A brief history of Atlantis. History of Atlantis. Scientific and technological progress in Atlantis

All this has happened before, and will happen again if nations forget that their greatness is determined not by what they take, but by what they give.

In ancient times, there were continents and islands on Earth that have long since disappeared. The Great Flood and other cataclysms forever changed the face of the planet. It is difficult today to judge the ancient states that existed at that time, but fragmentary information in the form of legends and traditions has reached us. Ancient Greek scientist Proclus(412-485), wrote:
“The famous Atlantis no longer exists, but we can hardly doubt that it once existed... for... this is attested by those who wrote stories about the outer world. So they convey that at that time there were seven islands in the Atlantic Ocean dedicated to Proserpina; and besides these three more, of enormous size, dedicated to Pluto... Jupiter... and Neptune. But, besides this, the inhabitants of the last island, thanks to the stories of their ancestors, retained the memory of the monstrous size Atlantic Island, who ruled all the islands in the Atlantic Ocean for many periods. From this island it was possible to go to other large islands located not far from the land, near which there is a real sea.".

Even in ancient times, it was believed that the priests of Egyptian temples kept colossal knowledge. In Egyptian temples there were grandiose archives and libraries where thousands of papyri were stored. But this knowledge was trusted only to people who were especially tested and who had undergone appropriate training. Depending on the degree of dedication, a person gained access to one or another category of knowledge. Such an initiate, for example, was the famous Greek philosopher Pythagoras, known to us as the author of the famous theorem. He studied for thirty years in Egyptian temples. The Athenian legislator and poet Solon also studied in Egypt. Referring to Egyptian manuscripts dating back centuries, he told his great-grandson, the Greek philosopher Plato, the story of Atlantis. And from him Plato conveyed to his contemporaries the story of a great state. And although Plato had no other evidence, they believed him, including modern researchers. Obviously, they subconsciously felt that this story contained the truth, and therefore in the 20th-21st centuries the search for Atlantean civilization is more intense than ever, despite many failures.

Almost all peoples of the world have legends about a certain mysterious land, which one day went under water. Plato's primary source for this story was the dialogues Critias and Timaeus. Dialogue Timaeus It begins with Socrates and the Pythagorean Timaeus having a conversation about the ideal state. “...There was an island that lay in front of that strait, which in your language is called the Pillars of Hercules. This island was larger in size than Libya and Asia combined... On this island, called Atlantis, a great and amazing alliance of kings arose, whose power extended over the entire island... they took possession of Libya right up to Egypt and Europe right up to Tyrrhenia... ("Timaeus").

According to Plato, the ancestor of the Atlanteans was the god Poseidon, who met with the mortal girl Cleito, who gave birth to ten divine sons from him, including the eldest Atlas (in Greek Atlas, hence the name Atlantis and the Atlantic Sea). Poseidon wisely divided the island between his sons, who became the founders of the royal families, people of unreal wealth and intelligence. To protect them, Poseidon turned the island of Atlantis into a fortress-palace, surrounding it with rings of water and earth.

They covered the entire circumference of the walls around the outer earthen ring with copper, applying the metal in molten form, the wall of the inner shaft was covered with tin casting, and the wall of the acropolis itself with orichalcum, which gave off a fiery shine.” (Researchers are inclined to think that this is nothing more than amber. Orichalcum could be heated and, once melted, applied to objects; the melting point of amber is about 300 degrees). Over the course of several centuries of their existence, the Atlanteans decorated their island with unprecedented buildings and sacred monasteries, the grandeur of which Plato described in his work, with interconnecting canals and bridges. In the center stood a luxurious royal palace, lined with silver and gold. The ceiling was lined with ivory. The walls and floors were covered with mountain copper. Every year, each of the ten appanages delivered gifts here.

Inside the temple there were statues made of pure gold, including a statue of Poseidon on a chariot. The chariot was harnessed to six golden-winged horses. There were also a hundred Nereids sitting on dolphins. The sacrificial altar of the temple corresponded to all this wealth. Plato in Critias writes that the laws given to the Atlanteans by Poseidon “were written down by the first man on a column... which was in the middle of the island in the temple of Poseidon, where people gathered together... At the turn of the day they wrote them down on golden tablets and put them as reminders in their clothes. Among them were special laws regarding temples, which were described by several kings.

Plato's source of information was his great-grandfather Critias. He, in turn, learned this story from his grandfather, whose name was also Critias. His father’s relative Solon, “the first of the seven wise men,” told him about Atlantis. At one time, Solon visited one of the oldest cities in the Nile Delta - Sais. Since ancient times, Egyptian priests kept records of all significant events and knew about Atlantis. It was from them that Solon learned about the rise and fall of the Atlantean civilization. Critias the Younger read the notes of his grandfather, who in turn read the notes of Solon. Solon, however, personally copied this story from the columns of an Egyptian temple. Many ancient philosophers viewed Atlantis as fiction, however, there were also philosophers, geographers, and historians who took Plato’s story at face value. One of them was Crantor, a student of Plato's student Xenocrates, who was trying to find evidence of the existence of Atlantis. His work, a commentary on the Timaeus, is lost, but another ancient historian, Proclus, reports that Crantor traveled to Egypt and actually found columns with a history of the island written in Egyptian hieroglyphs. As in all works of antiquity, it is difficult to evaluate ambiguous proclamations here, since no other evidence other than written evidence has survived.”

The main city of Atlantis was very densely populated, with most of the inhabitants living here. Outside the city were fertile fields and farms, surrounded by another canal used to collect water from rivers and mountain streams. Each year, the climate of Atlantis allowed for two harvests.

High mountains surrounded the plain to the north. Small villages, lakes, rivers and meadows covered much of this area. The fertile land allocated by the father fully provided the people with food. In addition to lush vegetation and rich natural world, “even elephants lived there,” the island was incredibly rich in various metals: gold, copper, bronze, silver, many types of stones, mountain copper.

According to legend, the Atlanteans reached a very high level of development; they were given the ability to receive information from a single universal field. In terms of scientific and technological progress, their culture far surpassed all others on Earth. Foreign researchers Renata and Yaroslav Malina, in their works on natural disasters, write that Atlantean navigators explored the Earth... They say “that they traveled through the air and under water, photographed objects at great distances, used X-rays, recorded images and sounds on video tapes, used a crystal laser, invented terrible weapons using cosmic rays,” and also used antimatter energy. Using supernatural abilities for their own purposes, the inhabitants of the mainland began to introduce dissonance into the great harmony of Nature. Accumulated over Atlantis a large number of accumulated negative energy. This threatened the death of the entire planet and could disrupt the energy balance of the solar system. The cause of the death of Atlantis, according to the same Plato, was the war with the Athenians.

The rulers of Atlantis understood that only Hellas could resist the greatness of their state, and therefore they went to war against it in order to capture Athens and annex it to Atlantis or destroy it. The Athenians fought desperately and almost won, but the noise of the battle attracted the attention of the Olympian gods, who were angry with the people for their greed.
From Plato's story: “... when the share inherited from God weakened, repeatedly dissolving into mortal admixture, and human character prevailed, then they were unable to bear their wealth any longer and lost their decency.<…>They presented a shameful spectacle, for they had squandered the most beautiful of their valuables;<…>They were seething with unbridled greed and power.”

In stories dedicated to Atlantis, it is not Atlantis that occupies the most important place, but ancient Athens. In ancient Athens there existed the system that Plato propagated as ideal, and Atlantis embodied everything that Plato considered detrimental to human society
The dialogue Critias is a direct continuation of the dialogue Timaeus. Through the mouth of Critias, Plato speaks here in detail and reliably about Atlantis: “Nine thousand years ago there was a war between those peoples who lived on the other side of the Pillars of Hercules, and all those who lived on its side... At the head of the latter was our state ( that is, Athens), and at the head of the first are the kings of the island of Atlantis; (“Critias”).

When the Atlantean civilization reached the pinnacle of its development and the Atlantean sins exceeded all limits, people were given warnings about the impending cataclysm due to the abuse of energies. The first catastrophe occurred 800 thousand years ago. The fall of the Atlanteans continued, and 200 thousand years ago a second catastrophe occurred. The third catastrophe occurred 80 thousand years ago. In strength and fury it exceeded all previous ones. The destruction of Atlantis was extended over time, perhaps for centuries or even millennia, and occurred in several stages. First, Atlantis was an island of “monstrous proportions,” then an archipelago of several large islands, and at the end of a series of disasters, all that remained to remind of it were the small islands that were once the tops of its high mountains. Sao Paulo, the Azores, the Canaries, the Bahamas, Bermuda, the Cape Verde Islands, as we now call them.

While the divine nature remained in the Atlanteans, they disdained wealth, putting virtue above it; but when the divine nature degenerated, mixing with the human, they became mired in luxury, greed and pride. Outraged by this spectacle, Zeus, convening a meeting of the gods, decided to punish the Atlanteans for their excessive pride. Plato never said what Zeus had planned - the dialogue “Critius” mysteriously ends here. It is not known why Plato did not finish his work on Atlantis.
And so Zeus, the God of gods, observing the laws, being well able to discern what we were talking about, thought about the glorious race that had fallen into such pitiful depravity, and decided to impose punishment on it, so that, having sobered up from trouble, it would learn decency. (“Critias”).

