first to reliably famous travelers crossed the Atlantic Ocean and sailed in the Caribbean Sea. He marked the beginning of the discovery of the continent of South America. He discovered all the Greater Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, etc.), the Lesser Antilles and about. Trinidad. On his first expedition, he equipped 3 ships: “Santa Maria”, “Pinta”, “Nina”. In total, Columbus made 4 trips to America. The following countries are named in honor of Columbus: A state in South America - Colombia. Mount Cristobal Colon in Colombia. Federal District of Columbia in the USA. Columbia River in the USA and Canada. Cities in the USA Columbus and Columbia. Streets in Volgograd and Astrakhan, squares in New York and Zelenogad. thin John Vanderline. Columbus's landing in America.
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Columbus can be called the discoverer of America with reservations. Back in the Middle Ages, Icelandic Vikings visited North America, but nothing was known about this outside Scandinavia. It was Columbus's expeditions that made information about America public knowledge. The first island of the Bahamas was discovered on October 12, 1492. Map of Columbus' four expeditions. Queen Isabella of Castile and Columbus Monument to Columbus in Bremerhaven in Germany Replica of the ship “Santa Maria”.
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Florentine traveler. There is an opinion that he received this nickname or named himself so in honor of the already named continent. As a navigator, he took part in expeditions to new lands in 1499 using Columbus's maps, and gave them the name Venezuela - Little Venice, discovered the Amazon delta and mapped 22 other objects. In 1500 -1504 he made two more journeys from Portugal to the lands of the new continent. From 1505 he served as a helmsman in the Spanish service for travel to India. According to legend, Christopher Columbus believed until the end of his days in what he discovered new way to India. But soon the opinion spread that it was not India that had been discovered, but a new continent. One of the first supporters of this version was Amerigo Vespucci, whose name the new part of the world acquired. It is believed that the term itself “ New World” could have been proposed in 1503 by the same Vespucci, but this opinion is disputed.
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He took part in equipping Columbus's second and third expeditions and maintained friendly relations with him. According to the stories of his contemporaries, Amerigo was an exceptionally fair, intelligent and observant person. He had a talent for writing, and quite often exaggerated when talking about the nature and people of new lands, but never talk about the leaders of the expeditions and his role in these expeditions. In honor of Amerigo Vespucci they named: A three-deck training frigate, launched in February 1931 in Naples. Airport in Italian city Florence. Main street in the city of Lima, the capital of Chile. A bridge spanning the Arno River in the Italian city of Florence. A section of the Arno River embankment in Florence. AMERICUS VESPUCIUS
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Portuguese navigator, known as the first European to make a sea voyage to India. On July 8, 1497, 4 ships left Lisbon: 2 large three-masted ships “San Gabriel” (flagship ship) and “San Rafael”, a light caravel “Berriu” and a transport ship for transporting supplies. Were in disarray best cards and navigation devices. The Brazilian is named after football club The city in Goa is named the Most long bridge in Europe in Lisbon. The Adidas football sword model is named after the logbook on the ship. Monument to Vasco da Gamma in front of the church in Sines.
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Only 5 years before his death, Da Gamma received land holdings and the title of count. Only 2 ships returned after the expedition in September 1499. However, from a financial point of view, the expedition was unusually successful - the proceeds of goods brought from India were 60 times higher than the costs of the expedition. The padran - a stone pillar with the image of the royal coat of arms of Portugal and an inscription - was placed as a sign of the transition of the territory to the control of Portugal. Padran at the Cape of Good Hope.
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English naval sailor, explorer, cartographer, member of the Royal Society. He led three expeditions to explore the World Ocean, all around the world. Surveyed and mapped East Coast Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. On February 14, 1779 he was killed by the inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands. After the military operation, some parts of Kuku's body were returned by the aborigines and buried at sea. 1st expedition - ship “Endeavour” 2nd expedition – 2 ships “Resolution” and “Adventure” 3rd expedition – 2 ships “Resolution” and “Discovery” The strait between the islands of New Zealand is named in honor of Cook. Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Mountain on the islands of New Zealand. Cooktown in Australia. A bay off the coast of Alaska. The Apollo 12 spacecraft module was named after Endeavor.
The great Russian travelers, the list of which is quite large, pushed the development of maritime trade and also raised the prestige of their country. The scientific community learned more and more information not only about geography, but also about the animal and plant world, and most importantly, about people who lived in other parts of the world and their customs. Let's follow in the footsteps of the great Russian travelers and their geographical discoveries.
