National language of Scotland. What is Scotland famous for? Population and lifestyle

Scotland is the fourth region of Great Britain. Distinctive features of Scotland include bagpipes, tartan skirts, Scotch whiskey and the mysterious monster Nessie, who lives in Loch Ness.

The territory of Scotland includes the northern third of the island of Great Britain and the adjacent islands of the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland. The area of ​​Scotland is 78,772 km², the length of the coastline is 9,911 km. In the south it borders with England. The length of the border from the Tweed River in the west to the Solway Firth in the east is about 96 km. The island of Ireland is located 30 km southwest of the coast, Norway is 400 km northeast, and the Faroe Islands and Iceland lie north of Scotland.

Current time in Edinburgh:
(UTC 0)

The western coast of Scotland is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the eastern coast by the North Sea. The western and eastern sea coasts of Scotland are connected by the Caledonian Canal, of which the famous Loch Ness is part.

How to get to Scotland

The most logical way to get to Scotland is through the capital - the city of Edinburgh. The most convenient way to get to the capital of Scotland from the continent is by plane. Edinburgh Airport is located approximately 13 kilometers from the city center. There are no direct flights from Moscow and St. Petersburg, so the flight is only possible with a transfer in the British capital London or another European city. There is an option to get to Edinburgh by train from London. In time it will be about 5 hours. Railway station is located on Princess Street. Using the form below you can select a flight to Edinburgh according to your parameters.

How to get from London to Scotland

By bus

To get to Edinburgh from London by bus it will take about 9 hours. Although the price will be cheaper than using another type of transport. If you do not have children on your trip, you can take an overnight flight to save on hotel costs. Transportation is carried out by two companies Megabus and National Express. Buses depart from Victoria Station. Purchase options travel ticket some. This can be done in advance by purchasing a ticket on the website, in which case it will cost less, or immediately before departure, but in this case good places It will be difficult to calculate, since boarding is done on a first-come, first-served basis.

By train

The traditional and most convenient way to get to Edinburgh when traveling with children is by train. In addition to comfort, this option will allow you to perfectly explore not only English, but also Scottish landscapes. There are frequent trains to Edinburgh. There are both daytime flights, which are very convenient (on a weekday the journey takes 4.5 hours, and on weekends a little longer) and evening flights, but they are slower and more expensive. Trains to Edinburgh depart from London King's Cross station. The best option will buy a ticket in advance online using the Internet, which will be much cheaper than just before departure. The London - Edinburgh route is operated by East Coast.

By plane

If you want or need to reduce travel time, you should take a plane. Travel time will take 1 hour. The price of a flight is quite comparable to a train ticket, and sometimes it turns out even cheaper. However, taking into account the travel time from London to the airport, the total travel time will be comparable to that spent traveling by railway. So what is the “trick” then? It's very simple. This method of getting to the capital of Scotland is advantageous if, upon arrival at London Heathrow Airport, you immediately transfer to a plane to Edinburgh. Such transit routes are operated by the British airline British Airways. As a recommendation, provided that the final destination of the tourist trip is Edinburgh, we can advise you to look at the option of a flight that would bypass London. Connecting flights via Amsterdam and Frankfurt are quite suitable for these purposes.

To make your search easier suitable options with a transfer you can use

With its help you can see all the available options.

Search for flights
to Scotland

Search for a car
for rent

Search flights to Scotland

We compare all available flight options based on your request, and then direct you to the official websites of airlines and agencies for purchase. The air ticket price you see on Aviasales is final. We have removed all hidden services and checkboxes.

We know where to buy cheap air tickets. Airplane tickets to 220 countries. Search and compare prices for air tickets among 100 agencies and 728 airlines.

We cooperate with Aviasales.ru and do not charge any commissions - the cost of tickets is absolutely the same as on the website.

Search for a rental car

Compare 900 rental companies at 53,000 rental locations.

Search 221 rental companies worldwide
40,000 pick-up points
Easy cancellation or modification of your booking

We cooperate with RentalCars and do not charge any commissions - the rental price is absolutely the same as on the website.

Climate and weather in Scotland

The climate is temperate oceanic. Thanks to the warm Atlantic Gulf Stream, temperatures in Scotland are higher than in countries along the same parallel, but lower than in other regions of the UK. Due to the uneven surface topography, the weather is extremely unstable. During the coldest months of the year - January and February - the average temperature maximum is 5-7°C. In the warmest months - July and August - 19°C. Average annual precipitation ranges from 3,000 mm in the north to 800 mm in the south. The region is characterized by southwest winds and frequent storms on the coast and islands.

Average climate values ​​for the main cities of the country by month (according to the Yandex.Weather service)

Weather in Scotland in February

Weather in Scotland in March

Weather in Scotland in April

Weather in Scotland in May

Weather in Scotland in June

Weather in Scotland in July

Weather in Scotland in August

Weather in Scotland in September

Weather in Scotland in October

Weather in Scotland in November

Weather in Scotland in December

Reviews by month

Photos of Scotland

Transport

There is a common belief that there is no point in traveling around Scotland without a rental car, which is misleading for those who are unable to get around in this way. Of course, with the help of a car you can get to the most secluded corners of this proud land, however, this does not mean that you will not have the opportunity to fully enjoy natural beauties when traveling by public transport.

Public transport in Scotland is well developed, it combines all the classic types, from air travel, railways, to ferries and buses. It connects not only large cities, but also sparsely populated and remote destinations, for example, Orkney and Shetland. There is only one significant drawback - the cost of tickets, which can compete in terms of price, perhaps, with the Scandinavian countries.

Air traffic

There are 5 main airports in Scotland, with Edinburgh International Airport and Glasgow International Airport being the busiest.

Inverness Airport is the largest airport in Northern Scotland, the main air gate for passengers traveling to the Highland region and offshore islands.

Another airport in Glasgow, Prestwick, is connected to the city by direct rail. His important feature it is believed that he is the main one transport hub for low cost airlines available in Scotland.

Buses

This type of transport is indispensable in cases where you need to get to remote places where there is no railway connection. In addition, this is a fairly convenient and acceptable option for medium-distance travel. The bus network is extensive, covering not only popular routes such as Edinburgh - Iverness/Glasgow/Aberdeen/Isle of Skye, but also connecting major cities with their suburbs, as well as links to cities in other parts of the UK.

Main bus operators serving intercity flights this , and . Tickets can be purchased online (often at a reasonable price), from the driver and at bus station ticket offices. Just as in the case of trains, there are travel cards that will save your budget if you plan to move around the country a lot, for example from Citylink, you can order it in the same way as a regular ticket, on the website (they deliver to Russia) or at bus station ticket offices .

Ferries

More than 60 islands are located off the coast of Scotland, regular connections with which are carried out by several large carriers, dividing the routes among themselves.

Ticket prices are not budget friendly, therefore, in order to limit yourself to small financial losses, it is recommended to purchase tickets in advance, on the carrier’s website or at the ticket office at the port of departure.

The main companies organizing ferry services are CalMac (or) - they specialize in more than 20 destinations off the west coast of the country; connects settlements Orkney Islands; — organizes ferry services from Aberdeen to Shetland and Orkney Islands; Companies and - organize communication between the ports of the south-west coast of Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Districts

Scotland is the most autonomous state of all that makes up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The decision to divide the country into regions was made in 1996. Since then, Scotland has 32 regions, which are part of 8 regions. In 2011, at the next meeting of the Scottish Parliament, the status of the eight regions, which are described below, was confirmed.

Despite the official division, police and firefighters, as well as ambulances, use their own division of territory.

Central Scotland

The territory, which is located in the center of Scotland, is one of the eight electoral regions, geographically occupies part of the Lowlands. It consists of 9 electoral districts.

The borders of the Central Region were finally legalized in 2011. Before this decision of Parliament, the region belonged to 11 districts.

The territory of Central Scotland borders the territories of Glasgow, Lothian, Midland and Southern Scotland.

The main “lure” for tourists in this region is the gigantic (by Scottish standards) freshwater lake Loch Lomond. The lake, surrounded by forests and amazing green landscapes, is covered with small islands. The ferry goes there from Balloch. In Balloch, a small town near the lake itself, entrance to the national park Loch Lomond. And for those who don’t want to wait for the ferry, you can visit Queen Elizabeth Park. In addition, the fabulous valleys of the Trossachs, the coast of Fife and the Firth of Forth will delight every traveler.

Glasgow region

Glasgow is not only one of the largest cities in Scotland. First of all, Glasgow is the most populous region of Scotland, which includes the city of Glasgow itself.

The central River Clyde gives its name to part of the region called Clydeside.

Glasgow is called a region of contrasts. You can relax from the bustling city in natural reserves protected by UNESCO. The Clyde Valley and its many parks welcome millions of tourists from all over the world every year.

The region is in the center of Scotland, making it one of the most economically advantageous parts of the country.

Highlands and Islands

The Highlands and Islands are the largest region of Scotland. However, the nature of the Highlands is different from the Islands. The temperate oceanic climate gives way to a marine subarctic climate on the shores of the Islands. The region is washed Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea.

This region includes eight counties, including the following major tourist centers:

Argyll — picturesque island ok near the shore. The area around Argyll has the UK's only waterfalls with sea ​​water Laura.

Inverness- one of six cities in Scotland with beautiful ancient castles that have been well preserved to this day.

Shetland Islands. Of the hundreds of Shetland islands, only 29 are inhabited today. However, they have something to surprise tourists, for example, with their beaches, high cliffs, and excellent whiskey.

Isle of Skye in the Inner Hebrides archipelago, the fourth most populous island in the country. It is here that a traveler is most likely to hear Scottish Gaelic, the native language of Scotland.

Orkney Islands. There are 70 Orkney Islands, of which 17 are inhabited. Most of the islands are very small, but each has something to see for tourists.

Lothian

The name Lothian comes from the name of King Lot - according to legend, the ruler of the Orkney Islands and the lands of Lothian.

This region includes nine counties. The central district is the city of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. Of course, thanks to Edinburgh, Lothian is by far the most visited region in Scotland.

Considered one of the best parks in Lothian Regional park Pentland Hills, 100 kilometers long. And in the mountainous part of Central Lothian you can go skiing or snowboarding. A traveler can also head to the East Lothian coast, where you can try your luck at golf, because it’s not for nothing that Scotland is called the “home of golf.”

Central Scotland and Fife

The region consists of nine districts. Located in the center of the country. One of the districts is the city of Sterling.