V.S. Ivanov. Wrath of the gods

The death of Atlantis was sudden and powerful. The last island “sank into the water with a terrible roar.” During this final destruction, parts of the inhabited lands of Central and South America were also submerged, and coastlines Caribbean accepted modern look. This cataclysm carried away the last trace of Atlantis, with the exception of Ceylon and a small part of what is now Africa. There is no doubt that our planet was once truly beset by a gigantic flood that flooded vast areas. Perhaps there were many floods and they did not occur at the same time. However, atlantologists believe that one of these floods occurred after the destruction of Atlantis. Of course, it is now impossible to say with certainty what exactly happened to Atlantis and what contributed to its destruction. And many of the hypotheses set forth by researchers can only approximate the truth.

Modern archaeologists consider the thinker's story about the Atlanteans to be fiction. Circular networks of canals and hydraulic structures in those days were still beyond the capabilities of mankind. Scholars of Plato's philosophy and literature believe that he wanted to call for the creation of an ideal state. As for the period of disappearance, Plato cites information that it happened eleven and a half thousand years ago. But during this period, man was just emerging from the Paleolithic, Stone Age. Those people's minds were not yet sufficiently developed. Perhaps these data from Plato about the time of the destruction of Atlantis are incorrectly interpreted.
Plato dates the destruction of Atlantis 9,000 years before the founding of Athens. The question of the fallacy of Plato’s dating was recently raised by M. F. Butavan in his work “The True History of Atlantis,” where he says: “This date, of course, is erroneous, since during the mentioned period the Greek Republic did not exist; the civilization of Egypt did not exist; and the statements of the priest Sais are implausible. According to Eudoxus of Cnidus, who studied astronomy in Egypt and could quite competently verify the story of the priest Sais, Critias spoke of a period equal not to nine thousand years, but to nine thousand months. This would shift the date of the founding of Atlantis to approximately 1400 BC. e. or to the times of the 19th Dynasty in Egypt, but this is a new approach to the history of Atlantis.

At the same latitude as the supposed Atlantis in Mauritania in the western Sahara Desert there is an amazing ring structure called Richat. The rings are formed by different rocks, some containing minerals. If these minerals are mined in an open way, circular ditches will form, and when filled with water, they will turn into canals. It is quite possible that the stone of white, black, red color for palaces and fortress walls and bridges was quarried in ring quarries from a ring structure similar to the Richat structure. The ring structure in Mauritania in the middle of the Maur Adrar desert has a diameter of 40 km. From space it is an amazing sight.

Richat ring structure

« The future catches up with us from the past"

Theosophist, writer and traveler Elena Blavatsky formed a classification of existing earthly civilizations - Indigenous Human Races:

• I race - angelic people,
• II race - ghost-like people,
• III race - Lemurians,
• IV race - Atlanteans,
• V race - Aryans (WE).

Researchers believe that there were two Atlantean civilizations. One of them, the non-human civilization of the Atlanteans of the Pacific, participated in the construction of the Lemurian civilization. There were no human species then. Experiments were carried out first on animal lizards, then on apes, and at the end of the Lemurian period on anthropoid species.

Lemuria - This is part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana, well known to geologists (which existed from 200-180 million years ago) after Africa and South America broke away from it about 150 million years ago. According to Blavatsky's calculations, parts of Lemuria sank in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans approximately 12,000 years ago. This continent included Siberia and Kamchatka, stretching from Norway to Easter Island. However, it should be noted that there is an opinion that in this region there was a continent Mu (Pacifida), and Lemuria was located in Indian Ocean. But to say anything definite this issue very difficult. Among interesting facts indicating the possible location of ancient continents (including Lemuria), one can cite the famous Ica stones from the collection of the Peruvian researcher Dr. Javiera Cabrera Daquea. While studying these stones, he discovered on some of them a map of the ancient world with Atlantis, the continent of Mu and Lemuria marked on it. According to this map, Lemuria was located on the same stone “page” with Europe, Africa and Australia. The Ica stone complex is a kind of “library” or ancient “encyclopedia” left for posterity.

The appearance of the first completely physical man occurred about 18 million years ago. These were Titans and Cyclops, had one eye in the middle of the forehead, with limited intelligence. They were well equipped to successfully fight the giant monsters of the air, sea and land of that time. After 9 million years, man became similar to modern man, although representatives of some groups still had gigantic bodies.
“On Earth, when material flesh arose, eyes appeared and began to develop, the function of the “third eye” began to die out. In other words, evolutionarily we lost the ability to communicate with Higher Entities. But there were entire golden Millennia on Earth, when people had not yet lost their fantastic abilities, and they still had a connection with the Higher Cosmic Essences, with the Absolute. Humanity has lived long enough in harmony with environment» - Academician A.E. Akimov.

In her book The Secret Doctrine, Helena Blavatsky writes that the inhabitants of Lemuria were the “root race” of humanity. The inhabitants of Lemuria had superhuman abilities and could use the energy of the Subtle World, penetrating into it and receiving knowledge from there. This gave them the opportunity to build structures that are incomprehensible by modern concepts. At the same time, the British occult writer James Churchward, as well as Helena Blavatsky, argued that the inhabitants of Lemuria were the “root race” of humanity, and Lemuria was ruled by a short priestly race of “Naaskals”. Despite its power, the Lemurian civilization died in a terrible catastrophe, disappearing into the waters Pacific Ocean, and only small portions of the great continent survived.

And just before the sinking of the Lemurian continent, the civilization of the Atlantean Lemurians was created, which only managed to spread to the shores of neighboring continents, where, due to its small numbers, none of the migrating populations could be reborn into civilization. The Third Race was near the midpoint of its development when the earth's axis shifted and a strong cooling occurred. Due to a decrease in the speed of the earth's rotation, earthquakes and underground fires. 65 million years ago, a geological Flood occurred on Earth. The Lemur continent began to dismember into smaller continents. After the great flood, the people of the Third Race were significantly reduced in stature and their life expectancy was shortened. Atlantis at that time formed part of the seven great Mainland Islands that remained from Lemuria. These Islands were located approximately where the middle of the Atlantic Ocean is now.

During this geological Flood, along with the majority of humanity of the Third Race, entire species of the animal world became extinct forever: dinosaurs and flying lizards disappeared. Dinosaurs became extinct as a result of such natural selection, and their contemporaries, cockroaches, not only survived to this day, but also achieved incredible endurance. As you know, cockroaches are the only animals capable of surviving the epicenter of a nuclear explosion.

The era of extinction lasted about 200 years. Sedimentary rocks of the oceanic deposits formed at that time provide us with documentary evidence of the transience of those dramatic events - entire cemeteries of dinosaurs. After the death of the dinosaurs, intelligence became in demand and was introduced for the survival and development of everything on the planet. Reason existed from the moment of the origin of life on Earth, and received a powerful impetus for development a little later, as living conditions became more complex and the emergence of a human being—a reasonable person.

The Fourth Atlantean Race arose after the people of the Third began to die out. Before this, ordinary death did not exist - there was only transformation, because... people did not yet have personalities. Death came after the development of the physical organism was completed. The Atlanteans of the Fourth Race received their knowledge from a small number of people of the Third Race - the northern Lemurians 3 million years ago. Thus, the beginning of the Fourth Race dates back to the first use of fire and the discovery of a method for lighting it, as well as the domestication of animals and the beginning of agriculture: the cultivation of cereals, their development from some wild herbs and the crossing of plants. The Fourth Race had its periods of higher civilization... “Greek and Roman and even Egyptian civilization nothing compared to the civilizations that began with the Third Race [after its division]" - H. P. Blavatsky.

Blavatsky assigned two continents to Atlantis at once - one in the Pacific, and the other in Atlantic Ocean. The remnants of the once great and ancient land The islands of Madagascar, Ceylon, Sumatra, the Polynesian islands and Easter Island appeared in her mind. Easter Island is part of the continent of Lemuria that sank to the bottom of the ocean. The famous idols are the oldest surviving structures on Earth. They are more than 60 million years old.

In the Fourth Race a high level of scientific and technological progress was achieved. The inhabitants of Atlantis had unique abilities. They could use the “third eye” to move heavy objects and had advanced technology and science. The Atlanteans discovered a method for transmitting sound and image at a distance, and could receive and transmit messages to other countries. At that time, there was remote photography, reading texts through walls even at a distance, the possibility of transmitting thoughts through the ether was studied, and gravity was overcome. To provide the amenities of life, lighting, heating, and means of transportation, various energy resources were used: solar energy, electricity, gas, steam. Developed means of transportation allowed the Atlanteans to move not only within the country, but also to fly to other countries. It was from the Fourth Race that the first Aryans learned meteorography and meteorology, as well as aeronautics. The ancients knew astronomy, geodesy, cosmography and cosmogony. Atlantean scientists discovered the law of the action of universal forces, the so-called forces of the “night side of life,” or the negative influences of the earthly spheres, which they widely used for their own needs and for destructive purposes.