Fedor Filippovich Konyukhov
The great Russian traveler Fyodor Konyukhov is not only a famous adventurer, but also an artist and an Honored Master of Sports. He was born in 1951. From childhood, he was able to do something that would have been quite difficult for his peers - swimming in cold water. He could easily sleep in the hayloft. Fedor was in good physical shape and could run long distances - several tens of kilometers. At the age of 15, he managed to swim across the Sea of Azov using a rowing fishing boat. Fyodor was also significantly influenced by his grandfather, who wanted the young man to become a traveler, but the boy himself also strived for this. Great Russian travelers often began to prepare in advance for their campaigns and sea voyages.
Konyukhov's discoveries
Fyodor Filippovich Konyukhov took part in 40 voyages, repeated Bering’s route on a yacht, and also sailed from Vladivostok to the Commander Islands, visiting Sakhalin and Kamchatka. At the age of 58, he conquered Everest, as well as 7 of the most high peaks in a team with other climbers. He visited both the North and South Poles, and has completed 4 round-the-world trips. sea travel, The Atlantic was crossed by him 15 times. Fyodor Filippovich reflected his impressions using drawing. Thus he painted 3 thousand paintings. The great geographical discoveries of Russian travelers were often reflected in their own literature, and Fyodor Konyukhov left behind 9 books.
Afanasy Nikitin
The great Russian traveler Afanasy Nikitin (Nikitin is the merchant's patronymic, since his father's name was Nikita) lived in the 15th century, and the year of his birth is unknown. He proved that even a person from a poor family can travel so far, the main thing is to set a goal. He was an experienced merchant who, before India, visited Crimea, Constantinople, Lithuania and the Principality of Moldova and brought overseas goods to his homeland.
He himself was from Tver. Russian merchants went to Asia to establish connections with local traders. They themselves transported there mainly furs. By the will of fate, Afanasy ended up in India, where he lived for three years. Upon returning to his homeland, he was robbed and killed near Smolensk. The great Russian travelers and their discoveries will forever remain in history, because for the sake of progress, brave and brave lovers of wanderings often died in dangerous and lengthy expeditions.
Discoveries of Afanasy Nikitin
Afanasy Nikitin became the first Russian traveler to visit India and Persia; on his way back he visited Turkey and Somalia. During his travels, he made notes “Walking across the Three Seas,” which later became a guide for studying the culture and customs of other countries. Especially well outlined in his notes medieval India. He swam across the Volga, Arabian and Caspian Sea, Black Sea region. When merchants were robbed by the Tatars near Astrakhan, he did not want to return home with everyone and fall into debt, but continued his journey, heading to Derbent, then to Baku.
Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay
Miklouho-Maclay comes from a noble family, but after the death of his father he had to learn what it was like to live in poverty. He had the nature of a rebel - at the age of 15 he was arrested for participating in a student demonstration. Because of this, he not only found himself under arrest in Peter and Paul Fortress, where he stayed for three days, but was expelled from the gymnasium with a further ban on admission - so the opportunity to get higher education in Russia, which he subsequently did only in Germany.
A well-known naturalist, drew attention to the inquisitive 19-year-old young man and invited Miklouho-Maclay on an expedition, the purpose of which was to study marine fauna. Nikolai Nikolaevich died at the age of 42, and his diagnosis was “severe deterioration of the body.” He, like many other great Russian travelers, sacrificed a significant part of his life in the name of new discoveries.
Discoveries of Miklouho-Maclay
In 1869, Miklouho-Maclay, with the support of the Russian Geographical Society, left for New Guinea. The coast where he landed is now called the Maclay Coast. After spending more than a year on the expedition, he discovered new lands. The natives learned from the Russian traveler how pumpkins, corn, beans are grown, and how to care for fruit trees. He spent 3 years in Australia, visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the islands of Melanesia and Micronesia. He also convinced local residents do not interfere with anthropological research. He spent 17 years of his life studying indigenous people Pacific Islands, Southeast Asia. Thanks to Miklouho-Maclay, the assumption that the Papuans are a different species of human was refuted. As you can see, the great Russian travelers and their discoveries allowed the rest of the world not only to learn more about geographical exploration, but also about other people living in new territories.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky
Przhevalsky was favored by the emperor's family; at the end of his first trip, he had the honor of meeting Alexander II, who transferred his collection to the Russian Academy of Sciences. His son Nikolai really liked the works of Nikolai Mikhailovich, and he wanted to be his student; he also contributed to the publication of stories about the 4th expedition, donating 25 thousand rubles. The Tsarevich always looked forward to letters from the traveler and was glad even to receive short news about the expedition.