Fife is often referred to as the Kingdom as it was once part of the ancient Pictish Kingdom. The region contains cities popular with tourists.

The Kingdom of Fife has preserved many sites of ancient Pictish culture.

There are six large castles in this area that are accessible to tourists. One of the most famous castles is St Andrew's Castle, built in 1200.

North East Scotland

Includes 10 districts, including Angus, the city of Aberdeen and the city of Dundee.

Dundee is a major port, which, of course, left its mark on the entire region. Tourists love to come to this region to see real sailor villages and walk along the coast.

There are many castles near Aberdeen, and Angus offers beautiful nature. Aberdeen has been one of the Royal Family's favorite destinations since the days of Queen Victoria.

South Scotland

The southern region of Scotland is divided into nine regions. Geographically it borders with England.

Galloway and Dumfries offer a variety of natural landscapes, with valleys, coastlines, mountains, forests and rivers. Galloway is the southernmost point of Scotland. The famous Scottish poet Robert Burns once lived and worked here.

Ayr is a county steeped in history and home to around 40 castles. This district often hosts various music festivals.

West Scotland

The territory of Western Scotland includes 10 counties. The most famous county for tourists in Western Scotland is Cunningham. The county is located on the picturesque coast of the Firth of Clyde, not far from the River Erwin; there is the town of Erwin, famous for travelers, with the same name as the river. In addition, tourists are attracted by the town of Largs, which is famous as the site of the battle between the Scots and the Vikings from Norway in 1263. The region is rich in history and is also very easy to reach from the country's main cities.

In addition, the Scots themselves divide their country into the following territories:

Highlands- occupies the main territory of Scotland.

Speyside- a valley named after the river flowing through its territory. This area is known for some of the finest distilleries throughout Scotland. Although every region of Scotland has its own distilleries, whiskey from the Spey Valley is considered the best.

Islands- united by this name next islands: Skye, Arran, Jura, Mull, and in northeast Scotland the Orkney Islands.

External Hebrides - the territory is located in the north of Scotland, an area of ​​Scotland called the Western Isles. Many Scots simply call this area the Island.

Islay is another part of Scotland located on an island. Islay is part of the Inner Hebrides. On its territory there are two regions of Scotland - Argyll and Bute.

Plain. In 1784 the Plain was separated from the Highlands. The British divided the territories so that the inhabitants of the Plain could enjoy simplified taxation on trade. During the Second World War, these territories suffered greatly. Many factories were bombed by the Nazis, farms fell into disrepair. The people of the Plains are restoring the central region to its former glory year after year.

Cities of Scotland

Officially, only six settlements have city status in Scotland.

Capital of Scotland. Edinburgh is famous for its historical monuments, museums, and tourist attractions. The active life of Edinburgh does not stop even at night. What to visit in Edinburgh? You need to live in Edinburgh for at least a couple of weeks to be able to see everything city ​​sights .

The second city after Edinburgh, often mistakenly called the capital of Scotland, it is the industrial, commercial and educational center of Scotland. Glasgow has an unofficial nickname given to him local residents— “Little Scotland.”

Main attractions of Glasgow:

• Cathedral;
• Glasgow Museums;
• Art gallery;
• Crookston Castle.

Industrial city. Located on the River Ness. Millions of tourists come to the city every year in search of evidence of the existence of the Loch Ness monster.

What to do in Inverness?

• go to Loch Ness, visit Nessie;
• Look beautiful ancient castle Inverness is the pearl of the whole region; many films and TV series are filmed there;
• visit the city history museum;
• go to St Andrew's Cathedral.

The fourth largest city in Scotland, it is located in the northeast of the country. Scots come to Dundee to spend a weekend, visit old historical buildings, play golf, or simply admire nature.

Main attractions of the city:

• Glamis Castle;
• St. Mary's Tower;
• McManus Galleries;
• botanical garden;
• Mills Observatory.

Aberdeen is a port city. Previously, this city was the residence of the kings of Scotland. The Scots claim that only here you can feel the atmosphere of a real fishing town.

It’s best to start exploring the city from the following places:

• art gallery;
• parks and gardens;
• maritime museum;
• castles: Craigievar, Balmoral, Drum;
• Cathedral of St. Machar.

Most small town in Scotland. It is located in the center of the country. Sterling was adored by the Stuart kings and often visited their residence. The city was even the capital of Scotland for some time.

The main attractions of the city:

• Stirling Castle, whose history goes back to ancient times - already in 83 there are records of a fortification in the rock;
• the Welsh Monument, erected in honor of the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1214;
• Holyrood Church;
• Cambuskennet Abbey.

Culture

In August, crowds of people flock to Edinburgh (the capital of Scotland) for the well-known International Festival theater arts festival, during which hundreds of performances by artists from all over the world are staged. And the Fringe Festival offers a more eccentric and original selection of productions, along with the nightly procession of drummers and Scottish musicians of the Edinburgh War Show.

Together with tartan (Scottish wool), whiskey is Scotland's most famous export.

Officially, whiskey has been produced for more than 500 years. Real Scotch whiskey is made only in Scotland. Whiskey distilleries are scattered throughout the country, and many of them are open to visitors who want to see the entire production process and, naturally.

The Highlands region is home to some of Scotland's most spectacular scenery: snow-capped mountaintops and deserted valleys - home to famous whiskey brands Glenmorangie, Glenfiddich and Glen Grant.

Sights of Scotland

Scotland is a country with a rich history and magnificent northern nature. It is not surprising that there is a lot to see in a relatively small area. In addition, there is picturesque medieval Edinburgh, which has many attractions, including the legendary castles of Scotland.

Attractions

Museums and galleries

Where to eat and drink

Entertainment

Parks and Recreation

Transport

Shops and markets

Private guides in Scotland

Russian private guides will help you get acquainted with Scotland in more detail.
Registered on the Experts.Tourister.Ru project.

Shopping in Scotland

If you are planning to visit Scotland, the first thing you should see is its amazing nature, ancient architecture and unique attractions. Only after this, with a clear conscience, can you go shopping in search of things dear to your heart that will remind you of the days spent in Scotland, as well as souvenirs and gifts for family and friends.

There are many specialized souvenir shops in this country, especially in the capital Edinburgh. It is worth purchasing souvenirs in the city center, since here they are authentic and not at all more expensive than in other places. In Edinburgh, check out The Works, which offers souvenirs at the most affordable prices. The assortment of this shop includes such useful and pleasant “little things” as magnets, plates, guidebooks, books and, of course, Scottish flags of all sizes. National souvenirs and works of art can be found in shops on the central avenue of the capital, the Royal Mile. Edinburgh's shops offer truly unique items, from designer accessories to traditional Scottish crafts and antiques. If you are interested in original branded clothing and shoes, check out Harvey Nichols department store in the center of Edinburgh, and you can look for vintage clothing and accessories in the West End of Glasgow.

What is a must-buy when visiting Scotland? Of course, natural cashmere and the finest wool. Interestingly, cashmere production technology has remained unchanged since the 18th century. Things made from this fabric will be an excellent gift for loved ones, because such material is incredibly soft, warm and does not pill, so you definitely won’t have to blush in front of your friends and family for such a gift. The souvenir shops in Scotland will offer you scarves, gloves, hats and the famous tartan blankets. We advise you to buy these products in the center - branches of the Edinburgh Woolen Mill specialty store can be found in all cities of Scotland. You may be surprised, but cashmere products in factories will cost even more than in retail outlets. If you are not limited in funds, contact the factory, where they will be able to offer you a wider range: from blouses to coats.

Surely, in the minds of every second person, when Scotland is mentioned, an association arises with the national clothing of the highlanders - the kilt, so not bringing a kilt from this country is the same as not visiting Scotland. Kilts, like woolen products, should be bought in large shops in the city center. A real kilt is made from tartan wool and is not cheap - from 100 to 200 pounds, and if you want to acquire the national outfit of this country in all its details (kilt, shoes, sporran, blade and socks), then such a purchase will cost you much more expensive. Fans of exotic music can be advised to purchase a national instrument - a bagpipe, or a souvenir that is easier to transport - a Celtic flute.

Now about Scotch whiskey. It’s available in any store, but it’s worth going to specialized shops where they will not only sell you a bottle of high-quality alcohol, but also tell you in which region it was produced and even let you taste it. You can go on an excursion to the distillery and see the process of producing this elite drink, tasting different types of whiskey. Here you will find a much larger selection than in stores, but the prices will pleasantly surprise you. If you are looking for the lowest price on whiskey, go to your local ASDA supermarket, where you will also be offered discounts in addition to the best price.

What else can you bring from Scotland as souvenirs? Heather honey and the national Scottish dish haggis, which can be brought in in canned form, will help you share the “taste” of Scotland with your loved ones. Also traditionally popular among tourists are souvenirs with Celtic symbols: crosses, medallions, earrings, kiltpins (kilt pins) or brooches.

Compared to Russia and the rest of Europe, prices in Scotland are relatively high, which is typical for northern European countries. Moreover, oddly enough, Scotch whiskey is quite expensive. This situation is due to high taxes, so some types of this alcohol in others European countries can be bought at a price up to 50% cheaper than in Scotland itself. When making purchases in stores and paying with a plastic card, pay attention to the advertisements that are available at the checkout, as goods and services paid for in this way may have a higher price in Scotland.

The opening hours of most Scottish shops are from 9 to 17-18 hours (except Sundays). The biggest rush is observed on Saturday, but on Sunday you may not be able to get into some small shops, since only supermarkets are open, the working day of which begins at 10 or 11 o’clock. IN summer season or during the pre-Christmas sales period, shops remain open until late, and some supermarkets are open 24 hours a day. In small private shops there are no opening hours as such - you need to ask the shop owners about this.

When leaving the country, you can apply for a VAT refund, which is valid for people without Scottish citizenship. The tax refund will be 17.5% of the amount of purchases made in Scotland. In order for you to receive a refund, do not forget to keep all receipts when making a purchase and take a Tax-Free form from the seller with the necessary stamps and signatures. At the airport, go to the Global Refund office at customs, provide the completed form, receipts and, of course, your passport. Be prepared for the fact that customs officers may ask you to show the purchased goods, so do not put them away at the bottom of your suitcase. The VAT payment can be made to you on the spot or transferred to your bank card.

If you are going to spend a lot of time in the capital of Scotland, we recommend reading the material “Shopping in Edinburgh”.