The Atlanteans knew how to collect and store energy obtained from large crystals that condensed sunlight. This energy was used to control the movement of sea, air and submarine ships, as well as in everyday life. The Atlantean ships were propelled by rays concentrated in narrow beams, descending like a “fire stone.” A fire stone was a large glass cylinder cut in such a way that the energy that was concentrated between the top and bottom of the cylinder was centered by the stone at the top of the cylinder. The stone was located in the center of the building, which was lined with an insulating material resembling asbestos. The dome over the stone was oval, and part of it moved back to let in the radiation of the stars. Then there was a concentration of these fiery energies, as well as energies of atmospheric and extra-atmospheric origin. The resulting energy could propel vehicles directly and at a distance, and there were practically no obstacles to it: ships could be within sight or out of sight, under water or in some kind of shelter. Rays invisible to the eye affected stones installed in engines Vehicle, which either rose high into the air with gases, or flew low above the ground, or floated on and under water. The same fire regenerated people's bodies, while the rays from the stone burned out the harmful effects of destructive forces on the body. As a result of irradiation, the physical body was rejuvenated and life expectancy increased. The Atlanteans knew the secrets of metals and produced various effects on metals, using the energy of solar rays, enhanced through crystals, as well as their combinations. They made extensive use of iron, as well as an alloy of iron and copper. An alloy of copper with a small admixture of iron after quenching acquired extraordinary hardness. Objects made from such alloys were discovered in Egypt, Peru and in some places inhabited in ancient times by the Chaldeans. From the Atlanteans, the Aryans inherited mineralogy, the science of the hidden properties of precious and other stones, as well as alchemy, geology and physics.

Atlantis also had high achievements in the field of arts. The musicians of Atlantis could use instruments to reproduce all the sounds of nature. Buildings and temples were decorated with gems and precious stones. The Atlanteans' knowledge of architectural proportions is demonstrated by monuments that have survived to this day - Temples, Pyramids, Cave Sanctuaries. The Atlanteans of the later period were famous for their magical powers and their depravity, ambition and daring challenge against the Gods, using magic spells even against the sun, and then completely cursed it. Only a handful of the first people remained the chosen guardian of the Secrets revealed to man by the Divine Teachers, many of whom were embodied in certain groups of the human race, especially in the ruling dynasties of the early centuries, among the kings and rulers, as well as the servants of science and religion of the Fourth and Fifth Root Races. The Atlanteans used psychic energy when performing various rituals. Some of their rituals were preserved by the Druids.
The 4th Root Race of the Atlanteans died earlier than planned due to their spiritual corruption or passion for Dark magic, although this factor, which played a negative role with them, was not the main one. This is simply the fate of every continent and human civilization located on it. Like everything else in this material world, civilizations are born, grow, reach the peak of their development, grow old and die. Global cataclysms on Earth are planned in advance even before its birth, as they are necessary for the eventual creation on it of an ideal spiritual human race in the form of the last 7th Root Race. Therefore, with each such global catastrophe occurring on the planet, the overwhelming majority of the next civilization leaves the historical stage, and the remaining tiny part of people becomes the seeds of future physical bodies that will become carriers of new active souls, participants in the evolutionary spiritual rise of subsequent civilizations.

Atlantis They called and still call people of gigantic stature and incredible physical strength. It is believed that these are mythological characters. In all the myths of every nation there are references to amazing civilizations that once existed. These myths contain references to giants who once lived and ruled our planet. Every legend has a grain of truth. The ancient Egyptians believed that their dynasty began its existence from a race of giants themselves, who sailed to them from the sea and taught them both medicine and the construction of pyramids. Archaeological finds confirm the fact that on our Earth, long before modern people The planet was inhabited by giants. Descriptions of giants are found in all ancient writings of the ancient Greeks, Egyptians, Hindus, Sumerians and Indians. In the myths of the ancient Sumerians, the Atlanteans were gods who came from heaven and were unusually tall in comparison with humans. Sumerian images of giant people have also been found. There are also references to giants in the main book of humanity - the Bible. In the Old Testament, giants are people born as a result of the marriage of the Sons of God and the daughters of Men.

A race of giants has left traces everywhere on Earth. Their remains are found in Central America, Tanzania, Ceylon, Mongolia and the Caucasus. In 1999, the skeleton of a 15-meter humanoid creature was discovered in Mongolia; the age of the find is about 45 million years! In 2000, skeletons of four-meter-tall people were found in the Caucasus. Thus, the Roman Pliny discovered the skeleton of a giant, his height was twenty meters. This skeleton was named Orion. The scientist and philosopher Philostratus was able to find an ancient burial in Ethiopia with the remains of a skeleton, the length of which was sixteen meters. The Thais believe that the very first people were simply gigantic in size. The Scandinavians believed even before the advent of Christianity that the very first people who lived after the creation of the world were as big as mountains. Some of the giants lived in the western part, on an island located relatively close to the coast, which everyone called Thule. The Toltecs tell us that in ancient times their lands were once inhabited by giants, who almost all disappeared after devastating earthquakes swept across the Earth.

Russian writer climatologist Vl. Shemshuk noted that the level of carbon dioxide in sea ​​water 60 times higher than similar indicators river water and atmosphere. Shemshuk suggested that the cause of the oversaturation of the World Ocean with carbon dioxide was a huge fire that raged on the planet in ancient times. In place of modern deserts and semi-deserts, gigantic forests grew. A colossal natural disaster radically changed life on the planet: atmospheric pressure dropped, the climate became colder, surviving plants became dwarf, and accordingly, giant people disappeared forever from the face of the earth.

The famous American atlantologist Dan Clark discovered the remains of an ancient civilization near Cuba in 1998. For almost ten years he sought funds for the expedition, his efforts were crowned with success. The expedition was equipped and began research. A human skeleton 3.5 meters high was discovered. The researcher is sure that all Atlanteans were of this height, which confirms ancient legends about giant people who lived before the Flood. Unfortunately, the business structures sponsoring the expedition took the remains of the giant as compensation for their expenses. The scientist does not know where the skeleton is now.

Although direct evidence has not been found, many indirect signs suggest that the Earth could be ruled by a civilization that disappeared after the Ice Age.

The search for Atlantis has been and is being carried out everywhere - all over the globe.

Even in ancient times, supporters and opponents of the existence of Atlantis appeared. The hypothesis was supported by Pliny the Elder and Diodorus Siculus. Neoplatonist Dionysius Cassius Longinus (3rd century AD) believed that the story of Atlantis is an illustration of Plato’s socio-political views. A lie, “likened to the truth,” is useful, in his opinion, if we “don’t know how it all really was in ancient times.”

The opponents were the geographer Strabo and the best student and greatest encyclopedist of antiquity, Aristotle, speaking against the existence of Atlantis, he believed that his teacher Plato used the description of Atlantis only to present his views on the problem of the state and added: “the one who invented Atlantis was the one who sent it to the bottom of the sea. In the dispute about Atlantis, he uttered the famous phrase: "Plato is my friend but the truth is dearer" .

Meanwhile, the legend of Atlantis has haunted humanity for the third millennium. The search for Atlantis began at the very beginning of the new era - in the 50th year of Christ. Almost two thousand years since that time, many hypotheses have appeared about the location of Atlantis. Many were attracted not only by the wealth mentioned by Plato. Modern researchers obviously subconsciously feel that this story contains the truth, and therefore in the 20th-21st centuries the search for Atlantean civilization is more intense than ever, despite many failures. Perhaps something very important for all mankind is connected with the history of Atlantis, which is why researchers have been trying for centuries to penetrate its secret. In accordance with Plato's instructions, Atlantis was placed behind the Pillars of Hercules - the Strait of Gibraltar, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The continent described by Plato was located between Cyprus and Syria. Small archipelagos - Azores, Canaries and Bahamas- were called the remains of a drowned continent.

A sufficient number of facts indicate the reliability of Plato’s story about Atlantis. Back in 1945, the Dane Frandsen pointed out that the bottom topography in the area of ​​the Azores Plateau corresponds to Plato’s description of Atlantis. Recent work by the Swedish scientist Malaise confirmed the consistency of Frandsen's calculations with bathymetric maps of the area.
After the discovery of America, speculation arose that this continent was the legendary Atlantis. Francis Bacon, in particular, came up with this hypothesis.
H. Schulten in 1922 came up with the idea that Atlantis should be understood as the ancient seafaring city of Tartessos, located in Spain, at the mouth of the Guadalquivir River, and which went under water around 500 BC. e.

In the 1930s, A. Herrmann hypothesized that Atlantis was located on the territory of modern Tunisia and was buried under the sands of the Sahara. "The French scientist F. Guidon suggested that the legend of Atlantis describes the story of the dive into the sea of ​​the north west coast France.

In 1997, this hypothesis was revived and developed by a Russian scientist - member Geographical Society V. Kudryavtsev hypothesized that as a result of this event, the so-called Celtic Shelf - the bottom of the modern North Sea between France and Southern England - was flooded.

German pastor Jürgen Spanut put forward the theory in 1953 that Atlantis was located in the Baltic Sea, near the island of Heligoland. He based his hypothesis on the fact that in this place, at a depth of 8 meters, in the highest part of the underwater ridge of Steingrund, the remains of a destroyed settlement were discovered.

Among Soviet scientists, supporters of the existence of Atlantis were such wonderful thinkers as N. Roerich and academician V. Obruchev. The works of N. Zhirov about the sunken land say that the huge archipelago of Atlantis was located within North Atlantic, where Plato also located it. The archipelago extended from Greater Iceland (Hyperborea) to the equator and even further south. In the west, Atlantis reached Greater Newfoundland and Antilles, in the east to Spain (Tartess) and could have existed subaerally (above the surface of the water) at times close to those indicated by Plato in his legend. It is possible that some of these land areas existed until historical times.

As Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences A. Gorodnitsky points out, the death of Atlantis occurred as a result of the manifestation of deep, tectonic processes occurring on the border of two giant continental plates: African and Eurasian. Where the lithospheric plates converge, the thinner and more deeply submerged oceanic lithosphere, colliding with the continental lithosphere, breaks and moves under it, dragging with it ocean islands. Both the Mediterranean Sea and the Azores-Gibraltar fault system became the site of plate collisions.
Suggested by A.M. Gorodnitsky (2006) the option of placing Atlantis on the top of the Amper seamount is unlikely. It is assumed that a more realistic option may be to locate Atlantis on an island within the highly seismic shelf zone of the western coast of the Iberian Peninsula, which is characterized by giant seismotectonic allochthons, collapses and landslides. The largest allochthon discovered has a base size of 180×300 km. During one of the seismic disasters, a fragment of the shelf with the island of Atlantis collapsed into the sea.

Western atlantologists Frank Joseph and Andrew Collins believe that Atlantis should be looked for near Cuba. It was there that Antilia could be located - the “country of the Seven Cities”, depicted on medieval maps, the last remnants of which sank into the abyss in the historical memory of the Phoenicians.

In 1991, a Canadian expedition discovered ruins in the Gulf of Guanajasibibes, off the western part of Cuba. underwater city, whose age exceeds 8000 years, which confirmed the widespread version of Atlantis as a civilization with many points located throughout the planet. According to Alexander Voronin, president of the Russian Society for the Study of Atlantis, the Atlantean civilization was in Cuba, the Azores, Malta, and Crete. Such a spread seems strange at first glance, but Plato, who was the first to tell about the secrets of Atlantis, spoke of ten kingdoms of the sons of Poseidon, centered on the mainland. According to Blavatsky, Atlantis was a huge archipelago consisting of “a collection of many islands and peninsulas.” Numerous analogies in the culture of various peoples, especially America, Africa and Eurasia, collected by Donnelly, Spence, Sykes, Zhirov, Heyerdahl, Hancock and other researchers, show that the main kingdoms of the Atlanteans and the colonies they mastered were scattered throughout the world.

There are many more hypotheses about the location of Atlantis, but the main two are "Atlantic" And "Creto-Minoan". In favor "Atlantic" You can find many arguments if you carefully read the texts of the dialogues.

Atlantic Ocean

This map of the Atlantic Ocean shows the Mid-Ocean Ridge - the spreading zone of the ocean floor - just opposite the Strait of Gibraltar and Spain, where Plato pointed to Atlantis. A large underwater rise is visible, located in the intersection zone of the meridional and latitudinal tectonic faults on the ocean floor. Some of the peaks of this rise rise above ocean level - these are the Azores. On a larger scale map of the bottom area southeast of Azores you can see a strange square cut by straight lines. 620 km from the north-eastern African coast, near the Canary and Azores islands, a network of lines intersecting each other was discovered at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.

At the beginning of the 20th century, three expeditions were equipped and sent in search of Atlantis, one of which (the second) was led by Pavel Schliemann, the grandson of the famous discoverer of Troy, Heinrich Schliemann. “According to Pavel Schliemann, his famous grandfather left a sealed envelope so that it would be opened by one of the family members who would make a solemn promise to devote his entire life to research, indications of which he would find in this envelope. Pavel Schliemann made such an oath, opened the envelope and I read the letter that was there. In the letter, Heinrich Schliemann reported that he undertook research on the remains of Atlantis, the existence of which he does not doubt and which he considers the cradle of our entire civilization. In the summer of 1873, Heinrich Schliemann allegedly found (during excavations in Troy) a unique bronze vessel. sizes, inside which were smaller clay vessels, small figures of a special metal, money of the same metal, and objects “made from fossil bones” On some of these objects and on a bronze vessel was written “in Phoenician hieroglyphs”: “From.” king of Atlantis Chronos." But many researchers, Russian and foreign, are distrustful of this story.

Azores

Plato, Herodotus, and then Plutarch wrote that the Atlantic in a certain place is difficult to cross, because it is full of liquid mud: “The ocean is viscous, like a marsh swamp.” Such strange fact, as noted above, can be regarded as a consequence of a cataclysm that threw up billions of tons of volcanic rock. According to the historian and writer A. Gorbovsky, the oceanographic expedition of 1947-1948 confirmed the reports of ancient scientists. The ocean floor between the Azores and the island of Trinidad was covered with an almost thirty-meter layer of viscous silt. Examining the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, scientists came to the conclusion that the average thickness of sedimentary rocks there is 4 meters, and at modern rates this is 300 thousand years.

Second hypothesis for the location of Atlantis "Creto - Minoan" convenient for official science, because the civilization in question does not go beyond traditional chronological boundaries, but the date of the disaster is disputed. The legend of the appearance of the myth of Atlantis appeared as a result of a volcanic eruption that destroyed the island of Strongilla. The consequences of the volcanic disaster were terrible. A civilization that managed to achieve incredible success in the sciences and crafts, navigation, architecture and art completely disappeared from the face of the Earth. Strongilla Island translated into Russian means “Round”. In the 17th century BC, the French-born geologist F. Fouquet called it “Pompeii in the Aegean Sea.”
One and a half thousand years BC. A sudden shift of the African tectonic plate and its collision with the European one caused the eruption of the Santorini volcano. Eruption local volcano, without any exaggeration, can be considered a grandiose catastrophe in the history of mankind. Was demolished by the explosion central part islands, its remnants today are three islands - Thira, Thirasia and Aspronisi. A huge amount of ash erupted from the crater of the volcano, and the shock wave, earthquakes and tsunamis destroyed the cities and settlements of the Minoans on Crete and other islands. A cloud of volcanic gases mixed with ash enveloped the Greek archipelago, killing a large part of the population, burning vegetation and destroying animal world. The Cretan-Mycenaean (Aegean) culture, which had recently flourished so much, was wiped off the face of the earth. There are many coincidences in Atlantis described by Plato and the life of the inhabitants of Santorini: political structure, public and cultural life, methods of agriculture, metal processing. The capital of the Cretan-Minoan state was Knossos - “ great city", made famous by Homer. The Cretan fleet dominated the sea, and extensive trade and numerous wars contributed to the strengthening of the state. Around 1580-1500 BC. e. Aegeus, the king of Athens, was defeated by the Cretan king Minos, and Athens was forced to pay tribute to Crete. But suddenly the Cretan civilization ceased to exist...

Plato wrote that Atlantis plunged into the depths of the sea and completely disappeared in just one day, as a result of an unprecedented earthquake and flood. The tragedy on Krugly Island developed approximately according to the same scenario. Locals They got used to powerful earthquakes, but one day the volcano on the island simply exploded. The caldera that emerged as a result of the explosion had the shape of a broken ring, and its diameter reached 10 kilometers.

Eruption

Strongilla has become an archipelago of five landmasses of varying sizes. Today they are covered with ash and hardened lava. The area of ​​the largest of the formations, called Santorini, is 76 square meters. km. The remaining islands are less significant and have a smaller area. It turns out that the Santorini archipelago is fragments of Strongyll, in the center of which there is a volcano. The Russian scientist A.S. Norov considered the island of Crete and many small Greek islands to the north of it to be the remnants of a continent that had sunk into oblivion. The famous Soviet geographer L. S. Berg agreed with this opinion. Today, the vast majority of scientists adhere to this theory. The assumption that Atlantis was in the Eastern Mediterranean was made by the Italian Bortolli in 1780. In 1972, L. Figui expressed the opinion that Plato's Atlantis was an island in the Aegean archipelago that sank as a result of a geological disaster. This island could be Santorini. In 1976, the famous French scientist and aquanaut Jacques Cousteau discovered the remains of the ancient Minoan civilization at the bottom of the Aegean Sea near the island of Crete. According to his calculations, it was destroyed during the devastating eruption of the Santorini volcano that occurred in 1450 BC. e.

According to the calculations of historians and geophysicists, around 1450 BC. Another extraordinary event occurred, which was the result of seismic activity and caused the breakthrough of Atlantic waters into the Mediterranean Sea and the emergence of the Strait of Gibraltar. It is believed that until this point Africa was connected to Iberia (Spain) by a narrow isthmus. In the mythological cycle "Apples of the Hesperides" This is how one of the greatest disasters that occurred in the Western Mediterranean is described: “ To protect himself from pursuit, Hercules rested his hands and feet on two continents and moved Africa away from Europe. The earth shook, high waves surged, and the site of the battle between Hercules and Antaeus fell into the sea with a terrifying roar.”. In memory of this feat, Hercules erected the rocks of Abile and Calpe - the Pillars of Hercules - on the edges of the resulting strait.

The version that Atlantis is Antarctica was recently put forward by the American Rand Flem-Ath. The theory that Antarctica - this is the place where Atlantis once sank, was especially popular in the 1960-1970s. It was fueled by Lovecraft's novella The Ridges of Madness, as well as the Piri Reis map, which supposedly shows Antarctica as it would have been without ice, as far as the knowledge of that period allowed. Charles Berlitz, Erich von Daniken, and Peter Colosimo were among the popular authors who made this assumption. The hypothesis that the mysterious Antarctica is the lost Atlantean civilization is based on the fact that before the previous shift of the earth's axis, Antarctica was located near the equator. It had a warm climate, rich flora and fauna. People lived on it in cities. Ancient cities can be clearly seen in satellite images. However, the theory of continental drift contradicts this idea because during Plato's lifetime Antarctica was in its current location and retained its inhospitable climate. However, the romance of unexplored regions gives rise to many Atlantis-like ideas to this day.