As you can see, even during his life Przhevalsky became a fairly famous person, and his works and deeds received great publicity. However, as sometimes happens when great Russian travelers and their discoveries become famous, many details from his life, as well as the circumstances of his death, are still shrouded in mystery. Nikolai Mikhailovich had no descendants, because having understood in advance what fate awaited him, he would not allow himself to doom his loved one to constant expectations and loneliness.
Przhevalsky's discoveries
Thanks to Przhevalsky's expeditions, Russian scientific prestige received a new boost. During 4 expeditions, the traveler covered about 30 thousand kilometers; he visited Central and Western Asia, the Tibetan Plateau and the southern part of the Taklamakan Desert. He discovered many ridges (Moscow, Mysterious, etc.), described largest rivers Asia.
Many have heard about (subspecies, but few people know about the rich zoological collection of mammals, birds, amphibians and fish, large quantity plant records and herbarium collections. In addition to the animal and flora, as well as new geographical discoveries, the great Russian traveler Przhevalsky was interested in peoples unknown to Europeans - the Dungans, northern Tibetans, Tanguts, Magins, Lobnors. He created the work “How to Travel Around Central Asia", which could serve as an excellent guide for researchers and military personnel. The great Russian travelers, making discoveries, always provided knowledge for the development of science and the successful organization of new expeditions.
Ivan Fedorovich Krusenstern
The Russian navigator was born in 1770. He had the opportunity to become the head of the first round-the-world expedition from Russia, he is also one of the founders of Russian oceanology, an admiral, corresponding member and honorary member of the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. The great Russian traveler Kruzenshtern also took an active part when the Russian geographical society. In 1811 he had the opportunity to teach at the Naval Cadet Corps. Subsequently, becoming director, he organized the highest officer class. This academy then became a naval academy.
In 1812, he allocated 1/3 of his fortune for the people's militia (began Patriotic War). Until this time, three volumes of the books “Travels Around the World” had been published, which were translated into seven European languages. In 1813, Ivan Fedorovich was included in the English, Danish, German and French scientific communities and academies. However, after 2 years he goes on indefinite leave due to a developing eye disease, the situation was complicated by a difficult relationship with the Minister of the Navy. Many famous sailors and travelers turned to Ivan Fedorovich for advice and support.
Krusenstern's discoveries
For 3 years he was the head of the Russian expedition around the world on the ships Neva and Nadezhda. During the voyage, the mouths of the Amur River were to be explored. For the first time in history, the Russian fleet crossed the equator. Thanks to this trip and Ivan Fedorovich, the eastern, northern and northwestern shores appeared on the map for the first time Sakhalin Island. Also, due to his works, the Atlas South Sea", supplemented with hydrographic notes. Thanks to the expedition, non-existent islands were erased from the maps, and the exact position of other geographical points was determined. Russian science learned about inter-trade countercurrents in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, water temperatures were measured (depths up to 400 m), and its specific gravity, color and transparency were determined. Finally, the reason why the sea glowed became clear. Data also appeared on atmospheric pressure, tides and tides in many areas of the World Ocean, which were used by other great Russian travelers in their expeditions.
Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev
The great traveler was born in 1605. A sailor, explorer and merchant, he was also a Cossack chieftain. He was originally from Veliky Ustyug, and then moved to Siberia. Semyon Ivanovich was known for his diplomatic talent, courage and ability to organize and lead people. Geographical points (cape, bay, island, village, peninsula), award, icebreaker, passage, streets, etc. bear his name.
Dezhnev's discoveries
Semyon Ivanovich, 80 years before Bering, passed the Strait (called the Bering Strait) between Alaska and Chukotka (in its entirety, while Bering passed only part). He and his team discovered a sea route around the northeastern part of Asia and reached Kamchatka. No one had previously known about that part of the world where America almost converged with Asia. Dezhnev passed the Arctic Ocean, bypassing north shore Asia. He mapped the strait between the American and Asian shores, and after the ship was shipwrecked, his detachment, having only skis and sleds, took 10 weeks to get there (losing 13 out of 25 people). There is an assumption that the first settlers in Alaska were part of Dezhnev’s team, which separated from the expedition.