Food and drink

Food for local residents of Scotland is a sacred matter. About ours culinary traditions the people of Scotland are ready to talk with pride for hours.

The Scots prepare a lot of thick, rich soups, mainly cereal and meat soups with potatoes, cabbage, and fish soups, such as cullen skink soup with smoked fish. One of the most famous Scottish soups is Scottish meat broth, cooked with barley and vegetables. First courses are usually cooked in meat or fish broth.

The beef here is very tasty, juicy, soft, with marbled veins. And lamb legs are considered the best product in Scotland. Lamb meat is used to make a stew called hotchpotch. The mountaineers did not eat pork for a long time, considering pigs to be dirty animals. Venison is also considered a delicacy.

Scotland's most popular delicacy is haggis. Haggis is prepared from sheep's tripe and barley, generously flavored with various seasonings and baked in a sheep or lamb stomach. The haggis is served on a warm platter, accompanied by mashed potatoes and turnip puree, and with shots of whiskey already poured.

For dessert, they prepare a lot of sweet puddings, buns with jam, muffins, desserts, the simplest of which is crannachan - a dessert made from whipped cream, rolled oats and berries.

Connection

In Scotland mobile communications works at GSM start. The five largest operators have monopolies in this market: Vodafone, O2, T-Mobile, Orange and Three. If you plan to frequently call Russia from Scotland, the most profitable option would be to purchase a SIM card from one of the local mobile operators. The best rates are offered by Lebara and Lykamobile. The cost per minute for calls to a landline number will start from 5 pence, and to mobile numbers from 9 pence. You can buy a SIM card in stores, mobile operator showrooms, or at any post office; it costs about 5 pounds.

If you plan to talk a lot, but at the same time want to save money, it is better to become the owner of a special tourist SIM card in Russia.

The red telephone booth has already become a textbook symbol of Great Britain. These pay phones are located everywhere, and you can pay for the call in different ways be it cash, plastic or a special telephone card, which is available for purchase in almost any store.

When calling from Scotland to Russia, dial 00, then 7 (Russian code) - the area code, then the phone number.

In order to call from Russia to Scotland from a landline phone, you need to dial the following combination of numbers: 810 (this is the exit code), then 44 (this is the country code), then the city code (for example, Edinburgh has 131) and the number. To call from Russia to Scotland from mobile phone the combination “81044” is replaced by “+44”.

The most profitable way to communicate is through Skype calls, but this requires an Internet connection.

IN big cities There are many internet cafes - you can easily find them in any area of ​​the city. Free Wi-Fi in large cities is also quite common: it is available in almost all hotels, cafes, restaurants, and others. public places.

Safety

So that visiting a foreign country brings only positive impressions, it is worth familiarizing yourself in advance not only with the peculiarities of the way of life in the country and the traditions of the people, but also taking care of ensuring your safety. In particular, a traveler needs to know where to turn in the event of unforeseen circumstances and force majeure that occur in the territory of your host country.

To ensure the safety of residents and visitors, Scotland operates a variety of social services. If you need medical help, NHS Scotland can help. Keep in mind that foreign citizens usually must pay for medical services provided. That is why, before visiting this country, it is advisable to take out insurance not only against accidents, but also against repatriation and possible incidents. Since Russia is not a member of the European Union, this is definitely worth doing, because even though the NHS provides basic medical care for free, you will most likely have to pay a lot for additional services. Going to the dentist in this country will cost you in any case. Please also keep in mind that while clinics carry out treatment from morning until early evening, trauma centers and hospitals are usually open around the clock.

Crime rates in Scotland are fairly low, but don't leave your belongings in busy public places, especially if you have valuables in your bags, and take out travel insurance before you travel. Large sums of money should be kept on bank card, and let the jewelry lie in the living room safe until a special occasion - wearing them “every day” is simply imprudent. By the way, hotels will not take any responsibility for anything valuable that you leave outside the safe.

There are pickpockets in Scotland, just like in any other country, and they operate where there are a lot of people: in transport, in markets or in shops. If suddenly an unpleasant incident happens to you, you can call the police (as well as the fire department or ambulance) using a single number 999 (or 112 from a landline phone), which work around the clock.

If you have lost something, contact the lost and found office, which is located at bus and railway stations. If your property is stolen, if you insured the stolen item, you may be able to receive compensation for its loss. To confirm the fact of theft, be sure to contact the police. And don’t forget to photocopy important documents when planning your trip - especially your passport.

In Scotland there are many insects, mosquitoes and midges, which congregate on the coast and near lakes. Particular activity is observed in April-October, so if you are in Scotland at this time, do not forget to bring
means to protect against insect bites, and also do not go out into bright light at night. Protecting windows with nets will also not be an extra precaution.

Motorists need to know that inside the city the speed should be limited to 50 km per hour, and on open highways - to 100 km per hour. Be sure to wear your seat belts, do not drive while intoxicated, and do not talk on a cell phone while driving (you can use a hands-free headset for this).

• Single emergency phone number: 999 or 112
• Russian Embassy in the UK hotels in Scotland

It is unlikely that many people know interesting facts about Scotland. Most people only know that this is land green hills, bagpipers and excellent whiskey. That is why it is worth delving into the study of this topic and talking about the most interesting facts that can demonstrate Scotland from a new, little-known side.

Nature

In the very center of the country there is a village called Fortingall. And there is a church in the courtyard of which the Fortingall yew grows - one of the oldest trees in all of Europe. It is supposed to be 5,000 years old!

Also, listing interesting facts about Scotland, one cannot help but say that this state occupies 790 islands, of which 130 are uninhabited.

It is also worth knowing that more than 600 sq. miles of country occupy freshwater lakes. Including the famous Loch Ness, which stretches 36 kilometers southwest of the port city of Invenress. And the deepest Scottish lake is called Loch Morar. Located in the northwestern part of the country. The distance from the surface of the water to the bottom is 328 meters, so this lake is the seventh deepest in the whole world.

By the way, if you pay attention to interesting facts about Scotland in English, you will notice that all the lists in which they are indicated begin with the most significant information for residents of a given state: “Today Scotland is considered to be one of the most beautiful mountainous countries in the world" This phrase says that today Scotland is one of the most beautiful mountainous countries. And it’s hard to disagree with this. Every year tens of thousands of tourists come here to admire the local natural beauty, and many of them return.

Population

While listing interesting facts about Scotland, one cannot help but pay attention to the residents of this state. In its southern part, 40% of people have red hair and pale skin. In the northern regions, every eighth is distinguished by a natural carrot shade. It is not surprising that it was in Scotland that the first ever Redhead Parade was organized.

Few people know that in the times of the Vikings this country was seen by foreigners as a dangerous and dark place. Local residents were perceived as bloodthirsty, terrible and cruel individuals. Even the Vikings, who conquered many of the Scottish islands, warned their fellow countrymen to be careful about their desire to enter this country.

A little about the past

It’s worth saying a few words and we’re talking about interesting facts about Scotland. Under this name is known the defensive fortification erected by the Romans from Northern to the very beginning of our era - in 122-126. It reaches 117 kilometers in length. Now the remains of the wall are world heritage UNESCO.

You should know that until 1603 this state had its own monarch. After the death of Elizabeth I, James VI of Scotland began to rule, leading England as well. He later became James I of England.

By the way, the country gained independence in 1314. Then the king of the state defeated the English army in the legendary Battle of Bannockburn. Independence remained until 05/01/1707. This is the date of Scotland's annexation to England. Then, in fact, Great Britain was formed. Scotland only got its own parliament in 1999, on July 1st.

An amazing story from Edinburgh

It would not be amiss to remember the story about a Skye terrier from the capital of Scotland named Greyfriars Bobby. This was in the middle of the 19th century. Bobby, like many other dogs, had an owner who had the habit of going to the same cafe every day. He took his four-legged friend with him.

One sad day the man died. But his dog continued to come running to the cafe. There, the establishment's employees gave him a bun, after which Bobby ran with the treat to the cemetery, to the owner's grave. This went on for 14 years. Bobby made this journey every day. And he also met his death at the grave of his master. The Skye Terrier was buried and given the title of the most faithful dog in the whole world. In Edinburgh, by the way, there is a fountain with a sculpture of Bobby. It was erected in 1872.

Local "records"

They are also worth mentioning when listing interesting facts about Scotland. Few people know, but the shortest regular flight takes place in this country. And the journey lasts only 74 seconds. This is a flight from a town called Westray to the small island of Papa Westray. Its area is only 9.18 km², and only a few dozen people live there.

And it was in the Hamilton Mausoleum, located in South Lanarkshire, that the longest echo on the planet was recorded. It lasts 15 seconds.

The oldest bank in the UK is also located in Scotland. It was founded in 1695. In addition, the Bank of Scotland (as its name sounds) is the first bank in all of Europe to issue its own banknotes.

It was also in this country that the first official international football match was played. This happened in 1872, and the competition took place between the national teams of Scotland and England.

What will the “original” source tell you?

It’s always interesting to read what local residents write about their country, and how exactly they speak about their home country, which is Scotland. Interesting facts in English (with translation, of course) will help you find out.

Residents of this beautiful country write: “They say that Scottish towns differ from the English ones.” Translated, this means that Scottish cities are very different from English ones. And here are the features people pay attention to: cobblestone streets (paved streets), medieval style houses (houses made in the style of the Middle Ages), green parks ( green parks), plenty of historic architecture (many historical architectural attractions).

Also, when studying interesting facts about Scotland in English, one cannot help but pay attention to this phrase: “Scotland is well-known for its delicious haggis.” It translates as follows: “Scotland is famous for its delicious haggis.” This is true, the treat is widely known. The fact is that haggis is the national name local dish from lamb offal (which includes lungs, heart and liver), boiled in... the stomach of the same animal. Many, having risked trying such an unusual delicacy, are surprised to note that it is really tasty.

Good to know

Some more things about Scotland deserve attention. It so happens that this country has its own judicial system, which differs from the English, Irish and Welsh. The jury has the power to return the following verdicts: “not proven guilty”, “not guilty” and “guilty”.

It is also worth remembering that now in North America There are approximately the same number of Scots living as in the state itself. Moreover! Approximately 5 million people in the United States and Canada claim Scottish ancestry. Which is quite possible, by the way. Between the 18th and late 19th centuries, people migrated from Scotland to the United States in the hundreds of thousands.

However, these are not all interesting facts about Scotland. English is now spoken in this state by all local residents without exception. But there are three official languages! Don't forget Scottish and Gaelic. However, only 1% of the population owns them. This is about 53,000 people.