Antarctica

The ancestral home of humanity, a symbol of an ideal state whose inhabitants possessed secret knowledge - this is what is meant by Atlantis. In mythology, this country is opposed Hyperborea - a civilization whose name translated from Greek means “beyond north wind" However, a number of scientists over the past centuries have tried to prove that the legendary Atlantis was located in the north before its destruction. The first of those who gave a serious scientific substantiation of the polar concept of the origin of civilizations and world cultures was the Frenchman Jean Sylvain Bailly, a famous astronomer and public figure of the 18th century. Having studied the information available to him, Bayi came to the conclusion that all the existing achievements of the ancients were based on even earlier achievements of an unknown (“lost”) people who had highly developed knowledge. Jean Bailly was sure that before the cold snap in the North, Spitsbergen and other Arctic territories were inhabited by powerful Atlanteans. "Atlantis,- he wrote, - who came from an island in the Arctic Sea, there are definitely Hyperboreans - inhabitants of a certain island about which the Greeks told us so much.” For Bailly, as for ancient authors, Atlantis and Hyperborea were identical.
In the twentieth century, scientists came to the conclusion about the existence in the distant past of the powerful Tulean landmass in the Arctic Ocean. Zoologists called it Arctida. They noticed that in North America and the polar regions of Eurasia are inhabited by the same species of animals. This is how the hypothesis arose about the existence of an “Arctic bridge” - land that connected America and Eurasia from 100 to 10 thousand years ago. (However, some geologists call dates closer to us - only 2.5 thousand years ago.) As is known, along the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, from Russia to Greenland, passes mountain range Lomonosov. Its peaks rise three kilometers above the ocean floor and reach only one kilometer below the surface of the water. I am sure that the ridge was the main axis of the “Arctic bridge”. In the course of further research, this concept became more and more specific and supported by new facts. Careful studies of glacial deposits provide convincing evidence that Antarctica has been covered in ice for at least the last hundred thousand years.

The “Arctic Bridge” could go under water as a result of geological shifts. But in order for it to become sharply cold where there was a tropical climate, some kind of “shake-up” of the planet is simply necessary... Valery Demin speaks about a cosmoplanetary cataclysm, and not just about geological shifts. The cause of the cooling could be a change in the tilt of the axis and a shift in the Earth's poles. It is known that they have repeatedly changed their position throughout the history of the planet. Along with the change of poles, the specific location of zones with cold and warm climates on Earth changed. Where ice now reigns and there is a long polar night, tropical vegetation once bloomed. There could be several reasons. One of them is the influence of cosmic factors, for example, the invasion of a new massive body into the Solar System, which changed the balance of gravitational forces between the planets and our star. Or a cosmic explosion - within the solar system or beyond. Paleontologists managed to discover relict remains of heat-loving equatorial trees in Antarctica.
Modern geophysicists do not rule out that the planet’s “somersault” could have occurred due to the massive accumulation of ice at the poles and their asymmetrical location relative to the earth’s axis. By the way, this hypothesis was supported by Albert Einstein. Here are his words, written in the preface to the book of an American scientist: “The rotation of the Earth acts on these asymmetrical masses, creating a centrifugal moment that is transmitted to the rigid earth’s crust. When the magnitude of such a moment exceeds a certain critical value, it causes a movement of the earth’s crust relative to the part of the Earth’s body located inside...”
Lomonosov, having studied written sources, came to the following conclusion: “Therefore, it follows that in the northern regions in ancient times there were great heat waves, where elephants were born and multiplied, and other animals, as well as plants, near the equator.”
Only knowledge of the geological history of the Atlantic Ocean, especially the glacial and post-glacial periods, along with thorough and objective oceanographic research will help to finally solve the centuries-old mystery of Atlantis

The American mystic and psychic Edgar Cayce, after his visions, argued: it is difficult for us, the people of the fifth earthly civilization, which followed the erroneous path of excessive enthusiasm for science and technology, to imagine how much higher they were than us. This civilization developed according to a different principle. They understood each other telepathically, could freely lift themselves off the ground, “losing weight” (levitate), and control the biofield. Their internal energy was such that with the effort of thought they moved multi-ton slabs that walked on their own as if through air. Casey specifically points out that Atlantis was located in the Bermuda Triangle area. This prediction later found a number of confirmations - at the bottom of the ocean in this area, as Cayce predicted, large, well-preserved pyramids were discovered that contained crystals on their tops, which helped to obtain large amounts of energy.

The main part of the sunken continent of Atlantis was located exactly in the place where the Bermuda Triangle is now located, the center of which is the Sargasso Sea, and the borders are Bermuda, Puerto Rico and the Florida Peninsula.
Radiation emitted by a large crystal lying at the supposed site of the death of Atlantis leads to the sudden disappearance of ships and aircraft in the known Bermuda Triangle. Employees of the Australian Monash University in Melbourne, Joseph Monaghan and his assistant David May, claim that the mysterious disappearances of ships and planes in the notorious area of ​​​​the Atlantic Ocean are to blame for natural methane gas released from the cracks of ancient plates that line the ocean floor in this region. Gas released from the ocean floor turns into giant bubbles that reach the surface and “absorb” everything that comes their way. Scientists claim that methane formations reach such sizes that, exploding on the surface of the water, they can even bring down low-flying aircraft. Scientists also explained why ships with dead bodies were often found in the Bermuda Triangle: crew members were simply suffocating from harmful methane. On this moment The world scientific community is in no hurry to officially recognize the Australian theory.

Many films have been made about Atlantis, a sea of ​​books have been written; perhaps, rarely can any phenomenon, especially whose existence has not been officially proven, compare with so many creations. Millennia can destroy the material traces of any civilization. In salt water, the building materials of the ancient world - granite, basalt, shell rock and wood - have already turned into sand. Only marble buildings and golden statues could survive. The study of tectonic plates proves that there was and is not a continent in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Thus, the primary source of the legend of the Atlanteans is, in fact, a literary and philosophical treatise, which gives rise to natural doubts about the authenticity of the story, especially since not a single ancient historian mentions the existence of such a civilization. Well, “unhappy people!- can be repeated after the Marquis de Custine. - They need to rave to be happy.". Therefore, fiction about some kind of “highly developed™” Atlantean civilization can only evoke sympathy. Modern science proves that Atlantis never existed: an entire continent could not have sunk into the ocean abyss just some 3,000 years ago and left no traces.

E. Huish, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate: “The idea that the Universe and our existence are just an accident on a cosmic scale and that life arose as a result of random physical processes simply because favorable conditions developed for this seems senseless to me. As a Christian, I begin to understand the meaning of life through faith in the Creator, Whose nature was partially revealed in Man born 2000 years ago... I believe that we need science and religion to understand our place in the Universe.”

K. Anfinsen, Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry: “We have to admit the existence of an incomprehensible power, possessing limitless wisdom and knowledge - a power that laid the foundation for the Universe... Our own existence can only be explained by the existence of some omnipotent and omniscient Entity.”

"All things are afraid of time, but time is afraid of pyramids"

All information about this amazing country come down to the works of Plato, who learned them from the Egyptian priests. Other reliable information about lost Atlantis not detected. Atlantis was reborn in the Egyptian pyramids and irrigation systems of the ancient peoples of America, in the luxurious temples of Ancient Babylon and the medical achievements of the Paracas civilization. The people of Atlantis built the first pyramids in this country even before the arrival of the “Eastern Ethiopians,” as Herodotus calls the Egyptians. When researchers study the structure and position of the pyramids from the Giza plateau, they come to paradoxical conclusions: the ancient Egyptians must have had the knowledge that we discovered for ourselves a thousand years later. The inhabitants of Atlantis had unique abilities. They could use the “third eye” to move heavy objects, had advanced technology and science

President of the Third Millennium Foundation Andrei Sklyarov about the Egyptian pyramids and history: "We are confident that egyptian pharaohs they simply completed what they inherited from a previous, much more developed civilization; the bases of some of the pyramids at Giza are much older than their tops.”. Currently, pyramids, in addition to the well-known ones in Egypt and Mexico, have been discovered in all parts of the world except Antarctica

The correctness of the blocks, their enormous weight, the amazing precision of the fit - this alone can raise questions for a future civilization to which there is no simple answer. It is possible to assume that Stone Age people did all this, but scientists find it difficult to explain HOW they did it, and, most importantly, WHY. Their hypotheses will crumble under the onslaught of new and new facts. The same Egyptian pyramids, standing on the Giza plateau, cannot be the creation of our civilization, but we inherited from the previous one, which reached no less heights than ours today.

These mysterious, extraordinary structures contain encrypted knowledge that will be revealed to people as they grow spiritually. Perhaps this is information that we are still not able to decipher, or are not yet ready to accept for comprehension.

“We have a lot of facts collected by trustworthy people. These facts prove the presence of some intelligent beings interfering in our lives.” K. E. Tsiolkovsky

Disputes about the existence of the mysterious country of Atlantis have been going on for thousands of years. Even the famous expression “Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer” goes back to the discussion about this ancient civilization. We'll tell you what Plato has to do with it, what is known about Atlantis and where researchers are looking for it.

Where did the legend about Atlantis come from?

The legend of Atlantis is preserved by two works of Plato: the dialogues Critias and Timaeus. The history of the mysterious country in both works is told on behalf of Critias, Plato’s great-grandfather. It was told to him by his grandfather, and to his grandfather by Solon, who learned about Atlantis from an Egyptian priest, reports Around the World.

The priest referred to sacred texts in his story. According to him, Atlantis is a powerful country that perished “in one terrible day and one night.” It was inhabited by the Atlanteans - a fearless and powerful people who created a great civilization and waged war with a certain pre-Athenian state.