Thus, following in the footsteps of the great Russian travelers, you can see how it developed and rose science community Russia, knowledge about the outside world was enriched, which gave a huge impetus to the development of other industries.
AMUNDSEN Rual
(1872-1928)
Travel routes
1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Joa". R. Amundsen was the first to travel through the Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.
1910-1912 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Fram".
On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four comrades on dog sleds reached South Pole lands, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.
1918-1920 - on the ship “Maud” R. Amundsen sailed across the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.
1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen flew on the airship “Norway” along the route Spitsbergen - North Pole - Alaska.
1928 - During the search for the missing expedition of U. Nobile Amundsen in the Barents Sea, he died.
Name on geographical map
A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean are named after the Norwegian explorer.
The US Antarctic research station is named after the pioneers: the Amundsen-Scott Pole.
Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich
(1778-1852)
Travel routes
1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship “Nadezhda”. All the maps that were later included in the “Atlas for Captain Krusenstern’s trip around the world” were compiled by him.
1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.
On January 28, 1820, on the sloops “Vostok” (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and “Mirny” (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.
Name on geographical map
A sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica are named in honor of F.F. Bellingshausen.
A Russian Antarctic research station bears the name of the Russian navigator.
BERING Vitus Jonassen
(1681-1741)
Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service
Travel routes
1725-1730 - V. Bering headed the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "St. Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the Strait (now the Bering Strait).
1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "St. Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back, during the winter on one of the islands (now the Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.
Name on geographical map
In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, and a cape on the coast are named after Vitus Bering Sea of Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska.
VAMBERY Arminius (Herman)
(1832-1913)
Hungarian orientalist
Travel routes
1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish across Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along east coast Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.
VANCOUVER George
(1757-1798)
English navigator
Travel routes
1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver, as a cabin boy and midshipman, participated in the second and third voyages around the world by J. Cook.
1790-1795 - a round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.
Name on geographical map
Several hundred are named after J. Vancouver geographical objects, including island, bay, city, river, ridge (Canada), lake, cape, mountain, city (USA), bay (New Zealand).
GAMA Vasco yes
(1469-1524)
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened a sea route for Europeans to India around the African continent.
1502 - second expedition to India.
1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. He died during the expedition.
GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich
(1776-1831)
Russian navigator
Travel routes
1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Diana”.
1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, Tatar Strait.
1817-1819 - circumnavigation of the world on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.
Name on geographical map
Several bays, a strait and an underwater mountain are named after the Russian navigator, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on the island of Kunashir.
HUMBOLDT Alexander, background
(1769-1859)
German natural scientist, geographer, traveler
Travel routes
1799-1804 - expedition to Central and South America.
1829 - travel across Russia: the Urals, Altai, Caspian Sea.
Name on geographical map
Ranges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on an island, are named after Humboldt New Caledonia, glacier in Greenland, cold current in the Pacific Ocean, river, lake and row settlements in USA.
A number of plants, minerals and even a crater on the Moon are named after the German scientist.
The university in Berlin is named after the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.
DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich
(c. 1605-1673)
Russian explorer, navigator
Travel routes
1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of the Yana River, Oymyakon and Kolyma.
1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov circled the Chukotka Peninsula and reached Gulf of Anadyr. This is how the strait between the two continents was discovered, which was later named the Bering Strait.
Name on geographical map
A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.
DRAKE Francis
(1540-1596)
English navigator and pirate
Travel routes
1567 - F. Drake took part in J. Hawkins' expedition to the West Indies.
Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean Sea.
1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second European voyage around the world after Magellan.
Name on geographical map
The widest strait on the globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is named after the brave navigator.
DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar
(1790-1842)
French navigator and oceanographer
Travel routes
1826-1828 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coasts of New Zealand and New Guinea were mapped and island groups in the Pacific Ocean were examined. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont-D'Urville discovered traces of the lost expedition of J. La Perouse.
1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.
Name on geographical map
The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.
The French Antarctic scientific station is named after Dumont-D'Urville.
IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad
Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji
(1304-1377)
Arab traveler, wandering merchant
Travel routes
1325-1349 - Having set off from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta visited Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then through Central Asia and Afghanistan arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.
1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.
1352-1353 - travel through Western and Central Sudan.
At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scientist named Juzai, wrote the book “Rihla”, where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he collected during his travels.
COLUMBUS Christopher
(1451-1506)
Portuguese and Spanish navigator
Travel routes
1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels “Santa Maria”, “Pinta” and “Nina” the Sargasso Sea was discovered, Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti.
October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.
During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles Antilles, the coasts of South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.
Until the end of his life, Columbus was confident that he had reached India.
Name on geographical map
A state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the USA.
In the United States of America there is Columbia University.
KRASHENINNIKOV Stepan Petrovich
(1711-1755)
Russian scientist-naturalist, first explorer of Kamchatka
Travel routes
1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov independently went to Kamchatka, where until June 1741 he conducted research, based on the materials of which he subsequently compiled the first “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).
Name on geographical map
An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoye are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.
KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fedorovich
(1770-1846)
Russian navigator, admiral
Travel routes
1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”. I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the “Atlas of the South Sea” (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)
Name on geographical map
The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern is borne by a strait in the northern part of the Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeastern passage of the Korean Strait.
COOK James
(1728-1779)
English navigator
Travel routes
1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate Endeavor under the command of J. Cook. The island position of New Zealand has been determined, the Great barrier reef and the east coast of Australia.
1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition headed by Cook on the Resolution ship (to find and map the Southern Continent) was not achieved. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, and South Georgia were discovered.
1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" was aimed at finding the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The passage was not found, but they were open Hawaiian Islands and part of the Alaskan coast. On the way back, J. Cook was killed on one of the islands by the aborigines.
Name on geographical map
The most are named after the English navigator. high mountain New Zealand, a bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and Southern Islands New Zealand.
LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich
(1788-1851)
Russian naval commander and navigator
Travel routes
1813-1816 - circumnavigation of the world on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the shores of Alaska and back.
1819-1821 - commanding the sloop “Mirny”, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen.
1822-1824 - M.P. Lazarev led round the world expedition on the frigate "Cruiser".
Name on geographical map
The sea is named after M.P. Lazarev Atlantic Ocean, ice shelf and submarine trench in East Antarctica, a village on the Black Sea coast.
The Russian Antarctic scientific station also bears the name of M.P. Lazarev.
LIVINGSTON David
(1813-1873)
English explorer of Africa
Travel routes
Since 1841 - numerous travels through the interior regions of South and Central Africa.
1849-1851 - studies of the Lake Ngami area.
1851-1856 - research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.
1858-1864 - exploration of the Zambezi River, lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.
1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.
Name on geographical map
Waterfalls on the Congo River and a city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.
MAGELLAN Fernand
(c. 1480-1521)
Portuguese navigator
Travel routes
1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first circumnavigation in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast of South America south of La Plata, circumnavigated the continent, crossed the strait that was later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippine Islands. On one of them, Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to whom only one of the ships (Victoria) and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the shores of Spain.
Name on geographical map
The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland South America and archipelago Tierra del Fuego, connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
MIKLOUKHO-MACLAY Nikolai Nikolaevich
(1846-1888)
Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea
Travel routes
1866-1867 - travel to Canary Islands and in Morocco.
1871-1886 - study of indigenous peoples South-East Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the North-Eastern coast of New Guinea.
Name on geographical map
The Miklouho-Maclay coast is located in New Guinea.
Also named after Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay is the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
NANSEN Fridtjof
(1861-1930)
Norwegian polar explorer
Travel routes
1888 - F. Nansen made the first ski crossing in history across Greenland.
1893-1896 - Nansen on the ship "Fram" drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Spitsbergen archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but North Pole Nansen failed to reach.
1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.
Name on geographical map
An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical features in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.
NIKITIN Afanasy
(? - 1472 or 1473)
Russian merchant, traveler in Asia
Travel routes
1466-1472 - A. Nikitin’s journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at a Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - “Walking across Three Seas.”
PIRI Robert Edwin
(1856-1920)
American polar explorer
Travel routes
1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.
From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.
Finally, R. Peary announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the death of the traveler, when, according to his will, the expedition diaries were declassified, it turned out that Piri was actually unable to reach the Pole; he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.
Name on geographical map
The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Peary Land.