Pride of the country

When studying interesting facts about Scotland for children and adults, it would not be superfluous to mention the achievements to which this country is related.

Few people know, but it was in its capital, Edinburgh, that for the first time in the world its own city fire brigade appeared. Scotland is also the “homeland” of the raincoat, invented in 1824. This “amulet” against rain was invented by a chemist from Glasgow.

It is also worth knowing that it was in Scotland that such famous thinkers as Adam Smith, David Hume, James Watt and John Stuart Mill were born. It is impossible not to mention the greatest representatives of literature, whose homeland was also this country! We are talking, of course, about Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Walter Scott, and Lord Byron.

Also in this country, John Lowie Baird was born, an engineer who created the world's first mechanical television system. Essentially, he is the father of television. Alexander Graham Bell, who created the telephone and invented penicillin, was also born in Scotland.

Despite such significant intellectual achievements, there are not many higher educational institutions in the state. There are 19 institutes and universities in total. The most famous is the University of St Andrews, where the Duchess and Duke of Cambridge, Kate and William, met.

Other facts

In addition to all of the above, it is also worth knowing that golf originated in Scotland. They started playing it here back in the 15th century.

This country is also the most beloved by the royal family. She really likes to relax on the banks of the River Dee, at Balmoral Castle.

The Scottish city is also the oil capital of Europe. It's called Aberdeen. This is the main fishing and seaport in the country, and also Granite City.

Interestingly, the smallest distillery in the state, located in Pitlochry, is visited by more than 100,000 people annually. However, it produces only 90,000 liters of the drink during the same period.

It is impossible not to mention a few words about things traditionally associated with Scotland. Kilts, for example, were invented in Ireland. Checkered patterns originated in Central Europe, during the Bronze Age. And bagpipes were actually created in Asia.

Finally, I would like to note the fact that Scotland is approximately the same in area as the United States. United Arab Emirates, Panama, Czech Republic, Japanese island Hokkaido and Maine in America.

Scotland is the most detailed information about the country with photos. Attractions, cities of Scotland, climate, geography, population and culture.

Scotland

Scotland is a country in the north of the island of Great Britain, which is part of the state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It borders on land with England and is washed by the seas of the Atlantic Ocean: the North (in the east) and the Irish (in the west). The capital of Scotland is Edinburgh, and the largest city is Glasgow. The country has a stunning authentic atmosphere, rich traditions and wide autonomy.

Scotland is one of the most beautiful places Britain, which is famous for its magnificent dramatic landscapes of rugged mountains and green valleys, picturesque hills, fields, forests and rugged coastline. Here, history surrounds you almost everywhere, revealing the secrets of legendary battles, romantic ruins and old stone churches. Scotland is a country of stunning diversity, where you can find almost the full range of tourist attractions: beautiful medieval cities, fairytale castles and beautiful natural landscapes. But the main highlight of Scotland is the loneliness of remote moors and islands, wild mountains and secluded sandy beaches.

Useful information about Scotland

1. Population - 5.3 million people.
2. Area - 78,722 km2.
3. Languages ​​are English, Gaelic and Scottish.
4. Currency - pound sterling.
5. Time - UTC 0, in summer +1.
6. The UK is not a party to the Schengen agreement. A visa can be obtained upon personal visit to accredited visa centers, which are located in Moscow, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Rostov-on-Don and Yekaterinburg.
7. The political system is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
8. The predominant religion is Presbyterianism (a branch of Christian Protestantism).
9. Electrical voltage - 230 V, 50 Hz.
10. Car traffic is on the left. Drunk driving is not permitted. Most intersections have roundabouts.
11. The most popular souvenirs are whiskey (scotch) and kilt. A real kilt is made of wool and is quite expensive (300 - 400 pounds).

Geography and nature

Scotland occupies the northern part of Great Britain. Its territory is approximately equal in area to the Czech Republic. The country is washed by the seas of the Atlantic Ocean: the Northern and Irish. Scotland is separated from the island of Ireland by a strait. Despite all the diversity of nature and relief, the country’s territory can be divided into three physical-geographical regions: the North Scottish Highlands (occupies the north and west), the Lowlands and the South Scottish Highlands. In the central part of the highlands there is the largest mountain range Scotland - Grampian Mountains (including the most high point Scotland and Great Britain Ben Nevis with a height of 1344 m.).

In terms of relief, Scotland is a country of low mountains and hills. The North Scottish Highlands occupy 60% of the country's territory, and the South Scottish Highlands - 20%. As a result, Scotland has many unspoiled natural landscapes. The country has significant sea ​​coast(the length of the coastline, not counting the numerous islands, is almost 10,000 km). The west coast of Scotland is mainly characterized by rugged coastlines, reminiscent of Scandinavian fjords, and cliffs. To the east, the coast, on the contrary, has smoother contours and numerous sandy beaches. The coastal waters also include more than 700 islands, which are grouped into the following groups (archipelagos): Shetland, Orkney and the Hebrides.

Scotland is famous for its many picturesque lakes and small rivers. Largest rivers: Tey, Spey, Clyde, Dee, Don, Tweed. Largest lakes: Loch Lomond (the largest lake in Great Britain by area), Loch Ness (the largest by volume), Loch O. Scotland also has stunning and diverse nature: rugged mountains with fast rivers and waterfalls, meadows and coniferous forests, heathers and heaths, plains and a picturesque coastline with fjords and sandy beaches.

Climate

Most of Scotland has a temperate maritime climate. It is characterized by cool summers and springs, rainy autumns and relatively mild winters. Everyone is familiar with the variability and unpredictability of Scottish weather, where you can experience all four seasons in one day. Although, in fairness, it should be noted that extreme temperatures are rare.

Best time to visit

Spring is a truly wonderful time to visit Scotland, although it can be a bit chilly (average temperatures between 4 and 12°C). Summer is the peak tourist season with comfortable weather (average temperature from 12 to 20 °C) and an abundance of cultural events. Autumn is a beautiful time of vibrant colors, perfect for visiting castles and parks (average temperatures range from 7 to 14 °C and can be a little rainy). Winter - low tourist season, which has its own charm (average temperature from 2 to 7 °C).

History of Scotland

Scotland's history is rich and varied, fascinating and complex. The Romans and Vikings (Normans), the Anglo-Saxons and the British tried to subjugate its territory. The first written records of Scotland date back to the beginning of the Roman conquest of Britain. Although in the 1st century AD. the Romans only occupied southern part countries. The north was inhabited by Picts and Gaels, free from the power of Rome and quite warlike. The Romans called these lands Caledonia, and their inhabitants Caledonians.

In the 1st century AD Roman troops managed to defeat the Caledonians. In 122-126, the Romans built a chain of defensive fortifications (Hadrian's Wall), the purpose of which was to protect the British provinces. A few decades later, the chain of fortifications was moved even further north (deeper into Scottish territories). These defensive structures were abandoned at the beginning of the 3rd century under Septimius Severus.

In the early Middle Ages, several kingdoms were formed in Scotland. The largest and most significant state was the kingdom of Fortriu, which was also called Scotland. In 843 the united Kingdom of Scotland was created. Over the next centuries it expanded approximately to its modern borders. In the 9th and 10th centuries, French and Anglo-Saxon settlers began to move to Scotland, bringing the English language and new culture. By the end of the Middle Ages, the country was divided into a lowland part, where Scottish English was spoken, and a highland part, where traditions were strong and Gaelic was spoken.

One of the most difficult periods in the history of Scotland was the 13th century, when the direct line of inheritance was cut off in 1290. John Balliol eventually became king, supported by the British. In gratitude for this, the new king recognized England as overlord. After John's coronation, several Scottish nobles did not recognize his authority. Also, the English king Edward I began to consider Scotland his vassal. In 1295, John opposed the British. In response, the English monarch declared him a rebel and invaded Scotland. In 1296, English troops defeated the Scots and the country lost its independence.

In 1297, the Scots rebelled and defeated the English. In 1298, Edward I led an invasion in person and again defeated the Scots. Subsequently, the fight against English rule was led by Robert I the Bruce, who was crowned in 1306. In 1314, the Scots defeated the English troops led by Edward II. After the death of Robert I, a struggle began between his son David II and Edward Balliol. David was able to retain the throne, but died childless. In 1371, Robert II of the Stuart dynasty, who ruled Scotland for the next three centuries, was crowned.

In 1502, England and Scotland signed a peace treaty, which the Scots violated in 1512. In 1560, a peace treaty was concluded between the two countries, which put an end to three centuries of hostility. In 1603, King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne. From this time begins the history of Scotland as part of the United Kingdom.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, Scotland flourished thanks to trade. The Industrial Revolution turns the country into a major industrial and scientific center. Meanwhile, calls for autonomy are becoming stronger. Industrial development affected, to a greater extent, only the southern part of the country. The north of Scotland was poor, so many residents emigrated in search of better life to the USA, Canada and Australia.

Industrial development in Scotland continued until the First World War. After the war there was a serious decline, which intensified after the end of World War II. In the 20th century, Scotland's industry was reoriented towards innovative and knowledge-intensive production. Parliamentary elections were held in 1999, which emphasized the autonomy of the region. In 2014, a referendum on Scottish independence was held, which more than half the population voted against.

Administrative division

Historically, Scotland was divided into counties, parishes, fiefs, etc. The modern administrative division of the country is 32 districts. Only seven settlements have city status: Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dundee, Stirling, Perth and Inverness.

Regionally, Scotland can be divided into:

• The border areas are the south-eastern part of Scotland, which is a rolling plain with beautiful ancient settlements, ruined abbeys and historic sites.
• South-West Scotland is a picturesque rocky coast of the Irish Sea.
• Central Scotland is the most urbanized region of the country, where most of the population lives and a huge part of the cultural heritage is concentrated.
• North East Scotland is a picturesque, diverse region led by Aberdeen from the Grampian Mountains to the sandy beaches of the North Sea.
• The Highlands of Scotland and the north-west coast are a rugged region with stunning nature and an authentic atmosphere.
• Island groups: Shetland, Orkney and Hebrides.

Population

More than 80% of Scotland's population is ethnically Scottish. About 8% consider themselves British. Other large diasporas: Irish, Poles, immigrants from Asian countries. In Scotland they speak three languages: English, Gaelic and Scots. Most of the population professes Presbyterian Christianity, although there is also a large proportion of Catholics.