Where is Atlantis?

According to Plato, Atlantis was “beyond the Pillars of Hercules”, in the Atlantic Ocean beyond Gibraltar, writes Around the World.

Researchers of the mystery of Atlantis name a variety of places to look for the lost country: not only in the Atlantic Ocean, but also in the North Sea, South America, the Mediterranean, Brazil, Scandinavia, Palestine, and in the Pas de Calais Strait.

When did Atlantis perish and what happened to it?

According to legend, Atlantis perished about 12 thousand years ago, plunging into the depths of the ocean due to a global natural disaster. This happened approximately between 9750 and 8570 BC.

Area and population of Atlantis

A letter from Dr. Nikolai Zhirov to Edgerton Sykes from 1957 states that, according to rough calculations, based on information from Plato, the area of ​​Atlantis was no more than 100 thousand square meters: more than 2 thousand km in length, and 500 km or less in width.

The population of Atlantis was about 6 million people (this number is determined based on the size of the army).

Did Atlantis really exist?

No one can still say for sure whether Atlantis once existed.

There is an opinion that Plato completely invented Atlantis. His dialogues contain many elements of a mythological narrative: for example, the kings of Atlantis are said to be descended from Poseidon. “The Mythological in Plato’s Story of Atlantis” draws attention to this.

Those who consider Plato's story to be true build hypotheses: where Atlantis was located and why it died. A popular version is about the death of this state due to a strong earthquake, tsunami and (or) volcanic eruption. There are also more exotic versions: the fall of a comet or an asteroid.

Where are they looking for Atlantis today?

Since the end of the 19th century, the version of academician Abraham Norov that Atlantis was an island in the Mediterranean became popular. Researchers pay attention to the islands of Crete and Thira (Strongele), whose culture perished in a catastrophic volcanic eruption 1.5 thousand years BC.

But there is a discrepancy: according to Plato, Atlantis disappeared between 9750 and 8570 BC.

At the same time, geological data speaks against Plato’s version that the country was in the Atlantic. For millions of years there was no subsidence or uplift of the earth's crust in the Atlantic Ocean region.

But on the other hand, Plato’s time of the death of Atlantis corresponds to the end of the last ice age. And the level of the World Ocean at that time was lower than now.

One should not assume that only seas and lakes disappear and appear. Islands appear and disappear in the same way. The best example of this is history of Atlantis, an island that was larger than Libya and Asia combined. History of the island of Atlantis.

Atlantis Island

Legends about Atlantis

• Remember Julierne's Captain Nemo, who, with his arms crossed on his chest, looks at the beautiful city, illuminated by an underwater volcanic eruption. In front of him is the dead Atlantis...
• From the golden top of the giant pyramid, spacecraft resembling huge eggs take off to carry the last Atlanteans away from the raging elements to distant Mars. And the waves of the ocean are already licking its foot, and the tremors of the raging earthquake are absorbing the legendary “City of a Hundred Golden Gates”. You probably remember this picture, it was painted in “Aelita” by Alexei Tolstoy.
• And here’s another thing: Aksa Guam, a priest who rebelled against the omnipotent priests in the pages of Alexander Belyaev’s story “The Last Man from Atlantis,” steps onto the rocky shore of Europe.

Atlantis in scientific literature

• Here, it would seem, is a science very far from the problem of Atlantis - botany. Where is the birthplace of the banana, a plant cultivated so long ago that it can now only be propagated by cuttings? How did bananas become one of the cultivated plants in America and Africa?
• Where is the homeland of maize - a plant that is now one of the famous “three” main breads of mankind along with wheat and rice? Modern corn is completely incapable of reproducing by self-sowing, and no plants have been found that could be considered its ancestors. Meanwhile, corn has long been known not only in America, but also in Africa. So where did this plant come from in the cultivated cereals of two continents?
• Here is comparative linguistics. How did the roots of Greek words get into the Mayan language - one of the Indian peoples who inhabited Central America?
• How did the word “atlas” get from America to Europe? From North Africa this word became the name of the Atlantic Ocean. Meanwhile, it has nothing in common with European languages, but in the Pagua language, which has long lived in Mexico, words with the same root mean “water”, “sea”, “death”.
• Why do the myths of the American continent preserve stories about the death of a land located overseas in the east, and in the legends of European peoples about a drowned land overseas in the west?
• History of culture. Why were ancient sculptures of lions and other animals that do not live in America found in Peru, and in Europe no less ancient images of saber-toothed tigers that became extinct here about 300 thousand years ago?
• Why was the custom of making mummies common not only in Egypt, but also among the Mayans in Central America?
• Ethnography. Why Cro-Magnons, the ancient ancestors of Europeans and some Indian tribes have close anthropological similarities?
• Zoology. Why do eels come from rivers? Western Europe go to spawn in the Sargasso Sea, whose algae are related to the Mediterranean?
• Wild horses were known in Europe in the Paleolithic era; they were used as a hunting object by cavemen. Then their traces disappear, and in the Bronze Age a domestic horse appears. Who carried out this domestication?

The history of Atlantis in Bryusov's poem

all knowledge has arisen

everything that was possible was achieved by the first children of the Earth.

teacher of teachers?

teachers teachers.

If we assume that Plato’s description is a fiction, it will be necessary to recognize Plato as a superhuman genius, who was able to predict the development of science for thousands of years to come, to foresee that one day learned historians will discover the world of Aegean and establish its relations with Egypt, that Columbus will discover America, and archaeologists will restore the civilization of the ancient Mayans, etc. Needless to say, with all our respect for the genius of the great Greek philosopher, such insight seems impossible to us and that we consider another explanation simpler and more plausible: Plato had materials (Egyptian) at his disposal, dating back to ancient times.

Plato, like all Greeks, knew nothing about the Aegean kingdoms, which preceded the Hellenic ones on the soil of Greece. Therefore, Plato could not have any reason to invent a strong state in Attica many centuries before the beginning of Greek history.

also does not go beyond the scope of the possible... The statue of Poseidon, described by Plato, was enormous, but it is also close in size to the statue of Olympian Zeus, sculpted by Phidias... And in general, in the entire description there is not a single feature that would expose deliberate fiction. ..

which provides drink, food, and ointment.

Atlantis sank to the bottom of the ocean and opened the way for the Gulf Stream.

The sinking of Atlantis again cleared the way for the Gulf Stream, and in the north its warm waters gradually stopped glaciation around the North Pole.

The most ancient civilizations of our planet

1. The idea of ​​a plurality of inhabited worlds, for which Giordano Bruno was burned. It turns out that it was stated as an immutable truth by Egyptian texts, sacred books ancient india and Tibet. Gorbovsky quotes the ancient Sanskrit book “Vishnu Purana”:

   Our Earth is only one of thousands of millions of similar inhabited worlds located in the Universe.

   He further refers to the words of archaeologist J. A. Masson:

   The idea that creatures similar to humans live on distant stars also existed in ancient times in Peru.

2. Another example - The ancient Egyptians knew about it.

   “The earth was in front of me like a round ball”

   - this quote is from the Leiden Demotic Papyrus. The Aztecs depicted the planets as small circles or balls that the gods played with.
3. In the Middle East, in Ancient Egypt and in India the year was divided into 12 months. But why did the same division exist in South America? Why was the ancient Mayan year, which had 360 days, used in Ancient Egypt, Babylon and India?
4. The ancient Greeks, Indians, Celts, Mayans divided the history of mankind into four periods, and each of them was considered to be painted with a special paint. It is surprising that they all considered the last, fourth, period to be painted black.
5. Another example. The biblical myth about the construction of the Tower of Babel and the subsequent confusion of languages ​​is well known. It is not surprising that the Babylonians have a similar story: the creators of the Bible simply stole it. But where did this legend come from? Ancient Mexico? But they talk about it in these words:

They built high tower... But their languages ​​suddenly mixed up, they could no longer understand each other and went to live in different parts of the Earth.

Over the course of thousands of years, their power grew and their culture developed, reaching a height that, perhaps, none of the earthly peoples reached after that.

• Thus, an equestrian statue was allegedly found on the island of Corvo. The man depicted on it extended his hand to the west. This fact is reported, in particular, by the German scientist R. Hennig.
• On other islands, gravestones were found with inscriptions in an unknown language.
• A dolmen and rock inscriptions in the Berber language were found on one of the Cape Verde islands.
• Population Canary Islands Some experts consider them to be direct descendants of the Atlanteans. After a brutal war carried out by the Spaniards against the population of the islands, who did not know either metal or especially firearms, the twenty thousand population of the islands was destroyed. By 1600, not a single purebred Aborigine remained alive. Paleanthropological studies have shown that the Aborigines belonged to various ethnic groups. These conclusions were made by the French scientist R. Verno, after excavating the corresponding burials. The Guanches, as the inhabitants of these islands are called, spoke in languages ​​of Berber origin. Two types of rock inscriptions have also been discovered. It is believed that one of these types is related to the hieroglyphs of Crete. But not a single inscription has yet been deciphered or read. During one of the first visits to the islands by the Portuguese, a statue of a man holding a ball in his hand was discovered here. She was taken to Lisbon, but her whereabouts are now unknown.

• A Swedish oceanographic expedition on the ship "Albatross" discovered freshwater diatoms in one of the soil columns raised from the bottom west of Africa. Maybe they were washed out into the ocean by the waters of the Congo or Niger Rivers? But in this case, freshwater species would be mixed with marine ones. It is more logical to assume that the soil column was taken from where a freshwater lake was once located.