The Scots are a very proud nation, so you shouldn't talk to them about politics and draw parallels with England. They respect their history, their desire for independence and are very irritated by the nickname "Jock" or "Scotch". The Scots are reserved, persistent, persistent, prudent and thrifty. They do not really like to express their feelings and from the outside they may look gloomy and unfriendly. But this is only until the Scot gets to the pub.

Transport

Largest airports Scotland:

• Aberdeen Airport. It has air connections with the following cities: Alicante, Amsterdam, Dublin, Bergen, Copenhagen, Paris.
• Edinburgh Airport. Regular flights to the following cities: Abu Dhabi, Alicante, Barcelona, ​​Basel, Berlin, Bratislava, Dubrovnik, Dusseldorf, Gdansk, Geneva, Krakow, Lisbon, Lyon, Madrid, Prague, Paris, Vilnius, Marseille, Nice, Munich, New York, Milan, Venice, Rennes, Reykjavik, Rome, Zurich, Toulouse, Budapest.
• Glasgow Airports. They have air connections with the following cities: Alicante, Amsterdam, Berlin, Calgary, Copenhagen, Heraklion, New York, Toronto, Paris, Philadelphia, Vancouver, Girona.

No Scottish airport (except Prestwick in Glasgow) has rail access. To get to the city you need to use buses or taxis.

Scotland's railway system is quite extensive and is part of transport system United Kingdom. Most cities in the country can be reached by train from London, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Manchester, and York. It should also be noted that Scotland's railways are some of the most picturesque in the world, so the trip can also be an aesthetic pleasure.

Buses are the cheapest way to get around in Scotland, but the least convenient. The country is also distinguished by a small number of highways. Many roads (especially in the northern part) are quite narrow.

Cities of Scotland

Only seven settlements have city status in Scotland:

• Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland and its main cultural center. The city has amazing historical center with an imposing medieval castle soaring above it on a high rocky peak, and striking medieval Gothic architecture juxtaposed with magnificent examples of modern construction.
• Glasgow is Scotland's largest city with typical Scottish charm and stunning architecture. This is an example of competent modern urban planning, when in the past a large industrial center was transformed into a popular tourist destination while maintaining the historical appearance.
• - the capital of Northern Scotland, the largest fishing port and center of the offshore oil industry in Europe. The city is famous for its magnificent granite architecture.
• Dundee is the fourth largest city in Scotland, located in the northeast of the country. This is a large educational and scientific center.
• Inverness is the northernmost city in Britain and the capital of the Highlands of Scotland.
• Stirling is a royal walled city with a stunning castle.
• Perth is an ancient royal city and the former residence of Scottish monarchs.

Sights of Scotland

Edinburgh Castle is one of the symbols of Scotland. The stone towers and walls of this structure have dominated Edinburgh since the 13th century. The castle is built on picturesque basalt rock, houses stunning historical artefacts and offers breathtaking views of Scotland's capital. Below the castle is the famous Royal Mile, a historic street lined with old brick buildings and landmarks.

Loch Ness is one of the most beautiful and... mysterious places Scotland. This deep lake is famous throughout the world for the stories of Nessie (Loch Ness Monster). The ruins of a 12th-century castle on the shore are the center of local legends and stories. The castle fell victim to fire five centuries after its foundation.

Stirling Castle is one of Scotland's most beautiful medieval castles and a superb example of a Renaissance structure. It has been carefully restored and furnished in late medieval style.

Glenfinnan is an arched railway viaduct. This amazing engineering structure became widely known thanks to the Harry Potter film series.

Cathedral of St. Joanna is a masterpiece of Gothic architecture dating back to the 13th century. This cathedral is Edinburgh's most important religious building and has an interesting (a bit stark) façade. The most remarkable element of its structure is the central tower with eight arched supports that form a kind of crown.

Cathedral of St. The Mungo is a medieval religious building that is the most significant historical monument in Glasgow. This is impressive ancient building Dating from the 12th century, it is a superb example of Scottish Gothic.

Cathedral of St. The Machara is one of the main symbols of Aberdeen and a superb example of Scottish Gothic. This church was founded in the 6th century by the saint of the same name. Subsequently, a settlement grew around the Christian parish. The current cathedral was founded in 1136 and finally completed in 1552. The interior largely dates from the 14th century.

Beautiful castles of Scotland

Scotland is famous for its whole scattering of beautiful castles.

Balmoral is a magnificent Victorian neo-Baroque castle that is the summer residence of the Queen of Great Britain. The castle was founded in the 15th century and rebuilt as a royal residence in the mid-19th century.

Craigievar Castle is a delightful 15th century medieval castle that belonged to the Mortimer family. It is a fabulous building with small towers topped with conical roofs, gable gables and various decorative elements.

Culze Castle is a magnificent 18th-century earl's castle in southwest Scotland.

Eilean Donan is a picturesque island with a 13th century castle that was built to defend against the Normans. Located at the junction of three lakes in the western part of the Scottish Highlands.

Dunrobin Castle is a majestic castle in the French Renaissance and Scottish Baroque style. Built in the 19th century in the north of Scotland.

Tioram is a ruined medieval castle located on a picturesque loch in Western Scotland.

Cawdor is a medieval castle in northern Scotland, built in the 15th century and mentioned in Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth.

Accommodation

Scotland is a relatively expensive country to live and travel. The most affordable accommodation option is hostels, which can be found in cities. If you are not afraid of difficulties and lack of amenities, then great option- stay at a campsite. Bed and breakfasts are also very popular in Scotland and offer a great authentic and welcoming atmosphere. Such hotels can be found even in remote areas.

Kitchen

Scottish cuisine is considered to be rather mediocre. This is not entirely true. Scottish dishes are simple, no frills, but filling and tasty. Popular traditional food:

• Cullen Skink is a hearty and delicious smoked fish soup with cream and potatoes.
• Seafood: langoustines, oysters, scallops, crabs, salmon. In Scotland, Fish n Chips is a very popular dish - fried cod with French fries.
• Scottish beef steak.
• Pheasant baked with vegetables and a few strips of bacon.
• Haggis is one of the most famous national dishes. It consists of sheep entrails (heart, liver and lungs), chopped and baked in the stomach of a sheep (nowadays special bags are often used).
• Scotch Pie is a famous Scottish meat pie.
• Scotch Egg - hard-boiled egg with sausage or ham.

Scotland (especially mountainous area) is famous for hundreds of brands of Scotch whiskey. This drink is the pride of the Scots and one of the main souvenirs. Almost every Scottish village has its own brand. The second most popular alcoholic drink is beer (especially ale), which is measured in pints (0.568 liters). An extremely popular non-alcoholic drink is tea and Irn Bru.

Highlights

Traveling around Scotland evokes a storm of emotions. She amazes with her majesty untouched nature: emerald hills and mountains, whose peaks are hidden in a foggy haze, endless valleys dotted with flowering heather, ascetic rocky islands. Scotland is famous for its ancient castles containing priceless works of art, endless beaches, golf courses, and excellent cuisine. More than 2 million people come here every year to admire this detached and slightly gloomy beauty. Holidays in Scotland belong to the expensive category, and most of the tourists are from wealthy countries Western Europe and Americans. Many of them own real estate here.

The homeland of whiskey and golf, bagpipes and the tartan kilt is incredibly original. The Scots themselves even today feel their individuality, have a special value system, their own history and traditions that differ from the English. You can see this for yourself, because no matter what time you come to Scotland, you will certainly find yourself witnessing one of the festivals, theatrical performances or traditional sports competitions, the exact number of which is unknown even to the Scots themselves.

History of Scotland

It is known that already in the first centuries of the 1st millennium AD. e. Most of the modern territory of Scotland was inhabited by Celtic tribes who came here from Ireland. Having exterminated and partially assimilated the aboriginal population, they formed a people commonly called the “Picts”. This is what the Romans called this well-organized warlike tribe when they unsuccessfully tried to conquer the northern lands of the island of Britain. “Piktus” means “painted” in Latin: Pict warriors who fought without armor tattooed their bodies with patterns.

Since the 11th century, England, Scotland's southern neighbor, tried to conquer the kingdom, but the Scots managed to defend their independence for a long time. Hostilities between the countries either subsided or flared up again, which was greatly facilitated by the internal struggle of the Scottish clans for the throne. Contenders to the crown often publicly or secretly tried to enlist the support of England, which skillfully pitted them against each other, using civil strife for invasions, and sometimes initiated alliances based on marriages between the English and Scottish royal dynasties.

In the 16th century, Scotland was rocked by religious strife. The local nobility and bourgeoisie supported the leader of the Scottish Reformation, John Knox, a student of Calvin. However, the monarchical dynasty of the Stuarts was still devoted to Catholicism. The iconic victim of the religious confrontation between Protestants and Catholics was Mary Stuart, who refused to change her faith. In 1603, her son, the Scottish monarch James VI, ascended the English throne, but despite sharing a common ruler, the two countries remained unfriendly towards each other.

During the 17th century, attempts were made by the parliaments of Scotland and England to unite both states, but only in 1707, during the reign of Queen Anne, the last representative of the Stuart dynasty on the English throne, was the Act of Union adopted, which approved the formation of a single kingdom of Great Britain. The Scottish Parliament ceased to exist. But the document enshrined such important postulates for the Scots as the priority of the Presbyterian Church and the independent status of the legal system.

In 1998, the UK Parliament passed an Act that restored Scotland's right to have its own parliament and government.

Scottish character

According to the English writer George Orwell, the most striking characteristics of the British are “ostentatious composure, politeness, respect for the law, suspicion of foreigners, sentimental attachment to animals, hypocrisy, emphasizing the differences of rank and class and a passion for sport.” Residents of Scotland will not fail to notice that these words refer mainly to the English. The English themselves, to the displeasure of the Scots, are not inclined to recognize the difference between the words “British” and “Englishman,” although the contradictory nature of the Scottish national character, which combines gloom and humor, prudence and generosity, arrogance and tolerance, sensitivity and stubbornness, often leads them confused. While the English can be affable depending on the circumstances, the Scots are characterized by genuine courtesy and hospitable warmth. English literature is heavily peppered with witticisms directed at the Scots, who, in turn, often call the unification of the two countries a forced wedding. Unlike the English, the Scots were never under either Roman or Franco-Norman rule, and this is an additional source of pride for them.

The establishment of Protestantism here, unlike England, was often accompanied by tragic events, which strengthened the character of the adherents of the Reformation, largely making them dogmatists. In remote parts of Scotland, cooking, cleaning or reading the newspaper on Sunday are still considered serious sins. Scottish Catholics are also significantly more orthodox than English Catholics.

The Scots, keenly aware of their national identity, are nevertheless well aware of the economic benefits of their union with England. A clear confirmation of this is the results of the independence referendum held in 2014 at the initiative of the Scottish National Party: 52% of Scots supported the preservation of a single country.

The spirit of independent Scotland is especially felt in its northern regions, inhabited by the Gaels - Scottish highlanders. They have their own way of life, which still includes the concept of clanism, which was established here in the Middle Ages. Echoes of the old clan system are still preserved in the surnames of Scots of Gaelic origin, which begin with the word "Mac" (in Gaelic - "son"). Many residents of mountain villages today bear a common surname.

During national holidays, the Scots, wanting to emphasize their commitment to tradition, dress up in ceremonial Gaelic clothes: elegant white shirts with turn-down collars, large pleated plaid skirts (kilts), short cloth jackets and blankets that are thrown over one shoulder. Kilts and plaids are made from a special checkered fabric - tartan. Each Scottish clan had its own coloring of this fabric. At the end of the 18th century, this clothing became the uniform of the Scots Guards regiments. Today, kilts are worn by teenage boys, adult men, and even officials.

National currency

Despite the fact that the official currency of Great Britain is the English pound, Scotland has the right to issue its own money. This is also a pound, but the bills have differences in design. However, you can only be guaranteed to spend Scottish pounds in Scotland; in other regions of the UK, stores may not accept them. Such an exotic banknote is a good souvenir from this mountainous region.

Geography

Scotland “captured” a third of the country’s territory and three archipelagos – the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands. Its northern and western coasts are washed by the waters of the Atlantic, and its eastern shores face the North Sea. Scotland is separated from the island of Ireland by the North Channel, which connects the Irish Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. The west and east coasts of Scotland are connected by the Caledonian Canal, of which famous lake Loch Ness.

Highland Scotland has long been divided into two regions: historical areas Lowland and Highland. The Lowlands are located in the southeast, comprising the Southern Highlands and the Lowlands of Scotland. However, this territory can only be called flat: in its center lies a chain of hills volcanic origin, hundreds of small rocky ridges are scattered everywhere. Only river floodplains occupy lowlands with fertile land and lush pastures. About two-thirds of the population lives in Lowland, and most of the large farms and industrial enterprises are located here. The largest cities in Scotland are located here - the capital Edinburgh and Glasgow.

In the northwest is the Highland, or Scottish Highlands. This is a special world with endless expanses of wild land, chains of rocky mountains crossed by narrow valleys with rivers, waterfalls and lakes, deep fjords opening to the sea. The western mountain slopes, exposed to oceanic winds, are devoid of woody vegetation, and eastern ranges covered with luxurious Scottish pines, spruces and deciduous trees. Above the forest line, heathland, bogs and fern thickets dominate. The southern Highlands are home to the Grampian Mountains, the highest in Britain, with the peak of Ben Nevis (1343m).

Tourism seasons

Due to the fact that Scotland has unlimited opportunities for a wide variety of recreation, the tourist season here lasts all year round. But travelers “occupy” it en masse from May to August, as well as during the New Year and Christmas holidays.

May, when the season officially opens, is the sunniest month of the year. By midday the air in the lowlands of Scotland warms up to +15 °C, in the northern regions it is slightly cooler. In summer, even on the warmest days, the air temperature does not exceed +23 °C; cold snaps occur quite often. If you decide to go to the mountains, dress warmly: here it is usually no more than +15 °C.

Summer is the time when the valleys and highlands are covered with bright carpets of flowering heather, and the western coast, washed by blue ocean waters, becomes comfortable for beach holiday. Scotland's white-sand beaches stretching into the horizon are some of the most beautiful on the planet, but keep in mind that the water temperature off the coast never exceeds 20°C. Summer is also the peak of the fishing season.

In September it is still quite warm (about +15 °C), but it begins to rain, albeit briefly. In October, the weather worsens sharply: the sky is covered with rain clouds, it becomes damp and windy. At the same time, surfers believe that the best waves on the coast are in October. November brings increased winds and storms. The temperature on the Scottish plains is about +8 ° C, and in the mountainous areas the first snow falls and frosts occur.

Winter in the lowland areas is quite mild, but damp and windy: the air temperature usually ranges from –2 to +4 °C, and it often snows and rains. It is snowy in the mountains at this time, the temperature can drop to –10 °C. December in Scotland begins ski season, which lasts until April.

Lowland

This historical region is clearly divided into eastern and western parts, not only geographically, but also due to the character of its inhabitants. Easterners consider themselves sophisticated people with good taste. Scots living in the west, including Glasgow, are not pretentious and believe that their main virtues are kind-hearted and realistic.

Edinburgh

In the east of Scotland, along the picturesque shore of the Firth of Forth, lies one of the most beautiful cities Europe - Edinburgh, which became the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland during the reign of David I (1124-1253). Whichever way you arrive in this city, located between the sea and the hills, the first thing that appears is the castle, rising above the basalt ridge.

The castle finials seem to pierce into the sky, and the peaked roofs, spiers and towers of the old city form a broken horizon line. It stretches from the battlements of the stronghold to the Palace of Holyroodhouse, hiding under the green mountain called King Arthur's Seat. At its top is the best observation deck in Edinburgh.

On the territory of the castle there is the oldest building in the capital - the tiny chapel of Queen Margaret of Scotland. It was built at the beginning of the 12th century. The Scottish crown, scepter and sword are kept here - some of the oldest royal regalia in Europe.

The Royal Mile Street (Royal Mile), stretching from the wide esplanade in front of Edinburgh Castle to royal palace Holyroodhouse was the center of city life until the end of the 18th century and is still quite lively. Here, during the famous summer Edinburgh Festival, a spectacular theatrical military parade takes place. Going down the street, you will see wonderful buildings - examples of British architecture of the 16th-18th centuries. Narrow alleys fan out from the Royal Mile. As they fly by, you can see the Pentland Hills to the south, the North Sea to the east, and the silver waters of the Firth of Forth to the north.

At the end of the Royal Mile is the Palace of Holyroodhouse, the residence of Her Majesty the Queen during her stay in Scotland. The palace, founded by James IV in 1498, was completed under James V and Charles II. The official apartments feature wonderful French and Flemish tapestries and 18th-century furniture. In the throne room, the Queen of Great Britain appoints senior officials to positions and rewards the worthy.

Descend to the foot of the hills and you'll find yourself in the heart of Edinburgh - Princes Street, one of the busiest streets in Europe. It will take you to the New Town, nestled under the shadow of medieval buildings at the far end of the valley. This elegant complex of streets and circular squares is a fine example of 18th century urban planning.

It is a pleasant time in the capital to leisurely explore the numerous museums and galleries that house works of art created from the Middle Ages to the postmodern era.

Edinburgh is not only the administrative, historical, but also the gastronomic center of Scotland. There are more restaurants per capita than any other city in the UK. The lively cafés on the Royal Mile and the spacious Grassmarket near the castle offer a great place to dine to the accompaniment of music. On the Royal Mile is the Deacon Brodie Tavern, described in Robert Stevenson's creepy The Story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Rose Street is famous for its pubs, where fans are happy or sad after rugby competitions. On the same street is one of the best cafes in Edinburgh - Abbotsford.

Borderlands and eastern lands

Traveling south from Edinburgh along a road through picturesque hills, you will find yourself in the border areas with England. This part of Scotland was always the first to repel the Romans and English, holding back their attempts to break through to the north. Today it is a peaceful pastoral land with rolling ridges of green hills and clear river streams. The main occupation of local residents is farming, making tweed and knitwear. The River Tweed flows here and is an excellent place for trout and salmon fishing.

On south coast River is the Abbotsford estate, built at the beginning of the 19th century by Sir Walter Scott according to his own design. A nice house, built in the Old Scots style, looks out onto the river and looks incredibly romantic. Abbotsford, still owned by one of Scott's descendants, is filled with memories of the famous writer. There is a museum here that houses a fine collection of historical relics, armor and weapons, including Rob Roy's gun, Montrose's sword and Prince Charles Edward's cup.

Drive 3km further south to the charming town of Melrose, nestled at the foot of the triple ridge of the Eildon Hills. On one of the eastern slopes there is a Roman fortress, from where there is a magnificent view of the hills running west towards Galloway. In the city itself, the most impressive thing is the ruins of the Melrose Abbey of the 12th century, which still remains an architectural poem. The city also gained fame from the local sports club’s invention of the “play with seven” variety of rugby, which became famous throughout the world. In the cities of the border regions there is a special passion for rugby. There are picturesque medieval monasteries nearby: Dryborough, where Walter Scott is buried, Kelso and Jedborough.

There are some particularly impressive stately estates in the south of Scotland, where you can admire outstanding collections of paintings and furniture. Among them are Floors Castle, the residence of the Duke of Roxborough, one of the castles of the Duke of Buccleich - Bowhill, the house of the Earls of Haddington - Mellerstein, built in the 18th century by the famous Scottish architect Robert Adam.

East of Edinburgh, south of the Firth of Forth, lies the historic site of Lothian. The hills and fields are lush and the golf courses are some of the best in the UK. In Aberlady Bay - great places for bird watching, as well as wonderful dune-lined sandbars and many castles.

10 km from the coast, near the town of Haddington, Lennoxlaw is located - the residence of the Duke of Hamilton. The city itself, with carefully restored buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries, is also worth a visit.

On east coast St Abbs Head Nature Reserve is located. It is located on a picturesque rocky cape jutting into the North Sea. This is a bird's paradise: colonies of guillemots, cormorants, fulmars, herring gulls and auks nest on the rocks here. These sites offer some of the best scuba diving in all of Scotland. Divers must obtain permission from the reserve ranger.

On the northern side of the wide, silvery Firth of Forth lies the county of Fife. There are mines and industrial enterprises everywhere, but the life of the local towns and villages is distinguished by its originality and charm. In the western part of this land, at the head of the river, is the village of Culross, here you can see the best preserved and most picturesque houses that were built in the cities of Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries.

To the east is the ancient capital of the Scottish kingdom, Dunfermline. Its main attraction is beautiful cathedral XII century, where one of the greatest kings of Scotland, Robert the Bruce, was buried in 1329.