• In the mid-50s, a sea dredge lifted about a ton of very strange formations from the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean south of the Azores Islands. These were limestone discs with a depression on one side, giving them the appearance of plates. On average, the diameter of these disks reached 15 centimeters, and the thickness was 4 centimeters. Their outer side was relatively smooth, but the inside of the depressions was rough. The strange shape of these formations indicates their artificial origin. It was also possible to establish the age of these “sea biscuits”. It turned out to be equal to 12 thousand years, which corresponds to the date of the death of Atlantis. It was possible to establish something else: the “biscuits” were made under atmospheric conditions. By whom? For what? How did they get to the top of the underwater mountain?

• First of all, the mountain range located in the center of the Atlantic Ocean is the center of numerous earthquakes. This indicates high seismic activity in this area.
• There are a number of areas in the Atlantic Ocean that were dry land relatively recently, and

  for all these places,

  - notes N.F. Zhirov, -

  we do not exclude the possibility of the existence of islands even in historical times; some of them may have been inhabited.

• The scientist compares information about the islands that existed in historical times on modern maps. Surprisingly, they are identical. However

  there is every reason to assume the possibility of subsidence of individual islands and banks of the North Atlantic in our historical time, which had the character of a cataclysm.

  This explains the impossibility of carrying out such identification in a number of cases.
• However, there is a lot of evidence of the existence of Atlantis exactly where it should be expected, according to Plato. Thus, relatively recently a piece of coral was lifted aboard the ship “Mikhail Lomonosov” from one of the peaks of the North Atlantic Ridge. As you know, corals live only at relatively shallow depths. And since the coral was raised with a piece of bedrock from a depth of two and a half kilometers, it remains to be assumed that recently this is where the mountain range sank into the depths of the ocean by at least two kilometers.
• And although many scientists categorically deny the possibility of the existence in historical times of large areas of land in the Atlantic Ocean, there are experts who equally confidently assert: yes, Atlantis could have existed and disappeared precisely in the time period that Plato spoke about, i.e. about 12 thousand years ago. In any case, it was at this time that serious changes took place in the Atlantic Ocean, accompanied by faults in the earth’s crust, volcanic eruptions, a change in ocean currents, perhaps a warming of the entire northern hemisphere, which caused the end of the Ice Age.

Disputes about whether the existence of Atlantis was real or a beautiful legend, have not died down for many centuries. A large number of the most controversial theories have been put forward on this matter, but they were all based on information obtained from the texts of ancient Greek authors, none of whom personally saw this mysterious island, but transmitted only information obtained from earlier sources. So how true is the legend of Atlantis and where did it come from? modern world?

An island that has sunk into the abyss of the sea

First of all, let us clarify that the word “Atlantis” is usually understood as a certain fantastic (since there is no direct evidence of its existence) island located in the Atlantic Ocean. His exact location is unknown. According to the most popular legend, Atlantis was located somewhere near the northwestern coast of Africa, bordered by the chain of the Atlas Mountains, and near the Pillars of Hercules, which framed the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar.

The famous ancient Greek philosopher Plato placed it there in his dialogues (works written in the form of a conversation between historical or fictional persons). Based on his works, a very popular legend about Atlantis was subsequently born. It says that around 9500 BC. e. In the area indicated above, a terrible earthquake occurred, as a result of which the island forever plunged into the abyss of the ocean.

On that day the ancient and highly developed civilization, created by islanders whom Plato calls “Atlanteans.” It should immediately be noted that, due to their similar names, they are sometimes mistakenly identified with characters from ancient Greek mythology - the mighty titans holding the vault of heaven on their shoulders. This mistake is so common that when they see the sculptures by the outstanding Russian sculptor A. I. Terebenev (see photo below), decorating the portico of the New Hermitage in St. Petersburg, many people have an association with heroes who once sank deep into the seas.

A mystery that worries people's minds

During the Middle Ages, the works of Plato, as well as most other ancient historians and philosophers, were consigned to oblivion, but already in the 14th-16th centuries, called the Renaissance, interest in them, and at the same time in Atlantis and the legend associated with its existence , has grown rapidly. It continues unabated to this day, giving rise to heated scientific discussions. Scientists around the world are trying to discover real evidence events described by Plato and a number of his followers, and answer the question of what Atlantis actually was - legend or reality?

The island, inhabited by people who created the highest, at that time, civilization, and then absorbed by the ocean, is a mystery that excites the minds of people and encourages them to look for answers outside the real world. It is known that even in Ancient Greece the legend of Atlantis gave impetus to many mystical teachings, and in modern history she inspired theosophical thinkers. The most famous of them are H. P. Blavatsky and A. P. Sinnett. The authors of various pseudo-scientific and simply fantastic works of various genres, who also turned to the image of Atlantis, did not stand aside.

Where did the legend come from?

But let us return to the works of Plato, since they are the primary source that aroused centuries-old disputes and discussions. As mentioned above, mention of Atlantis is contained in two of his dialogues, called “Timaeus” and “Critius”. Both of them are devoted to the question government system and are conducted on behalf of his contemporaries: the Athenian politician Critias, as well as two philosophers - Socrates and Timaeus. Let us immediately note that Plato makes a reservation that the primary source of all information about Atlantis is the story of the ancient Egyptian priests, which was passed down orally from generation to generation and finally reached him.

The troubles that befell the Atlanteans

The first of the dialogues contains a message from Critias about the war between Athens and Atlantis. According to him, the island, whose army his compatriots had to face, was so large that its size surpassed all of Asia, which gives every right to call it a mainland. As for the state formed there, it amazed everyone with its greatness and, being unusually powerful, conquered Libya, as well as a significant territory of Europe, stretching all the way to Tirrenia (Western Italy).

In 9500 BC. e. The Atlanteans, wanting to conquer Athens, brought down the full might of their previously invincible army on them, but, despite the clear superiority of forces, they could not achieve success. The Athenians repelled the invasion and, having defeated the enemy, returned freedom to the peoples who had until then been enslaved by the islanders. However, the troubles did not recede from the prosperous and once prosperous Atlantis. The legend, or rather the story of Critias, which is its basis, further tells about a terrible natural disaster that completely destroyed the island and forced it to plunge into ocean depths. Literally within 24 hours, the raging elements wiped out a huge continent from the face of the earth and put an end to the highly developed culture created on it.

Commune of Athenian rulers

The continuation of this story is the second dialogue that has come down to us, called “Critius”. In it, the same Athenian politician tells in more detail about the two great states of antiquity, whose armies met on the battlefield shortly before the fatal flood. Athens, he said, was a highly developed state so pleasing to the gods that, according to legend, the end of Atlantis was a foregone conclusion.

The description of the system of government that was established in it is very remarkable. According to Critias, on the Acropolis - a hill that still towers in the center of the Greek capital - there was a certain commune, partly reminiscent of those that the founders of the communist movement imagined in their imagination. Everything in it was equal and there was enough of everything in abundance. But it wasn't populated ordinary people, but by rulers and warriors who ensured the maintenance of the order they desired in the country. The working masses were only allowed to reverently look at their shining heights and fulfill the destinies descended from there.

Arrogant descendants of Poseidon

In the same treatise, the author contrasted the humble and virtuous Athenians with the proud Atlanteans. Their ancestor, as is clear from Plato’s work, was the god of the seas himself, Poseidon. One day, having witnessed how an earthly girl named Cleito lay her young body in the waves, he was inflamed with passion and, having evoked reciprocal feelings in her, became the father of ten sons - half-gods, half-humans.

The eldest of them, named Atlas, was put in charge of the island, divided into nine parts, each of which was under the command of one of his brothers. Subsequently, his name was inherited not only by the island, but even by the ocean on which it was located. All his brothers became the founders of dynasties that lived and ruled on this fertile land for many centuries. This is exactly how the legend describes the birth of Atlantis as a powerful and sovereign state.

Island of abundance and wealth

In his work, Plato also gives the known dimensions of this legendary island-mainland. According to him, it reached 540 km in length and was at least 360 km in width. Highest point this vast territory was a hill, the height of which the author does not specify, but writes that it was located approximately 9-10 km from the seashore.

It was on it that the ruler's palace was built, which Poseidon himself surrounded with three land and two water defensive rings. Later, his Atlantean descendants threw bridges across them and dug additional canals through which ships could easily approach the piers located right next to the walls of the palace. They also erected many temples on the central hill, richly decorated with gold and decorated with statues of the celestials and earthly rulers of Atlantis.

Myths and legends, born from the writings of Plato, are full of descriptions of the treasures owned by the descendants of the sea god, as well as the wealth of nature and the fertility of the island. In the dialogues of the ancient Greek philosopher, it is mentioned, in particular, that, despite the dense population of Atlantis, wild animals lived very freely on its territory, among which there were even elephants that had not yet been tamed or domesticated. At the same time, Plato does not ignore many negative aspects of the life of the islanders, which aroused the anger of the gods and caused the catastrophe.

The end of Atlantis and the beginning of the legend

The peace and prosperity that reigned there for many centuries collapsed overnight through the fault of the Atlanteans themselves. The author writes that until the inhabitants of the island put virtue above wealth and honors, the inhabitants of heaven were favorable to them, but turned away from them as soon as the shine of gold eclipsed spiritual values ​​in their eyes. Looking at how people who had lost their divine essence were filled with pride, greed and malice, Zeus did not want to restrain his anger and, having gathered the other gods, gave them the right to pronounce their sentence. This is where the manuscript of the ancient Greek philosopher ends, but, judging by the catastrophe that soon befell the evil, proud people, they were considered unworthy of mercy, which ultimately led to such a sad outcome.

The legends of Atlantis (or information about the events that actually happened - this remains unknown) attracted the attention of many ancient Greek historians and writers. In particular, the Athenian Hellanicus, who lived in the 5th century BC. e., also describes this island in one of his works, calling it, however, somewhat differently - Atlantiad - and without mentioning its destruction. However, modern researchers, for a number of reasons, believe that his story is related not to the lost Atlantis, but to Crete, which successfully survived the centuries, in whose history the sea god Poseidon also appears, who conceived a son from an earthly maiden.

It is curious that the name “Atlanteans” was applied by ancient Greek and Roman authors not only to the islanders, but also to the inhabitants of continental Africa. In particular, Herodotus, as well as an equally famous historian, call this a certain tribe that lived in the Atlas Mountains near the ocean coast. These African Atlanteans were very warlike and, being at a low stage of development, waged constant wars with foreigners, among whom were the legendary Amazons.

As a result, they were completely exterminated by their neighbors, the troglodytes, who, although they were in a semi-animal state, still managed to win. There is an opinion that Aristotle said on this occasion that it was not the military superiority of the savages that led to the death of the Atlantean tribe, but the creator of the world, Zeus himself, destroyed them for the lawlessness they committed.

A figment of fantasy that has survived centuries

The attitude of modern researchers to the information presented in Plato’s dialogues and in the works of a number of other authors is extremely skeptical. Most of them consider Atlantis a legend that has no basis in reality. Their position is explained primarily by the fact that for many centuries no material evidence of its existence was discovered. This is true. There is absolutely no archaeological evidence of the existence of such a developed civilization in West Africa or Greece at the end of the Ice Age, as well as the millennia closest to it.

It is also puzzling that the story, allegedly told to the world by the ancient Greek priests and then reaching Plato in an oral retelling, was not reflected in any of the written monuments discovered on the banks of the Nile. This involuntarily suggests that the ancient Greek philosopher himself composed the tragic story of Atlantis.

He could well have borrowed the beginning of the legend from the rich Russian mythology, in which gods often became the founders of entire nations and continents. As for the tragic outcome of the plot, he needed it. The fictitious island had to be destroyed to give the story external credibility. Otherwise, how could he explain to his contemporaries (and, of course, his descendants) the absence of traces of his existence.

Researchers of antiquity also pay attention to the fact that when talking about the mysterious continent located near the western coast of Africa and its inhabitants, the author cites exclusively Greek names and geographical names. This is very strange and suggests that he came up with them himself.

Tragic mistake

To conclude the article, we will present several very interesting statements made today by ardent supporters of the historicity of the existence of Atlantis. As mentioned above, today it has been raised on the shield by many supporters of occult movements and various kinds of mystics who do not want to reckon with the absurdity of their own theories. Pseudoscientists are not inferior to them, trying to pass off their fabrications as discoveries they allegedly made.

For example, in recent years, articles have repeatedly appeared in the press, as well as on the Internet, that the Atlanteans (whose existence the authors did not question) achieved such great progress that they conducted extensive research activities in the field of nuclear physics. Even the disappearance of the continent itself is explained by the tragedy that occurred as a result of their unsuccessful nuclear test.

Questions about whether Atlantis existed, about the location of Plato’s sunken Atlantis, as well as all the secrets of Atlantis, torment the minds of many generations of seekers. Some researchers have not decided whether it was a large island or a small continent. Many atlantologists are trying to find evidence of the existence of the island; other representatives of modern science believe that the “city” of Atlantis was located in the west. While others believe that Hyperborea disappeared along with the disappeared Atlantis.

The first acquaintance with the continent, lost more than 10,000 years ago, is associated with Plato’s dialogues “Timaeus” and “Critias”. This work of Plato allows some scientists to claim that they have found and identified the area of ​​the sunken island, and know where Atlantis sank.

Places on Earth where archaeologists searched for the ancient sunken Atlantis

There are at least five known places on Earth where the search for Atlantis was carried out:

• Baltika;
• Eastern Mediterranean;
• Spain;
• Great Britain;
• Bermuda Triangle.

What did archaeologists find in these places?

Secrets of Swedish Atlantis

Swedish archaeologists managed to discover at the bottom Baltic Sea ancient artifacts dating back to the Stone Age. Apparently, nomads could have stopped near the place where they were discovered about eleven thousand years ago. The press immediately called this discovery, important for science, “Swedish Atlantis.”

Atlantis of the Eastern Mediterranean

In 2004, American scientist Robert Sarmast thought he had uncovered the secrets of Atlantis. He announced the discovery of a lost city between Syria and Cyprus at a depth of one and a half kilometers. The expedition, which he led, managed to discover man-made buildings at the bottom, as well as canals and river beds. The scientist argued that all this coincided with the outline of Plato's Atlantis.

History of Spanish Atlantis

In 2011, Spanish scientists announced a version of the location of Atlantis. They believed that ancient city washed away by the tsunami off the Spanish coast. Local scientists claimed that at the bottom lay a complex of buildings that also corresponded to Plato’s descriptions. Using the instruments, it was possible to record the concentration of methane, which in turn may indicate the death of many people.

History of British Atlantis

British scientists did not have to lag behind their colleagues. So, in 2012 they announced the discovery of Atlantis off their coast. A hypothesis has been reported that the "British Atlantis" had to go under water about nine thousand years ago. According to this hypothesis, it was a part of the land that stretched between Denmark and Scotland. In the center, this land was the size of modern France, and this entire part of the land had an area of ​​almost 900 thousand square kilometers.

Atlantis of the Bermuda Triangle

Canadian researchers up close eastern shores Cubes, using a special robot, photographed some underwater ruins in 2012. In the photo one could see the remains of buildings similar to pyramids, a figure resembling a sphinx, as well as huge engraved slabs. However, later archaeologists believed that this drowned city was not part of Atlantis. It turned out that it was built up to two thousand years ago. Whereas, according to Plato's instructions, the island of Atlantis sank into the depths of the sea around 9500 BC.

What did Plato write about Atlantis?

Having found the right places in the text of Plato’s dialogues, you can read that he wrote about the civilization of Atlantis, which existed thousands of years ago. The island where it originated was larger than Libya and Asia combined. Here arose a great and astonishing association of kings. All their power extended throughout the island, to many other islands, and also to part of the continent. Moreover, from this side of the strait they were masters of Libya as far as Egypt, and also of Europe as far as Tyrrhenia.

Some researchers mentioned Solon, who wrote down the story of the destruction of Atlantis. He visited the Egyptian city of Sais around 611 BC. There, from local priests, he learned that a terrible catastrophe had occurred that occurred nine thousand years BC. e. Then the flooding of a huge island occurred, larger in size than “Libya and Asia”.

Scientists, after the necessary calculations, placed an island of such volumes near Gibraltar. They decided that from this huge island by now only small islands could remain, such as Cape Verde, the Canaries, Madeira, the Azores and others. Thus, there really was a huge archipelago, and therefore Plato’s Atlantis civilization.

Secret maps of Christopher Columbus

Some believe that in ancient times Atlantis meant the Canary Islands, and complement this with the fact that Columbus had accurate navigation maps with the Atlantic ridge in all his four campaigns.

By the way, he also looked for the remains of the islands of the once existing empire. Later, some of the maps that were at the disposal of the great commander were captured by the Turks in one of the naval battles, so that they ended up in Piri Reis.

The maps of Piri Reis that have survived to this day did not contain the details necessary for scientists. There were no images of the sunken continent. However, this did not prevent the location of Atlantis from being determined; the routes of Columbus's caravels of all four expeditions were known. It should be noted that all four of Columbus's expeditions always began from the Canary Islands.

The Mystery of Ocean Currents

In the last two expeditions, Columbus decided to take advantage of the current that carried his ships in the right direction. Navigators in those days could hardly have been aware of the secret of such a current. However, this secret was well known to Columbus himself, which means he could have found it in secret sources that could have come to him along with maps of the disappeared continent.

In our days, little attention has been paid to these ocean currents, since the modern fleet is adapted to complete autonomous navigation over any distance. This made the secrets of the currents, which in ancient times ensured the regularity of communications between parts of the world, irrelevant. However, in ancient maps one can find unequivocal evidence that these messages existed.

However, according to some researchers, after a global cosmic cataclysm in 1528 BC. communication between the continents was interrupted. And only because of Christopher Columbus everything returned to normal. The great Genoese possessed maps unknown to science and, indulging in them, made his great discoveries.

The Fall of Great Poseidonia

According to ancient philosophers and writers, all its citizens were warned that Atlantis would perish. However, after nothing happened for several years, people continued to “sin.”

The collapse of the great empire of Atla began with the appearance of huge cracks into which rivers rushed. Death spread throughout the state for three days, mountains collapsed and fell into valleys, rivers rushed into the ocean. On the fourth day there was such a downpour, as if the abyss of heaven had opened up, and the terrible roar of thunder did not stop.

Suddenly there was a shaking of the earth, after which part of the land began to plunge into the stunned streams. Everything that was on land began to sink lower and lower under the water.

Then everything became quiet. No rain, no crushing blows of the wind, no downward movements - everything ended, as if so that the survivors could rest. Nothing happened for several days. To the exhausted people, hiding in insignificant shelters, it seemed that everything was over.

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