To the north of Dunfermline, on the coast of the headland of Fife Ness, there are picturesque fishing ports - Earlsferry, Scat Monans, Pittenweem, Anstruther and Crail. Nearby you'll see Falkland Palace, the Stuart hunting seat, the elegant Tarwith House with a fine collection of furniture, tapestries, paintings and Kelly's 14th-century castle.

Most famous city Fife - St Andrews. This is the birthplace of golf and is home to the famous Old Course, which has been played for 800 years. St Andrews is also home to one of the oldest British universities, founded in 1412. This city has many magnificent buildings, and it is also famous for the fact that for a long time it was the religious center of Scotland. Church reformer John Knox preached his first sermon here.

Western lands

On the banks of the River Clyde, 22 km from its delta, lies the largest city in Scotland - Glasgow. During the Middle Ages, it was an established religious and educational center of the kingdom, and the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century turned it into one of the most economically developed and populous cities in Great Britain. Glasgow grew rich from shipbuilding and heavy engineering, and late XIX century became the second largest city in Scotland. Its solid manufacturing base was destroyed during the economic recession of the 1970s. True, the recession was followed by the economic and cultural boom of the 90s, and not so long ago the EU recognized Glasgow as a “city of high culture”.

Not everything in Glasgow's cultural image is the result of recent decades. The 12th-century cathedral in the Old Town is the only Scottish medieval church to escape destruction during the Reformation. Opposite it you can see the three-story Provendes Lordship building - this is the oldest secular building in the city (1471), which has now become a museum. The old part also houses the Glasgow School of Art; the western wing of the building was built by the architect Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868-1928), one of the founders of the Art Nouveau style. In Glasgow, you should definitely visit the University Museum and the Art Gallery, which is second only to the Tate Gallery in London in terms of the number of visitors. An impressive collection of paintings is exhibited here, including works by a group of artists from the end of the last century, the Glasgow Boys, who worked in the style of impressionism and post-impressionism, as well as Scottish painters who worked in the post-war years.

The highway passes through the center of Glasgow and then crosses the River Clyde into Ayrshire. It is the birthplace of Robert Burns and the area of ​​famous resorts such as Larget, Troon, Prestwick and Girvan. From Wemes Bay there is a ferry to the islands of Bute and Millport, and from Ardrossan to Arran, a favorite Sunday destination for Scots living on the West Coast. Ayrshire has some of the best golf courses in Scotland. Among them are three venues for the Open Championship, where it was first held in 1860.

Not far from coastal city Ayr, in provincial Alloway, stands the house where the iconic Scottish poet Robert Burns was born into a peasant family in 1759. Next to it is a modern building that houses a museum dedicated to the author of the immortal ballads.

On the coast near the town of Kirkoswald stands Culzean Castle, one of the greatest creations of the architect Robert Adam. Here you can admire a wonderful collection of paintings, weapons, furniture and porcelain.

South of Ayrshire along the Solway Firth are Dumfries, Galloway and other pretty towns and villages. Then they give way to wild heather heaths. This piece of land ends in the hammer-shaped Galloway Peninsula. The upper part of the "hammer" is separated from the sea by Loch Ryan, famous for its oysters. Stranraer is located in the harbor of the bay, the main port of departure from Scotland to Ireland.

Eight kilometers further north, towards the town of Dumfries, lie the impressive ruins of Sweetheart Abbey. Dumfries itself, located on the trout-loved River Nith, is the most... big city in southwest Scotland. Robert Burns moved here late in his life. His house has been preserved and turned into a museum. A monument to the poet stands on High Street.

12 km south of Dumfries, on the banks of the Solway Firth, you will see the remains of the triangular moated fortress of Caerlaverock. It was powerful fortification on the lands bordering England. In the 17th century, the Earl of Nithsdale built a classic mansion inside the ruins, thus creating one of the most extravagant architectural complexes in Scotland.

Between Glasgow and Edinburgh is the city of Stirling, which claims to be the true capital of Scotland. His whole story is an illustration of Scotland's struggle for its independence. Stirling Castle, the most important defensive stronghold in Scotland, seems to grow from a high rock, personifying the rebellion and courage of the Scots. The British captured it several times, but they were unable to hold on for long. From 1307 to 1603 the castle was the seat of the Stuarts. Here we also recommend visiting the Church of the Holy Cross and Kembuskennet Abbey.

During the conflict between Scotland and England, it was believed that the party controlling the castle was the owner of the entire Kingdom of Scotland, and today ancient city Stirling is called the brooch that binds the southern Lowlands and the northern Highlands together.

Highland

The historical Highland region occupies almost a third of Scotland's territory, but barely more than 10% of its population lives here. There are so many picturesque corners on this earth that you could spend your whole life looking into each of them.

The southern border of the Highlands, bordering the Lowlands, divides Scotland diagonally, starting from the Mull of Kintyre, a narrow strip of land extending from the county of Argyll, which west coast, to Stonhvane, which lies on east coast, south of Aberdeen - third among largest cities Scotland. After large oil reserves were discovered in the North Sea in the 1970s, the center of the UK oil industry emerged here.

Aberdeen's convenient strategic location turned the city into a royal domain back in the Middle Ages, which contributed to its economic and cultural development. The local university, founded in 1495, is one of the five oldest in Great Britain. Aberdeen is often called the “Silver City” due to the fact that the quartz crystals in the granite from which the city's buildings were erected sparkle expressively in the sun.

80 km east of Aberdeen, on the hills of Royal Deeside, lies the Balmoral Estate, founded in the 15th century. Since 1848 it has been owned by the royal family, whose members spend part of the summer here. The castle is closed to the public, but when the crowned heads leave it, the castle park becomes accessible to the public. On the way to the royal estate you will see many magnificent castles. All of them are distinguished by their original style and furnishings, beautiful stucco ceilings, and valuable collections of works of art.

It’s best to start your journey through the north-west Highlands from Glasgow. The highway leading north from this city almost immediately leads out into the Highlands, and stretches along the shores of Loch Lomond, the largest freshwater body of water in Great Britain, 37 km long and 8 km at its widest point. These places are illuminated by an amazing soft light, giving a magical mystery to the medieval castles and steep hills surrounding the lake. Beyond Loch Lomond rises Ben Lomond, an eternal challenge to climbers, one of the Munros, as Scotland’s 282 “three-thousander” peaks (3,000 feet = 914 m) are called.

To the northeast of these places lies the city of Fort William with its magnificent 17th-century fortifications. Fort William is a busy Highland crossroads with a wide range of travel routes for tourists. One of them is laid to the popular corner of the Scottish Highlands - Glencoe. This deep, incredibly picturesque valley stretches 11 km from Loch Leven to Rannoch Moor. Glencoe is home to the historic site of the Valley of Weeping. Here in 1692, the troops of the English king William III attacked the MacDonald clan, slaughtering the entire population as punishment for the slowness shown by the head of the clan in expressing loyalty to the English king.

Rannoch Mor is 155 km² of peat bogs, moors, lakes and meandering river streams. The inhabitants of the plain are waterfowl, larks, plovers, red deer, and plump trout are found in the local brown peat lakes. A beautiful panorama of these places opens up to tourists traveling along the railway, laid at an altitude of 400 m above sea level.

Depart from Fort William bus excursions to the legendary Loch Ness, where tourists flock in the hope of meeting the famous Scottish monster. Most likely, you will never be able to see the serpentine contours on the smooth surface of the lake, but you can always admire the picturesque ruins of Urquhart Castle, located in these parts.

To the north-east of Fort William is the historical site of Culloden Moor, where in 1746 a battle took place between the Scots under the leadership of Charles Edward Stuart, a contender for the British throne, and government troops under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The Scots were defeated, and today along the road leading to these places there are stones marking their graves. The battle took place near Old Lenagh Farm. It still exists today, becoming the Culloden House Museum.

To the west, along the River Spey, lie the rich lands of the Lay of Moray. The distilleries where most of the malt whiskey is produced are located here. Some of them are open to visitors. Here you can watch the process of making Gaelic “aqua vitae”, and even have a drink at the end of the tour.

The road leading west from Fort William to the town of Mallaig passes through some stunning panoramic views. Passing Loch Shiel you reach Lochalort with its magnificent views of the sea and rocky islets in clean waters Loch nan Uam Bay. Then see how its rocky shores give way to the silver, dazzling sands of the coastal areas of Morar and Arisaig. Further from the shore stretch mountains, reflected in the dark waters of Loch Morar, the deepest lake in Great Britain, whose depth exceeds 300 m. Here, they say, lives a monster no less mysterious than the Loch Ness reptile.

Mallaig itself is a small but picturesque port with ferries to the Hebrides. Heading further north from Mallaig, you will see one of the most beautiful lakes in Scotland - Loch Maree, wonderful gardens in Inverie on Loch Ive, and watch how the landscapes change, gradually acquiring the harsh outlines of lunar landscapes.

The road north will lead to Inverness - administrative center Highland and the largest city in Northern Scotland. Fans of Shakespeare know it as the birthplace of King Macbeth, but this is not true, but the medieval Inverness Castle described by the poet, built on a rock, is quite real. Occupying a strategic position at the mouth of the Ness River, it has survived more than one siege and witnessed the most important historical events.

Today Inverness is a large shopping mall, a port from which ferries depart to the far north of Scotland - to the Orkney and Shetland Islands.

Islands

In the very north of Great Britain, between the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, lie two archipelagos: Orkney and Shetland. The first is separated from the northern tip of Scotland by 10 km, the second by 150 km. A significant part of the islands and islets belonging to both archipelagos are uninhabited.

On this pristine land, open to the elements of the sea and the sky, the masters are rocks, hills and mountains. The shores of the islands, which are often hit by high, powerful waves, are steep, cut by deep fjords and bays. The cliffs on some islands rise more than three hundred meters. Nature demonstrates here a variety of rocks - red and gray granites, black labradorite, pink and brown quartz, gray and white limestones.

There are also low, gently sloping shores, which are slippery, overgrown with algae, randomly piled up boulders and slabs. In some bays, marshy shores unexpectedly turn into luxurious beaches with white sand.

Due to the continuous winds, the weather here is unstable, but thanks to the warm sea current, it cannot be called harsh. The most comfortable time is June-July. At this time there is light 19 hours a day, the day is mostly clear, but the wind can bring cold temperatures or thick fog at any moment. When going to the islands, you should take care of waterproof clothing and shoes.

At the end of spring and beginning of summer, everything is in bloom here, and numerous birds that have chosen these places hatch and raise their offspring. In July, birds change their plumage and prepare to travel to warmer climes. Watching them through binoculars is a very interesting experience.

The largest of the Orkney Islands is Mainland, where 75% of the archipelago's population lives. The towns of Stromness and Kirkwall are located here. The coast north of Stromness offers one of the most exciting seaside cliff excursions in Britain. In Kirkwall, it is interesting to see the ruins of buildings from the Norman period and the Earl's Palace - one of the best examples of Renaissance architecture in Scotland.

On the east coast of Mainland you can see a beautifully preserved Neolithic settlement dating back to around 3000 BC. e. and the huge burial mound of Maes How.

There is only one town in Shetland, Lerwick, but there is an airport with links to most Scottish airports, with frequent flights due to the oil wells located there. New oil fields in the North Sea put a damper on tourism for a time, but today it has been revived and Shetland's antiquities have regained the attention of travelers.

10km west of Lerwick, wander through the picturesque ruins of Scalloway Castle. On small island Mausa, explore a well-preserved Iron Age structure - a “broch” (tower-fortress). On the island of Unst, admire Manes Castle.

The Hebrides Islands are widely spread out in the ocean off the north-west coast of Scotland. The archipelago includes about 500 islands, large and very tiny. It is often cloudy and rainy here, and leaden waves crash on the coast. But the weather here is changeable, and quickly replaces anger with mercy, delighting with the sun and calm sea, which suddenly acquires a piercing blue, “tropical” color.

The largest island of the archipelago is Skye. From the fjords in the east to the rugged Cullin Mountains and rocky coastline in the east, Skye is a microcosm of the wild Celtic spirit that pervades Scotland. The Cullin Ridge is a 10-kilometer chain mountain peaks, 15 of which exceed the 900 m mark. At the foot of the massif lies the Glen Slighan valley, 13 km south of it is Loch Skavaig. The romantic Armadale Castle is located in these places.

In the north-west of the island stands the oldest inhabited castle in Scotland - Dunvegan. The heads of the MacLeod clan have ruled here for more than 800 years. Now the family of the 30th head of the clan, Hugh MacLeod, lives in the castle. A visit to the castle with a walk in its gardens - £ 10. Entrance for guests is open from 10:00 to 17:00.

In the town of Dunvegan, a mile south of the castle, book a boat trip. The ship sails to the habitat of harbor seals, and you can go fishing from board.

On the Isle of Lewis there is a mysterious structure made of vertically installed stone blocks forming a circle. This megalithic complex is believed to have been built in the late Neolithic era, and is associated with the cult of the Moon.

Active leisure

The Scots love sports. Particularly popular here are golf, rugby, curling, football, mountaineering, sailing regattas, surfing, and scuba diving. Scotland has created an excellent infrastructure for active recreation, which has become a reliable support for the tourism industry, which was initially focused on historical attractions.

For lovers hiking paved incredible amount trails that stretch along the coastline, along the sides of steep cliffs and areas of protected wilderness areas. Go through some difficult routes only possible accompanied by guides.

Those who like to travel by bicycle will also be pleased. For cyclists, there are special paths in forest and rural areas, along the sides of railway tracks and highways, where traffic is not very busy.

There are over 500 superb golf courses scattered across Scotland. The best of them are located on its east coast.

Bizarrely rugged coastline Scotland, its rivers, lakes, island waters make this region one of best places in the world for classes aquatic species sports. Lovers of water recreation can only choose between yachting, rafting mountain rivers, water skiing, diving, surfing.

Horse riding is also popular here. On noble horses and sturdy Scottish ponies, you can take short walks along the coast or go on a long tour through the interior regions of the country.

There are 5 ski areas in Scotland with resorts of different price categories, where all conditions are created for both professionals and beginners, even the smallest. Here you will find not only alpine skiing, but also snowboarding and freeriding. In addition, the resorts constantly host interesting events, such as the Aviemore Husky Sled Dog Rally, where you can take part in a dog-drawn sled race.

Educational tours

People often travel to Scotland, as well as to England, for education. English language and immersion in the language environment. Schoolchildren and students, middle-aged and older people go on educational tours. Training here lasts all year round, the minimum duration of the course is a week.

It is better to send your children to educational centers-schools aimed at children from 8 to 16 years old during the holidays. This provides an excellent opportunity to combine training with active recreation and educational excursions.

The cost of a 2-3-week educational tour to Scotland, depending on the chosen program, ranges from £2000 to £5000.

Scottish cuisine

Scotland has always been famous for the quality of its beef. Cattle raised on mountain pastures produce excellent steaks. Their taste is well emphasized by cream, oatmeal sauce and whiskey. Salmon from Scotland's lakes and rivers is also renowned throughout the world, as is local seafood.

Lamb dishes are popular in Scotland. Among them, of course, is the legendary “haggis” - a lamb stomach stuffed with oatmeal and generously seasoned with spices and giblets with internal fat. Game dishes are no less famous; partridge and pheasant are especially good; they are prepared with raspberries, currants, and wild berries.

Tourists like local sweet dishes - oatmeal flavored with cream and honey, puddings with dried fruits, ice cream made from natural fresh milk.

Like all of Europe, Scotland is home to international fast food chains, but for a quick and inexpensive meal, it's much nicer to head to a café or pub that serves home-cooked food. In addition to the popular beer, sherry, brandy and port, the pub menu usually includes dishes such as soups, beef and kidney or pork pies, lard casserole, scrambled eggs, rolls and the always popular “Ploughman’s Lunch” of bread, cheese, pickles and lettuce.

The Scots love their national product – whiskey. There are more than 100 distilleries here, each of which produces its own elite varieties of this drink. Those who enjoy tasting this fiery product should take one of the whiskey tours offered by most travel agencies.

What to buy

If you want to buy a solid and beautiful piece of memory of Scotland, buy a stylish wool sweater from famous local manufactories with history (from £90) or silver jewelry (the best are sold in the northern, “Celtic” areas). A great buy is a kilt or throw (from £90 to £190), or something more modest - a soft and cozy tartan scarf (under £20).

Popular souvenirs from Scotland include metal and wood crafts with national symbols, leather belts, and stylish belt buckles. Delicious gifts - oatmeal cookies, heather tea and, of course, real Scotch whiskey.

Where to stay

There is a wide range of accommodation available throughout Scotland, from luxury rooms to modern hotels and ancient castles to cozy rooms in family-run farmhouses, where you will be served on a bed and breakfast basis. Modern hotels here are expensive and often faceless, unlike rural cottage-hotels, where comfortable accommodation with a charming interior is at your service. Many of them are located in old houses. The cost of accommodation varies depending on the location and the range of services provided, but daily room rental is unlikely to cost less than £60.

It would be a shame to visit Scotland and not spend at least a night in one of the medieval castles. If you want to dine by candlelight in a knight's hall or dungeon, take part in quests based on detective novels, and at dawn, open the window and let in the muted ghostly light into your abode, breaking through the fog and intoxicating with the freshness of the air, you will have to pay for a double room not less than £160 per day.

In some medieval castles youth camp sites and English language teaching centers are located. Old buildings also often house hostels and apartments. The minimum price for a hostel stay is £30 (room with 8 beds and shared facilities).

Safety

Crime in Scotland is quite low, helped by the presence of CCTV cameras everywhere. But, as in any other country, pickpockets are not uncommon in crowded places, so you should not keep large amounts of cash on you. Some parts of Glasgow have a bad reputation, but in the Highlands locals often don’t even lock their house doors and leave their car keys in the car.

In case of an unpleasant incident, you need to call the single number 999 (police, ambulance, fire).

Transport

All settlements in Scotland are connected by bus and train services. But while a bus trip from Edinburgh to Glasgow costs just £4, a 50-minute journey on the Edinburgh – Glasgow train will cost £13-22 (1st class tickets are 50% more expensive). In Scottish cities public routes buses predominate, but are preserved in some places tram lines. Ticket price: £1.2-1.5.

Black, old-fashioned Scottish taxis are copies of spacious London cabs. On free cars, the yellow light on the roof is on. The fare is recorded by the meter, converting yards and miles traveled into pounds. First kilometer - £3.75. Then 60 pence is added to them for every 169 m.

You can travel to any of Scotland's 60 islands by sea ferries. The cost of a trip up to 1 hour is £ 5-8. Small planes fly to the remote Shetland and Orkney islands.

In remote mountainous provinces and islands, passengers are transported by Royal Mail minibuses that can accommodate from 2 to 6 fellow travelers. Renting a car gives you complete freedom of movement. Economy class car rental costs from £23/day. Traffic here is on the left, and you should be aware of the nuances of local traffic regulations. For example, maximum speed within city limits - 48 km/h (in Edinburgh - 30 km/h). The speed is controlled by automatic recorders installed everywhere. The fine for exceeding the limit is £1,000, for not wearing seat belts (including passengers) is £500, and for excess ppm of alcohol in the blood you need to pay £5,000, and you can end up behind bars.

Glasgow has one of the oldest metro systems in the world. The first subway stations opened at the end of the nineteenth century. After the modernization of the metro, sleek orange trains appeared here, moving with the precision of a chronometer. The townspeople nicknamed their subway “A Clockwork Orange.” A single ticket will cost you £1, a day ticket will cost you £1.90.

How to get there

There are no regular direct flights from the Russian Federation to Scottish cities. However, you can get to the airports of Glasgow, Aberdeen, Inverness, Edinburgh with a transfer in London or at international airports in other European capitals.

The lowest cost of flights to Glasgow from Moscow and back are offered by low-cost airlines. For example, the British discounter easyJet regularly operates flights from Domodedovo Airport to Glasgow with a transfer in London (Heathrow airport). Tickets should be booked in advance; it is convenient to make a request online. The cost of a return flight in economy class on Airbus A-321 is 309 € (taxes included, meals paid on board if desired). Distance: 2546 km, travel time – 4 hours 20 minutes.

If you take the initiative and take full advantage of the capabilities of the World Wide Web, you can fly to Scotland even cheaper. Book your tickets several months in advance, prices will increase as your desired travel date approaches.

From London to Edinburgh and Glasgow follow high speed trains. Travel time is 4.5 and 5 hours respectively. Train ticket will be expensive, around £100.

By car from Moscow to Scotland using the shortest route you need to cover about 3,650 km. On this journey you will travel along excellent European highways through Belarus, Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, use the English Channel tunnel (50 km, the car will be transported by train), and cross Britain from south to north.